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disguising their gender to fight in the war. Lee Taylor
Middleton, the author of "Hearts of Fire: Soldier Women of the American Civil War", has documented hundreds of such female soldiers. DeAnne Blanton and Lauren M. Cook, authors of "They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War", document 240 soldiers in this work. DeAnne Blanton, a Senior Military Archivist at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., is updating her book and believes the number may be closer to seven hundred women. Almost all of the women did so disguised as men. Attitudes on this topic seem to vary widely. Some "hard-core" reenactment units will not admit women; others allow their presence if a real woman soldier is known to have fought in its real-life counterpart regiment; others admit anyone who wants to fight.
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dress, cook, eat, and even "die", just as real
American Civil War soldiers would have. Most reenactments have anywhere from 100 to thousands of participants, portraying U.S.A. or C.S.A. infantry, artillery, or cavalry forces. Some people, though uncommon, may portray Engineers or Marines. The 135th anniversary Gettysburg reenactment (1998) is generally believed to be the most-attended reenactment, with attendance estimates ranging from 15,000 to over 20,000 reenactors.
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329:. Character reenactors may also portray a civilian man, woman, or child of significance. These reenactors often do not participate in the actual combat portion of the reenactment and serve as narrators to the audience during the battle. Often, character reenactors have extensively researched the person they portray and present a first-person narrative of his story.
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who "dies" throughout the battle. Reenactors commonly refer to being killed or wounded as "taking a hit" and are typically left up to the individual's discretion, although greatly influenced by the battle's events. Because most battles are based on their historical counterparts, it is generally understood when to begin taking hits and to what extent.
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Strauss. "In the United States, hobby organizations participate in the public reenactment of historical events. The most popular is Civil War reenacting, which can be viewed as a manifestation of the unresolved nature of that war...Among reenactors, the quest for historical authenticity is considered
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Hadden, p. 4 "Civil War reenacting was done almost from the beginning of war, as soldiers demonstrated to family and friends their actions during the war, in camp, in drill, and in battle. Veterans organizations recreated camp life to show their children and others how they lived and to reproduce the
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Public demonstrations are smaller mock battles by reenacting organizations or private parties to show the public how people in the 1860s lived and the public
American Civil War battles. The battles are only loosely based on actual battles, if at all, and may consist of demonstrations of basic tactics
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occurred near the original battlefield. There have been several estimates of the number of participants. Still, it is widely agreed that it was the largest reenactment ever held anywhere in the world, with between 15,000 and 20,000 reenactors participating. About 50,000 spectators watched this event.
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were unpaid, money was contributed on their behalf to a trust for historic preservation; however, some subsequent productions have offered no such compensation. Also, in some cases, reenactors have clashed with directors over one-sided portrayals and historical inaccuracies. Some producers have been
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Tactical battles, which may or may not be open to the public, are fought like real battles, with each side devising strategies and tactics to defeat their opponent(s). They have no script, a basic set of agreed-upon rules (physical boundaries, time limit, victory conditions, etc.), and onsite judges
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Living histories are meant entirely for the education of the public. Such events do not necessarily have a mock battle but instead are aimed at portraying the life, and more importantly, the lifestyle, of the average
American Civil War soldier. This does include civilian reenacting, a growing trend.
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Although many periods are reenacted worldwide, American Civil War reenactment is, by far, the most popular in the US. In 2000, the number of Civil War reenactors was estimated at 50,000, though the number of participants declined sharply through the ensuing decade, to around 30,000 in 2011. Possible
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Hadden, p. 138 "Like soldiers of the Civil War, progressives experience the same poor conditions that the original soldiers did, camping without tents and sleeping out exposed to the cold and rain. They spend weekends eating bad and insufficient food and practice a steady regimen of work, marching,
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Scripted battles are reenactments in the strictest sense; the battles are planned so that the companies and regiments take the same actions that were taken in the original battles. They are often fought at or near the battleground or a place similar to the original. Non-reenactors commonly question
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Most mainstream reenactors try to appear authentic but may come out of character without an audience. Visible stitches are likely to be sewn in a period-correct manner, but hidden stitches and undergarments may not be period-appropriate. Food consumed before an audience is expected to be generally
264:" or "polyester soldiers" are reenactors who spend relatively little of their time or money maintaining authenticity concerning uniforms, accessories, or even period behavior. The 'Good Enough' attitude is pervasive among farbs, although even casual observers may be able to point out flaws.
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perspective on the turbulent times that gripped the nation, particularly if they can trace their ancestry back to those who fought in the war. In some cases, if there are not enough reenactors on one side, reenactors from the other side are asked to change sides, or "galvanize", for the day/event.
