Sanctuary city - Knowledge

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immigrants looking for work will relocate towards economic opportunity despite challenges living there. Undocumented migrants tend to be attracted to states with more economic opportunity and individual freedom. Because there is no reliable data that asks for immigration status, there is no way to tell empirically if regulatory policies do have an effect on immigrant presence. A study comparing restrictive counties with nonrestrictive counties found that local jurisdictions that enacted regulatory immigration policies experienced a 1–2% negative effect in employment.

722:: "Crime is statistically significantly lower in sanctuary counties compared to non-sanctuary counties. Moreover, economies are stronger in sanctuary counties – from higher median household income, less poverty, and less reliance on public assistance, to higher labor force participation, higher employment-to-population ratios, and lower unemployment." The study also concluded that sanctuary cities build trust between local law enforcement and the community, which enhances public safety overall. The study evaluated sanctuary and non-sanctuary cities while 1570:

entitled Citizens Protection Act of 2017 or HB 63. Under the new provisions, the state would be able to deny bail to undocumented immigrants for whom Immigration and Customs Enforcements (ICE) has issued a detainer; allow the state to withhold tax revenues from cities who are not in compliance with the statewide immigration regulations; and encourage tipsters to identify municipalities which violate these laws. A similar version of HB 63 was introduced in February 2023 during the 2023-2024 session.

2041:. The Home Office provided funding to support asylum seekers but would also forcibly deport them ("removal seizures") if it was determined they could not stay in the UK. As of 2010 Glasgow had accepted 22,000 asylum seekers from 75 different nations. In 2007, local residents upset by the human impact of removal seizures, organized watches to warn asylum seekers when Home Office vans were in the neighborhood. They also organized protests and vigils which led to the ending of the removal seizures. 68:

undocumented immigrants who do not have criminal records, but have no impact on those who have violent criminal records. Opponents of sanctuary cities argue that cities should assist the national government in enforcing immigration law, and that sanctuary cities increase crime. Supporters of sanctuary cities argue that enforcement of federal law is not the duty of localities, and that law enforcement resources can be prioritized towards better purposes.

767: 7631: 2064: 462:, over three recently-passed state laws, saying the laws made it impossible for federal immigration officials to do their jobs and deport criminals who were born outside the United States. The Justice Department called the laws unconstitutional and asked a judge to block them. The lawsuit said the state laws “reflect a deliberate effort by California to obstruct the United States’ enforcement of federal immigration law.” 2078: 7617: 591:, has argued that Trump's withholding of federal funding would be unconstitutional: "Trump and future presidents could use to seriously undermine constitutional federalism by forcing dissenting cities and states to obey presidential dictates, even without authorization from Congress. The circumvention of Congress makes the order a threat to separation of powers, as well." 795:, declared the city a "welcoming city" and said that the police would not be "an enforcement arm of the federal government" with respect to federal immigration law. He stated that the city would not require proof of citizenship for granting business licenses. The Birmingham City Council passed a resolution supporting Birmingham being a "sanctuary city". 1389:

authorities: "The city works cooperatively with the Homeland Security, as it does with all state and federal agencies, but the city does not operate its programs for the purpose of enforcing federal immigration laws. The Homeland Security has the legal authority to enforce immigration laws in the United States, in Minnesota and in the city."

962:"declared itself a sanctuary city in 1989, and city officials strengthened the stance in 2013 with its 'Due Process for All' ordinance. The law declared local authorities could not hold immigrants for immigration officials if they had no violent felonies on their records and did not currently face charges." The city issues a 177:, which passed the largely symbolic “City of Refuge” resolution. A 1985 city ordinance prohibited the use of city funds and resources to assist federal immigration enforcement–the defining characteristic of a sanctuary city in the U.S. As of 2018, more than 560 cities, states and counties considered themselves sanctuaries. 1102:

stop, question or arrest an individual solely on the basis that they may have unlawfully entered the United States." He said the county sheriff's office has ultimate responsibility for notifying federal officials about people illegally in the city. The mayor criticized President Trump for "demonization of Muslims."

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sanctuary cities" was a key Trump campaign theme. President Trump issued an executive order which declared that jurisdictions that "refuse to comply" with 8 U.S.C. 1373—a provision of federal law on information sharing between local and federal authorities—would be ineligible to receive federal grants.

129:, municipal policies include prohibiting police or city employees from questioning people about their immigration status and refusing requests by national immigration authorities to detain people beyond their release date, if they were jailed for breaking local law. Such policies can be set expressly in law ( 1787:", saying that "our police needs to be for us and our local law enforcement and not always being agents of the federal government, the IRS, the EPA, Alcohol and Tobacco or ICE. If they have a non-judicial warrant, that has not ever been before a judge, it needs to be a lower priority for what we need to do." 1800:

no city has formally declared "sanctuary" status. A few do not fully cooperate with federal immigration authorities and have drawn a negative response from the legislature. Bills seeking to deprive state funding from police departments and municipalities that do not cooperate with federal authorities

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passed an ordinance providing services to all residents regardless of their immigration in 2008. The ordinance prohibits police from detaining individuals based solely on their immigration status, or inquiring as to their immigration status. In 2016, the ordinance was amended to declare that Hartford

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became the first city in the United States to pass a sanctuary resolution in November 1971. Additional local governments in certain cities in the United States began designating themselves as sanctuary cities during the 1980s. Some have questioned the accuracy of the term "sanctuary city" as used in

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A preliminary study's results imply that the number of sanctuary cities in the U.S. positively affects well-being in the undocumented immigrant population. Concerning health, a study in North Carolina found that after implementation of section 287(g), prenatal Hispanic/Latina mothers were more likely

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On March 27, 2018, the all-Republican Board of Supervisors in Orange County, California voted to join the Justice Department's lawsuit against the state. In Chicago a federal judge ruled that the Trump administration may not withhold public safety grants to sanctuary cities. These decisions have been

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that "The city made a mistake, not to deport someone that the federal government strongly felt should be deported. I have absolutely no support for a city that ignores the strong evidence that should be acted on." The following day, her campaign stated: "Hillary Clinton believes that sanctuary cities

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Faith-based groups in the US Southwest initially drove the movement of the 1980s, with eight churches publicly declaring to be sanctuaries in March 1982. John Fife, a minister and movement leader, famously wrote in a letter to Attorney General William Smith: "the South-side United Presbyterian Church

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said in November 2016 that federal immigration policies lead to more crime, and that crime rates declined the year he reinstated a sanctuary city policy. U.S. Attorney General Sessions has included Philadelphia on the list of cities threatened with subpoenas if they fail to provide documents to show

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has an ordinance, adopted in 2003, that directs local law enforcement officers "not to 'take any law enforcement action' for the sole purpose of finding undocumented immigrants, or ask an individual about his or her immigration status." The Minneapolis ordinance does not bar cooperation with federal

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addressed the relationship between the federal and local governments. Minor crimes, such as shoplifting, became grounds for possible deportation. The legislation outlawed cities' bans against municipal workers reporting a person's immigration status to federal authorities. Nothing in the law forces

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Local officials who oppose the president's policies say that complying with federal immigration officers will ruin the trust established between law enforcement and immigrant communities. Supporters of the president's policies say that protection of immigrants from enforcement makes communities less

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The movement that established sanctuary cities in the United States began in the early 1980s. The movement traces its roots to religious philosophy, as well as the histories of resistance movements to perceived state injustices. The sanctuary city movement took place in the 1980s to challenge the US

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signed a bill into law that prohibited state and local police from arresting anyone solely due to their immigration status or due to federal detainers. Some fellow Republicans criticized Rauner for his action, claiming the bill made Illinois a sanctuary state. The Illinois associations for Sheriffs

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police chief Wes Kufeld stated that, "As far as day-to-day policing, people are not required to provide proof of immigration status, and our officers are not required by ICE to check immigration status, nor to conduct sweeps for undocumented individuals. So, we don’t do these things." He added that

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committee that he certainly wouldn't tolerate interference by sanctuary cities that would block his "Basic Pilot Program" that requires employers to validate the legal status of their workers. "We're exploring our legal options. I intend to take as vigorous legal action as the law allows to prevent

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city council passed a resolution in January 2017 stating, in part, "The City of Beaverton is committed to living its values as a welcoming city for all individuals ...regardless of a person's ... immigration status" and that they would abide by Oregon state law of not enforcing federal immigration

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In 2023, the state enacted a law that bans the establishment of sanctuary areas. The measure forbids local governments and higher education institutions from setting policies that inhibit authorities from reporting undocumented immigrants to federal officials, or that allow undocumented immigrants

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North Carolina has banned sanctuary cities. The state restricts any city or municipality from refusing to cooperate with federal immigration and customs enforcement officials. There are therefore no official sanctuary cities in the state. A bill, initially under consideration as of March 2017, is

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to defund sanctuary jurisdictions that refuse to comply with federal immigration law. He also ordered the Department of Homeland Security to begin issuing weekly public reports that include "a comprehensive list of criminal actions committed by aliens and any jurisdiction that ignored or otherwise

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makes it possible for state and local law enforcement personnel to enter into agreements with the federal government to be trained in immigration enforcement and, subsequent to such training, to enforce immigration law. However, it provides no general power for immigration enforcement by state and

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The Trump administration previously released a list of immigration principles to Congress. The list included funding a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border, a crackdown on the influx of Central American minors, and curbs on federal grants to sanctuary cities. A pledge to strip "all federal funding to

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are sometimes referred to as "sanctuary cities" because they "have anti-profiling ordinances that generally prohibit local police from asking about the immigration status of people who are not suspected of any crime." Unlike San Francisco's ordinance, the Detroit and Ann Arbor policies do not bar

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said residents from all backgrounds implored him to declare a sanctuary city. In February 2017 he blogged that, "I have no hesitation in declaring St. Petersburg a sanctuary from harmful federal immigration laws. We will not expend resources to help enforce such laws, nor will our police officers

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officers and requests to hold non-citizen inmates for deportation. Other states and cities have responded by not cooperating with federal immigration efforts or by showcasing welcoming policies towards immigrants. California openly refused the administration's attempts to "clamp down on sanctuary

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Studies on the relationship between sanctuary status and crime have found that sanctuary policies either have no effect on crime or that sanctuary cities have higher crime rates and weaker economies than comparable non-sanctuary cities. Sanctuary city policies substantially reduce deportations of

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and subsequently enact measures and policies that are welcoming and favorable to migrants. Sanctuary cities undertake the responsibilities of receiving and processing an influx of migrants, and providing services and resources for them to acclimate and live in the country and communities in which

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issued the 'Immigrant Trust Directive', which effectively made New Jersey a sanctuary state. Among the municipalities which are considered sanctuary cities are Asbury Park, Camden, East Orange, Hoboken, Jersey City, Linden, New Brunswick, Newark, North Bergen, Plainfield, Trenton and Union City.

