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heart of the city beats strongly to this day. The citadel dwellings still stand, although they are now vacated as part of the UNESCO development project to renovate the buildings. Former resident
Mahmoud Yasim, who grew up with his seven siblings in the 8000-year-old network of alleyways alongside some 830 other families, describes the community they enjoyed: 'Everyone used to know each other back then. We were living in houses without permission and they were very old and partially collapsed – but our lives were good. We were close to everything – the bazaar, the hospital and schools as well.' A great many of the inhabitants were sad to leave when the authorities relocated them in 1997 – largely to Qalai New (the 'New Citadel') – but it has afforded the opportunity to start work on rebuilding the crumbling structures, restoring wherever possible the intricate plasterwork and distinctively carved lintels. The market area below is thought to have been created in the time of Sultan Muzafferddin Kokberi (1190–1233). This period, the only time in its long history when Erbil flourished as an independent city state, also saw the creation of the minaret recently restored in downtown Erbil, and was also the time when the Muzafferddin madrassahs (schools) were founded.
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unchanged: A labyrinth of small alleyways protected from sun and rain by a latticework of corrugated iron. Beneath these eaves are the numerous shopkeepers selling wares largely imported from the Far East interspersed with craftsmen plying a trade they inherited from their forefathers in the late nineteenth century when the bazaar was restored: Jewellers, cobblers, carpenters, tinsmiths and butchers. Where possible, tradesmen gather alongside others who trade in the same wares, giving each alleyway a specialism such as the passageway towards the north-east corner where honey and dairy products are sold – yoghurts and cheeses piling the highly valued local honey. Another highly prized tradition is the creation of Klash shoes – an ancient uniquely
Kurdish craft when white cloth is beaten on small anvils to create hardwearing footwear. These, and the traditional fabrics sold in the textile souk, are ever-popular in the run-up to the annual Newroz celebrations when the townspeople assume traditional attire.
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937:; and the Topkhana district housed craftsmen and farmers. A 1920 inventory showed that at that time the citadel was divided into 506 house plots. Since then the number of houses and inhabitants has gradually declined. For example, in 1984 4,466 people lived in 375 houses, whereas a 1995 census showed that the citadel had only 1,631 inhabitants living in 247 houses. Until the opening-up of the main north–south thoroughfare, the streets on the citadel mound radiated outward from the southern gate like the branches of a tree. Streets were between 1 and 2.5 metres (3 ft 3 in and 8 ft 2 in) wide and ranged in length from 300 metres (980 ft) for major alleyways to 30–50 metres (98–164 ft) for
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on the northwest edge of the citadel, west of the main gate (Bab Ahmadi), which facilitated the process of finding the historic wall of the citadel. The excavations took place in four seasons 2013-2014-2015 under the chairmanship of Dr. Abdullah
Khurshid and many foreign consultants, including Dr. John McCains from Cambridge University in Britain. A part of the citadel wall of Erbil has been discovered, which was not visible, we didn't know much about it only passing references in historical writings, which mentions that the wall was surrounding the citadel, which enabled the inhabitants of the citadel to defend it against the attacks of enemies and invaders.
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1040:). The tomb was plundered in antiquity but still contained pottery dating to the 8th and 7th centuries BC. The cooperation between the Antiquities Service and the DAI was continued later that year with a further investigation of the tomb and with a small excavation nearby and geophysical survey of the surrounding area, in which also students from Salahaddin University participated. These investigations revealed the presence of architecture probably dating to the Neo-Assyrian period, as well as more burials belonging to subsequent centuries.
882:. 45°. Three ramps, located on the northern, eastern and southern slopes of the mound, lead up to gates in the outer ring of houses. The southern gate was the oldest and was rebuilt at least once, in 1860, and demolished in 1960. The current gate house was constructed in 1979. The eastern gate is called the Harem Gate and was used by women. It seems unclear when the northern gate was opened. One source claims that it was opened in 1924, while another observes that there were only two gates in 1944 – the southern and eastern gates.
