829:
1489:
920:), the administration of the activities normally undertaken by the parish becomes the responsibility of the district or borough council. The district council may make an additional council tax charge, known as a Special Expense, to residents of the unparished area to fund those activities. If the district council does not opt to make a Special Expenses charge, there is an element of double taxation of residents of parished areas, because services provided to residents of the unparished area are funded by council tax paid by residents of the whole district, rather than only by residents of the unparished area.
1473:
1457:
1509:
1101:
658:. The distinction between types of parish was no longer made; whether parishes continued by virtue of being retained rural parishes or were created as successor parishes, they were all simply termed parishes. The 1972 act allowed the new district councils (outside London) to review their parishes, and many areas left unparished in 1972 have since been made parishes, either in whole or part. For example,
3264:
2130:
49:
622:. The unions took in areas in multiple parishes and had a set number of guardians for each parish, hence a final purpose of urban civil parishes. With the abolition of the Poor Law system in 1930, urban parishes became a geographical division only with no administrative power; that was exercised at the urban district or borough council level.
896:" which allows them within certain limits the freedom to do anything an individual can do provided it is not prohibited by other legislation, as opposed to being limited to the powers explicitly granted to them by law. To be eligible for this, a parish council must meet certain conditions such as having a clerk with suitable qualifications.
654:, with a boundary coterminous with an existing urban district or borough or, if divided by a new district boundary, as much as was comprised in a single district. There were 300 such successor parishes established. In urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes, the parishes were simply abolished, and they became
941:
returns councillors to the parish council (the numbers depending on their population). Only if there are more candidates standing for election than there are seats on the council will an election be held. However, sometimes there are fewer candidates than seats. When this happens, the vacant seats have to be filled by
940:
The number of councillors varies roughly in proportion to the population of the parish. Most rural parish councillors are elected to represent the entire parish, though in parishes with larger populations or those that cover larger areas, the parish can be divided into wards. Each of these wards then
395:
The consistency of these boundaries until the 19th century is useful to historians, and is also of cultural significance in terms of shaping local identities; reinforced by the use of grouped parish boundaries, often, by successive local authority areas; and in a very rough, operations-geared way by
1354:
lands) may have acquired non-contiguous parcels of land i.e. beyond the original parish/county bounds or what would become the boundaries of a new parish. Those extraterritorial land parcels influenced the formation of parish boundaries where the parcels were significant to the parish. Thus secular
722:
Since the beginning of the 21st century, numerous parish councils have been created, including some relatively large urban ones. The main driver has been the desire to have a more local tier of government when new larger authorities have been created, which are felt to be remote from local concerns
1583:
Parishes are subdivisions of local authorities in many parts of
England, and their councils are the most local level of government. Unlike electoral wards and electoral divisions, parishes are not found in all parts of England. The Welsh and Scottish equivalents are communities. Note that the full
302:
by resolution of its parish council, a right not conferred on other units of
English local government. The governing body of a civil parish is usually an elected parish council (which can decide to call itself a town, village, community or neighbourhood council, or a city council if the parish has
599:
in all rural parishes. Civil parishes were grouped to form either rural or urban districts which are thereafter classified as either type. The parish meetings for parishes with a population of between 100 and 300 could request their county council to establish a parish council. Provision was also
824:
Parish or town councils have very few statutory duties (things they are required to do by law) but have a range of discretionary powers which they may exercise voluntarily. These powers have been defined by various pieces of legislation. The role they play can vary significantly depending on the
957:
with local monitoring by district, unitary or equivalent authorities. Under new regulations which came into effect in 2012 all parish councils in
England are required to adopt a code of conduct with which parish councillors must comply, and to promote and maintain high standards. A new criminal
936:
to serve for four years. Decisions of the council are carried out by a paid officer, typically known as a parish clerk. Councils may employ additional people (including bodies corporate, provided where necessary, by tender) to carry out specific tasks dictated by the council. Some councils have
228:, which for centuries were the principal unit of secular and religious administration in most of England and Wales. Civil and religious parishes were formally split into two types in the 19th century and are now entirely separate. Civil parishes in their modern form came into being through the
1294:
Direct predecessors of civil parishes are most often known as "ancient parishes", although many date only from the mid 19th century. Using a longer historical lens the better terms are "pre-separation (civil and ecclesiastical) parish", "original medieval parishes" and "new parishes". The
600:
made for a grouped parish council to be established covering two or more rural parishes. In such groups, each parish retained its own parish meeting which could vote to leave the group, but otherwise the grouped parish council acted across the combined area of the parishes included.