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in January 2017 declared the city was a “welcoming city” and “will remain open and welcoming to all”. This statement was in response to President's Trump's executive orders related to “public safety agencies and the communities they serve”. Nonetheless, Atlanta does not consider itself to be a

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signed a bill that bans sanctuary cities. The bill prohibits local governments from enacting "sanctuary" policies that protect undocumented immigrants from deportation and all law enforcement agencies in Florida will have to cooperate with federal immigration authorities. Florida became the 12th

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States like Arizona, Texas and Nevada justify the aggressive actions they have taken to be the result of insufficient efforts by the federal government to address issues, like the use of schools and hospitals by undocumented immigrants, and changes to the cultural landscape—impacts that are most

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reports: "The city doesn't have an ordinance staking out a claim or barring information-sharing with federal officials about a person's immigration status, unlike some cities. But it is among cities that don't enforce immigration laws or honor federal 'detainer' requests to hold immigrants with

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State law passed in 1987: "Oregon Revised Statute 181.850, which prohibits law enforcement officers at the state, county or municipal level from enforcing federal immigration laws that target people based on their race or ethnic origin, when those individuals are not suspected of any criminal

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said, "I want to be very clear this law has been carefully crafted through a consensus-building process to confirm Vermont remains compliant with federal law, that we would not be establishing a sanctuary state." Previously, a 2014 law directed local law enforcement to disregard immigration

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and the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance. The ordinance protects residents' rights to access city services regardless of immigration status and states that Chicago police officers cannot arrest individuals on the basis of immigration status alone. The status was reaffirmed in

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Advocates of local enforcement of immigration laws argue that more regulatory local immigration policies would cause immigrants to flee those cities and possibly the United States altogether, while opponents argue that regulatory policies on immigrants wouldn't affect their presence because

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a 2015 study by the American Immigration Council "determined that both documented and undocumented immigrants are less likely to engage in criminal behavior than native-born Americans," and that there was a decrease in "violent crime and serious property crime in cities with growing migrant

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is not a sanctuary city, it adopted an "Access to City Services without Fear" policy for residents that are undocumented or have an uncertain immigration status in April 2016. The policy does not apply to municipal services operated by individual boards, including services provided by the

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in the majority of cases has ruled in favor of the federal government. Certain states have been affected by illegal immigration more than others and have attempted to pass legislation that limits access by undocumented immigrants to public benefits. A notable case was Arizona's SB

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cities". A federal judge in San Francisco agreed with two California municipalities that a presidential attempt to cut them off from federal funding for not complying with deportation requests was unconstitutional, ultimately issuing a nationwide permanent injunction against the

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seen as a setback to the administration's efforts to force local jurisdictions to help federal authorities with the policing of illegal immigrants. On July 5, 2018, a federal judge upheld two of California's Sanctuary laws, but struck down a key provision in the third.

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stated that the city complies with federal law and cooperates with ICE, but she asserted that comments by national government officials show a failure "to understand what is happening in our cities and why a city like Albany would choose to label itself as a sanctuary

6379:"Union City becomes a sanctuary city Commissioners vote for designation – Union City has become the second municipality in Hudson County (after Jersey City) to designate itself a sanctuary city in the wake of Donald Trump's executive order pressuri..." 2724:

Mancina, P. 2013 “The birth of a sanctuary-city: a history of governmental sanctuary in San Francisco”. In R.K. Lippert and S. Rehaag (Eds) Sanctuary Practices in International Perspectives: Migration, Citizenship and Social Movements. Abingdon, UK, Routledge:

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than non-Hispanic/Latina mothers to have late or inadequate prenatal care. The study's interviews indicated that Hispanics/Latinos in the section 287(g) counties had distrust in health services among other services and had fear about going to the doctor.

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ordered jails to "fully cooperate" with Presidential immigration policy. He said he did not want to risk losing a larger amount of federal financial aid for not complying. The mayor said Miami-Dade County has never considered itself to be a sanctuary

103:, with an emphasis on building bridges of connection and understanding through raising awareness, befriending schemes and forming cultural connections. However, this is in relation to documented refugees and asylum seekers, not illegal immigrants. 6909: 1824:

into law, effectively banning sanctuary cities by charging county or city officials who refuse to work with federal officials, and by allowing police officers to check the immigration status of those they detain if they choose. In May 2018, the

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of being a sanctuary city based on the fact that “city employees are prohibited from asking about the immigration status of people seeking city services unless compelled by a court or law," but Portland city officials did not accept that

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found evidence that the adoption of sanctuary policies reduced the robbery rate, but had no impact on the homicide rate except in cities with larger Mexican undocumented immigrant populations, which had lower rates of homicide.

216: Alongside statewide legislation or policies establishing sanctuary for undocumented immigrants, the county contains a municipality that has policy or has taken action to further provide sanctuary to undocumented immigrants 63:

Proponents of sanctuary cities cite motives such as reducing migrants' fears of deportation, separating of migrant families, reporting crimes, using health and social services, and enrolling their children into public school.

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issued last year by a federal judge in Los Angeles. The appeals court said awarding extra points in the application process to cities that cooperate was consistent with the goals of the grant program created by Congress.

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visible on a local level. Ambiguity and confusion over jurisdiction is one of the reasons why local and state policies for and against sanctuary cities vary widely depending on the location in the country.

952:, barring LAPD officers from initiating contact with a person solely to determine their immigration status. However, the city frequently cooperates with federal immigration authorities. Los Angeles Mayor 427:

of running it as a sanctuary city. Mayor Giuliani's campaign responded saying that Governor Romney ran a sanctuary Governor's mansion, and that New York City is not a "haven" for undocumented immigrants.

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declared itself a sanctuary city. This was in direct response to President Trump's executive order. Middletown's mayor, Daniel T Drew, said: “We don't just take orders from the President of the United

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does not provide a clear answer. Both federal and local government offer arguments to defend their authority. The issue of jurisdiction has been vigorously debated dating back to the Alien Act of 1798.

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Cebula, Richard J. (July 28, 2015). "Give me sanctuary! The impact of personal freedom afforded by sanctuary cities on the 2010 undocumented immigrant settlement pattern with the U.S., 2SLS estimates".

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signed House Bill 1124 immediately prohibiting law enforcement officials in Colorado from holding undocumented immigrants solely on the basis of a request from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.

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struck down a federal law that criminalized encouraging people to enter or live in the U.S. illegally. The court said the law was too broad in restricting the basic right of free speech under the

882:, that makes California a "sanctuary state". It prohibits local and state agencies from cooperating with ICE regarding undocumented individuals who have committed misdemeanors. According to the 1273:

are sometimes identified as sanctuary cities. However, "ost local governments in Maryland – including Baltimore – still share information with the federal government." In 2016, Baltimore Mayor

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banned "sanctuary cities" in 2010, and in 2016 went further by requiring local governments, in order to obtain state funding, to certify that they cooperate with federal immigration officials.

6597: 7537: 3010: 5489: 607: 5716: 4007: 3073: 2866: 6817: 4444: 3548: 5979: 1333:, which includes notifying said prisoner of his or her right to seek bail.” Bail commissioners are informed of the person's status on an ICE detainer list and may set bail accordingly. 240:

search showed that its use in reports on immigration has declined substantially, making up just 5% of terms used in 2013. Usage of the word "illegal" and phrases using the word (e.g.,

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and Police Chiefs stated that the bill does not prevent cooperation with the federal government or give sanctuary for undocumented immigrants. Both organizations support the bill.

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are acceptable, but the stylebook notes that the former "has a flavor of euphemism and should be used with caution outside quotation" and the latter has a "bureaucratic tone." The

808:, a state law, few if any cities in Arizona are "sanctuary cities." A provision of SB 1070 requires local authorities to "contact federal immigration authorities if they develop 4032: 3111: 5572: 4394: 2212:

Martínez, Daniel E.; Martínez-Schuldt, Ricardo D.; Cantor, Guillermo (2017). "Providing Sanctuary or Fostering Crime? A Review of the Research on "Sanctuary Cities" and Crime".

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state law bars "local governments or officials from making policies that stop local entities from complying with federal immigration law." In 2017, legislation proposed in the

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in a July 2017 speech when he claimed that the study showed that sanctuary cities were more prone to crime than cities without sanctuary policies. A third study in the journal

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local authorities. This provision was implemented by local and state authorities in five states, California, Arizona, Alabama, Florida and North Carolina by the end of 2006.

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States and cities have shown varying responses to the executive order. Thirty-three states introduced or enacted legislation requiring local law enforcement to cooperate with

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Washington enacted a measure in June 2019 in favor of sanctuary cities, similar to California and Oregon laws which are among the strongest statewide mandates in the nation.

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A 2004 executive order prohibited state officials from inquiring about immigration statuses of individuals seeking public assistance. In 2011, the incoming Maine governor

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A 2021 US study found that Latinos were more likely to report crime victimization to law enforcement after sanctuary policies were adopted in their areas of residence.

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In 2013, Connecticut passed a law that gives local law enforcement officers discretion to carry out immigration detainer requests, though only for suspected felons.

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to the U.S. Constitution. Opponents of the law argued that it was a danger to lawyers advising immigrants and to public officials who support sanctuary policies.

507: 5808: 5159: 4337: 3931: 553:, instead of a civil offense. Also, the bill targets sanctuary cities by withholding up to 50 percent of Department of Homeland Security funds from the cities. 5615: 519: 6694: 6134: 5469: 5067: 2740: 7428: 4704: 338: 6322: 2706:

Bauder, Harald(2017-04-01). "Sanctuary Cities: Politics and Practice in International Perspective. International Migration. 55.(2): 174-187. ISSN 1468-2435.

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obtained a ruling from the state Supreme Court that the protections in California for immigrants who are in the country illegally do not apply to the 121

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Gonzalez, Benjamin; Collingwood, Loren; El-Khatib, Stephen Omar (2019). "The Politics of Refuge: Sanctuary Cities, Crime, and Undocumented Immigration".

