430:. By that time, Mobile was the last major city in Alabama to retain a city commission form of government. This change was approved by 72% of state voters, including formerly excluded African Americans and poor whites. The change to single-member districts enabled a wider range of candidates to enter politics at the local level. The three African Americans elected to the council that fall became the first blacks to hold city office since Reconstruction. Since the change, African Americans and women have won election to the Mobile city government.
42:
405:
Amendment does not require proportional representation as an imperative of political organization." Justice
Blackmun concurred in the result, but believed the District Court had exceeded its discretion in its order for remedial action, believing the District Court had failed to consider alternative remedies. Justice Stevens concurred in the judgment concerning the constitutionality of Mobile's system, but applied a slightly different standard in his concurring opinion.
401:
on appeal, make clear that
Negroes register and vote in Mobile 'without hindrance,' and that there are no official obstacles in the way of Negroes who wish to become candidates for election to the Commission." In rejecting the Fifteenth Amendment claims, he held that "action by a State that is racially neutral on its face violates the Fifteenth Amendment only if motivated by a discriminatory purpose," which the District Court had found no evidence for.
4954:
357:, they were discouraged by being unable to elect candidates of their choice to the city commission. The financial and strategic demands for citywide elections made it difficult for them to enter the race, and the white majority tended to support white candidates, particularly as conservatives moved into the Republican Party. African Americans supported Democratic Party candidates.
463:
350:, the commission exercised all legislative, executive and administrative power. Since the entire city voted for each Commissioner, the white majority generally controlled the elections. At the time both African Americans and poor whites were effectively disenfranchised by practices of the 1901 state constitution.
417:
held a second hearing beginning May 1981, by which time the U.S. Department of
Justice's Civil Rights Division also intervened on behalf of the plaintiffs, and the law firm of Hand, Arendall, Bedsole, Greaves, and Johnston represented the city. A "smoking gun" letter had been discovered and admitted
422:
to the
Alabama legislature in 1909, it advocated the at-large system in order to prevent blacks from holding office. The district court proposed three single-member districts, noting that executive functions could not readily be separated among positions elected in this system. In addition, in this
400:
The Court ruled 6-3 for the city of Mobile. In his plurality opinion, Justice
Stewart concluded that the relevant language of the Voting Rights Act paralleled that of the Fifteenth Amendment. Stewart analyzed the Fifteenth Amendment claim, citing "the District Court's findings of fact, unquestioned
404:
The Court similarly rejected the
Fourteenth Amendment claims and Justice Marshall's dissenting opinion in favor of finding such claims, stating, "Whatever appeal the dissenting opinion's view may have as a matter of political theory, it is not the law. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth
360:
In the late 1970s, a class-action suit was filed on behalf of all the city's black residents against the city and all three
Commissioners by three young civil rights lawyers in Mobile, J.U. Blacksher, Larry Menefee and Gregory B. Stein. They received assistance from Edward Still of Birmingham and
423:
period
Congress strengthened Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act with amendments changing the prohibition against "discriminatory intent" to creation of "discriminatory results" standard for use in evaluation of forms of government or electoral practices.
4004:
1666:
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469:
3216:
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2134:
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2394:
507:
Keith
Nicholls, "Politics and Civil Rights in Post-World War II Mobile" in Thomason, Michael, Mobile: the New History of Alabama's first city (Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press 2001)
426:
In 1985, Mobile's state legislators proposed a mayor-council form of government for the city, consisting of seven members to be elected from single-member districts, with the mayor to be elected
1932:
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1100:
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2126:
781:
488:
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331:
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132:
85:
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The
Supreme Court agreed to examine the issues to determine whether this at-large system violated Amendments Fourteen or Fifteen, or the Voting Rights Act.
3839:
3751:
2378:
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381:, among other laws. The city hired C.B. Arendall, Jr, who assisted David A. Bagwell and S.R. Sheppard of the city's legal department. U.S. District Judge
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3395:
2410:
1733:
649:
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1343:
5003:
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2009:
4248:
3048:
2222:
2033:
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4556:
4528:
2402:
606:
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3224:
3128:
684:"Voting Rights Enforcement and Reauthorization: The Department of Justice's Record of Enforcing the Temporary Voting Rights Act Provisions"
3553:
1311:
723:
5013:
4465:
3136:
2246:
4566:
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3668:
3593:
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1559:
1543:
1351:
302:
149:
Facially neutral electoral districting is constitutional, even if the at-large elections dilute the voting strength of black citizens.