266:
As of
September 2023, there are 10,464 parishes in England, and in 2020 they covered approximately 40% of the English population. For historical reasons, civil parishes predominantly cover rural areas and smaller urban areas, with most larger urban areas being wholly or partly
1367:
the lord's (or overlord's) interests, or from a large burial ground in an urban setting. It could also arise from a chance inheritance. It caused inconvenience to the residents of most exclaves/enclaves (where not numerous or economically significant enough to have their own
447:
took over responsibility from the entire body of ratepayers. This innovation improved efficiency, but allowed governance by a self-perpetuating elite. The administration of the parish system relied on the monopoly of the established
English Church, which for a few years after
2404:
It was sold in 1967 to the
Utopian Housing Society who built 7 blocks, housing 300 flats and maisonettes, completed in 1973 having communal woodland gardens. Many of the site's mature trees, including a plane about 250 years old and a red oak, were retained; see
464:. The legitimacy of the parish vestry came into question, and the perceived inefficiency and corruption inherent in the system became a source for concern in some places. For this reason, during the early 19th century the parish progressively lost its powers to
1062:
When a city or town has been abolished as a borough, and it is considered desirable to maintain continuity of the charter, the charter may be transferred to a parish council for its area. Where there is no such parish council, the district council may appoint
442:
The parish authorities were known as vestries and consisted of all the ratepayers of the parish. As the number of ratepayers of some parishes grew, it became increasingly difficult to convene meetings as an open vestry. In some, mostly built-up, areas the
1335:, sheriffs, bailiffs with inconvenience to the inhabitants. If a parish was split then churchwardens, highway wardens and constables would also spend more time or money travelling large distances. Some parishes straddled two or more counties, such as
608:
Urban civil parishes were not given their own parish councils, but were directly administered by the council of the urban district or borough in which they were contained. Many urban parishes were coterminous (geographically identical) with the
1488:
415:, parishes managed ecclesiastical matters, while the manor was the principal unit of local administration and justice. Later, the church replaced the manor court as the rural administrative centre, and levied a local tax on produce known as a
513:. To have collected rates this means these beforehand had their own vestries, boards or equivalent bodies. Parishes using this definition subsequently became known as "civil parishes" to distinguish them from the ecclesiastical parishes.
958:
offence of failing to comply with statutory requirements was introduced. More than one 'model code' has been published, and councils are free to modify an existing code or adopt a new code. In either case the code must comply with the
714:
is at present the only part of
England where civil parishes cannot be created. If enough electors in the area of a proposed new parish (ranging from 50% in an area with less than 500 electors to 10% in one with more than 2,500) sign a
945:
by the council. If a vacancy arises for a seat mid-term, an election is only held if a certain number (usually ten) of parish residents request an election. Otherwise the council will co-opt someone to be the replacement councillor.
520:. The limits of many of these have diverged; most greatly through changes in population and church attendance (these factors can cause churches to be opened or closed). Since 1921, each has been the responsibility of its own
2952:
365:, but not all were willing and able to provide, so residents would be expected to attend the church of the nearest manor with a church. Later, the churches and priests became to a greater extent the responsibility of the
811:
A parish council may decide to call itself a town council, village council, community council, neighbourhood council, or if the parish has city status, the parish council may call itself a city council. According to the
480:
covered
England in 1875 and Ireland three years later. The replacement boards were each entitled to levy their own rate in the parish; the church rate ceased to be levied in many parishes and became voluntary from 1868.
1282:
Nearly all instances of detached parts of civil parishes (areas not contiguous with the main part of the parish) and of those straddling counties have been ended. 14 examples remain in
England as at 2022, including
1038:
As a result, a parish council can be called a town council, a community council, a village council or occasionally a city council (though most cities are not parishes but principal areas, or in
England specifically
816:, in England in 2011 there were 9,946 parishes. Since 1997 around 100 new civil parishes have been created, in some cases by splitting existing civil parishes, but mostly by creating new ones from unparished areas.
1387:
coincided with growing agricultural innovation, fragmentation of land ownership and housing growth. The church and vestries were reluctant to bring boundaries up to date. This meant such anomalies were irrelevant
649:
retained rural parishes, but abolished most urban parishes, as well as the urban districts and boroughs which had administered them. Provision was made for smaller urban districts and boroughs to become
617:
in which they lay. Towns which included multiple urban parishes often consolidated the urban parishes into one. The urban parishes continued to be used as an electoral area for electing guardians to the
1301:, a landmark collaborative work mostly written in the 20th century (although incomplete), summarises the history of each English "parish", roughly meaning late medieval parish. A minority of these had
1067:
to whom the charter and the arms of the former borough will belong. The charter trustees (who consist of the councillor or councillors for the area of the former borough) maintain traditions such as
2945:
1177:
A civil parish can range in area from a small village or town ward to a large tract of mostly uninhabited moorland in the Cheviots, Pennines or Dartmoor. The two largest as at December 2023 are
800:
which exercises various local responsibilities prescribed by statute. Parishes with fewer than 200 electors are usually deemed too small to have a parish council, and instead will only have a
1405:
576:
2595:
1021:
707:
916:
may levy a council tax precept for expenditure relating to specific functions, powers and rights which have been conferred on it by legislation. In places where there is no civil parish (
1450:). This means it has essentially kept, often divided in urban areas, the original parishes. The Church's main website has an accessible map, showing parish boundaries church-by-church.
1456:
2938:
2673:
2217:
3046:
870:
to local community groups or local projects, or fund things such as public events, crime prevention measures, community transport schemes, traffic calming or tourism promotion.
1327:. In other cases, counties surrounded a whole parish meaning it was in an unconnected, "alien" county. These anomalies resulted in a highly localised difference in applicable
2358:
3405:
2490:
1884:
252:
158:
2262:
770:
Parishes can also be abolished where there is evidence that this is in response to "justified, clear and sustained local support" from the area's inhabitants. Examples are
2287:
3252:
2977:
796:
Every civil parish has a parish meeting, which all the electors of the parish are entitled to attend. Generally a meeting is held once a year. A civil parish may have a
1424:
743:
has been a spur to the creation of new parishes in some larger towns which were previously unparished, in order to retain a local tier of government; examples include
2058:
1671:
813:
2236:
2143:
1079:. The area of the city of Hereford remained unparished until 2000 when a parish council was created for the city. As another example, the charter trustees for the
2961:
2580:
662:, whilst entirely unparished in 1974, now has four civil parishes, which together cover part of its area, whilst the central part of the town remains unparished.