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840:. In 2007, the remaining 840 families were evicted from the citadel as part of a large project to restore and preserve the historic character of the citadel. These families were offered financial compensation. One family was allowed to continue living on the citadel to ensure that there would be no break in the possible 8,000 years of continuous habitation of the site, and the government plans to have 50 families live in the citadel once its renovated. In 2004, the
961:. There were circa 30 city-palaces; most of them located along the perimeter of the citadel. The oldest surviving house that can be securely dated through an inscription was built in 1893. The oldest houses can be found on the southeastern side of the mound, whereas houses on the northern perimeter date to the 1930s–1940s. Before the introduction of modern building techniques, most houses on the citadel were built around a courtyard. A raised
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water seepage. The number of inhabitants gradually declined over the 20th century as the city at the foot of the citadel grew and wealthier inhabitants moved to larger, modern houses with gardens. In 1960, over 60 houses, a mosque, and a school were demolished to make way for a straight road connecting the southern gate with the northern gate. Some reconstruction works were carried out in 1979 on the citadel's southern gate and the
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will finance the restoration project with US$ 13 million. The first restoration works were carried out in June 2010. The
Citadel was inscribed on the World Heritage List on 21 June 2014. In January 2017, UNESCO indicated that the site could be removed from the list due to the slow progress being
1059:. Among other things, the HCECR advocates the establishment of a zone extending up to 300–400 metres (980–1,310 ft) from the citadel in which building height should be restricted to approximately 10 metres (33 ft). This would ensure the visual dominance of the citadel over its surroundings.
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in 2012, the Higher
Committee for the Maintenance and Rehabilitation of the Erbil Citadel decided to identify seven areas inside the Citadel to conduct excavations, and to search for the remains of the wall and the historical fortifications of the citadel, the commission chose point E because it is
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The city of Erbil is defined by the central circular mound that is the citadel, 102,000 square metres of land raised 26 metres above the surrounding city, presumed to have been started in antiquity as a tell. Around and beneath it to the south sprawl a maze of alleyways where the ancient commercial
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captured the citadel in 1258, the importance of Erbil declined. During the 20th century, the urban structure was significantly modified, as a result of which a number of houses and public buildings were destroyed. In 2007, the High
Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR) was established
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During the 20th century, the citadel witnessed significant urban and social changes. A 15-metre (49 ft) high steel water tank was erected on the citadel in 1924, providing the inhabitants with purified water, but also causing water damage to the foundations of the buildings due to increased
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The citadel is situated on a large tell – or settlement mound – of roughly oval shape that is between 25 and 32 metres (82 and 105 ft) high. The area on top of the mound measures 430 by 340 metres (1,410 ft × 1,120 ft) and is 102,000 square metres (1,100,000 sq ft)
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fought over control of Erbil, or Arbira as it was known in that period. After the 1st century AD, Arbela became an important
Christian center. During the Sassanid period, Erbil was the seat of a satrap (governor). In 340 AD, Christians in Erbil were persecuted and in 358, the governor became a
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The area around the southern base of the citadel has received the attention of modern town planners, with the large open-air Lana market where once market stalls sold leather crafts now and replaced by a large modern shopping mall. The covered market, known as
Qasariyah, still stands largely
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The perimeter wall of the citadel is not a continuous fortification wall, but consists of the façades of approximately 100 houses that have been built against each other. Because they have been built on or near the steep slope of the citadel mound, many of these façades were strengthened by
1082:. The submission states that "The Citadel is today one of the most dramatic and visually exciting cultural sites not only in the Middle East but also in the world." Two further agreements between the HCECR and UNESCO were signed in March 2010, and it was disclosed that
598:, which was fought near Erbil in 331 BC. Subsequently, after the partition of Alexander the Great's Empire by his generals (known as Diadochoi), the city was called Arabella or Arbela and it was part of the Hellenistic Seleucid Kingdom. After the 1st century BCE, the
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Mosque, which was rebuilt on the location of an earlier 19th-century mosque. The hammam was built in 1775 by Qassim Agha
Abdullah. It went out of service during the 1970s and was renovated in 1979, although many original architectural details were lost.
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The buildings on top of the tell stretch over a roughly oval area of 430 by 340 metres (1,410 ft × 1,120 ft) occupying 102,000 square metres (1,100,000 sq ft). The only religious structure that currently survives is the
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research and restoration works have been carried out at and around the tell by various international teams and in cooperation with local specialists. The government plans to have 50 families live in the citadel once it is renovated.