46:
940:
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4576:
4571:
4243:
4179:
4138:
4012:
1952:
1602:
1240:
2158:
3831:
2701:
860:
3104:
683:
2581:
2426:
1940:
3096:
1248:
1036:
1004:
4379:
4233:
3807:
3411:
2269:
512:
4455:
4435:
4409:
4384:
4265:
4238:
2053:
1792:
1726:
1263:
3895:
3711:
1471:
1439:
4551:
4541:
4306:
4214:
3371:
2809:
2661:
2613:
2354:
1969:
988:
4601:
4450:
4255:
3695:
2865:
2166:
2017:
1084:
853:
3545:
4929:
4919:
4914:
4859:
4799:
4445:
3080:
2817:
1287:
3208:
4909:
4894:
4814:
4789:
4704:
4270:
4020:
3427:
3419:
3032:
2453:
2386:
1682:
1303:
378:
354:
306:
4884:
4844:
4804:
4754:
4739:
4709:
4679:
4654:
4649:
4546:
4404:
4296:
4052:
3996:
3160:
2717:
2685:
2110:
2094:
1719:
2316:
1455:
1431:
530:
113:
972:
4939:
4889:
4874:
4834:
4829:
4819:
4784:
4779:
4749:
4714:
4694:
4689:
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4659:
4644:
4634:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4394:
4333:
4301:
4060:
3927:
3625:
3481:
2742:
2669:
2062:
1977:
964:
2801:
1399:
1255:
828:
548:
124:
4934:
4924:
4904:
4899:
4864:
4854:
4849:
4839:
4764:
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4744:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4684:
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4639:
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3291:
3040:
1511:
1391:
1367:
1192:
980:
661:
483:
322:
172:
3871:
3521:
3008:
2182:
956:
845:
342:
In 1911, the state legislature enacted a three-member city commission form of government for the city of
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1876:
1768:
1232:
1200:
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785:
492:
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419:
414:
385:
found for the city's black residents and the Court of Appeals affirmed. The form of city government was
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136:
77:
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1634:
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1359:
1327:
1319:
1020:
996:
3887:
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1383:
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4493:
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4343:
4328:
4286:
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3903:
3855:
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3064:
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1892:
1776:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1119:
1076:
1044:
1012:
916:
810:
601:. Mobile Bar Association. (1st ed.). Birmingham, Ala.: Association Pub. Co. pp. 113–115.
204:
1224:
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2621:
2517:
2332:
2001:
1916:
1845:
1756:
1674:
1135:
1052:
892:
624:
330:, the court had held that creating electoral districts which disenfranchised blacks violated the
3529:
801:
369:
and Charles E. Williams. Their complaint alleged that the city's electoral system violated the
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4091:
4044:
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3355:
3112:
2952:
2936:
2887:
2873:
2849:
2605:
2589:
2549:
2477:
2418:
2118:
2025:
1961:
1908:
1800:
1711:
1575:
1463:
1407:
1173:
1159:
1127:
1092:
753:
734:
612:
602:
508:
327:
216:
208:
192:
819:
4518:
4513:
4419:
4414:
4291:
4124:
3347:
3323:
2904:
2653:
2629:
2493:
1900:
1868:
1816:
1650:
1535:
1151:
924:
366:
164:
413:
The Supreme Court remanded the case to the lower court for settlement. U.S. District Judge
326:(1960), which challenged new city boundaries that excluded virtually all black voters from
4508:
4503:
4498:
4488:
4364:
2761:
2501:
2370:
1924:
1884:
1808:
1698:
1642:
1551:
1295:
908:
386:
343:
17:
4958:
3911:
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3489:
3454:
3331:
2841:
2597:
2509:
2278:
1784:
1658:
792:
495:
362:
353:
After African Americans regained the power to register and vote through passage of the
310:
196:
180:
457:
4972:
4369:
4359:
3633:
3024:
2896:
2565:
2533:
2461:
2324:
2230:
2078:
1993:
1626:
932:
900:
877:
694:
3919:
3283:
2469:
1824:
1423:
1415:
1375:
722:
James James Blacksher, Edward Still, Nick Quinton, Cullen Brown, and Royal Dumas.
3169:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville
80:
2793:
2070:
1985:
1857:
184:
4147:
3339:
4005:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
616:
117:
92:
837:
1667:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
427:
347:
128:
110:
3249:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
599:
Mobile's legal legacy : three hundred years of law in the Port City
4151:
3217:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
3073:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
4116:
2135:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
121:
4120:
4079:
3950:
2740:
2341:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
1843:
1754:
1715:
849:
41:
2395:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
717:
715:
67:
City of Mobile, Alabama, et al. v. Wiley L. Bolden, et al.
4029:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1933:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
1584:
Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP
1344:
Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas
2826:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
470:
public domain material from this U.S government document
2239:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
1568:
Wisconsin Legislature v. Wisconsin Elections Commission
418:
into evidence—written by Mobile lawyer and Congressman
2921:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
1101:
Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
4984:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
2985:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
2127:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
3816:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
2881:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
2207:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
1312:
Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks
4600:
4527:
4464:
4428:
4352:
4279:
4170:
3704:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
3687:
3652:
3473:
3438:
3259:
2753:
2445:
2265:
2052:
1951:
1856:
1594:
1184:
1111:
884:
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
237:
229:
224:
153:
143:
105:
100:
72:
62:
53:
34:
3364:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
3233:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
2087:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
3001:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
2678:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
1504:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
1144:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
724:"Voting Rights in Alabama: 1982–2006 (July 2006)"
3880:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
3089:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
2961:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2486:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
1528:Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections
1069:Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris
941:Lucas v. Forty-Fourth Gen. Assembly of Colorado
4999:United States electoral redistricting case law
1603:Chappelle v. Greater Baton Rouge Airport Dist.