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may be considered "loaded or offensive" and advises journalists to "explain the specific circumstances of the person in question or to focus on actions:

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found that sanctuary policy itself has no statistically meaningful effect on crime. The findings of the study were misinterpreted by Attorney General

4123:"Immigrant Sanctuary Policies and Crime-Reporting Behavior: A Multilevel Analysis of Reports of Crime Victimization to Law Enforcement, 1980 to 2004" 150:

government's refusal to grant asylum to certain Central American refugees. These asylum seekers were arriving from countries in Central America like

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halting this executive order. The injunction was made permanent on November 20, 2017, when Judge Orrick ruled that section 9(a) of the order was "

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Cunningham, Hilary, God and Caesar at the Rio Grande: sanctuary and the politics of religion (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995),

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rescinded the order in December 2019, saying that Nashville "cannot and will not be a sanctuary city". Cooper did not support "federalizing the

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Boston Already Has Some Sanctuary City Protections: Thanks to the 2014 Trust Act, police can’t detain someone based on their immigration status

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voted to become a sanctuary city in April 2017. It reversed the decision a week later due to public and business opposition. An order by mayor

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Whether federal or local government has jurisdiction to detain and deport undocumented immigrants is a tricky and unsettled issue, because the

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The term dates to the 1980s, when Berkeley and a few other municipalities declared themselves as such to accept migrants from Central America.

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rescinded this, stating “it is the intent of this administration to promote rather than hinder the enforcement of federal immigration law."

577: 7568:"John Darling, Craig Barnett, Sarah Eldridge "City of Sanctuary – a UK initiative for hospitality", Forced Migration Review, 9 October 2016" 1365:

re-affirmed its status as a welcoming city in 2017. Vice Mayor Don Cooney stated, "We care about you. We will protect you. We are with you."

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began a new policy to "no longer cooperate with federal immigration enforcement" beginning in February 2016. However, according to the

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Recent Case: Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Holds that Local Law Enforcement Lacks Authority to Detain Pursuant to ICE Detainers

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held a citywide vote on Proposition 205, which would have declared it a sanctuary city. The proposition failed 70–30. Amongst others,

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In 2008, the issue entered presidential politics in the race for the Republican Party presidential nomination. Colorado Congressman

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Martínez-Schuldt, Ricardo D.; Martínez, Daniel E. (2019). "Sanctuary Policies and City-Level Incidents of Violence, 1990 to 2010".

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in 2005. It was motivated by a national policy adopted in 1999 to disperse asylum seekers to different towns and cities in the UK.

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Pro-sanctuary states are in blue, states which have banned sanctuary cities are in red, and states in gray have no official policy.

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will publicly violate the Immigration and Nationality Act by allowing sanctuary in its church for those from Central America."

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Thanawala, S. (2018, December 05). US law against encouraging illegal immigration struck down. Retrieved March 02, 2019, from

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In the Spirit of Sanctuary: Sanctuary City Policy Advocacy and the Production of Sanctuary-Power in San Francisco, California

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voted unanimously to allow undocumented immigrants to access city-funded services such as shelters, housing and food banks.

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Pham, Huyen; Van, Pham Hoang (November 2012). "The Economic Impact of Local Immigration Regulation: An Empirical Analysis".

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would go further, withholding funding from local governments deemed insufficiently cooperative with the federal government.

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encourages local grassroots groups throughout the UK and Ireland to build a culture of hospitality towards asylum seekers.

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for differences in population, the foreign-born percentage of the population, and the percentage of the population that is

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safe and undermines the rule of law. On July 12, 2019, federal appeals court in Seattle in a 2-to-1 opinion overturned a

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proposed to Congress, would eliminate the word "alien" from federal immigration laws and replace it with "noncitizen".

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ran on an anti-illegal immigration platform and specifically attacked sanctuary cities. Former Massachusetts Governor

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All county jails are prohibited from honoring ICE detainers, unless they have an arrest warrant signed by a judge.

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Kubrin, Charis E.; Bartos, Bradley J. (2020). "Sanctuary Status and Crime in California: What's the Connection?".

906:(LAPD) from inquiring about the immigration status of arrestees. Many Californian cities have adopted "sanctuary" 6330: 4548: 2754: 1705: 1669: 1540: 1530: 1330: 1310: 935: 75:

as American cities, but the term "sanctuary city" now has different meanings in Europe and North America. In the

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A city's status as a place of sanctuary is not necessarily a formal governmental designation. The organization

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Media outlets' policies as to use of terms differ, and no consensus has yet emerged in the press. In 2013, the

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The long struggle over what to call 'undocumented immigrants' or, as Trump said in his order, 'illegal aliens'

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doing the same in February 2017 after a unanimous vote. Montreal removed its sanctuary city status in 2019.

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stylebook "says 'illegal immigrant' is accurate and acceptable, but notes that some find it offensive"; the

7455: 4920:"Mayor Hancock says he welcomes "sanctuary city" title if it means Denver supports immigrants and refugees" 4805: 4170:

Kobach, Kris W. (April 2008). "Attrition Through Enforcement: A Rational Approach to Illegal Immigration".

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town police do assist ICE in the arrest and detainment of any undocumented immigrant suspected of a felony.

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Several different terms and phrases are used to describe immigrants who enter the U.S. illegally. The term

3219:"Legislative Reform: The AEDPA and the IIRIRA: Treating Misdemeanors as Felonies for Immigration Purposes" 2019: 1535: 1314: 1306: 1041: 599: 38: 6759: 6545: 5004: 3604: 1845:

the sole authority to commit state or local law enforcement to enforce federal immigration law. Governor

256:) has declined, accounting for 82% of language used in 1996, 75% in 2002, 60% in 2007, and 57% in 2013. 6054:"The Justice Department is stepping up pressure on ‘sanctuary cities.’ Here’s how mayors are responding" 3904: 3746: 3074:"Analysis | California is in a war with Trump on 'sanctuary cities.' It just won its first major battle" 1913: 1897:

voting 37–3 in February 2013, to adopt a policy allowing undocumented migrants to access city services.

1597: 1515: 1270: 1050: 917: 821: 679:

Studies show that US sanctuary cities either have no impact on crime or that they lower the crime rate.

646: 569: 487: 5997: 4008:"Analysis | Jeff Sessions used our research to claim that sanctuary cities have more crime. He's wrong" 3603:

United States v. Sineneng-Smith (United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit December 4, 2018) (

522:

spending bill that would withhold federal emergency services funds from sanctuary cities. Congressman

198: State has legislation in place that establishes a statewide sanctuary for undocumented immigrants 6910:"Justice Department threatens to subpoena records in escalating battle with 'sanctuary' jurisdictions" 3199: 1329:

re-issued a memo stating “all prisoners who are subject to ICE Detainers must receive equal access to

7704: 7699: 7383: 7166: 6430: 6085: 5218: 2296: 2069: 1965: 1950: 1894: 1810: 1431: 1123: 1084: 983: 898: 809: 692: 527: 163: 159: 1724:

whether local law enforcement officers are sharing information with federal immigration authorities.

1079:

rescinded a policy of insisting the U.S. government pay for detention of persons on a federal list.

7214: 6598:"Actually, Cleveland Has Been a "Sanctuary City" Since 1987 According to a City Council Resolution" 5965: 5789: 3645:

Riverstone-Newell, Lori (2013). "The Diffusion of Local Bill of Rights Resolutions to the States".

3078: 1917: 1842: 1821: 1550: 1482: 1362: 1347: 1266: 987: 973: 921: 839: 792: 649:

and the Migration clause in the Constitution as textual confirmation of federal power. Because the

5676: 4733:"California 'sanctuary' law doesn't apply to charter cities, judge rules in Huntington Beach case" 3616:

Title 8 Aliens and Nationality, U.S. Code § 1324. Bringing in and harboring certain aliens (1907).

48:

is a municipality that limits or denies its cooperation with the national government in enforcing

7195: 5770: 4226: 4152: 4103: 3847: 3801: 3670: 3662: 2675: 2632: 2340: 2131: 2124: 2119: 1520: 1487: 1476: 1185: 654: 595: 72: 4936: 3011:"Trump administration releases hard-line immigration principles, threatening deal on 'dreamers'" 1995:, sanctuary cities provide services – such as housing, education, and cultural integration – to 662:

law, which was passed in 2010 and struck down in 2012 by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional.

4606:

Sanctuary Practices in International Perspectives: Migration, Citizenship, and Social Movements

4549:

Trump's crackdown on illegal immigration leaves a lot unanswered for sanctuary cities like L.A.

2385:

Sanctuary Practices in International Perspectives: Migration, Citizenship, and Social Movements

2015:

drew up a manifesto outlining key areas of concern and 100 supporting organizations signed on.

1301:"from detaining anyone based on their immigration status unless they have a criminal warrant." 7666: 7112: 6917: 5332: 4737: 4609: 4342: 4275: 4189:

Nair-Reichert, U. (2015). "Location decisions of undocumented migrants in the United States".

4144: 4095: 3896: 3892: 3839: 3793: 3738: 3734: 3713: 3184: 3018: 2924: 2853: 2656: 2389: 2332: 2314: 2260: 2229: 1898: 1802: 1636: 1629: 1368: 1161: 1008: 702: 638: 538: 324: 5191:"As Trump enacts ban on refugees, Atlanta doubles down as a 'welcoming city' – SaportaReport" 1506:

Those with specific executive orders made by mayors or resolution by municipal councils are:

1375:

still prohibits Lansing police officers from asking residents about their immigration status.

1164:

issued an executive order prohibiting city employees from enforcing federal immigration laws.

533:

In 2007, Republican representatives introduced legislation targeting sanctuary cities. Reps.

5304: 4940: 4265: 4257: 4218: 4134: 4087: 3831: 3785: 3654: 3626:

Booth, Daniel. "FEDERALISM ON ICE: STATE AND LOCAL ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL IMMIGRATION LAW".

2624: 2456:"Swansea City of Sanctuary - Building a culture of hospitality for people seeking sanctuary" 2322: 2304: 2252: 2221: 2169:

Loren Collingwood, Benjamin Gonzalez-O'Brien & Stephen El-Khatib Oct (October 3, 2016).