855:, bus shelters, street lighting, roadside verges, car parks, footpaths, litter bins and war memorials. Larger parish councils may also be involved in running
2823:
893:
702:
created a procedure which gave residents in unparished areas the right to demand that a new parish and parish council be created. This right was extended to
1977:
3157:
2718:
587:, with parishes that fell within urban districts classed as urban parishes, and parishes that fell within rural districts were classed as rural parishes.
2753:
1472:
307:
which all electors may attend; alternatively, parishes with small populations may be grouped with one or more neighbours under a common parish council.
937:
chosen to pay their elected members an allowance, as permitted under part 5 of the Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (England) Regulations 2003.
380:
which, if generating or endowed with enough funds, would generally justify foundation of a parish, with its own parish priest (and in latter centuries
2768:
2763:
2688:
2628:
878:
2313:
350:
The parish system in Europe was established between the 8th and 12th centuries, and an early form was long established in England by the time of the
2843:
2758:
2733:
2693:
1508:
1186:
2409:
1135:
and few in the other conurbations. Civil parishes vary greatly in population: some have populations below 100 and have no settlement larger than a
828:
3133:
3055:
2798:
2713:
2708:
2668:
2483:
1355:
land in an exclave, almost always manor, may have been the site of a prosperous farmstead, or remained part of the manor for generations, or the
567:
c. 73) to become the smallest geographical area for local government in rural areas. The act abolished the civil (non-ecclesiastical) duties of
3039:
3020:
2997:
2969:
2876:
2818:
2738:
2519:
1861:
Youngs, Frederic A, Jr. (1979). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.I: Southern England. London: Royal Historical Society.
1584:
term for administrative parishes is "civil parish", to distinguish them from the ecclesiastical parishes that are found in all parts of the UK.
3230:
3245:
2828:
2773:
2678:
2248:
1936:
1900:
1743:
1679:
1050:
The chairman of a town council will have the title "town mayor" and that of a parish council which is a city will usually have the title of
3287:
3185:
3104:
3096:
2783:
2698:
2653:
2585:
1264:
In the 2011 census, Newland with Woodhouse Moor and Beaumont Chase reported inhabitants, and there were no new deserted parishes recorded.
699:
330:
322:
723:
and identity. A number of parishes have been created in places which used to have their own borough or district council; examples include
2838:
2703:
2165:
1197:(County Durham) at 0.0165 square miles (0.043 km; 4.3 ha; 10.6 acres). The next two smallest are parishes in built up areas:
358:, which, in some cases, derived their bounds from Roman or Iron Age estates; some large manors were sub-divided into several parishes.
3400:
3162:
2918:
2788:
2476:
1401:
1380:, rates, baptisms, marriages, funerals, or to obtain regular poor relief and most forms of education, charitable alms and hospitalry.
1277:
1154:
discouraged their creation for large towns or their suburbs, but there is generally nothing to stop their establishment. For example,
1013:
The council of an ungrouped parish may pass a resolution giving the parish the status of a town, at which point the council becomes a
610:
580:
2388:
1841:
A collection of the public general statutes passed in the twenty-ninth and thirtieth years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria
419:. In the medieval period, responsibilities such as relief of the poor passed increasingly from the lord of the manor to the parish's
3075:
2908:
2898:
2803:
2793:
2778:
2748:
2610:
2199:
2117:
1866:
1525:
971:
595:
The 1894 act established elected civil parish councils as to all rural parishes with more than 300 electors, and established annual
287:
117:
2350:
1878:
912:
paid by the residents of the parish (or parishes) served by the parish council. In a civil parish which has no parish council, the
808:. Alternatively several small parishes can be grouped together and share a common parish council, or even a common parish meeting.
3238:
2833:
2808:
2663:
2633:
1836:
1635:
217:
65:
2155:"The council of a parish which is not grouped with any other parish may resolve that the parish shall have the status of a town"
369:
thus this was formalised; the grouping of manors into one parish was recorded, as was a manor-parish existing in its own right.
2813:
2683:
2658:
2524:
2157:
959:
489:
The ancient parishes diverged into two distinct, nearly exactly overlapping, systems of parishes during the 19th century. The
460:
in 1558. By the 18th century, religious membership was becoming more fractured in some places, due in part to the progress of
3362:
3305:
3051:
3034:
2993:
2723:
2618:
740:
516:
The Church of England parishes, which cover more than 99% of England, have become officially (and to avoid ambiguity) termed
424:
291:
224:. It is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government. Civil parishes can trace their origin to the
2214:
1566:
2071:
303:
city status). Alternatively, in parishes with small populations (typically fewer than 150 electors) governance may be by a
3147:
3115:
1143:, with a population of 71,758, is the most populous civil parish. In many cases small settlements, today popularly termed
634:
was created, as the legislative framework for Greater London did not make provision for any local government body below a
31:
3208:
3125:
3110:
3081:
2743:
2728:
2233:
1479:
1364:
1084:
1068:
247:
A civil parish can range in size from a sparsely populated rural area with fewer than a hundred inhabitants, to a large
1597:
3194:
3012:
2623:
1397:
1222:
954:
905:
473:
221:
866:
Parish councils may spend money on various things they deem to be beneficial to their communities, such as providing
2458:
3214:
2914:
2869:
2643:
2638:
2529:
797:
691:
536:
351:
318:
237:
225:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
3352:
3219:
3177:
3152:
3071:
3065:
2904:
2648:
2590:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2372:
2221:
1981:
1822:
1205:(Leicestershire) at 0.07 square miles (0.18 km; 18 ha; 45 acres) (1,021 residents at the 2021 census).
