Civilian Conservation Corps

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Service, and the Fish and Wildlife Service. Projects can last up to 10 weeks and typically run over the summer. Some YCC programs are residential, meaning the participants are given housing on the land they work on. Projects may necessitate youth to camp in backcountry settings in order to work on trails or campsites. Most require youth to commute daily or house youth for only a few days a week. Youth are typically paid for their work. YCC programs contribute to the maintenance of public lands and instill a value for hard work and the outdoors in those who participate.

735:, and military ranks and titles were eliminated. Despite the loss of overt military leadership in the camps by July 1940, with war underway in Europe and Asia, the government directed an increasing number of CCC projects to resources for national defense. It developed infrastructure for military training facilities and forest protection. By 1940 the CCC was no longer wholly a relief agency, was rapidly losing its non-military character, and it was becoming a system for work-training, as its ranks had become increasingly younger and inexperienced. 123: 266: 312: 1306:. This program had many similar characteristics - residential centers, high expectations for participation, and emphasis on hard work on public lands. Young adults from different backgrounds were recruited for a term of one year. Corps members attended a training session called the Corpsmember Orientation Motivation Education and Training (COMET) program before being assigned to one of the various centers. Project work is also similar to the original CCC of the 1930s - work on public forests, state and federal parks. 439:

of Interior or Agriculture, responsible for the particular fieldwork. Also included in camp operation were several non-technical supervisor LEMs, who provided knowledge of the work at hand, "lay of the land," and paternal guidance for inexperienced enrollees. Enrollees were organized into work detail units called "sections" of 25 men each, according to the barracks they resided in. Each section had an enrollee "senior leader" and "assistant leader" who were accountable for the men at work and in the barracks.

638:(PWA), the Indian Division built schools and conducted a road-building program in and around many reservations to improve infrastructure. The mission was to reduce erosion and improve the value of Indian lands. Crews built dams of many types on creeks, then sowed grass on the eroded areas from which the damming material had been taken. They built roads and planted shelter-belts on federal lands. The steady income helped participants regain self-respect, and many used the funds to improve their lives. 695:, effective July 1, 1937. Congress changed the age limits to 17–23 years old and changed the requirement that enrollees be on relief to "not regularly in attendance at school, or possessing full-time employment." The 1937 law mandated the inclusion of vocational and academic training for a minimum of 10 hours per week. Students in school were allowed to enroll during summer vacation. During this period, the CCC forces contributed to disaster relief following 1937 floods in New York, Vermont, and the 467: 670:, on April 8, 1935, which included continued funding for the CCC program through March 31, 1937. The age limit was expanded to 17–28 to include more men. April 1, 1935, to March 31, 1936, was the period of greatest activity and work accomplished by the CCC program. Enrollment peaked at 505,782 in about 2,900 camps by August 31, 1935, followed by a reduction to 350,000 enrollees in 2,019 camps by June 30, 1936. During this period the public response to the CCC program was overwhelmingly popular. A 104: 173:, Franklin D. Roosevelt had run a similar program on a much smaller scale, known as the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA). It was started in early 1932 to "use men from the lists of the unemployed to improve our existing reforestation areas." In its first year alone, more than 25,000 unemployed New Yorkers were active in its paid conservation work. Long interested in conservation, as president Roosevelt proposed a full-scale national program to Congress on March 21, 1933: 427: 413: 607:. By July 1935, however, all camps in the United States were segregated. Enrollment peaked at the end of 1935, when there were 500,000 men in 2,600 camps in operation in every state. All received equal pay and housing. Black leaders lobbied to secure leadership roles. Adult white men held the major leadership roles in all the camps. Director Fechner refused to appoint Black adults to any supervisory positions except that of education director in the all-Black camps. 658:, enrollees began participating in defense-oriented training. The government paid for the classes and after students completed courses and passed a competency test, guaranteed automatic employment in defense work. A total of 85,000 Native Americans were enrolled in this training. This proved valuable social capital for the 24,000 alumni who later served in the military and the 40,000 who left the reservations for city jobs supporting the war effort. 404:

or single as long as they were in need of work. Veterans were generally assigned to entire veteran camps. Enrollees were eligible for the following "rated" positions to help with camp administration: senior leader, mess steward, storekeeper and two cooks; assistant leader, company clerk, assistant educational advisor and three second cooks. These men received additional pay ranging from $ 36 to $ 45 per month depending on their rating.

453: 1275:, and their team of strategic advisors have reimagined the federal Civilian Conservation Corps program of the 1930s as a private, locally governed, national social franchise. The goal of this recently established CCCUSA is to enroll a million young people annually, building a core set of values in each enrollee, who will then become the catalyst in their own communities and states to create a more civil society and stronger nation. 389:

as many as four periods, or up to two years if employment outside the Corps was not possible. Enrollees worked 40 hours per week over five days, sometimes including Saturdays if poor weather dictated. In return they received $ 30 per month (equivalent to $ 710 in 2023) with a compulsory allotment of $ 25 (about equivalent to $ 590 in 2023) sent to a family dependent, as well as housing, food, clothing, and medical care.

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work to counter the Depression, as well as cash to help the family budget. Through a regime of heavy manual labor, civic and political education, and an all-male living and working environment, the CCC tried to build "better men" who would be economically independent and self-reliant. By 1939, there was a shift in the ideal from the hardy manual worker to the highly trained citizen soldier ready for war.

623:. Although they were organized as groups classified as camps, no permanent camps were established for Native Americans. Instead, organized groups moved with their families from project to project and were provided with an additional rental allowance. The CCC often provided the only paid work, as many reservations were in remote rural areas. Enrollees had to be between the ages of 17 and 35. 33: 1154: 761:

the transfer of CCC property to the War and Navy Departments and other agencies, and the preparation of final accountability records. Liquidation of the CCC was ordered by Congress by the Labor-Federal Security Appropriation Act (56 Stat. 569) on July 2, 1942, and virtually completed on June 30, 1943. Liquidation appropriations for the CCC continued through April 20, 1948.