2091: 1999:(i.e. persons fleeing one country and seeking protection in another). The movement began in 1641: 1461: 1450: 1419: 1326: 1180: 1131: 949: 927: 886:

in 2016, about a dozen California cities have some formal sanctuary policy, and none of the

650: 603: 557: 475: 435:

in San Francisco, a sanctuary city, by an undocumented immigrant, former Secretary of State

283: 275:(1% in 2007, increasing to 3% in 2013). "The U.S. Citizenship Act of 2021", which President 224: 100: 31: 6875: 4857: 1054:

is a "Sanctuary City", although the term itself does not have an established legal meaning.

766: 79:

and in continental Europe, sanctuary city refers to cities that are committed to welcoming

6601: 5812: 5720: 5683: 5496: 5476: 5246: 3917: 3759: 3592: 3543: 1921: 1251: 1019: 977: 963: 956:

did not use the phrase "sanctuary city" to describe the city because the label is unclear.

911: 907: 828: 805: 788: 659: 626: 436: 318: 49: 504:

states or local governments to help the federal government with immigration enforcement.

454:

On March 6, 2018, the U.S. Justice Department sued the state of California, the Governor

7332:"Seattle will remain sanctuary city for immigrants despite Trump presidency, mayor says" 3180:"Federal judge denies Trump administration effort to block California's 'sanctuary' law" 2494: 2300: 7019: 5661:

Despite LePage's remark, the 'sanctuary city' label doesn’t fit Portland, officials say

4709: 4270: 4245: 3429: 2327: 2284: 2136: 2114: 1996: 1992: 1737: 1415: 1058: 931: 459: 446:

can help further public safety, and she has defended those policies going back years."

76: 7429:"London, Ont. unanimously backs call to declare itself a sanctuary city against Trump" 7306: 7015:"Mayor John Cooper overturns Briley's immigration executive order, creates task force" 6988: 7688: 4602:"The Birth of a Sanctuary City: A History of Governmental Sanctuary in San Francisco" 4230: 4156: 4107: 3674: 3344:"Legislation introduced to make illegal presence a felony; punish "sanctuary cities"" 2636: 2489: 2344: 2012: 1502: 1466: 1454: 1098: 959: 953: 850: 780: 710:

According to a study by Tom K. Wong, associate professor of political science at the

697: 653:

is generally interpreted to mean that federal law takes priority over state law, the

534: 424: 420: 174: 126: 84: 7538:"Nenshi looking for more information on implications of becoming a 'sanctuary city'" 3851: 3805: 2741:'Illegal,' 'undocumented,' 'unauthorized': News media shift language on immigration" 2652:"California hits back as Trump threatens to 'dump' immigrants in 'sanctuary cities'" 7662: 5852:

Push to ban 'sanctuary cities' in Michigan faces criticism from immigrant advocates

5140: 4437:"Tucson mayoral candidates agree 'sanctuary city' initiative would be bad for city" 3487: 2892: 1909: 1776: 1716: 1653: 1372: 1173: 1149: 1110: 846: 542: 523: 412: 396: 288: 141:), but the designation "sanctuary city" does not have a precise legal definition. 5032:"Gov. DeSantis signs 'sanctuary cities' ban into law. There aren't any in Florida" 4091: 3789: 387:"does not refer to people as 'illegal aliens' or 'illegals,'" per its guidelines. 7654: 6695:"GOP lawmakers, Gov. Bevin throw support behind 'sanctuary city' ban legislation" 6353:"Prospect Park Mayor Mohamed Khairullah Wins Kudos for Sanctuary City Exec Order" 4033:"Academics push back against attorney general's misrepresentation of their study" 2694:

Bracken, Amy (Dec. 29 2016). "Why You Need To Know About Guatemala's Civil War".

2383: 3688:

Fandl, Kevin. "Putting States Out of the Immigration Law Enforcement Business".

2561:"Report: Nearly Half of Americans Live in Jurisdictions With Sanctuary Policies" 2141: 2077: 2038: 2037:. In 2000 the city council accepted their first asylum seekers relocated by the 1983:

adopted "Access Without Fear" policy for undocumented and vulnerable residents.

1806: 1385: 1243: 1222: 1000: 941: 875: 455: 416: 151: 7191:

Recent Case: Fifth Circuit Reverses Injunction of Texas’s Sanctuary Cities Bill

5930:

Betsy Hodges: Minneapolis will remain a 'sanctuary city,' despite Trump threats

3483:"Trump's order to restrict 'sanctuary cities' funding blocked by federal judge" 3425:"Executive Order: Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States" 1290:

ruled in July 2017 that a person cannot be held solely due to an ICE detainer.

7036:"Mayor-elect John Cooper: Nashville cannot and will not be a 'Sanctuary City'" 6231:

Jersey City will protect immigrants from 'hate and prejudice,' councilman says

4312:"Florida is about to ban sanctuary cities. At least 11 other states have, too" 4222: 3155:"Federal Court Says Trump Administration Can't Deny Funds To Sanctuary Cities" 2083: 2059: 1846: 1720: 1596:'s mayor declared the city a sanctuary city in January 2017, in response to a 1593: 1027: 854: 719: 584: 237: 17: 7483:"Vancouver approves 'Access Without Fear' policy for undocumented immigrants" 6921: 6153:"In final State of the City speech, Miner declares Syracuse a sanctuary city" 5356:"GOP Gov. Rauner Accused of Making Illinois a 'Sanctuary State' with New Law" 4937:"Understanding Immigration Enforcement And The Role Of The Estes Park Police" 4412:"Tucson, Arizona, Proposition 205, Sanctuary City Initiative (November 2019)" 4261: 4148: 4139: 4122: 4099: 3843: 3835: 3797: 3658: 3022: 2628: 2615:

Paik, A. Naomi (2017). "Abolitionist futures and the US sanctuary movement".

2318: 2256: 2233: 6531: 5915: 5214:"Illinois Governor Signs Immigration, Automatic Voter Registration Measures" 4467:"U.S. Senate candidate Mark Kelly blasts Tucson 'sanctuary city' initiative" 3733:

Otsu, Yuki (September 23, 2019). "Sanctuary City and Crime". Rochester, NY.

3575: 2309: 2000: 1969: 1937: 1772: 1760: 1588: 1435: 330: 276: 155: 6229:

Terrence T. McDonald, The Jersey Journal, November 23, 2016, (via) nj.com,

4871: 4279: 3400:"Holding the Department of Homeland Security Responsible for Security Gaps" 2336: 1160:

history as a self-proclaimed sanctuary city dates back to 1985, when Mayor

87:. There are at least 80 towns, cities, and local areas with this policy in 4529:"In a Trump-defying move, California's Senate passes sanctuary state bill" 3891:

Otsu, Yuki (October 24, 2019). "Sanctuary City and Crime". Rochester, NY.

2650:

Luna, Dakota Smith, Cindy Carcamo, Molly O'Toole, Taryn (April 16, 2019).

2247:

Martínez, Daniel E.; Martínez-Schuldt, Ricardo; Cantor, Guillermo (2018).

1924:

voted unanimously to declare London a sanctuary city in January 2017 with

812:

that a person they've detained or arrested is in the country illegally."

7138: 7084: 5359: 5120: 5100: 5096:"Advocates say Florida governor's 'sanctuary bill' politically motivated" 2034: 1980: 1973: 1925: 1612: 1608: 137: 96: 71:

European cities have been inspired by the same political currents of the

7410:"Hamilton to become 'sanctuary city' for newcomers who fear deportation" 6667:"Ohio GOP lawmakers want to ban 'sanctuary' cities and school districts" 6244:

Fulop says he will sign order making Jersey City a true 'sanctuary city'

4955:"Connecticut could be in crosshairs of Trump's sanctuary city crackdown" 3666: 2535:"Cities, States Resist — and Assist — Immigration Crackdown in New Ways" 902:

the US. The policy was initiated in 1979 in Los Angeles, to prevent the

27:

City that does not cooperate with enforcement of federal immigration law

7358:"Mayor Bowser Issues Statement Reaffirming that DC is a Sanctuary City" 7081:"Texas Gov. Abbott Cuts Funding to Austin Over Sanctuary City Policies" 6649:"State reps want ban on 'sanctuary' schools and cities for immigration" 6094: 5911:

What the conflict over 'sanctuary cities'could mean for the Twin Cities

5242:"Rauner Signs Immigration, Automatic Voter Registration Bills Into Law" 4589:. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2813:

Illegal, Undocumented, Unauthorized: The Terms of Immigration Reporting

2591:"Half of all Americans now live in 'sanctuaries' protecting immigrants" 2455: 2225: 2030: 1957: 1886: 1862: 1343: 1169: 1165: 1157: 1106: 131: 108: 104: 88: 80: 5116:"Florida's DeSantis signs controversial sanctuary cities ban into law" 4121:

Martínez-Schuldt, Ricardo D.; Martínez, Daniel E. (January 11, 2021).

3605:

http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2018/12/04/15-10614.pdf

3539:"Judge Permanently Blocks Trump's Executive Order On Sanctuary Cities" 1325:

have similar legislation. In August 2016, Boston Police Commissioner,

7595: 6760:"Potential Oregon Ballot Measure Targets 'Sanctuary' Immigration Law" 6737:"Our Opinion: 'Sanctuary' cities not controversial in Oregon history" 6681:"Bevin announces bill to outlaw, define sanctuary cities in Kentucky" 6532:"House Bill 63 (2023-2024 Session) - North Carolina General Assembly" 6271:"Why these 5 N.J. 'sanctuary' communities could be targeted by Trump" 5616:'Sanctuary city' policy puts an end to NOPD's immigration enforcement 5273: 5056:"Florida's largest county to comply with Trump's sanctuary crackdown" 3457:"Why Trump's executive order on sanctuary cities is unconstitutional" 1961: 1890: 1294: 1014: 550: 292:

to provide that "Except in direct quotes essential to the story, use

6242:

Terrence T. McDonald, The Jersey Journal, NJ.com, February 2, 2017,

5410:"Welcome to Chicago: Exploring What It Means to Be a Sanctuary City" 4244:

Rhodes, Scott D.; Mann, Lilli; Simán, Florence; et al. (2015).

3267:"Sanctuary Cities - Document - Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints" 2886: 2833:'Illegal,' 'undocumented,' or something else? No clear consensus yet 173:

A milestone in the U.S. sanctuary city movement occurred in 1985 in

5435: 5328:"Right Suggests Rauner Immigration Bill Backing 'Beginning of End'" 4674:"'Sanctuary Cities' Embrace Undocumented Immigrants – Human Events" 3511:"Judge says Trump can't punish cities over sanctuary city policies" 1422:

in Montana. Montana became the 13th state to ban sanctuary cities.

501:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

6393:"Hoboken Declared 'Fair And Welcoming City' To Support Immigrants" 5714:

Mayor: Baltimore is a 'welcoming city' for immigrants and refugees

4655: 4630:""Sanctuary Cities," Trust Acts, and Community Policing Explained" 1797: 1277:

said that she did not consider Baltimore to be a "sanctuary city."

263:(usage in news reports increased from 6% in 1996 to 14% in 2013); 184: 92: 6180:"New Jersey to Restrict How Local Law Enforcement Works With ICE" 5697:

House passes 'sanctuary city' bill, reigniting immigration debate

2517:"Dallas County sheriff eases immigration holds on minor offenses" 2285:"Sanctuary policies reduce deportations without increasing crime" 1615:

are pushing for 'anti sanctuary cities' measures in their states.

37:"City of Sanctuary" redirects here. For the British charity, see 7108:"In "Sanctuary" Fight, Abbott Cuts Off Funding to Travis County" 6156: 5869: 3932:"Is Philly's sanctuary city status putting residents in danger?" 3867:"Crime did not surge when California became a 'sanctuary state'" 3441: 2925:"Romney: Giuliani's NYC 'Sanctuary' for undocumented Immigrants" 1976:

are considering motions to declare themselves sanctuary cities.

1604: 820:, an anti-immigration group, labels only one city in the state, 556:

On September 5, 2007, Department of Homeland Security Secretary

7680:

American Immigration Council: “Sanctuary” Policies: An Overview

7618:"انعکاس آزمون و خطا‌های گذشته در لایحه تشکیل سازمان ملی مهاجرت" 6257:

Maplewood 1st N.J. Town To Offer Immigrants ‘Sanctuary’ In 2017

6109:"Newburgh Council approves 'sanctuary city' immigration policy" 5479:, City of Chicago | Office of New Americans (January 25, 2017). 4832:"Seaside becomes the Monterey Peninsula's first sanctuary city" 3712:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. October 23, 2019. 7632:"مجلس انقلابی "سازمان ملی مهاجرت" راه اندازی می کند+متن لایحه" 6989:"Nashville mayor calls for scrapping anti-sanctuary state law" 6723:"State lawmakers consider ban on sanctuary cities in Michigan" 6709:"Michigan House Bills propose elimination of sanctuary cities" 6135:"Mayor Warren to update Rochester's sanctuary city resolution" 5516: 5136:"FL Governor Ron DeSantis signs bill banning sanctuary cities" 4872:"Protect Colorado Residents From Federal Government Overreach" 4809: 4524: 3106: 1233:, there is "no evidence" that New Orleans is a sanctuary city. 970:

provoked debate about San Francisco's "sanctuary city" policy.

804:

Arizona has banned sanctuary cities. Following the passage of

441: 210: All county jails in the state do not honor ICE detainers 6895:"Kenney: Philadelphia stays a 'sanctuary city' despite Trump" 6818:"What is a sanctuary city and what does it mean in Portland?" 6572:"North Dakota House advances bill banning 'sanctuary' cities" 6420:"Executive Order Declaring Hoboken a Fair and Welcoming City" 5514:

Mayor Rahm Emanuel: 'Chicago Always Will Be A Sanctuary City'

3301:

Massachusetts Set for Its Officers to Enforce Immigration Law

581:

failed to honor any detainers with respect to such aliens."

6296:"Newark mayor signs sweeping sanctuary city executive order" 5297:"Governor Signs Law Limiting Illinois Police on Immigration" 4760:

LAPD will not help deport immigrants under Trump, chief says

3957:"No Evidence Sanctuary Cities 'Breed Crime' - FactCheck.org" 3200:"Trump administration get rare win against sanctuary cities" 2994:"Trump Administration Sues California Over Immigration Laws" 2755:"Biden wants to remove this controversial word from US laws" 2196:"The Effects of Sanctuary Policies on Crime and the Economy" 1901:

declared itself a sanctuary city in February 2014 after the

914:

personnel from asking people about their immigration status.

7255:"Scott signs bill 'not ... establishing a sanctuary state'" 6482:"NC House bill would penalize immigration sanctuary cities" 6205:"What towns in New Jersey are considered sanctuary cities?" 6056:

PBS Newshour, January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.

5490:

Mayor Emanuel Reiterates Chicago's Status as Sanctuary City

2970:"Clinton Campaign: Sanctuary Cities Can Help Public Safety" 1139:

detainees in its jail, but will keep the current detainees.

966:

regardless of the applicant's immigration status. The 2015

7384:"Toronto declared 'sanctuary city' to non-status migrants" 6255:

Eric Kiefer, NJ Patch, January 20, 2017, (via) patch.com,

5980:"Gianforte signs bill banning sanctuary cities in Montana" 4371:"Birmingham City Council passes sanctuary city resolution" 2534: 1744:

to stop honoring immigration detainers without a warrant.

2171:"Sanctuary cities do not experience an increase in crime" 565:

that from happening, prevent that kind of interference."

267:(3% usage in 2013 and rarely seen before that time), and 259:

Several other phrases are competing for wide acceptance:

227:

outlining jurisdictions that have declined ICE detainers.

55:

A city's council and mayor will usually declare itself a

7505: 7503: 7456:"Montreal becomes 'sanctuary city' after unanimous vote" 5530:

Sanctuary City Measure Passes Urbana Council On 5–1 Vote

3102:"Judge issues blow against Trump's sanctuary city order" 1135:“sanctuary city”. Atlanta also has refused to house new 853:, alongside city councilmembers and US Senate candidate 606:". The judgment concluded that the order violates "the 6874:

Vaughan, Jessica M.; Griffith, Bryan (March 22, 2021).

5588:"Governor signs bill to ban sanctuary cities in Kansas" 4856:

Vaughan, Jessica M.; Griffith, Bryan (March 22, 2021).

3593:

https://www.apnews.com/344dab0d2df44a6f995f2773ed61f636

3134:"Orange County Joins Fight On California Sanctuary Law" 316:." Within several weeks, major U.S. newspapers such as 7307:"Washington joins West Coast bloc of sanctuary states" 7135:"Texas Governor Signs Bill Targeting Sanctuary Cities" 6623:"Cincinnati now a 'sanctuary city.' What's that mean?" 6507:"N.C. House Committee Advances Anti-Immigrant Measure" 5948:"Montana governor signs bill banning sanctuary cities" 1024:

suspect legal status in jail past their release dates.

7510:

Lindsay, Bethany; Eagland, Nick (February 11, 2017).

6457:"Judge: San Juan County cannot honor 'ICE detainers'" 5830:"Cops increasingly denying requests to hold illegals" 5382:"Some In GOP Upset with Rauner Over Immigration Bill" 4897:"Boulder City Council Approves Sanctuary City Status" 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 2478: 2476: 1652:

There are 17 sanctuary jurisdictions in the state of

6068:"Sanctuary City: Ithaca council approves resolution" 5677:

Legislation would ban Takoma Park sanctuary policies

5160:"Florida becomes 12th state to ban sanctuary cities" 4172:

Tulsa Journal of Comparative & International Law

3100:

Diamond, Jeremy; McKirdy, Euan (November 21, 2017).

2409: 2407: 2405: 1827:

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

920:– 95% Latino, 2nd highest percentage Latino city in 779:

Alabama has banned sanctuary cities. The state law (

7281:"Vermont cities wrestle with sanctuary state rules" 7162:"Texas Governor Signs Law Banning Sanctuary Cities" 4806:"What's a sanctuary city, and why should you care?" 3983:"Trump's claim that sanctuary cities 'breed crime'" 3046:Chishti, Muzaffar; Pierce, Sarah (April 19, 2017). 568:On January 25, 2017, President Donald Trump signed 6972:Lawmaker introduces Tennessee 'sanctuary city' ban 6030:"NY Assembly Passes 'Sanctuary State' Legislation" 5270:"Gov. Rauner Signs Controversial Immigration Bill" 4660:Ohio Jobs & Justice Political Action Committee 4522:"California Governor Signs 'Sanctuary State' Bill" 938:city is the first to successfully challenge SB 54. 645:Opponents of local level policing tend to use the 6943:"Rhode Island will require warrant for detainers" 4778:"S.F. supervisors approve ID cards for residents" 4054:"Crime and Poverty Are Lower in Sanctuary Cities" 2431: 2429: 2198:. Center for American Progress. January 26, 2017. 1831:First Amendment to the United States Constitution 1351:local authorities from cooperating and assisting 1297:has an ordinance, enacted in 2014, that bars the 5073:, February 04, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017. 5068:"Mayor declares St. Petersburg a sanctuary city" 3571:County of Santa Clara v. Trump (17-cv-00485-WHO) 3402:. US House of Representatives. September 5, 2007 2416:"City offering sanctuary to refugees from Syria" 1805:several times. In February 2017, Texas Governor 1286:Massachusetts has a pro-sanctuary city law. The 1196:Indiana has banned sanctuary cities since 2011. 986:– 75% Latino, largest percentage Latino town in 5865:"Kalamazoo re-affirms status as sanctuary city" 5547:"Evanston strengthens sanctuary city ordinance" 5085:Rick Kriseman blog. Retrieved February 4, 2017. 4547:Cindy Carcamo, Kate Mather & Dakota Smith, 2923:Tapper, Jake; Claiborne, Ron (August 8, 2007). 2289:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1479:declared itself a sanctuary city in March 2017. 7512:"Fearing U.S. crackdown, refugees run to B.C." 4858:"Maps: Sanctuary Cities, Counties, and States" 2881: 2879: 6015:"Las Vegas Metro implements sanctuary policy" 4570:, February 14, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017 3317:"House Passes Tancredo Immigration Amendment" 2735: 2733: 2731: 1893:to declare itself a sanctuary city, with the 1446:New York State has a pro-sanctuary city law. 520:United States Department of Homeland Security 358:who is not authorized to work in this country 8: 7657:. In James Ciment; John Radzilowski (eds.). 5739:"How Massachusetts Became a Sanctuary State" 5656: 5654: 5610: 5608: 5005:"Mayor declares Middletown a sanctuary city" 3375:"Chertoff warns meddling 'sanctuary cities'" 2680:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1752:South Carolina has banned sanctuary cities. 1598:federal executive order limiting immigration 7058: 7056: 6323:"Orange Approves Sanctuary City Resolution" 5966:"Gov. Gianforte Signs 'Sanctuary City' Ban" 5633:"DOJ: No evidence N.O. is a sanctuary city" 2848:Andrew Beaujon & Taylor Miller Thomas, 2753:Shoichet, Catherine E. (January 21, 2021). 1841:In 2017, Vermont passed a law granting the 1579:the legal right to stay in a jurisdiction. 395:are a related idea. It is a program run by 6966: 6964: 6800:"Corvallis Declares Itself Sanctuary City" 5800: 5798: 5573:"Indiana law prohibits 'sanctuary cities'" 4604:. In Lippert, Randy; Rehaag, Sean (eds.). 4389: 4387: 3628:Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 3419: 3417: 2944:"Clinton: 'People should and do trust me'" 2918: 2916: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2436:Van Steenbergen, Marishka (May 10, 2012). 1740:put in place a new policy instructing the 296:only to refer to an action, not a person: 158:that were politically unstable. More than 7408:Van Dongen, Matthew (February 12, 2014). 5905: 5903: 5380:Schoenburg, Bernard (September 4, 2017). 4565:"Berkeley Is The Original Sanctuary City" 4269: 4138: 2326: 2308: 1398:Mississippi has banned sanctuary cities. 360:." The style book discourages the use of 7695:Illegal immigration to the United States 7454:Shingler, Benjamin (February 20, 2017). 6209:New Jersey 101.5 – New Jersey News Radio 5686:, Capital News Service (March 19, 2008). 4608:. New York: Routledge. pp. 205–18. 3709:Sanctuary Cities: The Politics of Refuge 3261: 3259: 2999:, March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2018 1850:detainers, but compliance was optional. 1829:found that the law does not violate the 1785:Metropolitan Nashville Police Department 892:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement 765: 236:is considered insensitive by many and a 121:Illegal immigration to the United States 4941:Town of Estes Park news, April 21, 2017 4191:Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 2850:AP changes style on 'illegal immigrant' 2743:, Pew Research Center (March 17, 2013). 2584: 2582: 2158: 2052:has a program to build "guest" cities. 1017:does not identify as a sanctuary city. 924:, adopted the sanctuary policy in 2015. 594:On April 25, 2017, U.S. District Judge 6178:Chinchilla, Rudy (November 29, 2018). 5663:, Randy Billings, September 15, 2015, 5453:Chapter 2-173 Welcoming City Ordinance 5436:Welcoming City Ordinance Chapter 2-173 5174:Are there Sanctuary Cities in Georgia? 4731:Vega, Priscella (September 28, 2018). 4395:Tucson a 'sanctuary city'? Not so fast 4310:Shoichet, Catherine E. (May 9, 2019). 3913: 3902: 3755: 3744: 3551:from the original on November 24, 2017 3342:Moscoso, Eunice (September 18, 2007). 3252:from the original on January 12, 2012. 3114:from the original on November 22, 2017 2827: 2825: 2673: 2382:Randy K. Lippert; Sean Rehaag (2013). 2358: 2356: 2354: 2283:Hausman, David K. (October 14, 2020). 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 1406:Missouri has banned sanctuary cities. 866:Arkansas has banned sanctuary cities. 516:United States House of Representatives 364:as a noun and the "sinister-sounding" 191:Sanctuary cities in the United States* 7659:American Immigration: An Encyclopedia 7427:Maloney, Patrick (January 31, 2017). 7382:Keung, Nicholas (February 22, 2013). 7064:Does Texas Have Any Sanctuary Cities? 6546:"68th Legislative Assembly (2023-25)" 6269:Mazzola, Jessica (January 29, 2017). 4953:Vigdor, By Neil (November 28, 2016). 4776:Buchanan, Wyatt (November 14, 2007). 4338:"Immigration law faces new challenge" 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 3817: 3815: 3771: 3769: 3149: 3147: 3041: 3039: 1071:Florida has banned sanctuary cities. 7: 7106:Svitek, Patrick (February 2, 2017). 7034:Jorge, Kaylin (September 13, 2019). 6908:Zapotosky, Matt (January 24, 2018). 6798:Wilson, Conrad (December 13, 2016). 6066:Weinstein, Matt (February 1, 2017). 5946:Mastrangelo, Dominick (April 2021). 5893:"Lansing no longer a sanctuary city" 5737:Stern, Mark Joseph (July 25, 2017). 5058:, Ray Sanchez, CNN, 27 January 2017. 4336:Braun, Melissa (November 30, 2011). 3373:Hudson, Audrey (September 6, 2007). 3319:. PBS. June 20, 2007. Archived from 2414:Nicoll, Vivienne (August 25, 2014). 2278: 2276: 2207: 2205: 1471:illegal immigration to New York City 1288:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 1212:Kansas has banned sanctuary cities. 1172:" sanctuary city in 2012 when Mayor 890:"complies with detainer requests by 458:, and the state's attorney general, 111:have become noted sanctuary cities. 7655:"Local governments and immigration" 7229:"Scott signs Vt. law defying Trump" 7227:Goswami, Neal P. (March 29, 2017). 6758:Wilson, Conrad (December 6, 2016). 6570:Turley, Jeremy (January 16, 2023). 6455:Garcia, Uriel J. (March 22, 2017). 6133:Goodman, James (January 20, 2017). 6028:Whitford, Emma (February 7, 2017). 5986:. Associated Press. March 31, 2021. 5470:Sanctuary City Supportive Resources 5354:Singman, Brooke (August 28, 2017). 5326:Sfondeles, Tina (August 22, 2017). 3865:Shultz, David (February 15, 2020). 3240:Brownstein, Ron (August 22, 2007). 3009:Nakamura, David (October 8, 2017). 2147:List of cities with defensive walls 1956:As of February 2017, the cities of 1873:Washington DC is a sanctuary city. 1656:. Sanctuary jurisdictions exist in 1359:, and both cities frequently do so. 849:, Randi Dorman and eventual winner 762:Laws and policies by state and city 712:University of California, San Diego 623:Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals 219:*Map is based on data published by 6778:"Beaverton becomes sanctuary city" 6107:Sparks, Leonard (March 13, 2017). 5295:Tareen, Sophia (August 28, 2017). 5212:Bernal, Rafael (August 28, 2017). 4703:Barkas, Sherry (August 23, 2017). 3537:Visser, Nick (November 21, 2017). 3072:Phillips, Amber (April 25, 2017). 1204:Iowa has banned sanctuary cities. 1148:In August 2017, Illinois Governor 25: 7536:Pike, Helen (February 28, 2017). 6949:. Associated Press. July 17, 2014 6596:Allard, Sam (February 10, 2017). 4804:Pearson, Michael (July 8, 2015). 4443:. January 3, 2020. Archived from 4369:Watkins, Mia (January 31, 2017). 4250:American Journal of Public Health 3647:State and Local Government Review 2105:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 2050:National immigration organization 1250:In 2015, Governor LePage accused 976:– In March 2017, Seaside became 433:shooting death of Kathryn Steinle 7253:Johnson, Mark (March 28, 2017). 6843:Copeland, Rich (March 9, 2017). 6550:North Dakota Legislative Council 6418:Bhalla, Ravi (January 1, 2018). 6139:Rochester Democrat and Chronicle 5586:Motter, Sarah (April 11, 2022). 5571:Carden, Dan (January 28, 2017). 5030:Koh, Elizabeth (June 14, 2019). 4211:Journal of Economics and Finance 2076: 2062: 1813:due to its recently implemented 1545:Reformed Church of Highland Park 1011:became a sanctuary city in 2017. 735:California Senate Bill 54 (2017) 682:According to an article done by 350:who crossed the border illegally 304:. Acceptable variations include 7481:Fisher, Gavin (April 7, 2016). 7160:Carter, Brandon (May 7, 2017). 5533:WILL Illinois public media news 5268:Runge, Erik (August 28, 2017). 5240:Geiger, Kim (August 28, 2017). 4918:Jon Murray (January 30, 2017). 4758:Kate Mather & Cindy Chang, 4531:CNN.com. Retrieved July 2, 2017 4473:. July 24, 2019. Archived from 3690:Harvard Law & Policy Review 2968:Suzanne Gamboa (July 9, 2015). 2897:Restaurant Opportunities Center 2483:Forrest, Adam (June 14, 2010). 884:National Immigration Law Center 401:Restaurant Opportunities Center 344:similarly states that the term 6880:Center for Immigration Studies 6511:American Civil Liberties Union 5083:"Shelter in the Sunshine City" 3509:Egelko, Bob (April 25, 2017). 2942:Bradner, Eric (July 7, 2015). 1114:state to ban sanctuary cities. 818:Center for Immigration Studies 574:Secretary of Homeland Security 1: 6233:, Retrieved November 24, 2016 6087:City Policy Concerning Aliens 5854:, MLive (September 30, 2015). 