301:, 446 U.S. 55 (1980), was a case in which the
4132:
4037:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
3388:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
3145:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
2993:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
2786:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
1727:
861:
8:
2255:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2159:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
2042:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
758:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
629:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
233:Stewart, joined by Burger, Powell, Rehnquist
3840:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
3752:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
2379:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
1691:Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill
1520:Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama
313:, are insufficient to establish a claim of
4989:United States Fifteenth Amendment case law
4139:
4125:
4117:
4076:
3947:
3105:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
2750:
2737:
2638:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
1853:
1840:
1751:
1734:
1720:
1712:
868:
854:
846:
733:. Protect Civil Rights.org. Archived from
633:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
290:; 79 Stat. 437, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 1973
31:
3864:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
3396:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
2411:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
3097:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
1249:East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall
1037:East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall
1005:Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Water District
4994:United States equal protection case law
3808:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
3677:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
2542:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
2143:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
2010:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
439:
3049:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
751:
622:
2403:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
29:1980 United States Supreme Court case
7:
4227:National Register of Historic Places
3129:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
2270:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
1264:United Jewish Organizations v. Carey
131:1978), probable jurisdiction noted,
3896:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
3712:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
3137:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
2247:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
2223:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
2034:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1472:Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board
1440:Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board
3669:Arlington County Board v. Richards
3594:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
3372:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
2858:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1743:United States Fourteenth Amendment
878:redistricting in the United States
303:Supreme Court of the United States
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
4979:United States Supreme Court cases
4013:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
3554:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
1241:City of Richmond v. United States
989:Hadley v. Junior College District
4952:
3832:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
3241:Fisher v. University of Texas II
2702:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
788:55 (1980) is available from:
461:
40:
3546:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
3225:Fisher v. University of Texas I
2582:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
2427:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
1941:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
1352:Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n
691:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
5004:1980 in United States case law
3412:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
361:NAACP Legal Defense attorneys
1:
4410:Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
3081:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
2286:McNeese v. Board of Education
1793:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1288:City of Rome v. United States
650:"The Attack on Voting Rights"
597:Erickson, Ben, 1952- (2008).
109:Judgment for plaintiffs, 423
4587:Anniston–Oxford–Jacksonville
2810:Hirabayashi v. United States
2662:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
2614:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
2355:Owen v. City of Independence
1970:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
3696:United States v. Cruikshank
2866:Brown v. Board of Education
2167:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
2018:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1560:North Carolina v. Covington
1544:North Carolina v. Covington
1304:Escambia County v. McMillan
1085:Tennant v. Jefferson County
648:Mcdonald, Laughlin (1985).
5030:
5014:History of Mobile, Alabama
2818:Korematsu v. United States
838:Oyez (oral argument audio)
693:. May 2006. Archived from
533: (S.D. Ala. 1976).
468:This article incorporates
4948:
4158:
4086:
4075:
4021:United States v. Morrison
3959:
3946:
3428:United States v. Skrmetti
3420:United States v. Virginia
3033:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
2749:
2736:
2454:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
2387:Gonzaga University v. Doe
1852:
1839:
1763:
1750:
1683:Wittman v. Personhuballah
551: (5th Cir. 1978).
379:Voting Rights Act of 1965
355:Voting Rights Act of 1965
309:alone, absent purposeful
282:
158:
148:
56:Reargued October 29, 1979
39:
5009:Legal history of Alabama
4053:United States v. Georgia
3997:City of Boerne v. Flores
3161:United States v. Fordice
2718:Williams v. Pennsylvania
2686:Washington v. Glucksberg
1456:Lopez v. Monterey County
1432:Lopez v. Monterey County
531:423 F. Supp. 384
307:disproportionate effects
18:City of Mobile v. Bolden
4061:Shelby County v. Holder
3626:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
3482:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
2743:Equal Protection Clause
2670:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
2063:United States v. Vuitch
1978:Griswold v. Connecticut
1112:Partisan gerrymandering
973:Kirkpatrick v. Preisler
965:Avery v. Midland County
346:. With members elected
284:U.S. Const. amends. XIV
4582:Florence–Muscle Shoals
3928:Armour v. Indianapolis
3292:Moritz v. Commissioner
2348:Procunier v. Navarette
2266:Civil rights liability
2054:Abortion jurisprudence
1512:Bartlett v. Strickland
1193:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
731:protectcivilrights.org
484:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
323:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
173:William J. Brennan Jr.