1151:
1044:
874:
646:
560:
490:
372:
Boundaries changed little, and for centuries after 1180 'froze', despite changes to manors' extents. However, by
229:
3199:
3138:
1495:
1428:
1392:
with a real economic cost in distance of administration and confusion. They began to be remedied nationally in
1171:
833:
787:
521:
978:. As of 2020, eight parishes in England have city status, each having a long-established Anglican cathedral:
3315:
3268:
3025:
1372:
as to religious matters and a vestry as to civil matters). They had to attend a distant church and/or the
1297:
1214:
1198:
1178:
436:
420:
280:
423:, who in practice would delegate tasks among his vestry or the (often well-endowed) monasteries. After the
1662:
1194:
771:
457:
2131:"Local Government Act 2000 The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (England) Regulations 2003 Reg 30"
1795:
719:
demanding its creation, then the local district council or unitary authority must consider the proposal.
3190:
2862:
2406:
1363:) or co-founded the church as its patron. The scenario may also have arisen originally as an attempt to
1332:
1273:
1201:(Cheshire) at 0.0168 square miles (0.044 km; 4.4 ha; 10.8 acres) (no recorded population) and
882:
840:
575:
had to be split so that the part in each urban or rural sanitary district became a separate parish (see
449:
400:, Essex traditionally measures 13,568 acres (21 sq mi) – two parishes neighbouring are
501:
to be parishes. This included the Church of England parishes (until then simply known as "parishes"),
333:, which have fewer powers than their English and Welsh counterparts. There are no equivalent units in
3347:
3330:
3086:
3061:
2983:
2514:
1731:
1254:
1040:
639:
502:
498:
432:
85:
3310:
3297:
2037:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1302:
1246:
983:
825:
size, resources and ability of the council, but their activities can include any of the following:
412:
1943:
1446:
has only abolished these where locally incepted (under the Anglican and the Catholic principle of
1185:(Devon) at 79.07 square miles (204.8 km). The two smallest are parcels of shared rural land:
271:; but since 1997 it has been possible for civil parishes to be created within unparished areas if
3282:
3167:
3029:
2930:
2445:
An Outline of Local Government and Local Taxation in England and Wales (Excluding the Metropolis)
679:
506:
469:
361:
Initially, churches and their priests were the gift and continued patronage (benefaction) of the
256:
1174:
has 24. Parishes could not however be established in London until the law was changed in 2007.
3204:
2600:
2392:
2244:
2195:
1862:
1739:
1675:
1499:
1443:
1356:
1242:
1140:
1051:
950:
889:
839:
Parish councils have powers to provide and manage various local facilities; these can include
760:
614:
572:
540:
477:
453:
362:
326:
314:
260:
54:
2988:
2539:
2376:
1238:
1163:
975:
917:
852:
805:
756:
736:
651:
564:
334:
233:
30:
This article is about civil parishes in England. For civil parishes in other countries, see
1189:(Devon) at 0.012 square miles (0.031 km; 3.1 ha; 7.7 acres), and Lands Common to
531:) irregularities inherited by the civil parish system were cleaned up, and the majority of
3375:
3357:
2544:
2413:
2240:
1888:
1432:
1417:
1351:
1182:
1064:
1007:
695:
655:
528:
405:
401:
392:
in issues between local churches and so made boundary changes and sub-division difficult.
366:
268:
1826:
provide, for most parishes but not all, evidence of local private charities with details.
17:
1695:
1114:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3370:
3320:
2534:
1463:
1413:
1384:
1373:
1369:
1226:
1136:
1132:
913:
860:
801:
791:
711:
703:
671:
635:
631:
619:
596:
584:
373:
304:
276:
2097:"The Parish Councils (General Power of Competence) (Prescribed Conditions) Order 2012"
3394:
3001:
1427:
eliminated instances of civil parishes being split between counties, so that by 1901
1389:
1343:
1230:
1076:
867:
844:
764:
732:
642:, municipal boroughs and urban districts, no extant parish councils were abolished.)
295:
255:. This scope is similar to that of municipalities in continental Europe, such as the
2096:
1447:
1439:
was the last example; it was split into two parishes, one in each county, in 1905.
1288:
1258:
1202:
1159:
1080:
1014:
848:
497:
on 10 August 1866, declared all areas that levied a separate rate or had their own
494:
259:. However, unlike their continental European counterparts, parish councils are not
1548:
2144:
Local government: the standards regime in England - Commons Library Standard Note
1937:"The Portsmouth City Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) Order 2010"
1147:, localities or suburbs, are in a single parish which originally had one church.
435:. Both before and after this optional social change, local (vestry-administered)
1436:
1347:
1284:
909:
856:
428:
355:
162:
2425:
3142:
1773:
Churches in the Landscape, Richard Morris, JM Dent & Sons, 1989, Chapter 6
1190:
1155:
1150:
Large urban areas are mostly unparished, as the government at the time of the
979:
929:
744:
728:
389:
1408:
were transferred in the 1890s and in 1931, with one exception: an exclave of
2468:
1336:
1323:
In some cases an exclave of a parish (a "detached part") was in a different
999:
991:
942:
748:
527:
In the late 19th century, most of the "ancient" (a legal term equivalent to
461:
385:
313:
was also divided into civil parishes until 1974, when they were replaced by
299:
294:). A civil parish may be equally known as and confirmed as a town, village,
1901:"Sections 58-77 of the Act, which received Royal Assent on 30 October 2007"
396:
most postcode districts. There was (and is) wide disparity in parish size.
2010:
1253:(subsequently merged). The lands of the last three were taken over by the
1213:
The 2001 census recorded several parishes with no inhabitants. These were
767:
urban area became entirely parished, with ten new parishes being created.