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the Near East in the 13th century, they attacked Erbil for the first time in 1237. They plundered the lower town but had to retreat before an approaching caliphal army and had to put off the capture of the citadel. After the
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The city was first largely under
Sumerian domination from c. 3000 BC, until the rise of the Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC) which united all of the Akkadian Semites and Sumerians of Mesopotamia under one rule.
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762:'s best efforts to avert the impending doom, the citadel was at last taken by Ilkhanate troops on 1 July 1310, and all the defenders were massacred, as were all the Christian inhabitants of the lower town.
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and the Mongols in 1258, they returned to Erbil and were able to capture the citadel after a siege lasting six months. Hülegü then appointed a Christian governor to the town and there was an influx of
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overlooking the courtyard, a flat roof and a bent-access entrance to prevent views of the courtyard and the interior of the house were characteristic elements of the houses on the citadel.
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567:. Inscriptions from Assurbanipal record oracular dreams inspired by Ishtar of Erbil. Assurbanipal probably held court in Erbil during part of his reign and received there envoys from
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during their campaign against the land of Qabra. Shamshi-Adad installed garrisons in all the cities of the land of Urbil. During the 2nd millennium BC, Erbil was incorporated into
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This central straight way was made after demolishing some houses. The Ahmadi (northern) Gate appears in the background while the dome of the hammam (public bath) is on the right
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was found at the foot of the citadel mound during construction activities in 2008. It was subsequently excavated by the local Antiquities Service and archaeologists from the
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Mosque. The mound rises between 25 and 32 metres (82 and 105 ft) from the surrounding plain. When it was fully occupied, the citadel was divided in three districts or
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The earliest evidence for occupation of the citadel mound dates to the 5th millennium BC, and possibly earlier. It appears for the first time in historical sources in the
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was carried out in some areas of the citadel to detect traces of older architecture buried under the present houses. Archaeological investigations included an
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of the citadel. In the same year, all inhabitants, except one family, were evicted from the citadel as part of a large restoration project. Since then,
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929:: from east to west the Serai, the Takya and the Topkhana. The Serai was occupied by notable families; the Takya district was named after the homes of
412:: from east to west the Serai, the Takya and the Topkhana. The Serai was occupied by notable families; the Takya district was named after the homes of
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On 8 January 2010, the HCECR and the Iraqi State Board for Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH) submitted the Citadel of Erbil to the Iraqi
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1055:(KRG) established the High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR) to preserve and restore the citadel with the help of
507:, Urbilum was incorporated into the Ur III state. In the 18th century BC, Erbil appears in a list of cities that were conquered by
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Nováček, Karel; Chabr, Tomáš; Filipský, David; Janiček, Libor; Pavelka, Karel; Šída, Petr; Trefný, Martin; Vařeka, Pavel (2008),
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possibly dating to that period have been found on the slopes of the mound. Clear evidence for occupation comes from the
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large. Natural soil has been found at a depth of 36 metres (118 ft) below the present surface of the mound. The
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some of the Christian inhabitants retreated to the citadel to escape persecution. In the spring of 1310, the
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has described the historic citadel as possibly the oldest continuously occupied human settlement on Earth.
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Erbil was an important city during the Neo-Assyrian period. The city took part in the great revolt against
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in Arbil, carried out an extensive survey and evaluation of the entire citadel. As part of this project,
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539:, meaning 'Four Gods'. Erbil was an important religious centre that was compared with cities such as
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Muhammed Kor in 1822. The Soran emirate continued ruling over Erbil until it was retaken by the
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670:. From the first half of the 12th century until 1233, Erbil was the seat of the Begteginids, a
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in the 7th century. It remained an important Christian center until the 9th century, when the
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758:(governor) of the region attempted to seize it from them with the help of the Kurds. Despite
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of Erbil was one of the principal deities of Assyria, often named together with Ishtar of
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Wall of the Citadel during the restoration work in 2014. Hawler, Erbil, Kurdistan Region.
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Eidem, Jesper (1985), "News from the eastern front: the evidence from Tell Shemshāra",
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to create a map and digital 3D model of the citadel mound and the houses on top of it.