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reenactments have drawn a fairly sizable following of enthusiastic participants, young and old, willing to brave the elements and expend money and resources to duplicate the events down to the smallest recorded detail. Participants may even attend classes by event sponsors where they learn how to
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I think we're really fortunate to have those people involved. In fact, they couldn't be making this picture without them; there's no question about that. These guys come with their wardrobe, they come with their weaponry. They come with all the accoutrements, but they also come with the stuff in
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Total immersion events are made up solely of progressive ("hard-core authentic") reenactors, who often refer to them as "Events By Us and For Us" or "EBUFU". As the names imply, these events are held for the personal edification of the reenactors involved, allowing them to spend an extended time
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A typical
American Civil War reenactment occurs over a weekend, with the reenactors arriving on Friday and camping on site while spectators view the event on Saturday and Sunday. Usually, each reenactment is centered around a Saturday battle and Sunday battle (often, but not always, intended to
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Hardcore authentics generally seek an "immersive" reenacting experience, trying to live as much as possible as someone from the 1860s might have. This includes eating seasonally and regionally appropriate food, undergarments in a period-appropriate manner, and staying in character throughout an
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The term "FARB" was commonly used during the
Bicentennial Celebration of the Revolutionary War and stood for Far Off Resembles British, as a comment on the lack of authenticity of some of the groups who participated at that time. It became after that a statement as to the commitment of the
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Although women and children commonly participate in reenactments as civilians (portraying, for example, members of a soldiers' aid society), some women also take part in military portrayals. This is controversial within the reenactment community, although there are documented cases of women
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reasons for the decline include the cost of participating and the variety of other entertainment options. The 150th anniversary of the war has regenerated interest and stimulated growth in the hobby. The number of reenactors steadily climbed to past levels.
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In addition to military reenactment, a significant part of
American Civil War reenactment includes portraying civilians, including men, women, and children from infants to young adults. This can consist of portrayals as diverse as soldiers' aid societies,
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appropriate to the early 1860s but may not be seasonally and locally appropriate. Modern items are sometimes used "post battle" or in a hidden fashion. The typical attitude is to put on a good show, but that accuracy need only go as far as others can see.
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While Civil War re-enactment and re-enactors serve a purpose as part of educational living history, it may be perceived as culturally insensitive, especially in cases where some reenactors and audience members may engage in the broadly disproven
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commemorations. Reenacting grew in popularity during the 1980s and 1990s, primarily due to the success of the 125th
Anniversary reenactment near the original Manassas battlefield, which more than 6,000 reenactors attended. That year,
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At the other end of the spectrum from farbs are "hardcore authentics" or "progressives", as they prefer to be called. Sometimes derisively called "stitch counters", many people have misconceptions about hardcore reenactors.
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recreate an actual battle from the
American Civil War), in addition to many of the activities listed below. A traditional public reenactment is a three-day affair incorporating elements from the following categories.
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recreation borrowed a handgun that contained a "squib" (a bullet lodged halfway down the barrel). Without having inspected the gun before loading the blank charge, the reenactor wounded another in the neck.
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Living history is the only reenactment permitted on
National Park Service land; NPS policy "does not allow for battle reenactments (simulated combat with opposing lines and casualties) on NPS property."
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Occasionally, a spy trial is recreated, and a medic too. Warfare and cooking demonstrations, song and leisure activities, and lectures are more common. These should not, however, be confused with
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event. The desire for an immersive experience often leads hardcore reenactors to smaller events and set up separate camps at larger events, which other reenactors often perceive as elitism.
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marching, eating, and generally living like actual soldiers of the American Civil War. Total immersion events generally require participants to meet a high standard of
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Hadden, p. 23 "By living like the soldiers did, even for just a short time, the reenactors gain better understanding of how to wear the uniform and use the equipment."
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benefited greatly from the input of reenactors, who arrived on set fully equipped and steeped in knowledge of military procedures, camp life, and tactics.
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and drill. They suffer the cold, carrying insufficient clothing and blankets as well as sleeping campaign-style by spooning with each other for warmth."
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Hadden. p 4 "Without a doubt, Civil War reenactment got its boost during the centennial, which also saw the birth of the
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However, the relationship between reenactors and filmmakers has been contentious at times. Although reenactors for
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recreated battles as a way to remember their fallen comrades and to teach others what the war was all about. The
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Hadden, p. 6 "In 1986, the first of the 125th Anniversary battles was held near the original battlefield of
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Strauss, Mitchell (2001). "A Framework for Assessing Military Dress Authenticity in Civil War Reenacting".