431:
to fund relief of the poor was conferred on the parish authorities by the
2314:"Detached parishes and wards in England - Office for National Statistics"
2263:"Parishes and Non Civil Parished Areas (December 2023) Boundaries EW BFE"
1882:, National Association of Local Councils website, accessed 14 August 2010
1409:
1360:
1072:
987:
933:
775:
724:
716:
659:
510:
377:
1404:
moved most parishes which were partly or wholly in an alien county. The
48:
3263:
2243:(April 2008), London: Department for Communities and Local Government.
1393:
1250:
1234:
1218:
1144:
1024:, a civil parish may be given one of the following alternative styles:
675:
532:
397:
75:
2340:
Civil Parish Council and Community website. Retrieved 27 November 2014
1736:
Local Council Administration in English Parishes and Welsh Communities
263:, and in most cases have a relatively minor role in local government.
27:
Territorial designation and lowest tier of local government in England
2407:
http://londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=WST100
1167:
568:
444:
381:
241:
2059:
Full list of powers of parish councils (archived since 15 July 2007)
2389:
Ecclesiastical parish still with detached part (example): Hascombe
1377:
1139:, while others cover towns with populations of tens of thousands.
1003:
995:
827:
752:
416:
310:
2854:
2288:"Unpopulated civil parishes and communities from the 2011 Census"
670:
Some parishes were sub-divided into smaller territories known as
317:, which are similar to English parishes in the way they operate.
2191:
2188:
Local government in England and Wales: A Guide to the New System
248:
3234:
2934:
2858:
2472:
739:(2016). The trend towards the creation of geographically large
2337:
1131:
Civil parishes cover 35% of England's population, with one in
1094:
630:
In 1965 civil parishes in London were formally abolished when
275:. In 2007 the right to create civil parishes was extended to
1837:"Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 (29 & 30 Victoria, c. 113)"
325:; the Scottish equivalent of English civil parishes are the
1636:"Unitary authorities: The role of parish and town councils"
877:
system; they have a statutory right to be consulted on any
2596:
Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007
1967:
Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007
1075:, whose city council was merged in 1998 to form a unitary
1022:
Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007
759:(2019). In 2003 seven new parish councils were set up for
708:
Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007
1514:
Map of the other main enclaves and exclaves in Middlesex.
1181:(County Durham) at 98.6 square miles (255 km), and
354:. These areas were originally based on the territory of
2371:
Local Government Board Order No. 56410, made under the
1017:. Around 400 parish councils are called town councils.
1785:
History of the Countryside by Oliver Rackham, 1986 p19
1359:
may have held the right to appoint the parish priest (
577:
List of county exclaves in England and Wales 1844–1974
843:, cemeteries, parks, playgrounds, playing fields and
579:). The sanitary districts were then reconstituted as
543:
were not geographically identical when comparing the
452:
alternated between the Roman Catholic Church and the
638:. (Since the new county was beforehand a mixture of
456:, before settling on the latter on the accession of
321:
were abolished for local government purposes by the
3329:
3296:
3275:
3176:
3124:
3095:
3011:
2968:
2609:
2553:
2507:
169:
153:
124:
113:
99:
91:
81:
71:
61:
41:
2261:Statistics, Office for National (4 January 2024).
2061:nalc.gov.uk - Downloadable Microsoft Word Document
1978:"Parishes and Charter Trustees in England 2011-12"
892:allowed eligible parish councils to be granted a "
1342:Such anomalies mostly arose in the height of the
472:given responsibility for poor relief through the
1634:Baker, Carl; Sandford, Mark (16 December 2020).
1573:. Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023
1425:Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882
859:, public toilets and public clocks, museums and
571:. Parishes which straddled county boundaries or
2215:NALC - National Association of Local Councils
1672:Department for Communities and Local Government
1396:by Parliament in the early 19th century in the
1346:, when parishes evolved. Major land interests (
953:introduced new arrangements which replaced the
814:Department for Communities and Local Government
2962:Administrative geography of the United Kingdom
1923:Birtley Town Council – Annual Return 2005/2006
1843:. London: Google Books. 1866. pp. 574–577
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1400:of 1834, and was more widely in 1844 when the
904:Parish councils receive funding by levying a "
3246:
2946:
2870:
2484:
2158:"Local Government Act 1972 (c.70), Part XIII"
559:In 1894, civil parishes were reformed by the
8:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1312:surrounded by more than one other parish, or
468:boards and other organisations, such as the
2032:
2030:
2028:
1083:make up the majority of the councillors on
3406:Types of subdivision in the United Kingdom
3253:
3239:
3231:
3047:Metropolitan and Non-metropolitan counties
2953:
2939:
2931:
2877:
2863:
2855:
2491:
2477:
2469:
1567:"A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)"
47:
38:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1543:
1541:
2234:Guidance on Community Governance Reviews
1664:Guidance on Community Governance Reviews
1187:Lands Common to Axminster and Kilmington
881:in their areas. They may also produce a
539:noted that 8,322 (58%) of "parishes" in
404:at 469 acres (0.7 sq mi), and
376:, making a new smaller manor, there was
240:to take on the secular functions of the
2013:. Cumbria Association of Local Councils
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1598:"Is UK local government really so big?"
1596:Barnett, Neil; Sweeting, David (2013).
1537:
1466:, all in Hillingdon, then in Middlesex.
1452:
2970:Local government in the United Kingdom
2520:National Association of Local Councils
1925:, Gateshead Council, 29 September 2006
1498:in Paddington. It remains only in the
2443:Wright, R S; Hobhouse, Henry (1884).
