2234:"In some cases, according to some expert observers, important principles were not included in the legislation because the drafters, not having any experience in commerce, could not appreciate the importance of the principles and the advisors could not convince them of the necessity of certain principles. For example, under legislation adopted, boards of directors can be held criminally and civilly liable if the corporation does not turn a profit, not exactly a great incentive to risk taking. It illustrates the difficulty of changing societal norms. At the same time, in deciding commercial cases, the judges are not to examine the prevailing practices regarding what agreements mean within the trade at the time the contract was entered into, a fundamental concept in western commerce and judicial practice
70:
42:
3880:
3894:
1396:(except Hong Kong and Macau) is a mixture of civil law and socialist law. Presently, Chinese laws absorb some features of common law system, especially those related to commercial and international transactions. Hong Kong, although part of China, uses common law. The Basic Law of Hong Kong ensures the use and status of common law in Hong Kong. Macau continues to have a Portuguese legal system of civil law.
871:
683:
430:
376:, a systematic collection of interrelated articles, arranged by subject matter in some pre-specified order. Codes explain the principles of law, rights and entitlements, and how basic legal mechanisms work. The purpose of codification is to provide all citizens with manners and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow. Law codes are laws enacted by a
2172:
1354:(except for the principle of abstraction), while it is not true at all in the matters of family and successions. This code was integrally adopted by Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela (although only for one year). According to other Latin American experts of its time, like
1150:
In theory, codes conceptualized in the civil law system should go beyond the compilation of discrete statutes, and instead state the law in a coherent, and comprehensive piece of legislation, sometimes introducing major reforms or starting anew. In this regard, civil law codes are more similar to the
834:
Consequently, neither of the two waves of Roman influence completely dominated in Europe. Roman law was ultimately a secondary source that was applied only when local customs and laws were found lacking on a certain subject. However, after a time, even local law came to be interpreted and evaluated
1221:
The primary contrast between the two systems is the role of written decisions and precedent as a source of law (one of the defining features of common law legal systems). While Common law systems place great weight on precedent, civil law judges tend to give less weight to judicial precedent. For
1232:
in the French civil law tradition. There are regular, good quality law reports in France, but it is not a consistent practice in many of the existing civil law jurisdictions. In French-speaking colonial Africa there were no law reports and what little we know of those historical cases comes from
784:
until its final fall in the 15th century. However, given the empire's influence on the continent in Late
Antiquity and then multiple incursions and occupations by Western European powers in the late medieval period, its laws became widely implemented in the West. It was first received in the
1827:âThe role of legislation is to set, by taking a broad approach, the general propositions of the law, to establish principles which will be fertile in application, and not to get down to the details. . . .â Alain Levasseur, Code Napoleon or Code Portalis?, 43 Tul. L. Rev. 762, 769 (1969).
1284:
ideals. Even if this is so, civil law was generally the legal system in place before the rise of socialist law, and some
Eastern European countries reverted to the pre-socialist civil law following the fall of socialism, while others continued using a socialist legal systems.
1076:
that would be applicable to that state. There was also a reaction to law codification. The proponents of codification regarded it as conducive to certainty, unity and systematic recording of the law; whereas its opponents claimed that codification would result in the
1486:. By contrast, Quebec private law has innovated mainly from civil sources. To a lesser extent, other states formerly part of the Spanish Empire, such as Texas and California, have also retained aspects of Spanish civil law into their legal system, for example
1014:
The use of custumals from influential towns soon became commonplace over large areas. In keeping with this, certain monarchs consolidated their kingdoms by attempting to compile custumals that would serve as the law of the land for their realms, as when
1413:
alliance. This approach has been imitated by other countries, including
Portugal (1966), the Netherlands (1992), Brazil (2002) and Argentina (2014). Most of them have innovations introduced by the Italian legislation, including the unification of the
983:
during the 18th century BC. However, this, and many of the codes that followed, were mainly lists of civil and criminal wrongs and their punishments. The codification typical of modern civilian systems did not first appear until the
Justinian Code.
327:, with concise and broadly applicable texts that typically avoid factually specific scenarios. The short articles in a civil law code deal in generalities and stand in contrast with ordinary statutes, which are often very long and very detailed.
1011:âand later regionalâcustoms, court decisions, and the legal principles underpinning them. Custumals were commissioned by lords who presided as lay judges over manorial courts in order to inform themselves about the court process.
1252:, adopted new legal codes. Some of the codes introduced problems which the judiciary was not empowered to adjudicate under the established principles of the common law of contracts - they could only apply the code as written.
1084:
In the end, despite whatever resistance to codification, the codification of
Continental European private laws moved forward. Codifications were completed by Denmark (1687), Sweden (1734), Prussia (1794), France (1804), and
1837:
1432:
is considered mainly influenced by the German civil code and partly influenced by the French civil code. The civil code of the
Republic of Turkey is a slightly modified version of the Swiss code, adopted in 1926 during
1113:(1912) adopted their own codifications. These codifications were in turn imported into colonies at one time or another by most of these countries. The Swiss version was adopted in Brazil (1916) and Turkey (1926).
1476:
borrowed heavily from Roman-Dutch law. Swiss law is categorized as
Germanistic, but it has been heavily influenced by the Napoleonic tradition, with some indigenous elements added in as well.
987:
Germanic codes appeared over the 6th and 7th centuries to clearly delineate the law in force for
Germanic privileged classes versus their Roman subjects and regulate those laws according to
1498:'s Civil Code is based on the Spanish Civil Code of 1889, available jurisprudence has tended to rely on common law innovations due to the code's age and in many cases, obsolete nature.