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Reenactors are commonly divided (or self-divide) into three categories, based on the level of concern for
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Reasons given for participating in such activities vary. Some participants are interested in getting a
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Reenacting the American Civil War began even before the actual fighting had ended. American Civil War
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Reenactors in the Parks: A Study of External Revolutionary War Reenactment Activity at National Parks
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Hadden, p. 224 "Sometimes they are closed events, in which the public is not invited to observe."
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Motion picture and television producers often turn to reenactment groups for support; films like
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Another group of reenactors often is called "Mainstream." These reenactors are somewhere between
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863:. More than anything, this mega-event sparked an interest in the Civil War and reenacting."
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Although most common in the United States, there are also American Civil War reenactors in
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610:. It followed four Civil War reenactors and explored their relationship with the hobby.
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In 2016, Justin Miller and John Paul Pacelli produced and directed a documentary called
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Hadden, p. 138 "The hard-core movement is often misunderstood and sometimes maligned."
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Hobbyist or actor attempts to recreate battles or events from the American Civil War
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John Skow, et al., "Bang, Bang! You're History, Buddy," Time (August 11, 1986): 58.
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Details may be found in the "making of" features on the DVD versions of both films.
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948:"Massachusetts company still rolls out hardtack dough for Civil War enthusiasts"
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489:. In most cases, little or none of the events will be open to public viewing.
1116:"Civil War reenactment etiquette: How – and when – to die on the battlefield"
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Confederate artillery reenactors fire on Union infantry reenactors during a
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authenticity of any group whose lack of attention to detail was apparent.
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veterans, and included reenactments of elements of the battle, including
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More than 45,000 British citizens served during the American Civil War.
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Word spread among roughly 50,000 Civil War buffs, and business boomed.
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magazine estimated there were more than 50,000 reenactors in the U.S.
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1401:(4). International Textile & Apparel Association, Inc.: 145–157.
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Some reenactors portray a specific officer or person such as General
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Confederate reenactors fire their rifles during a reenactment of the
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Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War
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152:. Modern reenacting is thought to have begun during the 1961–1965
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1271:"'How to Load a Musket' Review: A Play About Reenactors Gets Real"
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Muskets and Memories: A Modern Man's Journey Through the Civil War
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Muskets and Memories: A Modern Man's Journey through the Civil War
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737:"62nd New York 'Anderson Zouaves' American Civil War Reenactment"
4273:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
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1296:"Investigation continues into shooting of Civil War re-enactor"
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camaraderie of shared experience with their fellow veterans."
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2014 public demonstration in a parade in Plainview, Minnesota
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408:, saloon proprietors, musicians, and insurance salespeople.
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is an effort to recreate the appearance of a particular
1389:" (PDF) National Park Service. Retrieved on 2008-07-28.
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Miller, J., & Pacelli, J. P. (Producers). (2016).
508:. Tactical battles might also be considered a form of
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This documentary can be found on the DVD of the film
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985:Fewer People Participate In Civil War Reenactments
504:or referees, and so could be considered a form of
280:and progressive. They are more common than either
166:In 1998, the 135th-anniversary reenactment of the
3959:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
1330:"Frenchman Pleads Guilty In Gettysburg Shooting"
883:"Welcome to reenactor.net's Civil War time/area"
564:
3783:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
1353:Reliving the Civil War: A reenactor's handbook
977:
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760:. 14th Louisiana Infantry Regiment and Company
547:In a documentary about the making of the film
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8:
1355:". Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1999.
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325:, or a less well-known officer such as Col.
804:"58th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment"
371:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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779:"American Civil War Reenactors of Denmark"
620:, is about American Civil War reenactors.
136:, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the
1101:"Wilson's Creek National Battlefield FAQ"
391:Learn how and when to remove this message
1872:Treatment of slaves in the United States
1479:2013-2015 Civil War Reenactment Calendar
567:their head and the stuff in their heart.
3615:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
1787:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
1469:American civil war reenactment in Italy
1103:. National Park Service. July 25, 2008.
676:
3600:Modern display of the Confederate flag
1464:The Civil War Living History Institute
1395:Clothing and Textiles Research Journal
1371:from the original on 18 September 2008
1228:Williams, Jeffrey S. (April 4, 2013).
1797:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
1009:"Women Military Reenactor's Homepage"
418:List of historical reenactment events
181:List of historical reenactment groups
7:
369:adding citations to reliable sources
3954:Committee on the Conduct of the War
3630:United Daughters of the Confederacy
1269:Soloski, Alexis (16 January 2020).
1199:Horwitz, Tony (February 22, 1999).