131: 3493: 186:, and medical care in exchange for their work in the national forests and other government properties. The Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) Act was introduced to Congress the same day and enacted by voice vote on March 31. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on April 5, 1933, which established the CCC organization and appointed a director, 1471:. Conservation Legacy also hosts the Environmental Stewards Program - providing internships with federal, state, municipal and NGO land management agencies nationwide. Conservation Legacy formed as a merger of the Southwest Youth Corps, San Luis Valley Youth Corps, The Youth Corps of Southern Arizona, and Coconino Rural Environmental Corps. 274:

April 5 creating the agency, appointing Fechner its director, and assigning War Department corps area commanders to begin enrollment. The first CCC enrollee was selected April 8, and lists of unemployed men were subsequently supplied by state and local welfare and relief agencies for immediate enrollment. On April 17, the first camp,

801: 1247:(NASCC), works to expand and enhance corps-type programs throughout the country. The Corps Network began in 1985 when the nation's first 24 Corps directors banded together to secure an advocate at the federal level and a repository of information on how best to start and manage a corps. Early financial assistance from the 575:

time of entry, 70% of enrollees were malnourished and poorly clothed. Few had work experience beyond occasional odd jobs. Peace was maintained by the threat of "dishonorable discharge". "This is a training station; we're going to leave morally and physically fit to lick 'Old Man Depression,'" boasted the newsletter,

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skills, and learn how to take personal responsibility for their actions. VYCC Crews work at VT State Parks, U.S. Forest Service Campgrounds, in local communities, and throughout the state's backcountry. The VYCC has also given aid to a similar program in North Carolina, which is currently in its infancy.

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Conservation Legacy engages young adults ages 14 to 26 and U.S. military veterans of all ages in personal and professional development experiences involving conservation projects on public lands. Corp members live, work, and learn in teams of six to eight for terms of service ranging from 3 months to

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The CCC program was never officially terminated. Congress provided funding for closing the remaining camps in 1942 with the equipment being reallocated. It became a model for conservation programs that were implemented in the period after World War II. Present-day corps are national, state, and local

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march on Washington, D.C., President Roosevelt amended the CCC program on May 11, 1933, to include work opportunities for veterans. Veteran qualifications differed from the junior enrollee; one needed to be certified by the Veterans Administration by an application. They could be any age, and married

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The typical CCC enrollee was a U.S. citizen, unmarried, unemployed male, 18–25 years of age. Normally his family was on local relief. Each enrollee volunteered and, upon passing a physical exam and/or a period of conditioning, was required to serve a minimum six-month period, with the option to serve

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I propose to create to be used in complex work, not interfering with normal employment and confining itself to forestry, the prevention of soil erosion, flood control, and similar projects. I call your attention to the fact that this type of work is of definite, practical value, not only through the

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following Fechner's death. The largest enrollment at any one time was 300,000. Through the course of its nine years in operation, three million young men took part in the CCC, which provided them with shelter, clothing, and food, together with a monthly wage of $ 30 (equivalent to $ 706 in 2023),

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program, a team-based national service program in which young adults ages 18–24 spend 10 months working for non-profit and government organizations; and the Civilian Conservation Corps, USA, (CCCUSA) managed by its president, Thomas Hark, in 2016. Hark, his co-founder Mike Rama, currently the Deputy

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ceased funding it. Operations were formally concluded at the end of the federal fiscal year on June 30, 1942. The end of the CCC program and closing of the camps involved arrangements to leave the incomplete work projects in the best possible state, the separation of about 1,800 appointed employees,

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Each CCC camp was located in the area of particular conservation work to be performed and organized around a complement of up to 200 civilian enrollees in a designated numbered "company" unit. The CCC camp was a temporary community in itself, structured to have barracks (initially Army tents) for 50

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The Youth Conservation Corps is a youth conservation program present in federal lands around the country. The program gives youth aged 13–17 the opportunity to participate in conservation projects in a team setting. YCC programs are available in land managed by the National Park Service, the Forest

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white Democrats in Congress, who insisted on racial segregation, most New Deal programs were racially segregated; African American and white people rarely worked alongside each other. At this time, all the states of the South had passed legislation imposing racial segregation and, since the turn of

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Approximately 55% of enrollees were from rural communities, a majority of which were non-farm; 45% came from urban areas. Level of education for the enrollee averaged 3% illiterate; 38% had less than eight years of school; 48% did not complete high school; and 11% were high school graduates. At the

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officers (until July 1, 1939), a "company commander" and junior officer, who were responsible for overall camp operation, logistics, education and training; and secondly, ten to fourteen technical service civilians, including a camp "superintendent" and "foreman", employed by either the Departments

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The legislation and mobilization of the program occurred quite rapidly. Roosevelt made his request to Congress on March 21, 1933; the legislation was submitted to Congress the same day; Congress passed it by voice vote on March 31; Roosevelt signed it the same day, then issued an executive order on

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An implicit goal of the CCC was to restore morale in an era of 25% unemployment for all men and much higher rates for poorly educated teenagers. Jeffrey Suzik argues in "'Building Better Men': The CCC Boy and the Changing Social Ideal of Manliness" that the CCC provided an ideology of manly outdoor

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was placed in charge of the program, but said that the number of army officers and soldiers assigned to the camps was affecting the readiness of the regular army. However, the army also found numerous benefits in the program. When the draft began in 1940, the policy was to make CCC alumni corporals

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The Vermont Youth Conservation Corps (VYCC) is a non-profit, youth service and education organization that hires Corps Members, aged 16–24, to work on high-priority conservation projects in Vermont. Through these work projects, Corps Members develop a strong work ethic, strengthen their leadership

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Collier said of the CCC-Indian Division, "no previous undertaking in Indian Service has so largely been the Indians' own undertaking". Educational programs trained participants in gardening, stock raising, safety, native arts, and some academic subjects. IECW differed from other CCC activities in

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Conservation Corps Minnesota & Iowa provides environmental stewardship and service-learning opportunities to youth and young adults while accomplishing conservation, natural resource management projects and emergency response work through its Young Adult Program and the Summer Youth Program.

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The responses to this seven-month experimental conservation program were enthusiastic. On October 1, 1933, Director Fechner was directed to arrange for the second period of enrollment. By January 1934, 300,000 men were enrolled. In July 1934, this cap was increased by 50,000 to include men from

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The Nevada Conservation Corps is a non-profit organization that partners with public land management agencies such as the Bureau of Land Management, United States Forest Service, National Park Service, and Nevada State Parks to complete conservation and restoration projects throughout Nevada.

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Established in 1995, Environmental Corps, now Texas Conservation Corps (TxCC), is an American YouthWorks program which allows youth, ages 17 to 28, to contribute to the restoration and preservation of parks and public lands in Texas. The only conservation corps in Texas, TxcC is a nonprofit

1348:(MCC) is a non-profit organization with a mission to equip young people with the skills and values to be vigorous citizens who improve their communities and environment. Collectively, MCC crews contribute more than 90,000 work hours each year. The MCC was established in 1991 by 76:

that supplied manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state, and local governments. The CCC was designed to supply jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the

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organized their own seasonal fire crews, modeled after the CCC. These have performed a firefighting function formerly done by the CCC and provided the same sort of outdoor work experience for young people. Approximately 47 young men have died while in this line of duty.