1336:), Malta, Romania, and most of the Arab world (e.g. Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon, etc.) when Islamic law is not used. Former colonies include Quebec (Canada) and Louisiana (U.S.).
1194:, European legal systemsâespecially the civil law of Germany and Franceâwere the primary models for emulation. In China, the German Civil Code was introduced in the later years of the
835:
primarily on the basis of Roman law, since it was a common
European legal tradition of sorts, and thereby in turn influenced the main source of law. Eventually, the work of civilian
1233:
publication in journals. Civil law codes must be changed constantly because the precedent of courts is not binding and because courts lack authority to act if there is no statute.
557:, which are of a hybrid character since their background law is a mix of civil law and Scandinavian customary law and they have been partially codified. Likewise, the laws of the
640:
or BGB), which went into effect in the German empire in 1900. The German Civil Code is highly influential, inspiring the civil codes in countries such as Japan, South Korea and
1845:
839:
and commentators led to the development of a common body of law and writing about law, a common legal language, and a common method of teaching and scholarship, all termed the
2120:
It is characteristic of the common law to adopt an approach based "on precedent, and on the development of the law incrementally and by analogy with established authorities".
1377:, Czech Republic, Russia, Lithuania, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Ukraine, Turkey, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand
1482:
law, whose private law is also of French civil origin, has developed along the same lines, adapting in the same way as
Louisiana to the public law and judicial system of
1444:
developed as a mixture of French and German civil law in the 19th century. After the reunification of Poland in 1918, five legal systems (French Napoleonic Code from the
1068:. Those ideals required certainty of law; recorded, uniform law. So, the mix of Roman law and customary and local law gave way to law codification. Also, the notion of a
2247:
1147:(except for Article 2) and certain legal devices of American common law. In fact, any innovation, whether private or public, has been decidedly common law in origin.
2684:
2528:
Hamza, G. "Origine e sviluppo degli ordinamenti giusprivatistici moderni in base alla tradizione del diritto romano", Andavira Editora, Santiago de Compostela, 2013.
1380:
South Africa, a former colony of the Netherlands and later the United Kingdom, was heavily influenced by English colonists and therefore is bi-juridical/mixed.
1523:
is considered a mixture drawing roughly 60% from the German civil code, roughly 30% from the French civil code, 8% from Japanese customary law, and 2% from
1346:. Traditionally, the Napoleonic Code has been considered the main source of inspiration for the Chilean Code. However, this is true only with regard to the
416:, except for the councils of state and constitutional courts. Except for the highest courts, all publication of legal opinions is unofficial or commercial.
2207:
1258:, however, is by no means a defining characteristic of a civil law system. For example, the statutes that govern the civil law systems of Sweden and other
30:
This article is about the legal system originating in France and Italy. For non-criminal law under the common law legal system originating in England, see
596:, Mexico, Russia, Spain: it is this last category that is normally regarded as typical of civil law systems, and is discussed in the rest of this article.
1202:, which remains in force in Taiwan. Furthermore, Taiwan and Korea, former Japanese colonies, have been strongly influenced by the Japanese legal system.
398:, the supreme courts can and do tend to write more verbose opinions, supported by legal reasoning. A line of similar case decisions, while not precedent
2642:
2222:
888:
700:
451:
3861:
1392:
343:
Civil law is sometimes referred to as neo-Roman law, Romano-Germanic law or Continental law. The expression "civil law" is a translation of Latin
2225:
In the common talk among lawyers, it has even been said that in the Civil Law system legislators are almost like gods, and judges not even men."
1086:
2009:
2612:
2286:
2075:
1812:
1719:
1176:
204:
773:
system. Roman law was received differently in different countries. In some it went into force wholesale by legislative act, i.e., it became
2442:
1509:
of 1810 that developed in the early 19th centuryâwhich remains in force in Egypt is the basis for the civil law in many countries of the
1699:
1644:
1494:
exhibits similarities to that of Louisiana: a civil code whose interpretations rely on both the civil and common law systems. Because
1464:, while originally codified in the Napoleonic tradition, has been heavily altered under influence from the Dutch native tradition of
935:
3934:
3287:
2845:
2744:
2593:
2382:
2095:
954:
722:
535:
those with codified mixed systems in which civil law is the background law but has its public law heavily influenced by common law:
477:
2398:
907:
1983:
1681:
3401:
3270:
1199:
408:. While civil law jurisdictions place little reliance on court decisions, they tend to generate a phenomenal number of reported
3856:
3203:
3104:
2156:"5. The judges are forbidden to pronounce, by way of general and legislative determination, on the causes submitted to them."
2058:
Clark, David S. (2019), Reimann, Mathias; Zimmermann, Reinhard (eds.), "Development of Comparative Law in the United States",
914:
508:
those with uncodified mixed systems in which civil law is an academic source of authority but common law is also influential:
412:. However, this tends to be uncontrolled, since there is no statutory requirement that any case be reported or published in a
3363:
2997:
2675:
2565:
1981:, edd. F.A.C. Mantello and A.G. Rigg (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press of America, 1996), 254â266; , available at
1794:
1649:
892:
704:
455:
221:
1517:
attempted to integrate principles and features of Islamic law in deference to the unique circumstances of Egyptian society.
1359:
335:
The civil law system is the most widespread system of law in the world, in force in various forms in about 150 countries.