5620:NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune 4899:. CBS Denver. January 4, 2017 4527:. Retrieved October 5, 2017; 4092:10.1080/24751979.2020.1745662 3790:10.1080/07418825.2017.1400577 3578: November 20, 2017), 3481:Levin, Sam (April 25, 2017). 3242:"'Sanctuary' as battleground" 2033:is a noted sanctuary city in 2011:In 2009, the city council of 1357:Customs and Border Protection 1227:New Orleans Police Department 990:, adopted the policy in 2015. 904:Los Angeles Police Department 608:separation of powers doctrine 7653:Laura Lopez-Sanders (2014). 6259:, Retrieved January 20, 2017 6246:, Retrieved February 4, 2017 5178:Atlanta Journal-Constitution 4634:American Immigration Council 4127:American Sociological Review 3217:Johnson, Dawn Marie (2001). 2249:"Sanctuary Cities" and Crime 1908:In response to US President 716:Center for American Progress 690:A 2017 study in the journal 604:unconstitutional on its face 310:entering a country illegally 166:were killed in civil wars. 7305:James, Tom (May 23, 2019). 6978:Network (February 8, 2017). 2696:Public Radio International. 2460:swansea.cityofsanctuary.org 1943:Vancouver Police Department 1820:In May 2017, Abbott signed 968:shooting of Kathryn Steinle 910:banning city employees and 450:Trump administration agenda 334:adopted similar guidance. 135:) or observed in practice ( 7721: 7210:City of El Cenizo v. Texas 6804:Oregon Public Broadcasting 6764:Oregon Public Broadcasting 5387:The State Journal-Register 4943:. Retrieved July 19, 2017. 4080:Justice Evaluation Journal 3052:Migration Policy Institute 2837:Columbia Journalism Review 2097:Second Amendment sanctuary 1765:Tennessee General Assembly 1600:issued three days earlier. 1231:U.S. Department of Justice 1039: 874:In October 2017, Governor 478:provisions of the order. 118: 36: 29: 7596:"About City of Sanctuary" 7217: (5th Cir. 2018). 5451:Welcoming City Ordinance 4980:"Hartford Municipal Code" 4223:10.1007/s12197-015-9333-7 3348:Austin American-Statesman 1801:were introduced into the 1742:Department of Corrections 684:Gale Opposing Viewpoints, 518:passed an amendment to a 495:United States federal law 476:facially unconstitutional 7189: 7188:{{{first}}} {{{last}}}, 5897:, MLive (April 12, 2017) 5764: 5763:{{{first}}} {{{last}}}, 4836:MontereyCountyWeekly.com 4262:10.2105/ajph.2014.302218 4140:10.1177/0003122420978406 3836:10.1177/1078087417704974 3659:10.1177/0160323X12473123 2629:10.1177/0306396817717858 2257:10.4324/9781317211563-21 1947:Vancouver Public Library 1817:sanctuary city policy. 1418:signed a bill that bans 1414:In April 2021, Governor 1299:Boston Police Department 1275:Stephanie Rawlings-Blake 946:Los Angeles City Council 733:A 2020 study found that 314:without legal permission 30:Not to be confused with 6845:"PA's Sanctuary Cities" 5545:Bookwalter, Genevieve. 4783:San Francisco Chronicle 4662:. Salvi Communications. 4656:"Sanctuary Cities, USA" 4600:Mancina, Peter (2012). 4580:Mancina, Peter (2016). 3516:San Francisco Chronicle 2891:Sanctuary Restaurants ( 2784:Biden-Harris Transition 2521:The Dallas Morning News 2310:10.1073/pnas.2014673117 610:and deprives of their 589:George Mason University 7414:The Hamilton Spectator 5792: (Mass. 2017). 5790:78 N.E.3d 1143 5488:Mayor's Press Office, 3912:Cite journal requires 3754:Cite journal requires 3223:Journal of Legislation 1889:was the first city in 1042:Elm City Resident Card 999:In May 2019, Governor 888:58 California counties 771: 600:preliminary injunction 587:, Professor of Law at 514:On June 16, 2007, the 392:Sanctuary Restaurants 265:unauthorized immigrant 261:undocumented immigrant 229: 39:City of Sanctuary (UK) 7285:Burlington Free Press 5665:Portland Press Herald 4498:"Vote No on Prop 205" 2101:US specific articles 1914:Executive Order 13769 1903:Hamilton City Council 980:first sanctuary city. 857:endorsed a "No" vote. 769: 753:Health and well-being 647:Naturalization Clause 621:In December 2018 the 570:Executive Order 13768 530:to become effective. 488:nationwide injunction 354:who overstayed a visa 188: 7311:The Associated Press 7215:890 F.3d 164 7070:(February 11, 2016). 6993:The Associated Press 6970:Ariana Maia Sawyer, 6876:"Sanctuary City Map" 6824:on November 24, 2017 6576:The Bismarck Tribune 6461:Santa Fe New Mexican 6017:. February 17, 2019. 5936:(November 14, 2016). 5919:(November 23, 2016). 5819:(November 15, 2016). 5785:Lunn v. Commonwealth 5727:(November 16, 2016). 5535:(December 20, 2016). 5519:(November 14, 2016). 5503:(November 13, 2016). 4766:(November 14, 2016). 4684:on February 17, 2012 4555:(November 15, 2016). 4401:(February 23, 2016). 4350:on February 28, 2021 3824:Urban Affairs Review 3379:The Washington Times 3323:on November 14, 2012 2839:(December 23, 2014). 2595:The Washington Times 2251:. pp. 270–283. 2070:United States portal 1951:Vancouver Park Board 1895:Toronto City Council 1811:Travis County, Texas 810:reasonable suspicion 693:Urban Affairs Review 598:issued a nationwide 528:United States Senate 225:February 2017 report 6995:. September 3, 2019 6739:. December 16, 2016 6093:, 1989 – via 5804:Kyle Scott Clauss, 5675:Laura Schwartzman, 5639:. November 18, 2017 5459:(January 25, 2017). 5442:(January 25, 2017). 5180:(February 2, 2017). 3963:. February 10, 2017 3354:on December 6, 2007 3306:, December 13, 2006 3079:The Washington Post 2873:(February 9, 2017). 2523:. October 11, 2015. 2301:2020PNAS..11727262H 2295:(44): 27262–27267. 2110:Rapid response team 1979:In September 2018, 1822:Texas Senate Bill 4 1809:blocked funding to 1710:Westmoreland County 1702:Philadelphia County 988:Northern California 922:Southern California 840:Jonathan Rothschild 714:, published by the 298:illegal immigration 273:undocumented people 269:undocumented person 164:200,000 Guatemalans 160:75,000 Salvadoreans 7338:. November 9, 2016 7087:. February 2, 2017 6647:Kelley, Jeremy P. 6359:. February 6, 2017 6184:NBC10 Philadelphia 6159:. January 13, 2017 5984:Sioux City Journal 5850:Jonathan Oosting, 5832:. January 10, 2017 5811:2017-07-08 at the 5719:2017-11-20 at the 5682:2017-01-29 at the 5614:Robert McClendon, 5551:chicagotribune.com 5512:Richard Gonzales, 5495:2018-08-10 at the 5475:2018-10-26 at the 5408:Gunderson, Erica. 5276:. Associated Press 5193:. January 30, 2017 5011:. February 3, 2017 4447:on January 3, 2020 4399:Arizona Daily Star 3304:The New York Times 3204:The New York Times 2786:. January 20, 2021 2365:Cardozo Law Review 2226:10.1111/soc4.12547 2132:Separation barrier 2125:Secure Communities 2120:Sanctuary movement 1331:bail commissioners 1186:Evanston, Illinois 1057:In February 2017, 844:mayoral candidates 772: 655:U.S. Supreme Court 407:Electoral politics 230: 73:sanctuary movement 7638:. August 1, 2023. 7598:. January 5, 2017 7548:on March 19, 2018 7113:The Texas Tribune 6855:on August 5, 2019 6725:. April 10, 2019. 6711:. April 22, 2019. 6653:dayton-daily-news 6399:. January 2, 2018 6397:Hoboken, NJ Patch 6333:on April 16, 2019 6157:WRVO Public Media 5622:(March 01, 2016). 5333:Chicago Sun-Times 5148:on June 15, 2019. 4939:. Directed from: 4764:Los Angeles Times 4738:Los Angeles Times 4615:978-0-415-67346-4 4553:Los Angeles Times 4496:Kozachik, Steve. 4343:The Southeast Sun 3778:Justice Quarterly 3442:National Archives 3246:Los Angeles Times 3185:Los Angeles Times 3140:. March 27, 2018. 2854:Poynter Institute 2819:(March 10, 2017). 2811:Stephen Hiltner, 2657:Los Angeles Times 2395:978-0-415-67346-4 2214:Sociology Compass 2020:City of Sanctuary 1899:Hamilton, Ontario 1803:Texas Legislature 1690:Montgomery County 1255:characterization. 1162:Harold Washington 1077:Miami-Dade County 978:Monterey County's 787:In January 2017, 703:Justice Quarterly 639:U.S. Constitution 539:Ginny Brown-Waite 346:illegal immigrant 325:Los Angeles Times 302:illegal immigrant 246:illegal immigrant 228: 16:(Redirected from 7712: 7676: 7661:(2nd ed.). 7640: 7639: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7572: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7544:. 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Archived from 2485:"Sanctuary City" 2480: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2411: 2400: 2399: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2360: 2349: 2348: 2330: 2312: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2192: 2179: 2178: 2166: 2092:Sanctuary campus 2086: 2081: 2080: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2065: 1500:Attorney General 1420:Sanctuary cities 1327:William B. Evans 1181:Urbana, Illinois 1132:Atlanta, Georgia 1075:In January 2017 964:Resident ID Card 950:Special Order 40 928:Huntington Beach 718:, a progressive 651:Supremacy Clause 578:Attorney General 558:Michael Chertoff 394: 393: 284:Associated Press 218: 215: 209: 203: 197: 101:Northern Ireland 32:Cities of Refuge 21: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7685: 7684: 7673: 7652: 7649: 7647:Further reading 7644: 7643: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7579: 7577: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7551: 7549: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7465: 7463: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7438: 7436: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7315: 7313: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7116: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7090: 7088: 7079: 7078: 7074: 7062:Doyin Oyeniyi, 7061: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7013: 7012: 7008: 6998: 6996: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6969: 6962: 6952: 6950: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6914:Washington Post 6907: 6906: 6902: 6897:. The Inquirer. 6892: 6891: 6887: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6742: 6740: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6602:Cleveland Scene 6595: 6594: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6552: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6422: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6381:March 31, 2022. 6377: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6250: 6241: 6237: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6211:. February 2017 6203: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5927: 5923: 5909:Ibrahim Hirsi, 5908: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5875: 5873: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5817:Boston Magazine 5813:Wayback Machine 5803: 5796: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5773:666 (2017). 5762: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5721:Wayback Machine 5712:Yvonne Wenger, 5711: 5707: 5694: 5690: 5684:Wayback Machine 5674: 5670: 5659: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5613: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5527: 5523: 5511: 5507: 5501:City of Chicago 5497:Wayback Machine 5487: 5483: 5477:Wayback Machine 5467: 5463: 5457:City of Chicago 5450: 5446: 5440:chicagocode.org 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5247:Chicago Tribune 5239: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5172:Jeremy Redmon, 5171: 5167: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4935: 4931: 4924:The Denver Post 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4636:. 