190:, a former labor union official who served until 1939. The organization and administration of the CCC was a new experiment in operations for a federal government agency. The order directed that the program be supervised jointly by four government departments: 139: 119:. The CCC also led to a greater public awareness and appreciation of the outdoors and the nation's natural resources, and the continued need for a carefully planned, comprehensive national program for the protection and development of natural resources. 918: 690:

On June 28, 1937, the Civilian Conservation Corps was legally established and transferred from its original designation as the Emergency Conservation Work program. Funding was extended for three more years by Public Law No. 163,

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enrollees each, officer/technical staff quarters, medical dispensary, mess hall, recreation hall, educational building, lavatory and showers, technical/administrative offices, tool room/blacksmith shop and motor pool garages.

600:; they were excluded from formal politics. Because of discrimination by white officials at the local and state levels, African Americans in the South did not receive as many benefits as white people from New Deal programs. 114:

The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs. Sources written at the time claimed an individual's enrollment in the CCC led to improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased

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Through the CCC, the regular army could assess the leadership performance of both regular and reserve officers. The CCC provided lessons which the army used in developing its wartime mobilization plans for training camps.

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in December 1941, the Roosevelt administration directed all federal programs to emphasize the war effort. Most CCC work, except for wildland firefighting, was shifted onto U.S. military bases to help with construction.

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Although the CCC was probably the most popular New Deal program, it never was authorized as a permanent agency. The program was reduced in scale as the Depression waned and employment opportunities improved. After

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participated in the program. To overcome opposition from labor unions, which wanted no training programs started when so many of their members were unemployed, Roosevelt chose Robert Fechner, vice president of the

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Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (2003). "Replenishing the Soil and the Soul of Texas: The Civilian Conservation Corps in the Lone Star State as an Example of State-Federal Work Relief during the Great Depression".

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programs that engage primarily youth and young adults (ages 16–25) in community service, training, and educational activities. The nation's approximately 113 corps programs operate in 41 of the 50 states and

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Midwest states that had been affected by drought. The temporary tent camps had also developed to include wooden barracks. An education program had been established, emphasizing job training and literacy.

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A CCC map of the planned route of a parkway in Texas, drafted in 1934. The Corps worked in numerous parks throughout the state during the early 1930s, constructing everything from benches to highways.

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administration. It was inspired by the Civilian Conservation Corps and aims to mobilize young people to stop climate change, while giving them a job at the same time. It is financed from the

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and Daniel Murphy, the director of the CCC-ID, both based the program on Indian self-rule and the restoration of tribal lands, governments, and cultures. The next year, Congress passed the

880: 1364:. Originally, it was a summer program for disadvantaged youth, although it has grown into an AmeriCorps-sponsored non-profit organization with six regional offices that serve Montana, 2666: 1244: 1718: 2301: 894:

Black Hawk State Historic Site, Rock Island, Illinois (The Refectory, located in the east end of Watch Tower Lodge houses a permanent exhibit on the Civilian Conservation Corps.)

619:: the "Indian Emergency Conservation Work Division" (IECW or CCC-ID). Native men from reservations worked on roads, bridges, clinics, shelters, and other public works near their 150:

The CCC operated separate programs for veterans and Native Americans. Approximately 15,000 Native Americans took part in the program, helping them weather the Great Depression.

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Sommer, Barbara W. (2010). "' We Had This Opportunity': African Americans and the Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota". In Atkins, Annette; Millers, Deborah L. (eds.).

1393:, which serves the entire state. Their work ranges from disaster relief to trail building to habitat restoration. TxCC has done projects in national, state, and city parks. 3755: 3474: 1287:(SCA). The SCA, founded in 1959, is a nonprofit organization that offers conservation internships and summer trail crew opportunities to more than 4,000 people each year. 4205: 1439:

Conservation Legacy is a non-profit employment, job training, and education organization with locations across the United States including Arizona Conservation Corps in

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that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28. The CCC was a major part of President

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Civilian Conservation Corps, "Standards of Eligibility and Selection for Junior Enrollees," United States Dept. of Labor, Office of the Secretary, August 1, 1938,

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State Department of Ecology. It employs men and women 18 to 25 years old in a program to protect and enhance Washington's natural resources. WCC is a part of the

3561: 3621: 211: 206:, which organized and supervised the work projects. A CCC Advisory Council was composed of a representative from each of those departments. In addition, the 2786: 2417: 1319:, constructing and maintaining trails, invasive species removal, and performing biological surveys. The Nevada Conservation Corps was created through the 654:

that it explicitly trained men in skills to be carpenters, truck drivers, radio operators, mechanics, surveyors, and technicians. With the passage of the

745: 667: 1491:, based in Netherlands, that has taken its inspiration from the Civilian Conservation Corps in running a permanent youth training program, supported by 1222:

PBS series showcased documentaries on American history; it portrayed the life in Civilian Conservation Corps in 2009, in the first episode of Season 22.

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Inside of CCC barracks at Milford, Utah. Two of the men are sitting on footlockers that were used by the CCC workers to hold their personal possessions.

3215: 597: 792:. Most of the Japanese American internment camps were built by the people held there. After the CCC disbanded, the federal agencies responsible for 203: 1771: 4055: 3959: 3606: 3125: 199: 2618: 1597: 2805: 3964: 1186: 3954: 3425: 3343: 3324: 3305: 3204: 3159: 3113: 3076: 3038: 2885: 2842: 78: 3595: 2674: 4215: 4190: 4069: 4045: 3497: 2760: 1252: 955: 3538: 3375:

Wilson, James (2003). "Community, Civility, and Citizenship: Theatre and Indoctrination in the Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s".

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and the federal budget. It should have 9,000 members by the end of June 2024. Later, the number of participants should rise to 20,000.

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Waller, Robert A. (April 2003). "The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Emergence of South Carolina's State Park System, 1933–1942".

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A merged non-profit foundation of the former National Association of CCC Alumni (NACCCA) and the Camp Roosevelt CCC Legacy Foundation

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also had some responsibilities. About 5,000 reserve officers serving in the camps were affected, as they were transferred to federal

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Hanneman, Carolyn G. (1999). "Baffles, Bridges, and Bermuda: Oklahoma Indians and the Civilian Conservation Corps-Indian Division".

2129: 2053: 2025: 1263: 279: 191: 158: 3083:— providing a context for American public works programs, and detailing major agencies of the New Deal: CCC, PWA, CWA, WPA, and TVA 1167: 3984: 3974: 1909: 1854:

Imparato, Edward T., editor. "Effect of the Civilian Conservation Corps Project upon Army Activity and Readiness for Emergency".