2716:
2546:
2634:
1748:
1297:
comes from English legal scholarship and is used in English-speaking countries to lump together all legal systems of the
3523:
3002:
2656:
2303:"The Socialist Legal System with Chinese Characteristics: China's Discourse for the Rule of Law and a Bitter Experience"
1654:
1089:(1811). The French codes were imported into areas conquered by Napoleon and later adopted with modifications in Poland (
921:
3518:
1886:
1355:
1245:
1171:(laying down civil procedure rules and inspired by European and Louisiana codes). Other examples include California's
281:
440:
2086:
Wang, Tay-Sheng (2014), Haley, O. John; Takenaka, Toshiko (eds.) 4.1 "The influence of Japanese law on Taiwan law,"
3493:
2992:
2157:
1449:
1406:: The Italian civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865, introducing German elements as a result of its
1183:(1926), which are closer to compilations of statute than to systematic expositions of law akin to civil law codes.
1106:
903:
631:
35:
1048:
The concept of codification was further developed during the 17th and 18th centuries AD, as an expression of both
881:
693:
459:
444:
3576:
1452:
from Western Poland, Austrian ABGB from Southern Poland, Russian law from Eastern Poland, and Hungarian law from
1262:
and the Roman-Dutch countries are not grouped into larger, expansive codes like those in French and German law.
197:
2205:
3353:
1514:
1495:
395:
3022:
1564:
1434:
380:, even if they are in general much longer than other laws. Rather than a compendium of statutes or catalog of
3746:
3533:
3007:
2651:
2646:
2278:
1362:(main author of the Argentinian Civil Code), it is the most important legal accomplishment of Latin America.
1156:
1152:
1144:
806:
793:, and it spread in Europe mainly because its students were the only trained lawyers. It became the basis of
404:
151:
115:
967:
An important common characteristic of civil law, aside from its origins in Roman law, is the comprehensive
3801:
3786:
1461:
1333:
1215:
31:
777:, whereas in others it was diffused into society by increasingly influential legal experts and scholars.
369:. It draws heavily from Roman law, arguably the most intricate known legal system before the modern era.
3905:
3498:
3176:
2987:
1419:
1168:
1016:
588:
those with comprehensive codes that exceed a single civil code, such as France, Germany, Greece, Italy,
3626:
2972:
1316:: France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Chile, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Brazil, Mexico, other
1306:
1136:
1053:
802:
781:
744:
359:
316:
299:
Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes
296:
is the most widespread system of law in the world, in force in various forms in about 120 countries.
268:
190:
2302:
928:
259:
that arises as a result of judicial decisions, recognising prior court decisions as legally binding
69:
3781:
2921:
2838:
2660:
1626:
1520:
1506:
1351:
648:
The General Part, covering definitions and concepts, such as personal rights and legal personality.
2472:
2138:
Garoupa, Nuno; Liguerre, Carlos Gomez (2011). "The Syndrome of the Efficiency of the Common Law".
3596:
3255:
3109:
3094:
3072:
2816:
2796:
2749:
2739:
2038:
2017:
1532:
1491:
1487:
1339:
1255:
1180:
1098:
972:
968:
860:
751:
593:
494:
those where Roman law in some form is still living law but there has been no attempt to create a
277:
241:
2439:
1226:
expressly forbade French judges to pronounce general principles of law. There is no doctrine of
1400:
However, some of these legal systems are often and more correctly said to be of hybrid nature:
3581:
3503:
3341:
3084:
3079:
3032:
2957:
2951:
2791:
2709:
2608:
2589:
2378:
2282:
2091:
2071:
2013:
1808:
1715:
1560:
1347:
1102:
976:
786:
266:
Historically, a civil law is the group of legal ideas and systems ultimately derived from the
178:
125:
89:
84:
2600:
2486:
3586:
3553:
3052:
2916:
2911:
2876:
2348:
2184:
2063:
1800:
1711:
1707:
1639:
1618:
1608:
1429:
1321:
1281:
1259:
1172:
1160:
1110:
641:
582:
554:
363:. Civil law practitioners, however, traditionally refer to their system in a broad sense as
289:
255:. Whereas the civil law takes the form of legal codes, the common law comes from uncodified
252:
130:
2337:"The historical development of the Civil Law tradition in China: a private law perspective"
2067:
1019:
in 1454 commissioned an official custumal of Crown law. Two prominent examples include the
847:, or law common to Europe, which consolidated canon law and Roman law, and to some extent,
3835:
3808:
3796:
3776:
3710:
3705:
3688:
3668:
3663:
3643:
3508:
3488:
3483:
3386:
3346:
3057:
2982:
2906:
2891:
2811:
2446:
2211:
1685:
1679:
Alphabetical Index of the 192 United Nations Member States and Corresponding Legal Systems
1588:
1465:
1445:
1374:
1302:
1237:
1223:
1094:
1090:
988:
606:
558:
513:
388:
300:
293:
273:
233:
232:
that has been adopted in large parts of the world. Modern civil law stems mainly from the
2576:
The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America
2248:"The Advantages of the Civil Law Judicial Design as the Model for Emerging Legal Systems"
1804:
1343:
1023:(written 1510; revised 1580), which served as the basis for the Napoleonic Code, and the
1139:. Current Louisiana law has converged considerably with American law, especially in its
17:
3912:
3720:
3638:
3227:
3193:
3144:
3129:
2901:
2806:
2786:
2776:
1987:
1678:
1622:
1556:
1552:
1457:
1097:; Kodeks cywilny 1806/1825), Louisiana (1807), Canton of Vaud (Switzerland; 1819), the
1025:
823:
304:
41:
2605:
Accidental Tourist on the New Frontier: An Introductory Guide to Global Legal Research
1957:
3928:
3766:
3725:
3611:
3591:
3563:
3513:
3478:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3391:
3331:
3171:
3161:
3119:
3042:
3037:
2967:
2926:
2850:
2540:
2336:
1933:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1513:
where the civil law is usedâ is based on the Napoleonic Code, but its primary author
1441:
1329:
1273:
1266:
1228:
1124:
1042:
409:
391:
312:
174:
110:
94:
2417:
1078:
3898:
3648:
3616:
3571:
3309:
3304:
3275:
3188:
3166:
3134:
3067:
3047:
2941:
2881:
2871:
2823:
2781:
2759:
2702:
2125:
1614:
1574:
1483:
1407:
1241:
1195:
1187:
1128:
1069:
818:
774:
770:
655:
620:
589:
517:
165:
120:
53:
1437:'s presidency as part of the government's progressive reforms and secularization.