58:Decided April 22, 1980
4562:Daphne–Fairhope–Foley
3981:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
3824:Richardson v. Ramirez
3792:Boddie v. Connecticut
3380:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
3209:Johnson v. California
2929:McLaughlin v. Florida
2317:O'Connor v. Donaldson
1877:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
1769:Slaughter-House Cases
1400:United States v. Hays
1256:Beer v. United States
1201:Wright v. Rockefeller
1185:Racial gerrymandering
1168:Rucho v. Common Cause
740:on September 24, 2020
420:Frederick G. Bromberg
377:and Section 2 of the
315:racial discrimination
249:Stevens (in judgment)
120:1976); affirmed, 571
54:Argued March 19, 1979
3973:Katzenbach v. Morgan
3720:Breedlove v. Suttles
3570:Graham v. Richardson
3463:Obergefell v. Hodges
3268:Breedlove v. Suttles
3201:Grutter v. Bollinger
3041:Jefferson v. Hackney
2710:Obergefell v. Hodges
2646:Edwards v. Aguillard
2526:Epperson v. Arkansas
2363:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
2298:Jenkins v. McKeithen
2191:Mazurek v. Armstrong
2151:Hodgson v. Minnesota
2111:Bellotti v. Baird II
2103:Colautti v. Franklin
1858:Economic substantive
1392:Johnson v. De Grandy
1368:Voinovich v. Quilter
1320:Thornburg v. Gingles
981:Wells v. Rockefeller
876:Case law related to
587:, 446 U.S. at 76-77.
549:571 F.2d 238
396:Opinion of the Court
387:subsequently changed
375:Fifteenth amendments
241:Blackmun (in result)
91:100 S. Ct. 1490; 64
4375:Birmingham District
3904:Gregory v. Ashcroft
3872:Mills v. Habluetzel
3856:Zablocki v. Redhail
3800:Eisenstadt v. Baird
3736:Oyama v. California
3728:Skinner v. Oklahoma
3661:Shapiro v. Thompson
3578:Sugarman v. Dougall
3522:Porterfield v. Webb
3514:Terrace v. Thompson
3177:Missouri v. Jenkins
3121:Hunter v. Underwood
3065:Milliken v. Bradley
3057:Norwood v. Harrison
3009:McDaniel v. Barresi
2694:Troxel v. Granville
2574:Mathews v. Eldridge
2558:Taylor v. Louisiana
2435:Connick v. Thompson
2215:Gonzales v. Carhart
2199:Stenberg v. Carhart
2183:Lambert v. Wicklund
2095:Bellotti v. Baird I
1893:Lochner v. New York
1777:Minor v. Happersett
1496:Georgia v. Ashcroft
1488:Easley v. Cromartie
1480:Sinkfield v. Kelley
1120:Gaffney v. Cummings
1013:Gaffney v. Cummings
957:Burns v. Richardson
917:Wesberry v. Sanders
829:Library of Congress
664:on October 14, 2016
660:(5). Archived from
367:James W. Nabrit III
332:Fifteenth Amendment
205:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
4959:Alabama portal
4400:Gulf Coastal Plain
4390:Cumberland Plateau
3965:Civil Rights Cases
3953:Enforcement Clause
3784:Oregon v. Mitchell
3776:Williams v. Rhodes
3602:Nyquist v. Mauclet
3562:Hernandez v. Texas
3447:Bowers v. Hardwick
3439:Sexual orientation
3316:Stanton v. Stanton
3308:Geduldig v. Aiello
3276:Goesaert v. Cleary
3193:Gratz v. Bollinger
3017:Palmer v. Thompson
2969:Hunter v. Erickson
2945:Loving v. Virginia
2913:Anderson v. Martin
2834:Shelley v. Kraemer
2778:Plessy v. Ferguson
2770:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
2622:Kolender v. Lawson
2518:Loving v. Virginia
2333:Imbler v. Pachtman
2310:Wood v. Strickland
2175:Leavitt v. Jane L.
2002:Bowers v. Hardwick
1917:Buchanan v. Warley
1846:Due Process Clause
1757:Citizenship Clause
1675:Shapiro v. McManus
1233:Whitcomb v. Chavis
1136:Vieth v. Jubelirer
1053:Karcher v. Daggett
893:Colegrove v. Green
317:affecting voting.
169:Associate Justices
4966:
4965:
4537:Birmingham–Hoover
4307:African Americans
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4100:Trump v. Anderson
4092:Gold Clause Cases
4071:
4070:
4045:Tennessee v. Lane
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3848:Trimble v. Gordon
3768:Levy v. Louisiana
3760:Rinaldi v. Yeager
3642:Bernal v. Fainter
3618:Ambach v. Norwick
3610:Foley v. Connelie
3506:Crane v. New York
3404:Lehr v. Robertson
3356:Caban v. Mohammed
3113:Palmore v. Sidoti
2953:Lee v. Washington
2937:Reitman v. Mulkey
2888:Gebhart v. Belton
2874:Briggs v. Elliott
2850:Sweatt v. Painter
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2606:Parratt v. Taylor
2590:Duren v. Missouri
2550:Arnett v. Kennedy
2478:Powell v. Alabama
2419:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
2304:Scheuer v. Rhodes
2119:H. L. v. Matheson
2026:Lawrence v. Texas
1962:Meyer v. Nebraska
1909:Coppage v. Kansas
1835:
1834:
1801:Perez v. Brownell
1709:
1708:
1576:Allen v. Milligan
1464:Hunt v. Cromartie
1448:Abrams v. Johnson
1408:Miller v. Johnson
1217:Connor v. Johnson
1174:Lamone v. Benisek
1160:Benisek v. Lamone
1128:Davis v. Bandemer
1093:Evenwel v. Abbott
608:978-0-9668380-8-4
575:, 446 U.S. at 62.