1495:, to manage ocean areas and carry out underwater landscape restoration. Unemployed youths are trained up as Sea Rangers during a 1284: 1191: 720: 1017: 4090: 4085: 3893: 1256: 979: 781: 195: 3969: 3710:, featuring images of Civilian Conservation Corps members constructing Green Lakes State Park in Central New York (1929–1948). 3657:"Camp 56: An Oral History Project: World War II Conscientious Objectors and the Waldport, Oregon Civilian Public Service Camp" 3471: 2447: 4065: 3573: 3259:

Sherraden, Michael W. (April 1981). "Military Participation in a Youth Employment Program: The Civilian Conservation Corps".

2931: 989: 777: 643: 294:. By July 1, 1933, there were 1,463 working camps with 250,000 junior enrollees 18–25 years of age; 28,000 veterans; 14,000 4035: 3989: 2201:

Gower, Calvin W. (1976). "The Struggle of Blacks for Leadership Positions in the Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933–1942".

1402: 1380:. All regions also offer Montana YES (Youth Engaged in Service) summer programs for teenagers who are 14 to 17 years old. 1303: 728: 716: 700: 2595: 4050: 3979: 3721:"The Great Depression, Displaced Mountaineers in Shenandoah National Park, and the Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.)" 2521: 884: 861: 773: 224: 220: 96: 3611: 2949:

Heller, Charles E. (2010). "The US Army, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and Leadership for World War II, 1933–1942".

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The CCC program became a model for the creation of team-based national service youth conservation programs such as the

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The company organization of each camp had a dual-authority supervisory staff: firstly, Department of War personnel or

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American Youth Commission (1942). Youth and the Future: The General Report of the American Youth Commission (Report).

3806: 2086:"United States Army Civilian Conservation Corps. Company 114th," Francis P. Waversak, Stone Walls, Spring 1990 p. 23 4195: 4040: 4019: 3949: 3944: 3934: 3929: 1345: 959: 122: 650:, which ended allotments and helped preserve tribal lands, and encouraged tribes to re-establish self-government. 4075: 1879:

Charles E. Heller, "The U.S. Army, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and Leadership for World War II, 1933–1942",

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The Politics and Civics of National Service: Lessons from the Civilian Conservation Corps, Vista, and AmeriCorps

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of April 18, 1936, asked: "Are you in favor of the CCC camps?"; 82% of respondents said "yes", including 92% of

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team serving to improve the environment and economies of historic mining communities in the American West and

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performed "work of national importance" as an alternative to military service. Other camps were used to hold

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Reserve officers from the U.S. Army were in charge of the camps, but there was no military training. General

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James F Justin Civilian Conservation Corps Museum, Online CCC Biographies Stories Photographs, and Documents

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These programs emphasize the development of job and life skills by conservation and community service work.

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Civilian Conservation Corps History Center at the Minnesota Discovery Center Museum in Chisholm Minnesota

227:, was taken to the first camp to see that there was no job training involved beyond simple manual labor. 4111: 4004: 3909: 3530: 3221: 3060:"That Magnificent Army of Youth and Peace": The Civilian Conservation Corps in North Carolina, 1933-1942 2908: 2003: 1779: 1619: 1500: 1176: 1129: 964: 946: 856: 828: 108: 69: 3089:

Nature's New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement

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Nature's New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement

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and recreation: public camp and picnic ground development, lake and pond site clearing and development

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Jeffrey Ryan Suzik, "'Building Better Men': The CCC Boy and the Changing Social Ideal of Manliness",

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During 2004, they enrolled more than 23,000 young people. The Corps Network, known originally as the

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Gower, Calvin W. (Spring 1972). "The CCC Indian Division: Aid for Depressed Americans, 1933–1942".

3350:— detailing the interaction of local, state and federal agencies in organizing and guiding CCC work 3142:

The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933–1942: An Administrative History

1504: 1218: 1205: 995: 913: 897: 832: 822: 724: 207: 37: 3567: 3526: 2897:"Conserving the Youth: the Civilian Conservation Corps Experience in the Shenandoah National Park" 2395: 178:

prevention of great present financial loss but also as a means of creating future national wealth.

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Masters and Commanders: How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Alanbrooke won the war in the west

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Civilian Conservation Corps Program of the US Dept. of the Interior, March 1933 to June 30, 1942

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In 1939 Congress ended the independent status of the CCC, transferring it to the control of the

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and sergeants. The CCC also provided command experience to Organized Reserve Corps officers.

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Gower, Calvin W. (1972). "The CCC Indian Division: Aid for Depressed Americans, 1933–1942".

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https://web.archive.org/web/20070807170035/http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/ccc_forest.htm

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Army Quartermaster support to the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression

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New Deal, New Landscape: The Civilian Conservation Corps and South Carolina's State Parks

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The Aina Corps performed environmental restoration work in Hawaii in 2020, funded by the

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Webster M. Pidgeon Papers: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) photographs and memorabilia

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Otis, Alison T.; Honey, William D.; Hogg, Thomas C.; Lakin, Kimberly K. (August 1986).

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Robert Allen Ermentrout, "Forgotten Men: The Civilian Conservation Corps," (1982) p. 99

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The CCC performed 300 types of work projects in nine approved general classifications:

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in effect, the need for work relief declined, and Congress voted to close the program.

146:; the tents were soon replaced by barracks built by Army contractors for the enrollees. 100:$ 25 of which (equivalent to $ 588 in 2023) had to be sent home to their families. 92: 3746:, West Virginia, available through NARA (National Archives and Records Administration) 1913: 1164:

In several cities where CCC workers worked, statues were erected to commemorate them.

81:. There was eventually a smaller counterpart program for unemployed women called the 4184: 4126: 3617: 3601:

Rosentreter, Roger L. "Roosevelt's Tree Army: Michigan's Civilian Conservation Corps"

3288: 3194: 3140: 3021: 2970: 2230: 1496: 1390: 1210: 1141: 1041: 841: 732: 692: 548: 514: 473: 116: 3556: 3187: 2721: 2507: 2451: 1377: 1373: 1135: 1095: 1071: 1047: 1029: 793: 631: 527: 498: 477: 287: 154: 65: 2787:"Hawaii Reboots Depression-Era Conservation Corps Using Pandemic Assistance Funds" 2448:"Yahoo | Mail, Weather, Search, Politics, News, Finance, Sports & Videos" 138: 126:

CCC workers constructing a road in what is now Cuyahoga Valley National Park, 1933

3523:, grassroots non-profit to reestablish the USCCC, based in St Petersburg, Florida 3098: 3094: 2921: 3914: 3883: 3172:

Soldiers of Labor: Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933–1945

2912: 2648: 2493: 1299: 1172: 1101: 1053: 1035: 671: 592: 350: 3272: 3230:

Salmond, John A. (June 1965). "The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Negro".