1365:
Cameroon, a former colony of both France and United Kingdom, is bi-juridical/mixed
2685:
The O.J. Inquisition: A United States Encounter With Continental Criminal Justice
2272:
1265:
In actual practice, an increasing degree of precedent is creeping into civil law
3879:
3820:
3761:
3751:
3548:
3543:
3381:
3282:
3198:
3157:
3124:
3089:
3012:
2936:
2886:
2801:
1604:
1578:
1528:
1524:
1410:
1280:
countries, which in this view would basically be civil law with the addition of
1191:
1065:
1049:
1038:
1008:
870:
842:
682:
540:
536:
429:
377:
365:
353:
324:
285:
156:
372:
In civil law legal systems where codes exist, the primary source of law is the
351:
term for its legal system, as opposed to the laws governing conquered peoples (
3884:
3813:
3693:
3631:
3376:
3297:
3292:
3250:
3232:
3220:
3181:
3027:
3017:
2977:
2962:
2946:
2896:
2833:
2828:
2235:
2188:
1510:
1415:
1211:
1164:
1140:
1132:
1120:
1000:
848:
798:
763:
662:
578:
503:
495:
413:
373:
248:
2352:
1236:
In some civil law jurisdictions the judiciary does not have the authority to
3791:
3756:
3698:
3673:
3538:
3435:
3423:
3408:
3396:
3324:
3242:
3215:
3099:
1570:
1473:
1277:
1116:
1057:
1034:
1030:
836:
794:
790:
755:
736:
548:
525:
509:
348:
260:
237:
146:
2418:""On the Legal Method of the Uniform Commercial Code" by Mitchell Franklin"
2629:
A collection of Roman Law resources maintained by professor Ernest Metzger
1501:
Several Islamic countries have civil law systems that contain elements of
394:
decision is short, concise and devoid of explanation or justification, in
3840:
3825:
3528:
3413:
3210:
2754:
1469:
1440:
Some systems of civil law do not fit neatly into this typology, however.
1061:
996:
828:
814:
767:
759:
610:
570:
566:
521:
381:
308:
256:
971:
of received Roman law, i.e., its inclusion in civil codes. The earliest
319:, but the terms are not synonymous. There are key differences between a
3730:
3678:
3658:
3606:
3418:
3336:
3152:
3114:
3062:
980:
810:
707: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
499:
320:
2554:
2516:
Comparative Legal Traditions: Text, Materials and Cases on Western Law
1198:, emulating Japan. In addition, it formed the basis of the law of the
3830:
3683:
3428:
3319:
3314:
3260:
2931:
1600:
1548:
1502:
1479:
992:
562:
544:
529:
229:
1105:(1844), Italy and Romania (1865), Portugal (1867) and Spain (1888).
1056:. The political ideals of that era was expressed by the concepts of
758:. The Justinian Code's doctrines provided a sophisticated model for
323:
and a code. The most pronounced features of civil systems are their
284:, feudal, and local practices, as well as doctrinal strains such as
244:
into a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law.
3771:
3715:
3621:
3462:
3265:
2764:
2670:
1870:. Judicial Process: Law, Courts, and Politics in the United States
1453:
1309:
prefer to subdivide civil law jurisdictions into distinct groups:
1249:
225:
40:
750:(6th century AD), and further expanded and developed in the late
3653:
3601:
3457:
2855:
2771:
2525:, 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014 (1st edn 2000).
1977:
Kenneth Pennington, "Roman and Secular Law in the Middle Ages",
1864:
1862:
1659:
1317:
801:. In England, it was taught academically at the universities of
574:
45:
Legal systems of the world. Civil law-based systems are in blue.
2698:
236:
of the early 19th century, and it is a continuation of ancient
2725:
2535:. Trans. Andrew Hammel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
1325:
1073:
864:
676:
423:
61:
1358:(author of the "Esboço de um Código Civil para o Brasil") or
2514:
Glendon, Mary Ann, Paolo G. Carozza, & Colin B. Picker.
2507:
Glendon, Mary Ann, Paolo G. Carozza, & Colin B. Picker.
2628:
2204:, Robbins Collection, University of California at Berkeley.
1688:, Website of the Faculty of Law of the University of Ottawa
651:
Obligations, including concepts of debt, sale and contract;
2473:"What is the Civil Law? | LSU Law â Civil Law Online"
1749:"The Napoleonic Code | History of Western Civilization II"
1979:
Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1527:. Regarding the latter, the code borrows the doctrine of
1269:, and is generally seen in many nations' highest courts.
384:, the code sets out general principles as rules of law.