2011:"Powers and Duties of Local Councils"
1781:
1779:
1329:representatives on the national level
7:
3288:ITL 1 statistical regions of England
3097:Local government in Northern Ireland
2586:Local Government and Rating Act 1997
832:Parish council community centre, in
700:Local Government and Rating Act 1997
384:). This consistency was a result of
331:Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973
323:Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929
2361:from the original on 23 April 2023.
2166:Office of Public Sector Information
1796:"Status details for Ancient Parish"
1761:The Local Historian's Encyclopaedia
1696:"Queen's Park parish gets go-ahead"
1494:Burial exclave of the 1724-created
1462:Eight exclaves of highly anomalous
928:Parish councils comprise volunteer
873:Parish councils have a role in the
774:, which was abolished in 2006, and
408:at 476 acres (0.7 sq mi)
1903:. Parliament of the United Kingdom
1763:. Historical Publications Limited.
1402:Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844
1278:Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844
690:Nowadays the creation of town and
236:c. 73), which established elected
53:Map of English civil parishes and
25:
2118:Local Government Finance Act 1992
2072:"The General Power of Competence"
2038:"Parish council responsibilities"
1526:List of civil parishes in England
1309:an enclave within another parish,
3262:
1880:What is a parish or town council
1507:
1487:
1471:
1455:
1099:
1071:. An example of such a city was
885:to influence local development.
2525:Society of Local Council Clerks
2459:In praise of ... civil parishes
960:Nolan Principles of Public Life
2447:. London: W Maxwell & Son.
2351:"1901 Census: General - Areas"
2292:Office for National Statistics
2077:. Local government Association
2040:. LocalGov.uk. 5 November 2013
1553:Office for National Statistics
1502:. Used for burials 1763–1852.
1406:remaining exclaves of counties
1268:General abolition of anomalies
485:Civil and ecclesiastical split
425:dissolution of the monasteries
1:
2251:. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
1712:Encyclopaedia Britannica 1993
1339:in Lancashire and Yorkshire.
32:Civil parish (disambiguation)
3126:Local government in Scotland
2426:"St George's Hanover Square"
2395:. Retrieved 27 November 2014
2357:. University of Portsmouth.
1085:Bath and North East Somerset
272:
3013:Local government in England
1416:, was removed in 1965 from
1319:, partly surrounded by sea.
1291:, both in Nottinghamshire.
1223:Newland with Woodhouse Moor
894:general power of competence
491:Poor Law Amendment Act 1866
474:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
283:, has so far been created.
273:demanded by local residents
3422:
3220:Corporate Joint Committees
2224:Retrieved 26 December 2009
1802:. University of Portsmouth
1638:. House of Commons Library
1423:Other acts, including the
1271:
1241:(subsequently abolished),
1045:non-metropolitan districts
785:
378:a means of making a chapel
319:Civil parishes in Scotland
226:ancient system of parishes
29:
3401:Civil parishes in England
3353:Non-metropolitan district
3178:Local government in Wales
2890:
2591:Local Government Act 2000
2581:Local Government Act 1992
2576:Local Government Act 1972
2571:Local Government Act 1933
2566:Local Government Act 1929
2561:Local Government Act 1894
2373:Local Government Act 1894
2222:UK Government Web Archive
2220:26 September 2011 at the
1823:Victoria County Histories
1759:Richardson, John (1986).
1478:The two tiny exclaves of
1152:Local Government Act 1972
1108:This section needs to be
924:Councillors and elections
647:Local Government Act 1972
561:Local Government Act 1894
290:(a status granted by the
286:Eight parishes also have
230:Local Government Act 1894
46:
18:Civil parishes of England
2674:East Riding of Yorkshire
1887:3 September 2010 at the
1496:St George Hanover Square
1172:Milton Keynes urban area
970:A parish can be granted
955:'Standards Board regime'
834:Ackworth, West Yorkshire
788:Parish council (England)
522:parochial church council
3316:Non-metropolitan county
3269:Subdivisions of England
3158:Community council areas
1549:"Dataset: Civil parish"
1298:Victoria County History
518:ecclesiastical parishes
327:community council areas
1357:lord/lady of the manor
1195:Brandon and Byshottles
836:
427:, the power to levy a
42:Civil parish (England)
2194:. 1974. p. 158.
2146:, Accessed 1 May 2015
1732:Arnold-Baker, Charles
1605:University of Bristol
1571:Open Geography Portal
1333:justices of the peace
1274:Enclaves and exclaves
1261:and remain deserted.
1041:metropolitan boroughs
879:planning applications
831:
778:, abolished in 2010.
640:metropolitan boroughs
503:extra-parochial areas
439:are well-documented.
279:, although only one,
261:principal authorities
218:administrative parish
187:Neighbourhood council
3348:Metropolitan borough
3087:Combined authorities
2515:Extra-parochial area
2412:12 June 2018 at the
2099:. legislation.gov.uk
1555:. 10 September 2023.
820:Powers and functions
535:were abolished. The
499:overseer of the poor
433:Poor Relief Act 1601
253:in excess of 100,000
3311:Metropolitan county
3052:Unitary authorities
3035:Ceremonial counties
2428:. 17 December 2023.
2355:A Vision of Britain
2239:17 May 2009 at the
1800:A Vision of Britain
1738:. Longcross Press.
741:unitary authorities
470:boards of guardians
329:established by the
3195:Preserved counties
2699:Greater Manchester
1949:on 1 November 2011
1305:, which could be:
1217:(in the middle of
1170:has four, and the
1158:has two parishes (
883:neighbourhood plan
837:
763:, and in 2001 the
652:successor parishes
573:sanitary districts
478:Sanitary districts
257:communes of France
251:with a population
3388:
3387:
3363:Unitary authority
3306:Ceremonial county
3228:
3227:
3215:Historic counties
3168:Historic counties
3148:Lieutenancy areas
3082:Historic counties
2989:Lieutenancy areas
2928:
2927:
2852:
2851:
2601:Localism Act 2011
2393:Church of England
2377:56 & 57 Vict.