3174:. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas. Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute. 3152:

The Civilian Conservation Corps in Alabama, 1933-1942: A Great and Lasting Good

2980:"The Civilian Conservation Corps: Demonstrating the Value of Soil Conservation" 2170:

Salmond, John A. (June 1965). "The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Negro".

2145: 2068:"Your CCC, A Handbook for Enrollees," Happy Days Pub. Co., Inc. (1940) pp. 8–13 890:

Starved Rock State Park (CCC Section in the visitors' center) Oglesby, Illinois

3800: 3781: 3775: 3761: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3726: 3720: 3632: 1468: 1410: 1324: 1267: 919:

Bear Brook State Park Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Camp Historic District

805: 764:

Some former CCC sites in good condition were reactivated from 1941 to 1947 as

400: 362: 32: 2962: 2896: 2525: 1122:, enrollee, American actor in vaudeville, theater, radio, film and television 666:

Responding to public demand to alleviate unemployment, Congress approved the

4136: 3013: 2878:

Texas State Parks and the CCC: The Legacy of the Civilian Conservation Corps

2619:"Timeline. The Civilian Conservation Corps. American Experience. WGBH - PBS" 1536: 1520: 1182:, the workers constructed a monument to commemorate their work on this site. 1179: 928:

New York State Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at Gilbert Lake State Park

559: 538: 508: 130: 3607:

Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, "Civilian Conservation Corps"

2108:"Your CCC, A Handbook for Enrollees", Happy Days Pub. Co., Inc. (1940) p. 9 1973:

Pamphlet: Objectives and Results of the Civilian Conservation Corps Program

3492: 1884: 956:

Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at Lake Greenwood State Recreation Area

862:

Florida Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at Highlands Hammock State Park

430:

CCC Camp recreational hall or educational building (unidentified location)

182:

He promised this law would provide 250,000 young men with meals, housing,

3859: 3633:

Built To Last: The Legacy of the Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota

1492: 1316: 615:

The CCC operated a separate division for members of federally recognized

563: 544: 523: 183: 143: 73: 3655:

Siuslaw National Forest; History Department; Portland State University.

3408: 3367: 3280: 2581: 2548: 357:, Virginia, in early summer, 1933. Seated, left to right: Major General 349:

President Franklin D. Roosevelt made his first visit to a CCC camp, at

134:

154th Co.. CCC, Eagle Lake Camp NP-1-Me. Bar harbor Maine, February 1940

3456: 3298:

Hard Work and a Good Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota

3251: 2222: 2187: 1499:

and subsequently offered full-time employment to manage and regenerate

1369: 1349: 1213:

series, is a movie about friendship, trouble, and boxing at a CCC camp.

800: 518: 3819: 2834:

The New Deal's Forest Army: How the Civilian Conservation Corps Worked

526:: tree planting, fire prevention, fire pre-suppression, firefighting, 2582:""American Experience" Civilian Conservation Corps (TV Episode 2009)" 2097:

Roosevelt's Forest Army, A History of the Civilian Conservation Corps

1928:"Timeline. Surviving the Dust Bowl. American Experience . WGBH - PBS" 1659:

Roosevelt's Forest Army, A History of the Civilian Conservation Corps

3448: 3243: 2746: 2465: 2214: 2179: 1646:

The Civilian Conservation Corps CCC 1933–1942: a New Deal case study

458:

Millhouse and waterwheel at Juniper Springs Florida built by the CCC

3527:

Bandelier National Monument Virtual Museum Exhibit and Lesson Plans

855:

North East States Civilian Conservation Corps Museum, Camp Conner,

699:

and Mississippi river valleys, and response and clean-up after the

472:

CCC workers with picks and shovels building a road in Utah between

3667: 3620:, a guide to projects in Washington State, with rare photographs. 3319:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 134–157. 3069:

Long-Range Public Investment: The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal

2923:

The African-American Experience in the Civilian Conservation Corps

2761:"Unemployed Dutch youth become sea rangers to protect marine life" 1772:"The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933–1942: a New Deal case study" 1365: 1185: 1166: 1152: 799: 627: 425: 411: 264: 137: 129: 121: 102: 43: 31: 603:

In the first few weeks of operation, CCC camps in the North were

3568:

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): The Arcadia Veteran bulletins

3217:

The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933–1942: a New Deal case study

3130:. United States Forest Service. Vol. FS-395. Archived from 2941: 2596:"Another Author: Book Review: HITCH - Making Good in Hard Times" 298:; and 25,000 adults in the Local Experienced Men (LEM) program. 3832: 3127:

The Forest Service and The Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933–42

2121:

The Civilian Conservation Corps in Southern Illinois, 1933-1942

3472:"The Civilian Conservation Corps, What It Is and What It Does" 2418:"Monte Sano State Park CCC Museum and Memorial | Alapark" 1932: 1098:, enrollee, the Light Heavyweight Boxing Champion of the World 898:

Iowa Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at Backbone State Park

3520: 3435:

Parman, Donald L. (February 1971). "The Indian and the CCC".

2806:"White House swears in first class of American Climate Corps" 1507:. The Sea Ranger Service works in close cooperation with the 217:

International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers

4201:

Nature conservation organizations based in the United States

3515: 3503: 2524:. National New Deal Preservation Association. Archived from 2479: 626:

During 1933, about half the male heads of households on the

3828: 965:

Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at Pocahontas State Park

1229:(2012) is a young adult book about a teenager in the CCC. 748:, fewer eligible young men were available. Following the 244:"embraced" the CCC, unlike many of his brother officers. 2020:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 94–99. 1800:"Message to Congress on Unemployment Relief. March 21," 1074:, former technical forester, ecologist, environmentalist 945:

Lou and Helen Adams Civilian Conservation Corps Museum,

756:

The CCC disbanded one year earlier than planned, as the

365:, secretary to the president; Secretary of the Interior 2338:

ed. by Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk (1951), p. 111

2263:

Bromert, Roger (1978). "The Sioux and the Indian-CCC".