817:
law insofar as both were inherited from canon law, and
2694:
1543:
Some countries where civil law is practiced includes:
2010:"How the Code Napoleon makes Louisiana law different"
1041:
which was used in northern Germany, Poland, and the
3849:
3739:
3562:
3471:
3362:
3241:
3143:
2864:
2732:
2274:
Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, '63: Sweden'
2122:
Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police
1272:Some authors consider civil law the foundation for
1210:Civil law is primarily contrasted with the English
895:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
735:Civil law takes as its major inspiration classical
2310:Temple International & Comparative Law Journal
2173:"An Introduction to Law in French-Speaking Africa"
1373:: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia,
1135:. In Louisiana, private law was codified into the
613:. The Napoleonic code comprises three components:
247:The civil law system is often contrasted with the
2574:John Henry Merryman & Rogelio PĂ©rez-Perdomo.
2236:Rule of Law Assistance Impact Assessment: Armenia
1738:, s.v. "Civilian" (London: Routledge, 2001), 308.
1159:(which drew from European inspirations), and the
1123:whose private civil law is based heavily on the
780:Roman law continued without interruption in the
1388:: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
605:A prominent example of a civil law code is the
2677:The Concept of Civil Law. Historical Dimension
2588:, Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers, Athens, 2004,
2567:The Concept of Civil Law. Historical Dimension
2449:". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.
2399:"Towards a civil code: the italian experience"
2710:
2638:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev
2601:"Introduction to Foreign and Comparative Law"
2555:Scots Law and the Road to the New Ius Commune
1342:is an original work of jurist and legislator
198:
8:
2271:Dotevall, Rolf (2006), Smits, Jan M. (ed.),
1214:that influenced the legal traditions of the
1163:in the United States. In the United States,
1007:, 1200â1245), then elsewhere, to record the
658:), including immovable and movable property;
635:
2603:. In Rehberg, Jeanne; Popa, Radu D (eds.).
2578:, 4th edn. Stanford University Press, 2018.
2140:Boston University International Law Journal
1868:Neubauer, David W., and Stephen S. Meinhold
1581:(such as Indonesia, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, and
840:
797:, though partly rivaled by received feudal
458:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2717:
2703:
2695:
2571:Revista de Derecho Actual, vol. III, 2017.
2518:, 4th edn. West Academic Publishing, 2014.
2511:, 4th edn. West Academic Publishing, 2015.
2509:Comparative Legal Traditions in a Nutshell
2458:ćä»éœăćČĄæŸćć€Șé â æłæŻèŒăšćŠçăšăźæȘćźăźç¶ć â ăăæłćŠæ柀ăNo.183
1984:"Roman and Secular Law in the Middle Ages"
1872:. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007, p. 28.
1468:(still in effect in its former colonies).
205:
191:
48:
27:Legal system originating in Western Europe
1883:12th District Court â Jackson, County, MI
955:Learn how and when to remove this message
723:Learn how and when to remove this message
478:Learn how and when to remove this message
3862:History of the American legal profession
2377:. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis.
2062:, Oxford University Press, pp. 147â180,
1917:
1905:
1799:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
1706:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
1167:began codification with New York's 1850
2689:Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
2252:Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies
2202:The Common Law and Civil Law Traditions
1671:
1143:, judicial system, and adoption of the
644:(1907). It is divided into five parts:
490:Civil law systems can be divided into:
164:
138:
102:
76:
60:
2375:Basic Principles of Civil Law in China
2060:The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law
2559:Electronic Journal of Comparative Law
2177:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1934:"German Civil Code | German law code"
1928:
1926:
1793:Steiner, Eva (2018). "Codification".
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1712:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935352.013.26
1240:. For example, after the fall of the
357:); hence, the Justinian Code's title
315:. Civil law is often paired with the
7:
2657:A Civil Law to Common Law Dictionary
2223:Judicial Discretion in the Civil Law
2068:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198810230.013.6
1776:, 4th edn. (Paris: Dalloz, 2001), 8.
893:adding citations to reliable sources
705:adding citations to reliable sources
630:Another prominent civil code is the
456:adding citations to reliable sources
347:, or "citizens' law", which was the
2583:Comparative Law: University Courses
2487:"Legal system - The World Factbook"
2110:(10th ed.). 2014. p. 334.
2108:Black's Law Dictionary â Common law
1460:) were merged into one. Similarly,
1426:Germanistic to Napoleonic influence
1404:Napoleonic to Germanistic influence
1206:Comparison with other legal systems
609:(1804), named after French emperor
2403:teoriaestoriadeldirittoprivato.com
1805:10.1093/oso/9780198790884.001.0001
1774:Grands systĂšmes de droit Ă©trangers
1645:International Roman Law Moot Court
25:
2846:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2416:Franklin, Mitchell (April 1951).
1238:invalidate legislative provisions
789:partly because it was considered
3893:
3892:
3878:
2643:A Primer on the Civil Law System
2607:. F.B. Rothman. pp. 47â86.
2161:, Decree of March 5, 1803, Law 5
1736:The Companion to British History
1539:Countries with civil law systems
1535:from English common law system.
1248:, with substantial support from
869:
681:
428:
68:
3857:History of the legal profession
2671:Brehon Law (King Ollamh Fodhla)
999:were compiled, first under the
880:needs additional citations for
743:. AD 1â250), and in particular
692:needs additional citations for
2681:Moreno Navarrete, Miguel Ăngel
2652:Brasil Law Articles in English
2561:4, no. 4 (December 2000).