140:, was attended by more than 50,000
65:or other event associated with the
4024:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
3363:impeachment managers investigation
1742:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1434:The Civil War Reenactor's homepage
25:
3449:Reconstruction military districts
1897:Abolitionism in the United States
1852:Plantations in the American South
1767:Origins of the American Civil War
562:in the film, said of reenactors:
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4294:
4293:
3432:Enforcement Act of February 1871
3405:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
1449:http://www.thesewingacademy.org/
954:. August 7, 2000. Archived from
848:North-South Skirmish Association
714:. WBTS-forum.org. Archived from
685:"The American Civil War Society"
341:
4217:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
4079:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
3640:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
1359:Heiser, John (September 1998).
1304:. Washington, PA. July 6, 1998.
885:. reenactor.net. Archived from
644:Confederate Lost Cause Ideology
586:covered hardcore reenacting in
412:Types of Civil War reenactments
4330:American Civil War reenactment
3320:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
1385:Stanton, Cathy (1999-11-01). "
59:American Civil War reenactment
1:
4335:Historical reenactment by war
3735:Ladies' Memorial Associations
3437:Enforcement Act of April 1871
3333:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
1444:Union Volunteers - Reenactors
1114:Farhi, Paul (July 15, 2011).
982:Douban, Gigi (July 4, 2011),
506:live action role-playing game
154:American Civil War Centennial
3868:Confederate revolving cannon
3610:Sons of Confederate Veterans
3481:South Carolina riots of 1876
3459:Indian Council at Fort Smith
3410:South Carolina riots of 1876
3375:Knights of the White Camelia
1867:Slavery in the United States
462:and maneuvering techniques.
208:Reenactor plays the fife at
4222:New York City riots of 1863
4047:Battle Hymn of the Republic
3798:United Confederate Veterans
3635:Children of the Confederacy
3625:United Confederate Veterans
3620:Southern Historical Society
2252:Price's Missouri Expedition
1722:Timeline leading to the War
1361:"The Great Reunion of 1913"
4351:
4190:Confederate Secret Service
3778:Grand Army of the Republic
3670:Grand Army of the Republic
3488:Southern Claims Commission
1407:10.1177/0887302X0101900401
1258:https://www.whentodie.com/
628:In 1998, a reenactor at a
496:
415:
178:
36:Battle of Chancellorsville
4289:
4178:Confederate States dollar
3989:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
3984:Emancipation Proclamation
3878:Medal of Honor recipients
3831:
3814:
3766:Confederate Memorial Hall
3568:Confederate Memorial Hall
3541:Confederate History Month
3521:Civil War Discovery Trail
3422:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
3228:Reconstruction Amendments
3214:
3203:
2780:
2767:
2019:
1990:
1837:Emancipation Proclamation
1702:
1691:
589:Confederates In The Attic
4252:U.S. Sanitary Commission
4163:Battlefield preservation
4069:Marching Through Georgia
3994:Hampton Roads Conference
3969:Confiscation Act of 1862
3964:Confiscation Act of 1861
3740:U.S. national cemeteries
3546:Confederate Memorial Day
3531:Civil War Trails Program
3400:New Orleans riot of 1866
1439:The Authentic Campaigner
1232:. Antietam Creek Press.
510:experimental archaeology
244:Categories of reenactors
214:Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
4173:Confederate war finance
3793:Southern Cross of Honor
3761:1938 Gettysburg reunion
3756:1913 Gettysburg reunion
3454:Reconstruction Treaties
3427:Enforcement Act of 1870
3310:Freedman's Savings Bank
1927:Lane Debates on Slavery
1752:Lincoln–Douglas debates
4232:Richmond riots of 1863
4158:Baltimore riot of 1861
3938:U.S. Military Railroad
3858:Confederate Home Guard
3590:Historiographic issues
3556:Historical reenactment
2055:Revenue Cutter Service
1922:William Lloyd Garrison
1831:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1515:Historical reenactment
1454:The Camp Chase Gazette
656:Historical reenactment
569:
480:Total immersion events
458:
439:Living history museums
217:
201:
55:
39:
4197:Great Revival of 1863
4074:Maryland, My Maryland
3863:Confederate railroads
3526:Civil War Roundtables
3395:Meridian riot of 1871
3390:Memphis riots of 1866
1947:George Luther Stearns
1932:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
1825:Crittenden Compromise
1365:National Park Service
1351:Hadden, Robert Lee. "
1301:The Observer-Reporter
990:National Public Radio
516:Reenactment and media
456:
449:Public demonstrations
207:
188:
134:Great Reunion of 1913
48:Battle of Chickamauga
45:
33:
4084:Daar kom die Alibama
3999:National Union Party
3675:memorials to Lincoln
3595:Lost Cause mythology
3300:Eufaula riot of 1874
3288:Confederate refugees
2501:District of Columbia
2128:Union naval blockade
1974:Underground Railroad
1762:Nullification crisis
1041:Hadden pp. 209, 219.