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July 5, 2018. 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3138:CBS SF Bay Area 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3015:Washington Post 3008: 3007: 3003: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2885: 2884: 2877: 2871:Washington Post 2865:Derek Hawkins, 2864: 2860: 2847: 2843: 2830: 2823: 2810: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2435: 2434: 2427: 2413: 2412: 2403: 2396: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2362: 2361: 2352: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2194: 2193: 2182: 2175:Washington Post 2168: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2047: 2028: 2009: 1989: 1934: 1922:London, Ontario 1884: 1879: 1871: 1856: 1839: 1794: 1758: 1750: 1731: 1686:Lycoming County 1674:Franklin County 1666:Delaware County 1658:Bradford County 1650: 1622: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1559: 1496: 1444: 1428: 1412: 1404: 1396: 1382: 1340: 1284: 1262: 1240: 1218: 1210: 1202: 1194: 1146: 1121: 1069: 1044: 1038: 1020:The Denver Post 997: 944:– In 1979, the 878:signed a bill, 872: 864: 806:Arizona SB 1070 802: 791:, the mayor of 789:William A. Bell 777: 764: 755: 746: 677: 672: 627:First Amendment 616:Fifth Amendment 497: 452: 437:Hillary Clinton 419:accused former 409: 391: 390: 381:Washington Post 319:Chicago Tribune 254:illegal migrant 217: 213: 211: 207: 205: 201: 199: 195: 193: 183: 147: 123: 117: 50:immigration law 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7718: 7716: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7671: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7623: 7609: 7587: 7559: 7528: 7517:. Victoria, BC 7515:Times Colonist 7499: 7473: 7446: 7419: 7400: 7374: 7349: 7323: 7297: 7271: 7245: 7233:Rutland Herald 7219: 7201: 7180: 7152: 7126: 7098: 7072: 7052: 7026: 7020:The Tennessean 7006: 6980: 6960: 6934: 6900: 6885: 6866: 6835: 6809: 6790: 6769: 6750: 6728: 6714: 6700: 6686: 6672: 6658: 6639: 6627:Cincinnati.com 6614: 6588: 6562: 6537: 6523: 6498: 6473: 6447: 6410: 6384: 6370: 6344: 6327:voicesofny.org 6321:Vereau, Gery. 6313: 6287: 6261: 6248: 6235: 6222: 6196: 6170: 6144: 6125: 6099: 6077: 6072:Ithaca Journal 6058: 6046: 6020: 6006: 5989: 5971: 5957: 5938: 5921: 5899: 5883: 5856: 5843: 5821: 5794: 5776: 5755: 5743:Slate Magazine 5729: 5705: 5688: 5668: 5650: 5624: 5604: 5578: 5563: 5537: 5528:Jeff Bossert, 5521: 5505: 5481: 5461: 5444: 5427: 5400: 5372: 5346: 5318: 5287: 5260: 5232: 5204: 5182: 5165: 5151: 5127: 5107: 5087: 5075: 5060: 5048: 5022: 4996: 4971: 4945: 4929: 4910: 4888: 4863: 4848: 4822: 4796: 4768: 4751: 4723: 4710:The Desert Sun 4695: 4665: 4647: 4621: 4614: 4592: 4572: 4557: 4533: 4514: 4488: 4458: 4428: 4403: 4383: 4361: 4328: 4285: 4256:(2): 329–337. 4236: 4217:(4): 792–802. 4200: 4181: 4162: 4113: 4086:(2): 115–133. 4070: 4045: 4024: 3999: 3974: 3948: 3923: 3914:|journal= 3883: 3857: 3811: 3784:(4): 567–593. 3765: 3756:|journal= 3725: 3718: 3699: 3680: 3637: 3618: 3609: 3607:, Dist. file). 3596: 3584: 3562: 3529: 3501: 3473: 3448: 3430:whitehouse.gov 3413: 3391: 3365: 3334: 3308: 3299:Katie Zezima, 3292: 3283: 3255: 3232: 3209: 3191: 3171: 3143: 3125: 3092: 3064: 3035: 3001: 2997:New York Times 2986: 2960: 2934: 2912: 2875: 2858: 2841: 2821: 2817:New York Times 2797: 2771: 2745: 2739:Emily Guskin, 2727: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2687: 2642: 2607: 2578: 2567:. May 11, 2018 2552: 2526: 2508: 2472: 2447: 2425: 2401: 2394: 2374: 2350: 2272: 2265: 2239: 2201: 2180: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2137:Border barrier 2134: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2115:Safe-haven law 2112: 2107: 2099: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2073: 2057: 2054: 2046: 2043: 2027: 2024: 2008: 2005: 1997:asylum seekers 1993:United Kingdom 1988: 1987:United Kingdom 1985: 1933: 1932:Western Canada 1930: 1883: 1882:Central Canada 1880: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1855: 1852: 1838: 1835: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1748:South Carolina 1746: 1738:Lincoln Chafee 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1694:Montour County 1678:Lebanon County 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1601: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1565:North Carolina 1563: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1474: 1464: 1459: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1427: 1424: 1416:Greg Gianforte 1411: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1366: 1360: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1217: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1105:In June 2019, 1103: 1092:St. Petersburg 1089: 1085:Carlos Gimenez 1068: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1059:Middletown, CT 1055: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1012: 996: 993: 992: 991: 981: 971: 957: 939: 932:charter cities 925: 915: 871: 868: 863: 860: 859: 858: 825: 801: 798: 797: 796: 776: 773: 763: 760: 754: 751: 745: 742: 687:populations." 676: 673: 671: 668: 596:William Orrick 572:directing the 508:Section 287(g) 496: 493: 460:Xavier Becerra 451: 448: 431:Following the 408: 405: 340:New York Times 250:illegal worker 212: 206: 200: 194: 189: 182: 179: 146: 143: 116: 113: 85:asylum seekers 77:United Kingdom 57:sanctuary city 46:sanctuary city 26: 24: 18:City sanctuary 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7717: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7672:9780765682130 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7619: 7613: 7610: 7597: 7591: 7588: 7576: 7569: 7563: 7560: 7547: 7543: 7542:Metro Calgary 7539: 7532: 7529: 7516: 7513: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7474: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7447: 7434: 7433:National Post 7430: 7423: 7420: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7401: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7375: 7363: 7359: 7353: 7350: 7337: 7336:Seattle Times 7333: 7327: 7324: 7312: 7308: 7301: 7298: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7272: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7246: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7202: 7197: 7196:Harv. L. Rev. 7192: 7184: 7181: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7156: 7153: 7141:. May 7, 2017 7140: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7102: 7099: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7068:Texas Monthly 7065: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7045:September 18, 7041: 7037: 7030: 7027: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7007: 6999:September 18, 6994: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6935: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6886: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6867: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6836: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6791: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6751: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6696: 6690: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6640: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6615: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6589: 6581:September 26, 6577: 6573: 6566: 6563: 6555:September 26, 6551: 6547: 6541: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6524: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6448: 6432: 6428: 6427:HobokenNJ.gov 6421: 6414: 6411: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6314: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6288: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6171: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6126: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6088: 6081: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6047: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6007: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5968:. April 2021. 5967: 5961: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5928:Mike Mullen, 5925: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5884: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5772: 5771:Harv. L. 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E. Sharpe 7658: 7636:دیدبان ایران 7635: 7626: 7612: 7600:. Retrieved 7590: 7578:. Retrieved 7575:FMReview.org 7574: 7562: 7550:. Retrieved 7546:the original 7541: 7531: 7521:February 13, 7519:. Retrieved 7514: 7492:February 13, 7490:. Retrieved 7486: 7476: 7466:February 13, 7464:. Retrieved 7459: 7449: 7439:February 13, 7437:. Retrieved 7432: 7422: 7413: 7403: 7393:February 13, 7391:. Retrieved 7388:Toronto Star 7387: 7377: 7365:. Retrieved 7362:mayor.dc.gov 7361: 7352: 7340:. Retrieved 7335: 7326: 7314:. Retrieved 7310: 7300: 7288:. Retrieved 7284: 7279:Aloe, Jess. 7274: 7262:. Retrieved 7258: 7248: 7236:. Retrieved 7232: 7222: 7209: 7204: 7183: 7171:. Retrieved 7165: 7155: 7143:. Retrieved 7129: 7117:. Retrieved 7111: 7101: 7089:. Retrieved 7075: 7067: 7043:. Retrieved 7039: 7029: 7018: 7009: 6997:. Retrieved 6992: 6983: 6975: 6951:. Retrieved 6946: 6937: 6925:. Retrieved 6913: 6903: 6888: 6879: 6869: 6857:. Retrieved 6853:the original 6849:www.Witf.org 6848: 6838: 6826:. 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Retrieved 2459: 2450: 2442:The Guardian 2441: 2419: 2384: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2292: 2288: 2248: 2242: 2217: 2213: 2174: 2048: 2029: 2017: 2010: 1990: 1978: 1955: 1935: 1918:city council 1910:Donald Trump 1907: 1885: 1872: 1857: 1840: 1819: 1814: 1795: 1777:David Briley 1759: 1751: 1732: 1729:Rhode Island 1717:Philadelphia 1698:Perry County 1662:Bucks County 1654:Pennsylvania 1651: 1648:Pennsylvania 1623: 1603:As of 2019, 1577: 1574:North Dakota 1568: 1560: 1497: 1445: 1432:Clark County 1413: 1405: 1397: 1373:Virg Bernero 1285: 1241: 1211: 1203: 1195: 1174:Rahm Emanuel 1150:Bruce Rauner 1147: 1122: 1111:Ron DeSantis 1070: 1045: 1018: 998: 873: 865: 847:Steve Farley 822:South Tucson 803: 778: 756: 747: 739: 732: 709: 701: 691: 689: 683: 681: 678: 664: 644: 636: 633:Jurisdiction 632: 631: 620: 593: 583: 567: 555: 543:Thelma Drake 537:, R-Calif., 532: 524:Tom Tancredo 513: 506: 498: 484: 480: 468: 464: 453: 440: 439:(D-NY) told 430: 413:Tom Tancredo 410: 397:Presente.org 389: 384: 380: 377:undocumented 376: 373:unauthorized 372: 370: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 339: 336: 329: 323: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289:AP Stylebook 287: 286:changed its 281: 272: 268: 264: 260: 258: 253: 249: 245: 241: 233: 231: 190: 172: 168: 148: 136: 130: 124: 70: 66: 62: 56: 54: 45: 43: 7705:Safe houses 7700:Immigration 7580:October 20, 7342:January 23, 7119:February 2, 7091:February 2, 6632:January 31, 6363:October 19, 6306:October 19, 6302:. 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