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Erbil appears for the first time in literary sources around 2300 BC in the archives of
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Citadel of Erbil during the restoration work in 2014. Hawler, Erbil, Kurdistan Region.
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Citadel of Erbil during the restoration work in 2014. Hawler, Erbil, Kurdistan Region.
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Citadel of Erbil during the restoration work in 2014. Hawler, Erbil, Kurdistan Region.
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Citadel of Erbil during the restoration work in 2014. Hawler, Erbil, Kurdistan Region.
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Citadel of Erbil during the restoration work in 2014. Hawler, Erbil, Kurdistan Region.
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http://www.academia.edu/119028755/Pictures_of_houses_in_the_vicinity_of_Erbil_Citadel
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General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 9/1; Volume 2 In Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman.
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At the end of the 3rd millennium BC, Erbil is mentioned in historical records of the
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2271:"Kurdistan's Erbil Citadel at risk of being removed from UNESCO World Heritage list"
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of Mosul. In 1183, Zain ad-Din Yusuf, ruler of Erbil, shifted his allegiance to the
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Houses on top of the citadel with the main north–south thoroughfare in the centre
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opened its doors in a renovated mansion in the southeast quarter of the citadel.
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destroyed Urbilum in his 43rd regnal year, and during the reign of his successor
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A balcony in a traditional house in Erbil Citadel with ornamented hand-railing.
519:. Erbil served as a point of departure for military campaigns toward the east.
357:. The citadel has been included in the World Heritage List since 21 June 2014.
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As time passed, persecutions of Christians, Jews and Buddhists throughout the
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Citadel during the restoration work in 2014. Hawler, Erbil, Kurdistan Region.
698:. When Gökburi died in 1233 without an heir, control of Erbil shifted to the
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ornaments on the traditional house walls in the citadel of Erbil, Kurdistan.
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2205:"NASA: Kurdistan's Erbil Citadel oldest human-occupied settlement on Earth"
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When it was still occupied, the citadel was divided in three districts or
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until 1957. The only religious structure that currently survives is the
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After the end of the Assyrian Empire, Erbil was first controlled by the
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Some photos of the Citadel of Erbil during the restoration work, 2014.
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The interior of a Traditional House in the Citadel of Erbil, Kurdistan.
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The door way of a traditional house in the Citadel of Erbil, Kurdistan.
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535:. During the Neo-Assyrian period, the name of the city was written as
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High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR), head office
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813:. The town had approximately 3,200 inhabitants, including a sizeable
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2595:"After 6,000 Years of Human Habitation, One Family and Lots of Mice"
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measurements of the citadel were taken and these were combined with
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Citadel and archaeological settlement hill in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan
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Woods, John E. (1977), "A note on the Mongol capture of Isfahān",
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Restored house façades along the southern perimeter of the citadel
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662:. In the middle of the 10th century, Erbil came under the rule of
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Cahen, Cl. (2010), "Begteginids", in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.;
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2521:, Bouquins (in French), Paris: Robert Laffont, pp. 68–69,
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An alley, Citadel of Erbil, during the restoration work in 2014
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The site of the citadel may have been occupied as early as the
2465:"Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraqi Kurdistan, First Season"
2359:"Deutsche Experten untersuchen assyrische Grabstätte in Arbil"
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Ornaments and details in a traditional house in Erbil Citadel.
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Ornaments and details in a traditional house in Erbil Citadel.
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Places of interest and buildings to visit within Erbil Citadel
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Sourdel, D. (2010), "Irbil", in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.;
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around 2000 BC, and gained particular importance during the
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of a small test trench in the eastern part of the citadel.
420:; and the Topkhana district housed craftsmen and farmers.
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Exhibition of Miniature of Kurdistan Costumes (left) and
686:. In 1190 when Zain ad-Din Yusuf died, his older brother
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Fifteenth-century depiction of the siege of Erbil by the
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High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR)
623:. 521. During this period, Erbil was also the site of a
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and a hammam on the citadel. The citadel also housed a
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The Kurdish Textile and Ethnographic (Cultural) Museum
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or occupied mound, and the historical city centre of
1853:"Kurds Displaced in Effort to Preserve Ancient City"
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674:dynasty that rose to prominence under the reign of
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2639:Research of the citadel at Arbil, Kurdistan Region
1398:Courtyard in a traditional house in Erbil Citadel.