847:

Conservation Corps State Museum at Camp San Luis Obispo

819:

Civilian Conservation Corps Museum at DeSoto State Park

3738:

President Visits Foresters (CCC), Roosevelt 1933/08/14

3120:— CCC built 16 state parks in SC between 1933 and 1942 1802:

The Presidential Papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933

1262:

Similar active programs in the United States are: the

1245:

National Association of Service and Conservation Corps

517:: irrigation, drainage, dams, ditching, channel work, 1271:

Director of the Corporate Eco Forum (CEF) founded by

881:

Civilian Conservation Corps Camp in Kokeʻe State Park

596:

the century, laws and constitutional provisions that

3336:

Parks for Texas: Enduring Landscapes of the New Deal

3317:

The State We're In: Reflections on Minnesota History

3031:

In the Shadow of the Mountain: The Spirit of the CCC

2508:"James F. Justin Civilian Conservation Corps Museum" 827:

Civilian Conservation Corps Museum and Memorial, at

95:

was the first director of this agency, succeeded by

27:

US voluntary public work relief program from 1933-42

4104: 4028: 3902: 3866: 3772:

Minnesota State Parks, Lake Itasca State Park, NARA

1719:"Franklin Delano Roosevelt: A New Deal for Indians" 1315:Conservation work includes fuel reductions through 541:: stock driveways, elimination of predatory animals 3649:Lost in the Woods–The Legacy of CCC Camp Pelican], 3614:- interactive web album of CCC activities in Texas 3562:LeRoy, Congerville sites of CCC camps - Pantagraph 3545:Primary Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by 3033:. Pullman, WA: Washington State University Press. 1004:James F. Justin Civilian Conservation Corps Museum 634:were employed by the CCC-ID. With grants from the 1026:, leader, agronomist, Nobel Peace Prize recipient 3728:Youth Jobs Program (CCC) During Great Depression 3511:Records of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 3509:National Archives & Records Administration: 3300:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. 3108:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. 3071:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. 2598:. Becomingprince.blogspot.com. February 19, 2012 1975:. Washington, D.C.: Civilian Conservation Corps. 1856:General MacArthur Speeches and Reports 1908–1964 1678:. February 6, 1939 – via content.time.com. 1578:Table Rock Civilian Conservation Corps Camp Site 951:Huston Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania 788:'s Enemy Alien Control Program, as well as Axis 656:National Defense Vocational Training Act of 1941 2048:. Smithtown, NY: Exposition Press. p. 17. 909:, Blue Hills Reservation, Milton, Massachusetts 175: 3054:— detailed description of all major activities 2901:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2876:Brandimarte, Cynthia; Reed, Angela S. (2013). 2804:Thompson, Lucas; Weil, Ariel (June 18, 2024). 2046:Forgotten Men: The Civilian Conservation Corps 2039: 2037: 2002:, Chapter 5: The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1620:"New Deal Resident Camps for Unemployed Women" 1259:was critical to establishing the association. 361:, commanding general of the Third Corps Area; 3844: 3048:Holland, Kenneth; Hill, Frank Ernest (1938). 2837:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1828:Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal 1756:John Gibbs, "Tree Planting Aids Unemployed", 912:Michigan Civilian Conservation Corps Museum, 8: 3955:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 3622:Great Depression in Washington State Project 2926:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 2466:"DNR MHC Civilian Conservation Corps Museum" 1985:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 36:Poster by Albert M. Bender, produced by the 4211:1942 disestablishments in the United States 3516:The Corps Network (formerly known as NASCC) 3154:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 2565:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2124:. Southern Illinois Press. pp. 98–99. 1598:"Timeline. The Civilian Conservation Corps" 497:Transportation: truck trails, minor roads, 3851: 3837: 3829: 3822:, 1933 film detailing Texas CCC projects, 3062:. Raleigh: Office of Archives and History. 2174:. 52, 1 (1). Oxford University Press: 82. 1963: 1961: 1959: 1826:On the CCC's formation see Frank Freidel, 1352:'s Human Resource Development Councils in 668:Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 373:; the president; Secretary of Agriculture 4061:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act 3776:Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 1936 3226:— the scholarly history of the entire CCC 1858:. Turner Publishing Company, 2000, p. 58. 1845:, Twenty-First Century Books, 1989, p. 47 937:Masker Museum at Promised Land State Park 377:; and Assistant Secretary of Agriculture 4206:1933 establishments in the United States 3769:The Cradle of the Father of Waters, 1938 3504:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Legacy 3420:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2549:"American Experience (TV Series 1988– )" 1104:, enrollee, professional baseball player 808:on display at the CCC Museum in Michigan 107:A CCC-built bridge across Rock Creek in 3960:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 3536:Life in the Civilian Conservation Corps 1867: 1589: 1463:. Conservation Legacy also operates an 707:From conservation to defense, 1939–1940 2984:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 2558: 1978: 1459:; and Southeast Conservation Corps in 598:disenfranchised most African Americans 3596:CCC History Archives in Massachusetts 3338:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 591:Because of the power of conservative 79:Great Depression in the United States 7: 4081:Rural Electrification Administration 4046:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 3629:from the Rhode Island State Archives 3581:Civilian Conservation Corps by state 3570:from the Rhode Island State Archives 1770:Salmond, John A. (January 3, 2008). 994:Civilian Conservation Corps Museum, 973:Civilian Conservation Corps Legacy, 870:Civilian Conservation Corps Museum, 4036:Works Progress Administration (WPA) 3067:Leighninger, Robert D. Jr. (2007). 2978:Helms, Douglas (March–April 1985). 2146:"Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)" 1511:and national maritime authorities. 1447:; Conservation Corps New Mexico in 1116:, enrollee, baseball player/manager 511:, terracing, and vegetable covering 3715:Documentary, feature and TV movies 3356:South Carolina Historical Magazine 2880:. Texas A&M University Press. 