630:Battle of Gettysburg
618:How to Load a Musket
592:, released in 1998.
365:improve this section
305:Character reenactors
168:Battle of Gettysburg
138:Battle of Gettysburg
79:Civil War reenactors
18:Civil War reenactors
4242:Supreme Court cases
4009:Radical Republicans
3788:Old soldiers' homes
3772:Confederate Veteran
3698:artworks in Capitol
3417:Reconstruction acts
3278:Colfax riot of 1873
2242:Richmond-Petersburg
1847:Fugitive slave laws
1777:Popular sovereignty
1757:Missouri Compromise
1747:Kansas-Nebraska Act
1615:Victorian England (
1121:The Washington Post
597:Jeffrey S. Williams
535:Field of Lost Shoes
333:Civilian reenactors
284:or progressives.
189:Reenactment at the
4063:A Lincoln Portrait
4004:Politicians killed
3928:U.S. Balloon Corps
3923:Union corps badges
3703:memorials to Davis
3573:Disenfranchisement
3444:Reconstruction era
3325:Timber Culture Act
3283:Compromise of 1877
2247:Franklin–Nashville
1917:Frederick Douglass
1820:Cornerstone Speech
1737:Compromise of 1850
1685:American Civil War
1623:American Civil War
1335:The New York Times
661:American Civil War
595:On April 4, 2013,
557:U.S. Major General
459:
221:American Civil War
218:
202:
67:American Civil War
56:
52:Danville, Illinois
40:
4317:
4316:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4115:Italian Americans
4100:African Americans
4057:John Brown's Body
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3723:
3722:
3561:Robert E. Lee Day
3305:Freedmen's Bureau
3268:Brooks–Baxter War
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
2983:
2982:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2172:Northern Virginia
2118:Trans-Mississippi
2091:
2090:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1878:Uncle Tom's Cabin
1815:African Americans
1651:
1650:
1602:English Civil War
1256:. Retrieved from
541:Gods and Generals
401:
400:
393:
83:living historians
16:(Redirected from
4342:
4307:
4297:
4296:
4120:Native Americans
4105:German Americans
3898:Partisan rangers
3893:Official Records
3833:
3816:
3708:memorials to Lee
3655:
3216:
3205:
2992:
2789:
2782:
2769:
2742:Washington, D.C.
2536:Indian Territory
2496:Dakota Territory
2454:
2371:Chancellorsville
2162:Jackson's Valley
2152:Blockade runners
2028:
2021:
1992:
1952:Thaddeus Stevens
1942:Lysander Spooner
1902:Susan B. Anthony
1704:
1693:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1418:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1340:
1339:
1338:. July 11, 1998.
1326:
1320:
1319:
1318:. July 19, 1998.
1312:
1306:
1305:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1011:. Archived from
1005:
999:
998:
997:
996:
979:
970:
969:
964:
963:
944:
938:
934:
925:
922:
916:
913:
907:
904:
898:
897:
895:
894:
879:
873:
870:
864:
857:
851:
844:
838:
835:
829:
825:
819:
818:
816:
815:
806:. Archived from
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:
781:. Archived from
775:
769:
768:
766:
765:
754:
748:
747:
745:
744:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
708:
702:
701:
696:
695:
689:
681:
555:, who portrayed
493:Tactical battles
466:Scripted battles
432:Living histories
396:
389:
385:
382:
376:
345:
337:
315:Ulysses S. Grant
150:Pickett's Charge
21:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4277:
4261:
4146:
4110:Irish Americans
4088:
4033:
3942:
3933:U.S. Home Guard
3873:Field artillery
3827:
3826:
3802:
3744:
3719:
3681:
3650:
3644:
3536:Civil War Trust
3503:
3497:
3385:Ethnic violence
3370:Kirk–Holden war
3249:
3210:
3187:
3121:
2979:
2923:
2776:
2751:
2705:
2458:
2445:
2276:
2257:Sherman's March
2237:Bermuda Hundred
2132:
2087:
2059:
2015:
2014:
1978:
1937:J. Sella Martin
1907:James G. Birney
1883:
1801:
1727:Bleeding Kansas
1715:
1698:
1687:
1682:
1652:
1647:
1564:
1538:
1517:
1512:
1425:
1392:
1374:
1372:
1358:
1348:
1343:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1090:Hadden, p. 139.