2249:978-1-8511-2917-1
1745:978-0-902378-09-4
1681:978-1-4098-2421-3
1444:Church of England
1209:Deserted parishes
1141:Weston-super-Mare
1129:
1128:
966:Status and styles
951:Localism Act 2011
890:Localism Act 2011
853:community centres
761:Burton upon Trent
710:– with this, the
694:is encouraged in
626:1965–1974 reforms
615:municipal borough
565:56 & 57 Vict.
541:England and Wales
493:, which received
454:Church of England
388:which prized the
363:lord of the manor
234:56 & 57 Vict.
210:
209:
182:Community council
106:Various, see text
95:Various, see text
55:Welsh communities
16:(Redirected from
3413:
3267:
3266:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3232:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2754:Northamptonshire
2540:Successor parish
2493:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2448:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2402:
2396:
2386:
2380:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2284:
2278:
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2258:
2252:
2231:
2225:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2162:Revised Statutes
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2034:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1980:. Archived from
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1942:. Archived from
1941:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
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1783:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1728:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1669:
1659:
1648:
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1645:
1643:
1631:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1511:
1491:
1475:
1459:
1412:, surrounded by
1398:Poor Law Reforms
1239:Stanground North
1164:Sutton Coldfield
1124:
1121:
1115:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1065:charter trustees
1058:Charter trustees
918:unparished areas
806:direct democracy
804:: an example of
737:Sutton Coldfield
696:unparished areas
656:unparished areas
346:Ancient parishes
335:Northern Ireland
222:local government
51:
39:
21:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3376:Isles of Scilly
3325:
3292:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3229:
3224:
3200:Principal areas
3172:
3120:
3091:
3007:
2964:
2959:
2929:
2924:
2886:
2883:
2853:
2848:
2794:South Yorkshire
2769:Nottinghamshire
2764:North Yorkshire
2689:Gloucestershire
2629:Buckinghamshire
2611:Lists by county
2605:
2549:
2545:Unparished area
2503:
2497:
2455:
2442:
2439:
2437:Further reading
2434:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2414:Wayback Machine
2403:
2399:
2387:
2383:
2370:
2366:
2349:
2348:
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2322:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2267:www.data.gov.uk
2260:
2259:
2255:
2241:Wayback Machine
2232:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2156:
2154:
2150:
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2138:
2129:
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2112:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
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2080:
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2074:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1889:Wayback Machine
1877:
1873:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
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1534:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1492:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1460:
1433:Huntingdonshire
1418:Huntingdonshire
1385:manorial courts
1280:
1270:
1211:
1183:Dartmoor Forest
1125:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1060:
968:
926:
902:
861:leisure centres
822:
794:
786:Main articles:
784:
704:London boroughs
692:parish councils
688:
668:
628:
620:poor law unions
606:
597:parish meetings
593:
585:rural districts
581:urban districts
557:
529:time immemorial
487:
413:break with Rome
406:Chignall Smealy
402:Shellow Bowells
367:Catholic Church
352:Norman Conquest
348:
343:
277:London boroughs
238:parish councils
206:
202:Village council
149:
109:
92:Created by
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3371:City of London
3360:
3358:London borough
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3321:Greater London
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3163:Civil parishes
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3109:Subdivisions:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3072:Civil parishes
3069:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2991:
2986:
2982:Subdivisions:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:Civil parishes
2884:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2844:Worcestershire
2841:
2836:
2834:West Yorkshire
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:Northumberland
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Leicestershire
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Greater London
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2634:Cambridgeshire
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Parish meeting
2532:
2530:Parish council
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2508:Administration
2505:
2504:
2500:Civil parishes
2498:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2465:, 16 May 2011.
2454:
2453:External links
2451:
2450:
2449:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2417:
2397:
2381:
2364:
2342:
2330:
2318:www.ons.gov.uk
2305:
2279:
2253:
2226:
2207:
2200:
2179:
2148:
2136:
2122:
2110:
2088:
2063:
2051:
2024:
1995:
1969:
1960:
1928:
1914:
1892:
1871:
1854:
1828:
1813:
1787:
1775:
1766:
1751:
1744:
1714:
1705:
1702:. 29 May 2012.