1700:"The Future of Legal Families"
1650:List of national legal systems
1:
2547:Institute of European History
2523:Legal Traditions of the World
2039:"Louisiana â Judicial system"
1958:"Roman Law and Its Influence"
1885:, retrieved on 12 June 2009:
1704:Oxford Handbook Topics in Law
1305:and economists promoting the
1131:codes, as opposed to English
904:"Civil law" legal system
311:secondary and subordinate to
2599:Reynolds, Thomas H. (1998).
1655:Rule according to higher law
1629:, Angola, and Cote d'Ivoire)
251:system, which originated in
1999:, retrieved 27 August 2011.
1881:"Glossary of Legal Terms",
1698:Husa, Jaakko (2016-05-02).
1492:legal system of Puerto Rico
1356:Augusto Teixeira de Freitas
3951:
3524:International legal theory
3003:International slavery laws
2998:International human rights
2993:International criminal law
858:
555:Scandinavian legal systems
272:, but heavily overlain by
240:. Its core principles are
77:Foundations and Philosophy
36:Civil law (disambiguation)
29:
3872:
3577:Administration of justice
2539:Lydorf, Claudia. (2011).
2189:10.1017/S0022278X00025064
2088:Legal Innovations in Asia
1753:courses.lumenlearning.com
1320:countries, Macau, former
995:law, a number of private
139:Methodological background
3935:Civil law (legal system)
3354:Basic structure doctrine
3204:Natural and legal rights
3085:Public international law
2564:Moreno Navarrete, M. A.
2353:10.1163/157181910X487350
2341:The Legal History Review
1515:Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri
1360:Dalmacio VĂ©lez SĂĄrsfield
1175:(1872), and the federal
668:Succession (estate law).
18:Civil Law (legal system)
3534:Principle of typicality
3008:International trade law
2647:Federal Judicial Center
2279:Edward Elgar Publishing
1938:Encyclopedia Britannica
1179:(1874) and the current
1157:Uniform Commercial Code
1153:Restatements of the Law
1145:Uniform Commercial Code
754:under the influence of
637:BĂŒrgerliches Gesetzbuch
405:jurisprudence constante
116:Judicial interpretation
1734:Charles Arnold Baker,
1334:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
841:
766:, wills, and a strong
762:, rules of procedure,
636:
46:
34:. For other uses, see
32:Civil law (common law)
3529:Principle of legality
3288:Delegated legislation
2988:Intellectual property
2636:The Roman Law Library
2553:MacQueen, Hector L. "
2373:Jones, David (2015).
2210:22 April 2016 at the
2126:[2018] UKSC 4
1531:and the precedent of
1505:. As an example, the
1435:Mustafa Kemal AtatĂŒrk
1188:legal system of Japan
1052:and the ideas of the
1017:Charles VII of France
1005:TrĂšs ancien coutumier
979:, written in ancient
601:Prominent civil codes
44:
3747:Barristers' chambers
3689:Legal representation
3627:Justice of the peace
2973:Financial regulation
2687:by Myron Moskovitz,
2665:Louisiana Law Review
2581:Moustaira, Elina N.
2542:Romance Legal Family
1838:"The World Factbook"
1307:legal origins theory
1303:legal comparativists
1301:tradition. However,
1137:Louisiana Civil Code
889:improve this article
809:, but underlay only
782:Eastern Roman Empire
701:improve this article
661:Domestic relations (
579:Norman customary law
452:improve this section
360:Corpus Juris Civilis
317:inquisitorial system
288:, codification, and
269:Corpus Juris Civilis
3782:Election commission
3494:Expressive function
3023:Landlordâtenant law
2922:Consumer protection
2661:N. Stephan Kinsella
2521:Glenn, H. Patrick.
1521:Japanese Civil Code
1507:Egyptian Civil Code
1484:Canadian common law
1474:civil law tradition
1322:Portuguese colonies
1246:Armenian Parliament
1190:, beginning in the
339:Origin and features
3740:Legal institutions
3607:Lawsuit/Litigation
3597:Dispute resolution
3402:Catholic canon law
3110:State of emergency
3073:Will and testament
2797:Law of obligations
2750:Constitutional law
2740:Administrative law
2445:2009-10-28 at the
2335:Lei, Chen (1996).
2301:Zhang, Mo (2010).
1684:2016-07-22 at the
1623:Francophone Africa
1533:Hadley v Baxendale
1488:community property
1348:law of obligations
1181:United States Code
861:Codification (law)
617:the law of persons
387:While the typical
47:
3922:
3921:
3582:Constitutionalism
3504:Law and economics
3342:Act of parliament
3080:Product liability
3033:Legal archaeology
2958:Environmental law
2952:Entertainment law
2792:International law
2614:978-0-837-71075-4
2288:978-1-84542-013-0
2076:978-0-19-881023-0
1814:978-0-19-879088-4
1721:978-0-19-993535-2
1200:Republic of China
1072:implied recorded
1029:(c. 1220) of the
977:Code of Hammurabi
965:
964:
957:
939:
787:Holy Roman Empire
733:
732:
725:
632:German Civil Code
488:
487:
480:
301:substantive rules
215:
214:
179:judicial opinions
126:Law and economics
16:(Redirected from
3942:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3883:
3882:
3706:Question of fact
3587:Criminal justice
2917:Construction law
2912:Conflict of laws
2877:Agricultural law
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1960:. Infoplease.com
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1640:Civil law notary
1619:Lusophone Africa
1609:Falkland Islands
1430:Swiss civil code
1420:commercial codes
1340:The Chilean Code
1282:Marxist-Leninist
1260:Nordic countries
1216:English-speaking
1177:revised statutes
1161:Model Penal Code
1060:, protection of
1021:Coutume de Paris
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3836:Political party
3809:Legal education
3797:Law enforcement
3777:Court of equity
3735:
3711:Question of law
3664:Practice of law
3644:Judicial review
3558:
3509:Legal formalism
3489:Comparative law
3484:Contract theory
3467:
3387:Legal pluralism
3358:
3347:Act of Congress
3271:Executive order
3237:
3139:
3058:Nationality law
2983:Immigration law
2907:Competition law
2860:
2728:
2723:
2691:(November 1995)
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2585:
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2533:Comparative Law
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3162:Statutory law
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3120:Transport law
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2968:Financial law
2966:
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2733:Core subjects
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2597:
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2594:960-15-1267-5
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2460:(in Japanese)
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2428:(2): 330â343.