328:Tuskegee, Alabama
294:
293:
209:William Rehnquist
193:Thurgood Marshall
16:(Redirected from
5021:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4415:Tennessee Valley
4141:
4134:
4127:
4118:
4077:
3989:Dellmuth v. Muth
3948:
3348:Parham v. Hughes
3324:Edwards v. Healy
3153:Freeman v. Pitts
2908:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
2905:Browder v. Gayle
2751:
2738:
2654:Turner v. Safley
2630:Hudson v. Palmer
2494:NAACP v. Alabama
1953:Right to privacy
1901:Muller v. Oregon
1869:Mugler v. Kansas
1854:
1841:
1817:Rogers v. Bellei
1752:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1651:Lance v. Coffman
1619:Quinn v. Millsap
1536:Cooper v. Harris
1336:Chisom v. Roemer
1280:Mobile v. Bolden
1272:Wise v. Lipscomb
1209:Turner v. Fouche
1152:Gill v. Whitford
1061:Brown v. Thomson
1029:Chapman v. Meier
949:Fortson v. Toomb
925:Reynolds v. Sims
885:Equal population
870:
863:
856:
847:
842:
836:
833:
827:
824:
818:
815:
809:
806:
800:
797:
791:
778:Mobile v. Bolden
764:
763:
757:
749:
747:
745:
739:
728:
719:
710:
709:
707:
705:
699:
688:
680:
674:
673:
671:
669:
654:Southern Changes
645:
639:
638:
628:
620:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
563:, 446 U.S. at 73
558:
552:
546:
544:Bolden v. Mobile
540:
534:
528:
526:Bolden v. Mobile
522:
516:
505:
499:
480:
474:
465:
464:
447:Mobile v. Bolden
444:
298:Mobile v. Bolden
165:Warren E. Burger
154:Court membership
44:
43:
35:Mobile v. Bolden
32:
21:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5018:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4953:
4951:
4944:
4596:
4523:
4460:
4429:Flora and fauna
4424:
4365:Central Alabama
4348:
4275:
4166:
4154:
4145:
4115:
4106:
4082:
4067:
3955:
3934:
3683:
3648:
3586:In re Griffiths
3530:Webb v. O'Brien
3469:
3434:
3255:
3185:Texas v. Lesage
2977:Hadnott v. Amos
2762:Pace v. Alabama
2745:
2724:
2502:Hoyt v. Florida
2441:
2371:Felder v. Casey
2267:
2261:
2048:
1947:
1925:Adams v. Tanner
1885:Holden v. Hardy
1859:
1848:
1831:
1809:Afroyim v. Rusk
1759:
1746:
1740:
1710:
1705:
1699:Moore v. Harper
1643:Lance v. Dennis
1635:Branch v. Smith
1611:Upham v. Seamon
1590:
1552:Abbott v. Perez
1360:Growe v. Emison
1328:Clark v. Roemer
1296:Rogers v. Lodge
1180:
1107:
1021:White v. Weiser
997:Mahan v. Howell
909:Gray v. Sanders
880:
874:
840:
834:
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
789:
773:
768:
767:
750:
743:
741:
737:
726:
721:
720:
713:
703:
701:
700:on July 9, 2017
697:
686:
682:
681:
677:
667:
665:
647:
646:
642:
621:
609:
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591:
583:
579:
571:
567:
559:
555:
542:
541:
537:
524:
523:
519:
506:
502:
481:
477:
462:
445:
441:
436:
411:
398:
389:. (See below.)
344:Mobile, Alabama
340:
217:John P. Stevens
207:
195:
183:
139:815 (1978).
96:
57:
55:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5027:
5025:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4572:Auburn–Opelika
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4466:Largest cities
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4271:Transportation
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4096:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3912:Vacco v. Quill
3908:
3900:
3892:
3888:Clark v. Jeter
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3744:Oyler v. Boles
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3498:Heim v. McCall
3494:
3490:Truax v. Raich
3486:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3455:Romer v. Evans
3451:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3332:Craig v. Boren
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3300:Kahn v. Shevin
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2842:Perez v. Sharp
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2802:Smith v. Texas
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2598:Parham v. J.R.