1386:Courtyard in a traditional house in Erbil Citadel.
1187:Kurdish Textile and Ethnographic (Cultural) Museum
895:During the early 20th century, there were three
492:, king of Gutium, captured the city in 2200 BC.
1107:The French Institute of the Near East (French:
1078:of sites that are considered for nomination as
740:. This manifested early on in the reign of the
666:Kurds until 1063 when it was taken over by the
2519:Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne
2517:(2001), "Arbèles", in Joannès, Francis (ed.),
2383:"Deutsche Archäologen arbeiten wieder im Irak"
1545:"Erbil Citadel – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
445:period, with sherds resembling pottery of the
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1889:
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1139:Exhibition of Miniature of Kurdistan Costumes
523:From the Neo-Assyrian period to the Sassanids
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8:
2624:Citadel of Arbil on the World Heritage List
2407:"A Facelift for an Ancient Kurdish Citadel"
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1878:. London: Stacey international. p. 16.
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2498:; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.),
2303:; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.),
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555:. Her sanctuary was repaired by the kings
31:
2433:, Princeton: Princeton University Press,
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1482:Dilapidated old houses around the Citadel
1458:Dilapidated old houses around the Citadel
809:, when the Ottomans were defeated by the
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1596:Martha A. Morrison, David I. Owen, eds,
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590:before it became part of the empire of
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1826:"The pride of erbil needs urgent care"
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1518:One of the houses around Erbil Citadel
1047:Entrance of Erbil citadel (Front view)
725:, who were allowed to build a church.
611:after he converted to Christianity. A
531:that broke out over the succession of
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1228:The French Institute of the Near East
769:in 1514, Erbil came under control of
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7:
2447:Naval Intelligence Division (1944),
785:took the city but it was retaken by
511:of Upper Mesopotamia and Dadusha of
477:, it is mentioned in two tablets as
380:, Erbil was an important centre for
285:List of World Heritage Sites in Iraq
1256:A panoramic photo of Erbil Citadel
1156:Erbil Citadel Interpretation Center
1120:Great Mosque (Mulla Effendi Mosque)
1005:, regular photographic imagery and
615:school was founded in Erbil by the
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46:
2405:McDermid, Charles (29 July 2010),
2387:Deutsches Archäologisches Institut
2363:Deutsches Archäologisches Institut
2181:. erbilcitadel.org. Archived from
2097:. erbilcitadel.org. Archived from
2071:. erbilcitadel.org. Archived from
2045:. erbilcitadel.org. Archived from
2016:. erbilcitadel.org. Archived from
1990:. erbilcitadel.org. Archived from
1964:. erbilcitadel.org. Archived from
1938:. erbilcitadel.org. Archived from
1912:. erbilcitadel.org. Archived from
1801:. erbilcitadel.org. Archived from
1775:. erbilcitadel.org. Archived from
1109:Institut français du Proche-Orient
989:In 2006 and 2007, a team from the
797:in 1851. Erbil became part of the
634:Muslim conquest until the Ottomans
25:
2870:Buildings and structures in Erbil
2593:Nordland, Rod (10 October 2017).
2502:(second ed.), Brill Online,
2309:(second ed.), Brill Online,
2132:"Erbil Citadel and Its Lost Wall"
1087:made in the restoration program.
985:Archaeological Erbil Citadel wall
878:of the citadel mound's slopes is
690:, who was previously governor of
2865:5th-millennium BC establishments
2843:
2772:
2451:, Geographical Handbook Series,
1585:Naval Intelligence Division 1944
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1261:
1249:
1233:
1221:
1206:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1117:Traditional Hammam (public bath)
705:after he had besieged the city.