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2097:
2096:9781783472789
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2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2020:on 2006-10-31
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1990:on 2011-09-27
1989:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1920:, p. 59.
1919:
1918:Reynolds 1998
1914:
1911:
1908:, p. 58.
1907:
1906:Reynolds 1998
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
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1878:
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1598:
1594:
1593:South America
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1353:
1352:law of things
1349:
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1335:
1331:
1330:Daman and Diu
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
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1311:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:socialist law
1270:
1268:
1267:jurisprudence
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:stare decisis
1225:
1222:example, the
1219:
1217:
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1201:
1197:
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1054:Enlightenment
1051:
1046:
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1043:Low Countries
1040:
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1028:
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1022:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Norman empire
998:
994:
990:
985:
982:
978:
975:known is the
974:
970:
959:
956:
948:
937:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
909:
906: â
905:
901:
900:Find sources:
894:
890:
884:
883:
878:This article
876:
872:
867:
866:
862:
854:
852:
850:
845:
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826:
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772:
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761:
757:
753:
749:
747:
742:
738:
727:
724:
716:
706:
702:
696:
695:
690:This section
688:
684:
679:
678:
672:
667:
664:
660:
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647:
646:
645:
643:
638:
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619:
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534:
531:
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511:
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505:
501:
497:
493:
492:
491:
482:
479:
471:
461:
457:
453:
447:
446:
442:
437:This section
435:
431:
426:
425:
420:Subcategories
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:
402:, constitute
401:
397:
393:
392:supreme court
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
367:
362:
361:
356:
355:
350:
349:late imperial
346:
338:
336:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:statutory law
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:
264:
262:
258:
254:
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223:
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208:
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196:
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185:
180:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:
167:
163:
158:
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153:
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148:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
111:Jurisprudence
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:
75:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3911:
3904:
3890:
3876:
3649:Jurisdiction
3617:Legal remedy
3572:Adjudication
3472:Legal theory
3371:
3310:Ratification
3305:Promulgation
3276:Proclamation
3256:Codification
3189:Human rights
3177:Divine right
3167:Constitution
3135:Women in law
3053:Military law
3048:Marriage law
3043:Maritime law
2942:Election law
2882:Aviation law
2872:Abortion law
2824:Property law
2760:Criminal law
2688:
2676:
2664:
2635:
2604:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2558:
2541:
2532:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2502:Bibliography
2490:
2481:
2467:
2454:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2374:
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2344:
2340:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2313:
2309:
2296:
2273:
2266:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2201:
2197:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2121:
2116:
2107:
2102:
2087:
2082:
2059:
2054:
2043:. Retrieved
2033:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:the original
1978:
1973:
1962:. Retrieved
1952:
1941:. Retrieved
1937:
1913:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:the original
1841:
1832:
1823:
1795:
1773:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1703:
1693:
1674:
1615:North Africa
1575:Central Asia
1555:, including
1547:Continental
1542:
1519:
1500:
1478:
1439:
1425:
1424:
1408:World War II
1403:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1370:
1344:Andrés Bello
1313:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1271:
1264:
1256:Codification
1254:
1242:Soviet Union
1235:
1227:
1220:
1209:
1196:Qing dynasty
1185:
1149:
1119:is the only
1115:
1109:(1900), and
1083:
1081:of the law.
1079:ossification
1070:nation-state
1047:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1004:
986:
973:codification
969:codification
966:
951:
945:January 2024
942:
932:
925:
918:
911:
899:
887:Please help
882:verification
879:
855:Codification
833:
827:through the
822:
819:maritime law
791:imperial law
779:
775:positive law
745:
740:
734:
719:
713:January 2024
710:
699:Please help
694:verification
691:
656:property law
629:
621:property law
604:
518:South Africa
489:
474:
468:January 2024
465:
450:Please help
438:
403:
399:
386:
371:
364:
358:
352:
344:
342:
334:
298:
267:
265:
246:
222:legal system
217:
216:
166:Legal debate
152:Prescriptive
121:Positive law
103:Legal theory
3821:Legislature
3752:Bureaucracy
3549:Rule of man
3544:Rule of law
3519:Libertarian
3382:Chinese law
3283:Legislation
3233:Regulations
3221:Law reports
3199:Natural law
3095:Reparations
3090:Refugee law
3013:Jurimetrics
2954:(Media law)
2892:Banking law
2887:Amnesty law
2865:Disciplines
2802:Private law
2491:www.cia.gov
2358:20 November
2320:20 November
2183:(2). 1971.
1579:Middle East
1529:ultra vires
1525:English law
1503:Islamic law
1496:Puerto Rico
1375:Roman-Dutch
1371:Germanistic
1299:jus commune
1218:countries.