1535:is an organization created by the 1451:; Southwest Conservation Corps in 980:Civilian Conservation Corps Museum 490:Structural improvements: bridges, 25: 3995:Public Works Administration (PWA) 3965:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act 3925:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 3824:Texas Archive of the Moving Image 3750:A Nationwide System of Parks 1939 3664:Center for Columbia River History 3564:(Bloomington, Illinois newspaper) 2044:Ermentrout, Robert Allen (1982). 1264:National Civilian Community Corps 1012:Notable alumni and administrators 739:Decline and disbandment 1941–1942 648:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 333:George Washington National Forest 331:Meal time at CCC Camp Roosevelt, 280:George Washington National Forest 194:, which recruited the young men; 4020:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 3985:National Recovery Administration 3975:National Industrial Recovery Act 3491: 2653:Civilian Conservation Corps, USA 1717:Landry, Alysa (August 9, 2016). 1417:Vermont Youth Conservation Corps 1285:Student Conservation Association 1279:Student Conservation Association 1209:(1940), the fourth movie in the 1192:Freetown-Fall River State Forest 1062:. Army officer in charge of camp 1020:, enrollee, country music singer 465: 451: 342: 324: 310: 198:, which operated the camps; the 38:Illinois WPA Art Project Chicago 4091:United States Housing Authority 3809:The Civilian Conservation Corps 3232:The Journal of American History 3104:Mielnik, Tara Mitchell (2011). 2895:Clancy, Patrick (Autumn 1997). 2861:. Brookings Institution Press. 2831:Alexander, Benjamin F. (2018). 2172:The Journal of American History 2000:Parks, Politics, and the People 286:. On June 18, the first of 161 4066:National Labor Relations Board 4056:Judicial Procedures Reform Act 2018:Parks, Politics and the People 1672:"CONSERVATION: Poor Young Men" 990:Harrison County, West Virginia 644:Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1: 3990:National Youth Administration 3150:Pasquill, Robert Jr. (2008). 2396:"Civilian Conservation Corps" 1405:(WCC) is a sub-agency of the 1403:Washington Conservation Corps 1397:Washington Conservation Corps 1304:California Conservation Corps 1291:California Conservation Corps 784:Americans interned under the 729:Works Progress Administration 717:National Youth Administration 701:1938 hurricane in New England 64:) was a voluntary government 4051:Farm Security Administration 3708:CNY Heritage Digital Library 3418:The Navajos and the New Deal 3166:— with CD of oral interviews 2747:"Home - Conservation Legacy" 2667:"Frequently Asked Questions" 2580:dimplet (November 2, 2009). 1604:. WGBH - PBS. Archived from 1331:Minnesota Conservation Corps 885:Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii 686:Change of purpose, 1937–1938 290:control camps was opened in 225:American Federation of Labor 219:, as director of the Corps. 4216:73rd United States Congress 4191:Civilian Conservation Corps 4000:Public Works of Art Project 3920:Agricultural Adjustment Act 3694:Civilian Conservation Corps 3498:Civilian Conservation Corps 3296:Sommer, Barbara W. (2008). 3170:Patel, Kiran Klaus (2005). 2697:"Nevada Conservation Corps" 851:San Luis Obispo, California 838:Colossal Cave Mountain Park 758:77th United States Congress 636:Public Works Administration 395:Veterans Conservation Corps 85:, which were championed by 58:Civilian Conservation Corps 4232: 4041:Federal Project Number One 3950:Farm Credit Administration 3945:Homeowners Refinancing Act 3930:Civil Works Administration 3744:Recreation Resources, 1935 3612:A New Deal for Texas Parks 3416:Parman, Donald L. (1969). 3273:10.1177/0095327X8100700205 3091:. Oxford University Press. 3058:Jolley, Harley E. (2007). 2951:Armed Forces & Society 2365:Ermentrout, pp. 55, 62, 64 2336:Public Opinion, 1935–1946, 1881:Armed Forces & Society 1346:Montana Conservation Corps 1340:Montana Conservation Corps 1144:, a project superintendent 988:West Virginia CCC Museum, 960:Ninety Six, South Carolina 746:conscription began in 1940 528:insect and disease control 4160: 4076:Rural Electrification Act 3820:Parks Under the Lone Star 3764:Alabama State Parks, NARA 3758:Alabama State Parks, NARA 3437:Pacific Historical Review 3334:Steely, James W. (1999). 3214:Salmond, John A. (1967). 2990:: 184–188. Archived from 2726:The Great Basin Institute 2701:The Great Basin Institute 2671:The Great Basin Institute 2547:jtf87 (October 4, 1988). 2356:Ermentrout, pp. 48–49, 51 2095:Merrill, Perry H. (1981) 2077:Ermentrout, pp. 16, 76-77 2016:Wirth, Conrad L. (1980). 1969:Fechner, Robert, Director 1704:Michigan History Magazine 1310:Nevada Conservation Corps 1132:supervisor of CCC Program 1018:David "Stringbean" Akeman 923:Allenstown, New Hampshire 551:, food and cover planting 48:CCC boys leaving camp in 4096:Fair Labor Standards Act 3783:Land of the Giants, 1935 3552:Top 10 New Deal Programs 3261:Armed Forces and Society 3193:Roberts, Andrew (2008). 3145:. National Park Service. 2963:10.1177/0095327X09333944 2920:Colen, Olen Jr. (1999). 2203:Journal of Negro History 2118:Kay Rippelmeyer (2015). 1883:(2010) 36#3 pp. 439–453 1760:(April 1933) pp. 159–61. 1426:Youth Conservation Corps 1384:Texas Conservation Corps 1225:Jeanette Ingold's novel 1190:Statue of CCC worker in 1157:Statue of CCC worker in 355:Shenandoah National Park 18:Civil Conservation Corps 4010:Railroad Retirement Act 3889:American Liberty League 3698:Oregon State University 3591:Idaho Public Television 3477:April 21, 2020, at the 3377:Theatre History Studies 3139:Paige, John C. (1985). 3095:excerpt and text search 3087:Maher, Neil M. (2008). 3029:Hill, Edwin G. (1990). 3014:10.1111/1540-6563.00038 1747:Wirth, pp. 105, 142-144 1700:"Roosevelt's Tree Army" 1541:Inflation Reduction Act 1194:Freetown, Massachusetts 941:Greentown, Pennsylvania 786:Western Defense Command 770:conscientious objectors 766:Civilian Public Service 721:U.S. Employment Service 713:Federal Security Agency 587:African American people 212:Veterans Administration 3756:Alabama Highlands 1937 2857:Bass, Melissa (2013). 2284:Chronicles of Oklahoma 1910:"Camp Roosevelt, NF-1" 1698:Rosentreter, Roger L. 1553:American Climate Corps 1533:American Climate Corps 1527:American Climate Corps 1501:Marine Protected Areas 1461:Chattanooga, Tennessee 1449:Las Cruces, New Mexico 1297:Governor of California 1195: 1183: 1161: 1138:, enrollee, test pilot 1128:, U.S. administrator, 1110:, enrollee, politician 1050:, enrollee, folklorist 984:Rhinelander, Wisconsin 969:Chesterfield, Virginia 902:Strawberry Point, Iowa 809: 750:attack on Pearl Harbor 547:: stream improvement, 431: 419: 270: 261:Early years, 1933–1937 180: 147: 135: 127: 111: 53: 50:Lassen National Forest 41: 4112:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4005:Reciprocal Tariff Act 3910:Emergency Banking Act 3807:American Experience: 3762:Down Mobile Way, 1935 3531:National Park Service 2398:. Densho Encyclopedia 2004:National Park Service 1897:Men and Masculinities 1839:Darby, Jean Douglas. 