1089:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:Hadden, p. 224.
1058:
1054:
1050:Hadden, p. 138.
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:Stanton, p. 34.
1031:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1002:
994:
992:
981:
980:
973:
961:
959:
946:
945:
941:
935:
928:
924:Hadden, p. 220.
923:
919:
915:Stanton, p. 64.
914:
910:
905:
901:
892:
890:
881:
880:
876:
871:
867:
858:
854:
845:
841:
836:
832:
826:
822:
813:
811:
802:
801:
797:
788:
786:
777:
776:
772:
763:
761:
756:
755:
751:
742:
740:
735:
734:
730:
721:
719:
710:
709:
705:
693:
691:
687:
683:
682:
678:
674:
652:
639:
626:
518:
501:
495:
482:
477:
468:
451:
434:
425:
420:
414:
397:
386:
380:
377:
362:
346:
335:
327:Abram Fulkerson
323:Jefferson Davis
319:Abraham Lincoln
307:
294:
274:
258:
246:
191:American Museum
183:
177:
126:
50:reenactment in
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4348:
4346:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4257:Women soldiers
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4212:Naming the war
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3848:Campaign Medal
3845:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:Related topics
3820:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3661:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Decoration Day
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3507:
3505:
3504:Reconstruction
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3358:second inquiry
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3315:Homestead Acts
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:Alabama Claims
3259:
3257:
3255:Reconstruction
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3243:15th Amendment
3240:
3238:14th Amendment
3235:
3233:13th Amendment
3224:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:J. E. Johnston
2861:
2859:A. S. Johnston
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:R. H. Anderson
2795:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:South Carolina
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:North Carolina
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2361:Fredericksburg
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:Wilson's Creek
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Lower Seaboard
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:Harriet Tubman
1966:
1965:
1964:
1957:Charles Sumner
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1792:States' rights
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1560:Tactical event
1557:
1555:Living history
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1423:External links
1421:
1420:
1419:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1321:
1307:
1287:
1275:New York Times
1261:
1245:
1239:978-0989042109
1238:
1220:
1214:978-0679758334
1213:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1106:
1092:
1083:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1000:
971:
939:
937:a core value."
926:
917:
908:
906:Hadden, p. 15.
899:
874:
865:
852:
839:
830:
820:
795:
770:
749:
728:
703:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
651:
648:
638:
635:
625:
622:
616:'s 2020 play
614:Talene Monahon
517:
514:
499:Tactical event
497:Main article:
494:
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260:Some, called "
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176:
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94:United Kingdom
73:known (in the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
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2:
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4264:
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4227:Photographers
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4210:
4208:
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4202:Gender issues
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4098:
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4058:
4055:
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4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4029:War Democrats
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:Union Leagues
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:Turning point
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3888:Naval battles
3886:
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3879:
3876:
3874:
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3861:
3859:
3856:
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3799:
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3791:
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3779:
3776:
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3769:
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3759:
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3709:
3706:
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3688:
3684:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:and memorials
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
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3621:
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3616:
3613:
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3534:
3532:
3529:
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3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:Commemoration
3509:
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3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
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3408:
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3391:
3388:
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3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:first inquiry
3351:
3349:
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3344:
3341:
3339:
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3335:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3321:
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3308:
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3303:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:Carpetbaggers
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
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3217:
3213:
3206:
3202:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
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3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
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3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
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3090:
3088:
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3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
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3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
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2900:
2897:
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2870:
2867:
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2810:
2807:
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2800:
2797:
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2790:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2748:
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2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:West Virginia
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:New Hampshire
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Massachusetts
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
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2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2455:
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2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
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2392:
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2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
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2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Hampton Roads
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Fort Donelson
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
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2240:
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2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Morgan's Raid
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Anaconda Plan
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Pacific Coast
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
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2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
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1993:
1989:
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1967:
1963:
1960:
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1958:
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1900:
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1890:
1886:
1880:
1879:
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1873:
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1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:Positive good
1855:
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1828:
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1798:
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1775:
1773:
1772:Panic of 1857
1770:
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1758:
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1753:
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1743:
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1732:Border states
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1617:Dickens fairs
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1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:Reenactor.net
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1216:
1210:
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1204:
1195:
1192:
1189:Hadden, p. 8.
1186:
1183:
1180:Hadden, p. 7.