1165:U.S. states
1111:Switzerland
1099:Netherlands
1066:rule of law
1050:natural law
1039:Halberstadt
843:jus commune
815:matrimonial
768:monarchical
752:Middle Ages
642:Switzerland
541:Philippines
537:Puerto Rico
516:countries (
378:legislature
366:jus commune
354:jus gentium
325:legal codes
307:. It holds
286:natural law
157:Jurimetrics
3814:Law school
3694:Prosecutor
3632:Magistrate
3419:Jewish law
3377:Common law
3298:Rulemaking
3293:Regulation
3243:Law making
3182:Divine law
3158:Legal code
3105:Sports law
3028:Law of war
2978:Health law
2963:Family law
2947:Energy law
2897:Bankruptcy
2834:Punishment
2829:Public law
2586:(in Greek)
2257:2024-05-10
2045:2011-08-18
2024:2006-10-26
1994:2011-08-27
1964:2011-08-18
1943:2020-05-27
1852:2010-12-11
1796:French Law
1758:30 January
1666:References
1577:, and the
1561:Azerbaijan
1511:Arab world
1450:German BGB
1442:Polish law
1324:in India (
1314:Napoleonic
1212:common law
1169:Field Code
1141:public law
1133:common law
1121:U.S. state
1031:bishoprics
989:folk-right
915:newspapers
859:See also:
849:feudal law
837:glossators
799:Norman law
764:family law
663:family law
504:San Marino
496:civil code
414:law report
345:jus civile
274:Napoleonic
249:common law
90:Philosophy
85:Definition
3792:Judiciary
3787:Executive
3762:The bench
3699:Solicitor
3674:Barrister
3554:Sociology
3539:Pseudolaw
3479:Anarchist
3436:Roman law
3424:Parsi law
3409:Hindu law
3397:Canon law
3372:Civil law
3325:Concordat
3216:Precedent
3125:Trust law
3100:Space law
2937:Drugs law
2807:Procedure
2745:Civil law
2645:from the
2545:. Mainz:
2440:Civil Law
1625:(such as
1571:East Asia
1462:Dutch law
1295:civil law
1293:The term
1289:Subgroups
1278:communist
1192:Meiji Era
1117:Louisiana
1058:democracy
1035:Magdeburg
997:custumals
807:Cambridge
795:Scots law
760:contracts
756:canon law
746:Justinian
737:Roman law
549:Louisiana
526:Sri Lanka
439:does not
282:canonical
261:precedent
238:Roman law
218:Civil law
147:Normative
3929:Category
3899:Category
3841:Tribunal
3826:Military
3669:Attorney
3639:Judgment
3499:Feminist
3414:Jain law
3211:Case law
2932:Cyberlaw
2839:Corporal
2817:Criminal
2787:Evidence
2777:Doctrine
2755:Contract
2443:Archived
2422:Duke.edu
2208:Archived
2014:LA-Legal
1682:Archived
1634:See also
1607:and the
1595:(except
1551:(except
1470:Scotland
1350:and the
1276:used in
1186:For the
1101:(1838),
1064:and the
1062:property
1009:manorial
991:. Under
829:Bordeaux
654:Things (
611:Napoleon
571:Alderney
567:Guernsey
522:Zimbabwe
512:and the
510:Scotland
382:case law
374:law code
331:Overview
309:case law
278:Germanic
257:case law
242:codified
54:a series
52:Part of
3913:Outline
3850:History
3757:The bar
3731:Verdict
3679:Counsel
3659:Justice
3514:History
3337:Statute
3153:Charter
3115:Tax law
3063:Probate
1842:cia.gov
1589:Central
1565:Georgia
1557:Armenia
1553:Andorra
1393:Chinese
1129:Spanish
1107:Germany
1087:Austria
981:Babylon
929:scholar
831:trade.
811:probate
673:History
500:Andorra
460:removed
445:sources
321:statute
95:History
3831:Police
3802:Agency
3684:Lawyer
3429:Sharia
3320:Treaty
3315:Repeal
3261:Decree
3172:Custom
3068:Estate
3018:Labour
2782:Equity
2667:(1994)
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1621:, and
1601:Belize
1597:Guyana
1583:Turkey
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1549:Europe
1490:. The
1480:Quebec
1428:: The
1386:Nordic
1155:, the
1125:French
1103:Serbia
993:feudal
931:
924:
917:
910:
902:
803:Oxford
665:); and
577:) mix
563:Jersey
545:Quebec
530:Guyana
400:per se
292:. The
230:France
3906:Index
3772:Court
3716:Trial
3622:Judge
3463:Yassa
3266:Edict
2812:Civil
2765:Crime
2462:p. 79
2306:(PDF)
2124:
1627:Egypt
1458:Orawa
1454:Spisz
1416:civil
1250:USAID
1173:codes
936:JSTOR
922:books
623:, and
594:Chile
590:Japan
303:from
226:Italy
220:is a
175:Legal
3654:Jury
3602:Fiqh
3458:Xeer
2856:Tort
2772:Deed
2609:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2360:2022
2322:2022
2283:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2072:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1760:2021
1716:ISBN
1660:Tort
1605:Cuba
1591:and
1456:and
1418:and
1411:Axis
1332:and
1318:CPLP
1244:the
1127:and
1037:and
908:news
813:and
805:and
581:and
575:Sark
553:the
547:and
528:and
502:and
443:any
441:cite
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2349:doi
2185:doi
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