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2510:Oyler v. Boles
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2292:Pierson v. Ray
2289:
2283:
2279:Monroe v. Pape
2274:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1785:Elk v. Wilkins
1781:
1773:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1659:Perry v. Perez
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1384:Holder v. Hall
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
953:
945:
937:
929:
921:
913:
905:
897:
888:
886:
882:
881:
875:
873:
872:
865:
858:
850:
844:
843:
811:Google Scholar
772:
771:External links
769:
766:
765:
711:
675:
640:
607:
589:
577:
565:
553:
535:
517:
500:
475:
438:
437:
435:
432:
415:Virgil Pittman
410:
407:
397:
394:
383:Virgil Pittman
363:Jack Greenberg
339:
336:
311:discrimination
292:
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197:Harry Blackmun
181:Potter Stewart
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63:Full case name
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45:
37:
36:
28:
24:
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6:
4:
3:
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4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4395:Eastern Shore
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:South Alabama
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:North Alabama
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:Plyler v. Doe
3631:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:Frick v. Webb
3535:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:Coit v. Green
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:Lucy v. Adams
2894:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:Goss v. Lopez
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:In re Winship
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:Zucht v. King
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:Paul v. Davis
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:Azar v. Garza
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:Doe v. Bolton
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:Doe v. Bolton
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:Utah v. Evans
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:Cox v. Larios
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:Ball v. James
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
990:
986:
983:
982:
978:
975:
974:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
942:
938:
935:
934:
933:Davis v. Mann
930:
927:
926:
922:
919:
918:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
902:
901:Baker v. Carr
898:
895:
894:
890:
889:
887:
883:
879:
871:
866:
864:
859:
857:
852:
851:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
802:CourtListener
794:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:
770:
761:
755:
736:
732:
725:
718:
716:
712:
696:
692:
685:
679:
676:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
641:
636:
632:
626:
618:
614:
610:
604:
600:
593:
590:
586:
581:
578:
574:
569:
566:
562:
557:
554:
550:
545:
539:
536:
532:
527:
521:
518:
514:
510:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
485:
479:
476:
473:
471:
460: (1980).
459:
456:
452:
448:
443:
440:
433:
431:
429:
424:
421:
416:
408:
406:
402:
395:
393:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
358:
356:
351:
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
289:
285:
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:Case opinions
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:Chief Justice
160:
159:
157:
152:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
52:
48:
38:
33:
27:
19:
4950:
4334:Homelessness
4302:Demographics
4160:
4098:
4090:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3926:
3920:Bush v. Gore
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3284:Reed v. Reed
3282:
3274:
3266:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2470:Buck v. Bell
2468:
2460:
2452:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
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2315:
2309:
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2297:
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2277:
2253:
2245:
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2205:
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2125:
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2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1825:Saenz v. Roe
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
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1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1424:Bush v. Vera
1422:
1416:Shaw v. Hunt
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1376:Shaw v. Reno
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1225:Ely v. Klahr
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1099:
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1075:
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1003:
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979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
939:
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
891:
777:
742:. Retrieved
735:the original
730:
702:. Retrieved
695:the original
690:
678:
668:February 26,
666:. Retrieved
662:the original
657:
653:
643:
598:
592:
584:
580:
572:
568:
560:
556:
543:
538:
525:
520:
503:
498: (1960).
482:
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467:
446:
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412:
403:
399:
391:
359:
352:
341:
321:
319:
297:
296:
295:
278:Laws applied
212:
200:
188:
176:
101:Case history
84:
66:
26:
4339:LGBT rights
4195:Delegations
2845:(Cal. 1948)
2794:Lum v. Rice
2071:Roe v. Wade
1986:Roe v. Wade
1860:due process
515:pp. 269-270
246:Concurrence
238:Concurrence
185:Byron White
4973:Categories
4930:Washington
4920:Tuscaloosa
4915:Tallapoosa
4860:Montgomery
4800:Lauderdale
4557:Tuscaloosa
4552:Montgomery
4542:Huntsville
4494:Tuscaloosa
4484:Montgomery
4479:Birmingham
4474:Huntsville
4436:Amphibians
4380:Black Belt
4239:newspapers
4234:Mass media
4210:Government
4162:Montgomery
3340:Orr v. Orr
744:October 7,
704:August 26,
513:0817310657
434:References
371:Fourteenth
338:Background
305:held that
4910:Talladega
4895:St. Clair
4815:Limestone
4790:Jefferson
4705:Covington
4420:Wiregrass
4385:Canebrake
4324:Elections
4319:Education
4215:governors
4200:Geography
4165:(capital)
3653:Residency
625:cite book
617:270237290
230:Plurality
118:S.D. Ala.
93:L. Ed. 2d
73:Citations
4885:Randolph
4845:Marshall
4805:Lawrence
4755:Franklin
4740:Escambia
4710:Crenshaw
4680:Cleburne
4655:Cherokee
4650:Chambers
4602:Counties
4451:Reptiles
4405:Piedmont
4344:Politics
4329:Gun laws
4287:Abortion
4185:Aviation
3474:Alienage
1745:case law
776:Text of
754:cite web
428:at-large
348:at-large
273:Marshall
129:5th Cir.
111:F. Supp.