174:
95:
88:
78:Aerial view of the Erbil citadel
72:
2537:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2240:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1162:Mulla Ibrahim Dogramachi Mosque
1034:German Archaeological Institute
750:During the reign of the Ilkhan
732:began in earnest in 1295 under
586:and then incorporated into the
2431:Iraq after the Muslim conquest
1159:Exhibition of Handmade Carpets
1091:Places to visit at the Citadel
1:
2634:Citadel Documentation Project
1506:Old houses around the Citadel
1494:Old houses around the Citadel
1470:Old houses around the Citadel
1114:Erbil Citadel Cultural Center
1053:Kurdistan Regional Government
957:to prevent their collapse or
2890:World Heritage Sites in Iraq
2875:Archaeological sites in Iraq
2682:World Heritage Sites in Iraq
2179:"The Citadel & The City"
1828:. niqash.org. Archived from
1200:Erbil Stones and Gems Museum
1175:Erbil Citadel Visitor Center
1153:Erbil Citadel Visitor Center
1128:Citadel Antiques (souvenirs)
1124:Erbil Stones and Gems Museum
1070:UNESCO World Heritage status
2429:Morony, Michael G. (1984),
2389:(in German), archived from
2365:(in German), archived from
2069:"ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE 01"
1147:Kurdish Tourism Association
658:of Erbil moved his seat to
650:Erbil was conquered by the
465:Earliest historical records
333:
2931:
991:University of West Bohemia
848:The Citadel and the Bazaar
225:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2910:Military history of Erbil
2841:
2785:
2724:
2688:
2575:The Empire of the Steppes
2449:Iraq and the Persian Gulf
2227:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
294:
290:
218:
83:
71:
54:
39:
2579:Rutgers University Press
1874:Fryer, Jonathan (2010).
969:Research and restoration
575:after the defeat of the
499:period as Urbilum. King
2381:Kehrer, Nicole (2010),
2357:Kehrer, Nicole (2009),
1242:Kurdistan Music Archive
1143:Kurdistan Music Archive
1011:Geophysical prospection
861:Architecture and layout
688:Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri
2732:
2698:Ahwar of Southern Iraq
2500:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2306:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1824:Qassim Khidhir Hamad.
1799:"Historical Evolution"
1624:14 August 2014 at the
1215:Turkmen Heritage House
1135:Turkmen Heritage House
1100:
1048:
986:
978:
949:
920:
890:
870:
842:Kurdish Textile Museum
830:
781:. In the 18th century
647:
313:
2730:
2469:Památky Archeologické
1098:
1046:
1015:archaeological survey
995:Salahaddin University
984:
976:
947:
918:
888:
868:
828:
773:, a semi-independent
641:
2790:Al-Ukhaidir Fortress
2885:Tells (archaeology)
2223:"History on a Hill"
2120:Nováček et al. 2008
1894:Nováček et al. 2008
1739:Nováček et al. 2008
1664:Nováček et al. 2008
1566:Nováček et al. 2008
1080:World Heritage Site
933:, which are called
899:, two schools, two
767:Battle of Chaldiran
723:Jacobite Christians
596:Battle of Gaugamela
592:Alexander the Great
416:, which are called
372:period. During the
132: /
2733:
2600:The New York Times
1602:Eisenbrauns, 1981
1446:Erbil Citadel wall
1101:
1049:
1007:aerial photographs
987:
979:
950:
921:
891:
871:
831:
648:
475:Giovanni Pettinato
271:Reference no.
167:Controlled by
2852:
2851:
2795:Bash Tapia Castle
2738:
2737:
2528:978-2-221-09207-1
2440:978-0-691-05395-0
1084:Arbil Governorate
1062:On 2 April 2019,
1003:satellite imagery
708:When the Mongols
684:Ayyubid Sultanate
617:School of Nisibis
588:Achaemenid Empire
457:and southeastern
439:pottery fragments
378:Abbasid Caliphate
337:) locally called
331:
298:
297:
266:
136:36.191°N 44.009°E
16:(Redirected from
2922:
2847:
2830:Tal Afar Citadel
2800:Citadel of Erbil
2777:
2776:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2708:Citadel of Erbil
2675:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2612:
2567:
2531:
2510:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2459:
2443:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2413:, archived from
2401:
2400:
2398:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2353:
2317:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2267:
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2256:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2231:
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2201:
2195:
2194:
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2190:
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2169:
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2158:
2153:
2147:
2146:
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2142:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2014:"Perimeter Wall"
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1926:
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1906:
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1865:
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1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1779:on 19 April 2011
1769:
1760:
1759:Grousset, p. 383
1757:
1751:
1750:Grousset, p. 379
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1729:, pp. 49–50
1724:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1678:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1629:
1628:ErbilCitadel.orq
1616:
1610:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1547:. whc.unesco.org
1541:
1515:
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1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
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1395:
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1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1265:
1253:
1237:
1225:
1210:
1196:
1184:
1172:
993:, together with
351:Kurdistan Region
336:
326:
324:
316:
311:
260:
197:Partially ruined
179:
178:
171:Kurdistan Region
162:Site information
147:
146:
144:
143:
142:
137:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
99:
98:
92:
76:
67:
61:Kurdistan Region
48:
32:
21:
18:Citadel of Arbil
2930:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2880:Castles in Iraq
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2839:
2825:Sherwana Castle
2781:
2779:Castles in Iraq
2771:
2769:
2739:
2734:
2722:
2684:
2679:
2620:
2615:
2592:
2588:
2586:Further reading
2534:
2529:
2515:Villard, Pierre
2513:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2462:
2446:
2441:
2428:
2420:
2418:
2417:on 31 July 2010
2404:
2396:
2394:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2356:
2335:10.2307/4200234
2320:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2242:"Erbil Citadel"
2239:
2238:
2234:
2229:. 1 April 2019.