1608:on December 25, 2016. 1389:corporation based in 1321:Great Basin Institute 1189: 1170: 1156: 1130:National Park Service 947:Parker Dam State Park 857:Stafford, Connecticut 829:Monte Sano State Park 803: 429: 415: 399:Following the second 317:CCC camp kitchen crew 278:, was established at 268: 141: 133: 125: 109:Little Rock, Arkansas 106: 70:Franklin D. Roosevelt 47: 35: 4132:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 3980:National Housing Act 3940:Executive Order 6102 3647:Henderson, James D. 3541:May 6, 2021, at the 3500:at Wikimedia Commons 3224:on October 20, 2014. 3134:on February 5, 2014. 2994:on January 11, 2009. 2629:on December 25, 2016 2265:South Dakota History 1916:on December 1, 2008. 1899:2.2 (1999): 152-179. 1723:Indian Country Today 1563:Camp San Luis Obispo 1159:Santa Fe, New Mexico 932:New Lisbon, New York 876:Blairsville, Georgia 662:Expansion, 1935–1936 443:Work classifications 276:NF-1, Camp Roosevelt 171:governor of New York 3814:American Experience 3795:Pride of the Bowery 2677:on January 25, 2021 2623:American Experience 2428:on January 16, 2015 2150:www.u-s-history.com 1830:(1973), pp. 255-266 1602:American Experience 1435:Conservation Legacy 1323:and is part of the 1219:American Experience 1206:Pride of the Bowery 1066:Hubert D. Humphreys 996:Guernsey State Park 914:Roscommon, Michigan 833:Huntsville, Alabama 823:Fort Payne, Alabama 725:Office of Education 494:, service buildings 492:fire lookout towers 208:Office of Education 66:work relief program 40:in 1935 for the CCC 3970:Glass–Steagall Act 3935:Communications Act 3879:New Deal Coalition 3790:The East Side Kids 3603:, with photographs 3589:Video produced by 2454:on August 8, 2009. 2302:"Digital Archives" 1729:on August 12, 2016 1657:Perry H. Merrill, 1626:. January 22, 2021 1505:ocean conservation 1485:Sea Ranger Service 1479:Sea Ranger Service 1445:Flagstaff, Arizona 1196: 1184: 1162: 975:Edinburg, Virginia 810: 432: 420: 379:Rexford G. Tugwell 271: 148: 136: 128: 112: 54: 42: 4196:New Deal agencies 4178: 4177: 3867:Causes and legacy 3733:The March of Time 3645:PelMar Publishing 3496:Media related to 3427:978-0-300-01832-5 3397:Minnesota History 3345:978-0-292-77734-7 3326:978-0-87351-773-7 3307:978-0-87351-612-9 3206:978-0-7139-9969-3 3161:978-0-8173-1621-1 3115:978-1-57003-984-3 3078:978-1-57003-663-7 3040:978-0-87422-073-5 2887:978-1-62349-296-0 2844:978-1-4214-2456-9 2649:"Leadership Team" 2480:"CCC Legacy Home" 2326:Ermentrout, p. 33 2246:Minnesota History 2006:official website. 1953:Ermentrout, p. 15 1644:John A. Salmond, 1573:She-She-She Camps 1568:Rabideau CCC Camp 1489:social enterprise 1234:Inspired programs 1092:, enrollee, actor 1086:, enrollee, actor 1032:, enrollee, actor 1000:Guernsey, Wyoming 237:Douglas MacArthur 87:Eleanor Roosevelt 83:She-She-She Camps 16:(Redirected from 4223: 4152:Robert F. Wagner 4147:Francis Townsend 3874:Great Depression 3853: 3846: 3839: 3830: 3786:California, NARA 3682: 3680: 3678: 3672: 3666:. Archived from 3661: 3639:Individual camps 3495: 3460: 3431: 3412: 3384: 3371: 3349: 3330: 3311: 3292: 3255: 3225: 3220:. Archived from 3210: 3185: 3165: 3146: 3135: 3119: 3092: 3082: 3063: 3053: 3050:Youth in the CCC 3044: 3025: 2995: 2974: 2945: 2916: 2891: 2872: 2853: 2848: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2673:. Archived from 2663: 2657: 2656: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2625:. Archived from 2615: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2556: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2528:on June 14, 2008 2518: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2450:. Archived from 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2424:. Archived from 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2392: 2386: 2375:Wirth, Conrad L. 2372: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2308:on July 28, 2020 2304:. Archived from 2298: 2292: 2291: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2013: 2007: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1976: 1965: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1912:. Archived from 1906: 1900: 1893: 1887: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1852: 1846: 1837: 1831: 1824: 1818: 1811: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1782:on June 29, 2011 1778:. Archived from 1767: 1761: 1758:American Forests 1754: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1725:. Archived from 1714: 1708: 1707: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1668: 1662: 1655: 1649: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1624:ArcGIS StoryMaps 1616: 1610: 1609: 1594: 1509:Dutch government 1465:AmeriCorps VISTA 1457:Salida, Colorado 1302:established the 1273:M. R. Rangaswami 1257:Mott Foundations 1241:Washington, D.C. 1114:Red Schoendienst 1108:Edward R. Roybal 1078:Stanley Makowski 1060:Ralph Hauenstein 872:Vogel State Park 866:Sebring, Florida 790:prisoners of war 630:reservations in 469: 455: 375:Henry A. Wallace 346: 328: 314: 296:Native Americans 292:Clayton, Alabama 21: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4156: 4122:Frances Perkins 4117:Harold L. Ickes 4100: 4086:Social Security 4029:Second New Deal 4024: 3898: 3862: 3857: 3717: 3689: 3676: 3674: 3673:on June 4, 2013 3670: 3659: 3654: 3641: 3583: 3543:Wayback Machine 3521:Wecantakeit.org 3488: 3479:Wayback Machine 3467: 3465:Primary sources 3449:10.2307/3637828 3434: 3428: 3415: 3394: 3391: 3389:Indian Division 3374: 3353: 3346: 3333: 3327: 3314: 3308: 3295: 3258: 3244:10.2307/1901125 3229: 3213: 3207: 3192: 3182: 3169: 3162: 3149: 3138: 3123: 3116: 3103: 3086: 3079: 3066: 3057: 3047: 3041: 3028: 2998: 2977: 2948: 2934: 2919: 2894: 2888: 2875: 2869: 2856: 2851: 2845: 2830: 2827: 2825:Further reading 2822: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2785:Ryan Finnerty. 2784: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2557: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2422:www.alapark.com 2416: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2383:Harold L. 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Wirth 1014: 907:Houghton's Pond 815: 741: 709: 688: 664: 613: 611:Indian Division 589: 554:Miscellaneous: 505:Erosion control 484: 483: 482: 481: 480: 470: 461: 460: 459: 456: 445: 418: 410: 397: 386: 385: 384: 383: 382: 369:; CCC Director 367:Harold L. 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