4940:Winston
4890:Russell
4875:Pickens
4835:Marengo
4830:Madison
4820:Lowndes
4785:Jackson
4780:Houston
4750:Fayette
4715:Cullman
4695:Conecuh
4690:Colbert
4665:Choctaw
4660:Chilton
4645:Calhoun
4635:Bullock
4620:Barbour
4615:Baldwin
4610:Autauga
4592:Gadsden
4567:Decatur
4519:Madison
4514:Decatur
4446:Mammals
4441:Gardens
4353:Regions
4314:Economy
4297:Culture
4280:Society
4266:Symbols
4222:History
4205:Geology
4190:Climate
4152:Alabama
2869:(1954)
793:Cornell
270:Dissent
262:Dissent
257:Brennan
254:Dissent
144:Holding
4935:Wilcox
4925:Walker
4905:Sumter
4900:Shelby
4865:Morgan
4855:Monroe
4850:Mobile
4840:Marion
4765:Greene
4760:Geneva
4745:Etowah
4735:Elmore
4730:DeKalb
4725:Dallas
4685:Coffee
4670:Clarke
4640:Butler
4630:Blount
4577:Dothan
4547:Mobile
4529:Metros
4509:Dothan
4504:Auburn
4499:Hoover
4489:Mobile
4261:Sports
4256:People
4172:Topics
4103:(2024)
4095:(1935)
4064:(2013)
4056:(2006)
4048:(2004)
4040:(2003)
4032:(2001)
4024:(2000)
4016:(2000)
4008:(1999)
4000:(1997)
3992:(1989)
3984:(1976)
3976:(1966)
3968:(1883)
3931:(2012)
3923:(2000)
3915:(1997)
3907:(1991)
3899:(1988)
3891:(1988)
3883:(1985)
3875:(1982)
3867:(1979)
3859:(1978)
3851:(1977)
3843:(1976)
3835:(1974)
3827:(1974)
3819:(1973)
3811:(1973)
3803:(1972)
3795:(1971)
3787:(1970)
3779:(1968)
3771:(1968)
3763:(1966)
3755:(1966)
3747:(1962)
3739:(1948)
3731:(1942)
3723:(1937)
3715:(1928)
3707:(1886)
3699:(1876)
3680:(1985)
3672:(1977)
3664:(1969)
3645:(1984)
3637:(1982)
3629:(1982)
3621:(1979)
3613:(1978)
3605:(1977)
3597:(1976)
3589:(1973)
3581:(1973)
3573:(1971)
3565:(1954)
3557:(1948)
3549:(1927)
3541:(1923)
3533:(1923)
3525:(1923)
3517:(1923)
3509:(1915)
3501:(1915)
3493:(1915)
3485:(1914)
3466:(2015)
3458:(1996)
3450:(1986)
3431:(2024)
3423:(1996)
3415:(1994)
3407:(1983)
3399:(1982)
3391:(1981)
3383:(1981)
3375:(1980)
3367:(1979)
3359:(1979)
3351:(1979)
3343:(1979)
3335:(1976)
3327:(1975)
3319:(1975)
3311:(1974)
3303:(1974)
3295:(1972)
3287:(1971)
3279:(1948)
3271:(1937)
3252:(2023)
3244:(2016)
3236:(2014)
3228:(2013)
3220:(2007)
3212:(2005)
3204:(2003)
3196:(2003)
3188:(1999)
3180:(1995)
3172:(1993)
3164:(1992)
3156:(1992)
3148:(1991)
3140:(1989)
3132:(1986)
3124:(1985)
3116:(1984)
3108:(1982)
3100:(1982)
3092:(1978)
3084:(1977)
3076:(1977)
3068:(1974)
3060:(1973)
3052:(1973)
3044:(1972)
3036:(1971)
3028:(1971)
3020:(1971)
3012:(1971)
3004:(1971)
2996:(1969)
2988:(1969)
2980:(1969)
2972:(1969)
2964:(1968)
2956:(1968)
2948:(1967)
2940:(1967)
2932:(1964)
2924:(1964)
2916:(1964)
2900:(1955)
2861:(1950)
2853:(1950)
2837:(1948)
2829:(1948)
2821:(1944)
2813:(1943)
2805:(1940)
2797:(1927)
2789:(1899)
2781:(1896)
2773:(1886)
2765:(1883)
2721:(2016)
2713:(2015)
2705:(2009)
2697:(2000)
2689:(1997)
2681:(1990)
2673:(1989)
2665:(1989)
2657:(1987)
2649:(1987)
2641:(1985)
2633:(1984)
2625:(1983)
2617:(1982)
2609:(1981)
2601:(1979)
2593:(1979)
2585:(1977)
2577:(1976)
2569:(1975)
2561:(1975)
2553:(1974)
2545:(1974)
2537:(1971)
2529:(1968)
2521:(1967)
2513:(1962)
2505:(1961)
2497:(1958)
2489:(1950)
2481:(1932)
2473:(1927)
2465:(1922)
2457:(1905)
2438:(2011)
2430:(2010)
2422:(2009)
2414:(2009)
2406:(2005)