1177:
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1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1015:on 2005-05-15
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
991:
987:
986:
978:
976:
972:
968:
958:on 2008-03-07
957:
953:
949:
943:
940:
933:
931:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
889:on 2014-10-16
888:
884:
878:
875:
869:
866:
862:
856:
853:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
824:
821:
810:on 2017-09-12
809:
805:
799:
796:
785:on 2017-09-07
784:
780:
774:
771:
759:
753:
750:
738:
732:
729:
718:on 2013-06-01
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537:
536:
531:
530:
525:
524:
515:
513:
511:
507:
500:
492:
490:
488:
479:
475:Closed events
474:
472:
465:
463:
455:
448:
446:
442:
440:
431:
429:
423:Public events
422:
419:
411:
409:
407:
395:
392:
384:
381:November 2009
374:
370:
366:
360:
359:
355:
350:This section
348:
344:
339:
338:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:Robert E. Lee
304:
302:
298:
291:
289:
285:
283:
279:
271:
269:
265:
263:
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253:
251:
243:
241:
237:
233:
230:
225:
222:
215:
211:
206:
200:
196:
192:
187:
182:
175:Participation
174:
172:
169:
164:
162:
161:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
75:United States
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
19:
4168:Bibliography
4151:Other topics
4093:By ethnicity
4061:
4014:Trent Affair
3913:Signal Corps
3770:
3555:
3493:White League
3380:Ku Klux Klan
3293:Confederados
3220:Constitution
3092:D. D. Porter
2945:Breckinridge
2656:Rhode Island
2651:Pennsylvania
2406:Spotsylvania
2366:Stones River
2346:2nd Bull Run
2296:1st Bull Run
2182:Stones River
2083:Marine Corps
2050:Marine Corps
1889:Abolitionism
1876:
1829:
1638:World War II
1622:
1529:Authenticity
1398:
1394:
1373:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1310:
1299:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1264:
1253:
1248:
1229:
1223:
1202:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1119:
1109:
1095:
1086:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:the original
1003:
993:, retrieved
984:
966:
960:. Retrieved
956:the original
942:
920:
911:
902:
891:. Retrieved
887:the original
877:
868:
855:
842:
833:
823:
812:. Retrieved
808:the original
798:
787:. Retrieved
783:the original
773:
762:. Retrieved
758:"Who We Are"
752:
741:. Retrieved
731:
720:. Retrieved
716:the original
712:"WBTS Forum"
706:
698:
692:. Retrieved
679:
640:
627:
617:
612:
607:
605:
600:
594:
587:
584:Tony Horwitz
582:
577:
572:
570:
565:
548:
546:
539:
533:
527:
521:
519:
502:
487:authenticity
483:
469:
460:
443:
435:
426:
402:
387:
378:
363:Please help
351:
317:, President
308:
299:
295:
286:
275:
266:
259:
250:authenticity
247:
238:
234:
226:
219:
165:
158:
127:
87:
78:
58:
57:
38:in May 2008.
3974:Copperheads
3686:Confederate
3578:Black Codes
2904:E. K. Smith
2785:Confederate
2732:New Orleans
2727:Chattanooga
2591:Mississippi
2491:Connecticut
2459:territories
2450:Involvement
2411:Cold Harbor
2401:Fort Pillow
2391:Chattanooga
2386:Chickamauga
2336:Seven Pines
2326:New Orleans
2291:Fort Sumter
2232:Valley 1864
2065:Confederacy
1862:Slave Power
1842:Fire-Eaters
1633:World War I
1591:Renaissance
1543:Event types
1459:JonahWorld!
1254:When To Die
1207:. Vintage.
608:When To Die
560:John Buford
553:Sam Elliott
292:Progressive
146:Confederate
4324:Categories
4207:Juneteenth
3728:Cemeteries
3605:Red Shirts
3516:Centennial
3466:Red Shirts
2874:Longstreet
2804:Beauregard
2747:Winchester
2722:Charleston
2691:Washington
2626:New Mexico
2621:New Jersey
2481:California
2457:States and
2441:Five Forks
2426:Mobile Bay
2396:Wilderness
2376:Gettysburg
2356:Perryville
2341:Seven Days
2272:Appomattox
2197:Gettysburg
2157:New Mexico
2024:Combatants
1999:Combatants
1912:John Brown
1643:Korean War
1474:Reenactors
1375:2008-08-15
1346:References
1280:20 January
1169:Gettysburg
1127:2011-07-19
1019:2009-10-29
995:2011-07-19
962:2008-08-14
893:2014-09-24
814:2017-09-12
789:2017-05-27
764:2014-09-24
743:2014-09-24
739:. The 62nd
722:2014-09-24
694:2014-09-24
690:. ACWS Ltd
637:Criticisms
578:Gettysburg
573:Gettysburg
549:Gettysburg
523:Gettysburg
416:See also:
313:, General
272:Mainstream
229:historical
179:See also:
4185:Espionage
3979:Diplomacy
3947:Political
3903:POW camps
3649:Monuments
3476:Scalawags
3471:Redeemers
3209:Aftermath
3158:Pinkerton
3097:Rosecrans
3062:McClellan
2965:Memminger
2701:Wisconsin
2666:Tennessee
2586:Minnesota
2561:Louisiana
2436:Nashville
2381:Vicksburg
2311:Pea Ridge
2262:Carolinas
2217:Red River
2212:Knoxville
2192:Tullahoma
2187:Vicksburg
2167:Peninsula
2139:campaigns
2005:Campaigns
1782:Secession
1611:Fur trade
1581:Dark Ages
1576:Classical
1415:145093962
850:(N-SSA)."