2221:
2220:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2185:on 2 April 2009
2177:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2101:on 9 March 2012
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2049:on 9 March 2012
2041:
2040:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2020:on 4 April 2009
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1994:on 3 April 2009
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1942:on 3 April 2009
1934:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1916:on 4 April 2009
1908:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1805:on 6 April 2009
1797:
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1698:
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1626:Wayback Machine
1617:
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1229:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1093:
1072:
1028:A Neo-Assyrian
971:
863:
850:
823:
715:fall of Baghdad
636:
604:Parthian Empire
579:ruler Teumman.
533:Shalmaneser III
525:
473:. According to
467:
453:periods in the
431:
426:
389:to oversee the
376:period and the
227:
186:the public
185:
173:
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79:
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50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2897:
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2867:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Sarvjak Castle
2817:
2812:
2810:Kirkuk Citadel
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2736:
2735:
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2700:
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2689:
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2670:
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2655:
2647:
2646:
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2636:
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2626:
2619:
2618:External links
2616:
2614:
2613:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2571:Grousset, Rene
2568:
2549:10.1086/372531
2532:
2527:
2511:
2496:Bosworth, C.E.
2491:
2460:
2444:
2439:
2426:
2402:
2393:on 7 June 2011
2378:
2369:on 7 June 2011
2354:
2318:
2301:Bosworth, C.E.
2295:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2262:
2251:
2246:whc.unesco.org
2232:
2214:
2196:
2170:
2159:
2148:
2123:
2112:
2095:"Urban Growth"
2086:
2075:on 5 July 2009
2060:
2031:
2005:
1979:
1968:on 5 July 2009
1953:
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1150:Barzani Museum
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1105:
1092:
1089:
1076:Tentative List
1071:
1068:
970:
967:
862:
859:
849:
846:
822:
819:
811:British Empire
803:Ottoman Empire
760:Mar Yahballaha
700:Abbasid Caliph
635:
632:
547:. Its goddess
529:Shamshi-Adad V
524:
521:
466:
463:
430:
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395:archaeological
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2805:Kanzad Castle
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2307:
2302:
2297:
2296:
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2291:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:McDermid 2010
2255:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
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2180:
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2157:
2152:
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2127:
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2121:
2116:
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2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:, p. 262
1895:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1854:
1851:Ivan Watson.
1847:
1844:
1832:on 8 May 2010
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1741:, p. 261
1740:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1706:, p. 132
1705:
1700:
1697:
1694:, p. 359
1693:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:, p. 260
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1587:, p. 529
1586:
1581:
1579:
1577:
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1966:the original
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1956:
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1940:the original
1936:"The Mosque"
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1614:
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526:
509:Shamshi-Adad
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432:
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407:
404:Mulla Afandi
400:
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382:Christianity
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362:Ebla tablets
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338:
334:Qal'at Erbīl
314:Qelay Hewlêr
310:قەڵای هەولێر
301:
299:
207:Battles/wars
202:Site history
184:Open to
47:قەڵای هەولێر
41:
29:
2905:Uruk period
2835:Zarb Castle
2475:: 259–302,
2280:18 February
2209:Kurdistan24
2167:Kehrer 2010
2156:Kehrer 2009
2141:25 December
1988:"Alleyways"
1704:Morony 1984
1692:Morony 1984
1268:Gate street
939:cul-de-sacs
807:World War I
628:fire temple
625:Zoroastrian
490:Erridupizir
437:period, as
391:restoration
139: /
115:Coordinates
2859:Categories
2329:: 83–107,
1910:"Mahallas"
1859:19 October
1727:Woods 1977
1716:Cahen 2010
1652:Eidem 1985
1608:0931464080
1524:References
1019:excavation
959:subsidence
955:buttresses
817:minority.