2398:(2003)
2390:(2002)
2382:(1989)
2374:(1988)
2366:(1982)
2358:(1980)
2350:(1978)
2344:(1978)
2336:(1976)
2328:(1976)
2320:(1975)
2312:(1975)
2306:(1974)
2300:(1969)
2294:(1967)
2288:(1963)
2282:(1961)
2268:under
2258:(2022)
2250:(2020)
2242:(2019)
2234:(2018)
2226:(2016)
2218:(2007)
2210:(2006)
2202:(2000)
2194:(1997)
2186:(1997)
2178:(1996)
2170:(1992)
2162:(1990)
2154:(1990)
2146:(1989)
2138:(1986)
2130:(1983)
2122:(1981)
2114:(1979)
2106:(1979)
2098:(1976)
2090:(1976)
2082:(1973)
2074:(1973)
2066:(1971)
2045:(2022)
2037:(2016)
2029:(2003)
2021:(1992)
2013:(1989)
2005:(1986)
1997:(1973)
1989:(1973)
1981:(1965)
1973:(1925)
1965:(1923)
1944:(1937)
1936:(1931)
1928:(1917)
1920:(1917)
1912:(1915)
1904:(1908)
1896:(1905)
1888:(1898)
1880:(1897)
1872:(1887)
1828:(1999)
1820:(1971)
1812:(1967)
1804:(1958)
1796:(1898)
1788:(1884)
1780:(1875)
1772:(1873)
1702:(2023)
1694:(2019)
1686:(2016)
1678:(2015)
1670:(2015)
1662:(2012)
1654:(2007)
1646:(2006)
1638:(2003)
1630:(2002)
1622:(1989)
1614:(1982)
1606:(1977)
1587:(2024)
1579:(2023)
1571:(2022)
1563:(2018)
1555:(2018)
1547:(2017)
1539:(2017)
1531:(2017)
1523:(2015)
1515:(2009)
1507:(2006)
1499:(2003)
1491:(2001)
1483:(2000)
1475:(2000)
1467:(1999)
1459:(1999)
1451:(1997)
1443:(1997)
1435:(1996)
1427:(1996)
1419:(1996)
1411:(1995)
1403:(1995)
1395:(1994)
1387:(1994)
1379:(1993)
1371:(1993)
1363:(1993)
1355:(1992)
1347:(1991)
1339:(1991)
1331:(1991)
1323:(1986)
1315:(1984)
1307:(1984)
1299:(1982)
1291:(1980)
1283:(1980)
1275:(1978)
1267:(1977)
1259:(1976)
1244:(1975)
1236:(1971)
1228:(1971)
1220:(1971)
1212:(1970)
1204:(1964)
1196:(1960)
1177:(2019)
1163:(2018)
1155:(2018)
1147:(2006)
1139:(2004)
1131:(1986)
1123:(1973)
1104:(2016)
1096:(2016)
1088:(2012)
1080:(2004)
1072:(1989)
1064:(1983)
1056:(1983)
1048:(1981)
1040:(1976)
1032:(1975)
1024:(1973)
1016:(1973)
1008:(1973)
1000:(1973)
992:(1970)
984:(1969)
976:(1969)
968:(1968)
960:(1966)
952:(1965)
944:(1964)
936:(1964)
928:(1964)
920:(1964)
912:(1963)
904:(1962)
896:(1946)
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:
820:Justia
817:
814:
808:
805:
799:
796:
790:
615:
605:
585:Bolden
573:Bolden
561:Bolden
547:,
529:,
511:
487:,
466:
449:,
409:Result
215:
213:·
211:
203:
201:·
199:
191:
189:·
187:
179:
177:·
175:
4870:Perry
4825:Macon
4795:Lamar
4775:Henry
4700:Coosa
4456:Trees
4292:Crime
4244:radio
4180:Index
4148:State
4081:Other
3688:Other
2446:Other
1595:Other
784:
738:(PDF)
727:(PDF)
698:(PDF)
687:(PDF)
491:
453:
265:White
135:
106:Prior
4880:Pike
4770:Hale
4720:Dale
4675:Clay
4625:Bibb
2754:Race
786:U.S.
760:link
746:2020
706:2018
670:2017
635:link
631:link
613:OCLC
603:ISBN
509:ISBN
493:U.S.
455:U.S.
373:and
137:U.S.
122:F.2d
86:more
78:U.S.
76:446
4810:Lee
4150:of
3260:Sex
782:446
496:339
489:364
451:446
320:In
133:439
125:238
114:384
4975::
4249:TV
1171:/
780:,
756:}}
752:{{
729:.
714:^
689:.
656:.
652:.
627:}}
623:{{
611:.
458:55
365:,
334:.
288:XV
286:,
95:47
81:55
4140:e
4133:t
4126:v
1735:e
1728:t
1721:v
869:e
862:t
855:v
762:)
748:.
708:.
672:.
658:7
637:)
619:.
472:.
127:(
116:(
89:)
83:(
20:)
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