624:Incidents
599:released
352:does not
210:The Angle
102:Australia
71:hobbyists
4299:Category
4140:Seminole
4130:Cherokee
3883:Medicine
3836:Military
3749:Veterans
3583:Jim Crow
3348:timeline
3143:Ericsson
3126:Civilian
3107:Sheridan
3067:McDowell
3027:Farragut
3012:Burnside
3002:Anderson
2995:Military
2975:Stephens
2935:Benjamin
2928:Civilian
2814:Buchanan
2792:Military
2737:Richmond
2686:Virginia
2631:New York
2606:Nebraska
2596:Missouri
2581:Michigan
2571:Maryland
2556:Kentucky
2531:Illinois
2506:Delaware
2486:Colorado
2471:Arkansas
2431:Franklin
2351:Antietam
2222:Overland
2177:Maryland
2096:Theaters
2002:Theaters
1586:Medieval
1522:Concepts
1369:Archived
861:Manassas
650:See also
551:, actor
130:veterans
4266:Related
4135:Choctaw
4125:Catawba
3908:Rations
3853:Cavalry
3715:Removal
3343:efforts
3327:of 1873
3173:Stevens
3168:Stanton
3153:Lincoln
3112:Sherman
3047:Halleck
3037:Frémont
3022:Du Pont
2960:Mallory
2919:Wheeler
2854:Jackson
2834:Forrest
2774:Leaders
2717:Atlanta
2681:Vermont
2601:Montana
2541:Indiana
2516:Georgia
2511:Florida
2476:Arizona
2466:Alabama
2416:Atlanta
2331:Corinth
2283:battles
2227:Atlanta
2207:Bristoe
2108:Western
2103:Eastern
2008:Battles
1807:Slavery
1711:Origins
1697:Origins
1606:Regency
1569:Periods
837:Heiser.
666:Cosplay
406:sutlers
373:removed
358:sources
199:England
124:History
110:Denmark
98:Germany
4309:Portal
4247:Tokens
3183:Welles
3163:Seward
3148:Hamlin
3117:Thomas
3052:Hooker
3017:Butler
2970:Seddon
2955:Hunter
2940:Bocock
2914:Taylor
2909:Stuart
2899:Semmes
2879:Morgan
2839:Gorgas
2819:Cooper
2710:Cities
2646:Oregon
2611:Nevada
2551:Kansas
2521:Hawaii
2421:Crater
2321:Shiloh
2281:Major
2267:Mobile
2137:Major
2011:States
1962:Caning
1628:Modern
1550:Combat
1413:
1236:
1211:
538:, and
118:Poland
116:, and
114:Sweden
92:, the
90:Canada
63:battle
4052:Dixie
4039:Music
3658:Union
3502:Post-
3338:trial
3138:Chase
3133:Adams
3102:Scott
3077:Meigs
3072:Meade
3042:Grant
3032:Foote
3007:Buell
2988:Union
2950:Davis
2894:Price
2884:Mosby
2829:Ewell
2824:Early
2809:Bragg
2671:Texas
2566:Maine
2526:Idaho
2032:Union
1596:fairs
1411:S2CID
872:Skow.
688:(PDF)
672:Notes
529:Glory
282:farbs
262:Farbs
256:Farbs
142:Union
106:Italy
81:, or
77:) as
4237:Salt
3843:Arms
3693:List
3665:List
3178:Wade
3087:Pope
3057:Hunt
2889:Polk
2849:Hood
2844:Hill
2676:Utah
2641:Ohio
2546:Iowa
2078:Navy
2073:Army
2045:Navy
2040:Army
1534:Farb
1282:2020
1234:ISBN
1209:ISBN
356:any
354:cite
278:farb
195:Bath
160:Time
144:and
3082:Ord
2869:Lee
1403:doi
952:CNN
367:by
212:at
193:in
69:by
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