777:under the
594:after the
561:Esarhaddon
429:Prehistory
364:in modern
323:قلعة اربيل
256:Designated
127:44°00′32″E
124:36°11′28″N
2609:0362-4331
2557:0022-2968
2508:624382576
2481:0031-0506
2343:0021-0889
2315:624382576
2275:Ekurd.net
2189:30 August
2105:30 August
2079:30 August
2053:30 August
2024:30 August
1998:30 August
1972:30 August
1946:30 August
1920:30 August
1876:Kurdistan
1836:30 August
1809:30 August
1783:30 August
1773:"History"
1551:30 August
931:dervishes
905:synagogue
730:Ilkhanate
696:madrasahs
664:Hadhabani
613:Nestorian
435:Neolithic
414:dervishes
374:Sassanian
328:romanized
194:Condition
2915:Citadels
2421:2 August
2043:"Houses"
1622:Archived
1619:Timeline
999:geodetic
926:mahallas
795:Ottomans
779:Ottomans
672:Turcoman
537:Arbi-Ilu
513:Eshnunna
505:Amar-Sin
409:mahallas
341:, is a
248:Criteria
243:Cultural
2718:Samarra
2703:Babylon
2486:13 July
2457:1077604
2351:4200234
2293:Sources
1274:Gallery
1244:(right)
1111:, IFPO)
897:mosques
775:Emirate
752:Öljeitü
710:invaded
668:Seljuks
652:Muslims
646:in 1258
644:Mongols
577:Elamite
569:Rusa II
553:Nineveh
541:Babylon
517:Assyria
488:Later,
479:Irbilum
424:History
386:Mongols
349:in the
330::
306:Kurdish
263:session
212:Mongols
156:Citadel
43:Kurdish
2607:
2581:(1970)
2565:544126
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2555:
2525:
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2397:8 July
2373:8 July
2349:
2341:
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1057:UNESCO
963:arcade
935:takyas
901:takyas
837:hammam
815:Jewish
805:until
789:ruler
765:After
745:Ghazan
742:Ilkhan
738:Nauruz
719:Hülegü
692:Edessa
680:atabeg
678:, the
656:bishop
609:martyr
573:Urartu
549:Ishtar
501:Shulgi
497:Ur III
459:Turkey
455:Jazira
418:takyas
319:Arabic
281:Region
261:(38th
214:(1258)
2713:Hatra
2693:Assur
2561:JSTOR
2347:JSTOR
1855:. NPR
876:angle
787:Soran
756:Malek
736:amir
734:Oïrat
676:Zengi
660:Mosul
600:Roman
584:Medes
545:Assur
447:Ubaid
366:Syria
347:Erbil
339:Qalat
259:2014
57:Erbil
2605:ISSN
2553:ISSN
2523:ISBN
2504:OCLC
2488:2010
2477:ISSN
2453:OCLC
2435:ISBN
2423:2010
2411:Time
2399:2010
2375:2010
2339:ISSN
2323:Iraq
2311:OCLC
2282:2017
2191:2010
2143:2022
2107:2010
2081:2010
2055:2010
2026:2010
2000:2010
1974:2010
1948:2010
1922:2010
1861:2011
1838:2010
1811:2010
1785:2010
1604:ISBN
1553:2010
1213:The
1064:NASA
602:and
563:and
543:and
471:Ebla
451:Uruk
449:and
355:Iraq
343:tell
300:The
275:1437
240:Type
152:Type
65:Iraq
2545:doi
2331:doi
1038:DAI
801:in
791:Mir
717:to
619:in
571:of
353:of
189:Yes
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