1687:
1680:
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1504:
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1484:
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1468:
1461:
1454:
1414:Cambridgeshire
1374:manorial court
1370:chapel of ease
1321:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1269:
1266:
1227:Beaumont Chase
1221:city centre),
1215:Chester Castle
1210:
1207:
1199:Chester Castle
1133:Greater London
1127:
1126:
1107:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1059:
1056:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
967:
964:
925:
922:
914:parish meeting
901:
898:
845:village greens
821:
818:
802:parish meeting
798:parish council
792:Parish meeting
783:
780:
712:City of London
687:
684:
667:
664:
636:London borough
632:Greater London
627:
624:
611:urban district
605:
604:Urban parishes
602:
592:
591:Rural parishes
589:
556:
553:
549:ecclesiastical
537:census of 1911
486:
483:
374:subinfeudation
347:
344:
342:
339:
305:parish meeting
212:In England, a
208:
207:
205:
204:
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192:Parish council
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144:
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135:
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128:
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2461:Editorial in
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1984:on 6 May 2011
1983:
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726:
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681:
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666:Sub-divisions
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663:
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645:In 1974, the
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289:
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254:
250:
245:
243:
242:parish vestry
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:is a type of
215:
203:
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188:
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137:Neighbourhood
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130:
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3335:civil parish
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3191:Subdivisions
3139:Subdivisions
3026:Subdivisions
2984:Shrievalties
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2819:Warwickshire
2739:Lincolnshire
2619:Bedfordshire
2499:
2463:The Guardian
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2321:. Retrieved
2317:
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2296:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:
2256:
2229:
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2187:
2182:
2172:11 September
2170:. Retrieved
2161:
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2139:
2125:
2120:, section 35
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2066:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2015:. Retrieved
1986:. Retrieved
1982:the original
1972:
1963:
1953:11 September
1951:. Retrieved
1944:the original
1931:
1922:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1895:
1879:
1874:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1840:
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1804:. Retrieved
1799:
1790:
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1640:. Retrieved
1608:. Retrieved
1604:
1591:
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1575:. Retrieved
1570:
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1448:subsidiarity
1441:
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1382:
1376:for certain
1341:
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1317:pene-enclave
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1293:
1289:Wallingwells
1281:
1263:
1259:World War II
1255:Armed Forces
1212:
1203:Hamilton Lea
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1160:New Frankley
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1081:City of Bath
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495:royal assent
488:
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360:
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281:Queen's Park
265:
246:
214:civil parish
213:
211:
197:Town council
177:City council
120:(as of 2023)
36:
3205:Communities
3143:Sheriffdoms
2829:West Sussex
2774:Oxfordshire
2679:East Sussex
2554:Legislation
2379:c. 73) s.36
2103:10 November
2081:10 November
1437:Isle of Ely
1383:The end of
1285:Barnby Moor
972:city status
930:councillors
910:council tax
755:(2013) and
735:(2015) and
458:Elizabeth I
315:communities
288:city status
163:Northampton
154:Populations
3395:Categories
2784:Shropshire
2744:Merseyside
2729:Lancashire
2654:Derbyshire
2502:in England
2323:29 January
2272:29 January
2190:. London:
2044:21 October
2017:21 October
1847:6 November
1670:. London:
1577:9 December
1532:References
1429:Stanground
1350:proper or
1272:See also:
1247:Tottington
1191:Brancepeth
1156:Birmingham
1120:March 2017
1020:Under the
980:Chichester
841:allotments
782:Governance
745:Shrewsbury
729:Folkestone
511:chapelries
450:Henry VIII
411:Until the
390:status quo
269:unparished
170:Government
3116:Districts
3062:Districts
2839:Wiltshire
2704:Hampshire
2624:Berkshire
2338:Todmorden
1390:nuisances
1365:diversify
1337:Todmorden
1091:Geography
1087:Council.
1069:mayoralty
1028:community
1000:Salisbury
992:Lichfield
976:the Crown
943:co-option
908:" on the
749:Salisbury
680:townships
507:townships
462:Methodism
437:charities
386:canon law
300:community
220:used for
134:Community
86:Districts
3331:District
3111:Counties
2994:Counties
2915:Scotland
2789:Somerset
2644:Cornwall
2639:Cheshire
2410:Archived
2359:Archived
2237:Archived
2218:Archived
1885:Archived
1734:(1989).
1700:BBC News
1674:. 2010.
1520:See also
1435:and the
1410:Tetworth
1361:advowson
1303:exclaves
1243:Sturston
1179:Stanhope
1145:villages
1073:Hereford
988:Hereford
932:who are
875:planning
776:Southsea
757:Weymouth
751:(2009),
747:(2009),
731:(2004),
727:(2003),
725:Daventry
717:petition
676:tithings
660:Hinckley
569:vestries
533:exclaves
72:Location
62:Category
3283:Regions
3186:History
3134:History
3105:History
3030:Regions
3021:History
2978:History
2905:Ireland
2895:England
2804:Suffolk
2779:Rutland
2749:Norfolk
2649:Cumbria
2298:28 July
1907:20 July
1806:20 July
1642:8 March
1610:20 July
1480:Enfield
1394:statute
1257:during
1251:Tyneham
1235:Meering
1219:Chester
1110:updated
1034:village
934:elected
906:precept
900:Funding
857:markets
772:Birtley
706:by the
686:Revival
672:hamlets
547:to the
398:Writtle
341:History
292:monarch
159:137,387
146:Village
100:Created
76:England
3298:County
3276:Region
2809:Surrey
2669:Durham
2664:Dorset
2247:
2198:
2168:. 1972
1988:11 May
1869:. pxvi
1865:
1742:
1678:
1500:C of E
1464:Cowley
1378:tithes
1352:church
1325:county
1249:, and
1168:Oxford
1137:hamlet
868:grants
698:. The
551:form.
466:ad hoc
421:rector
382:vestry
356:manors
140:Parish
118:10,464
114:Number
66:Parish
2684:Essex
2659:Devon
2075:(PDF)
1947:(PDF)
1940:(PDF)
1668:(PDF)
1601:(PDF)
1348:manor
1052:mayor
1008:Wells
1004:Truro
996:Ripon
753:Crewe
545:civil
417:tithe
311:Wales
3333:and
3209:list
3076:list
3066:list
3056:list
3040:list
3002:home
2998:list
2919:list
2909:list
2899:list
2724:Kent
2391:The
2325:2024
2300:2022
2274:2024
2245:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2192:HMSO
2174:2010
2105:2018
2083:2018
2046:2018
2019:2018
1990:2011
1955:2010
1909:2022
1863:ISBN
1849:2021
1820:The
1808:2022
1740:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1644:2023
1612:2022
1579:2023
1442:The
1287:and
1276:and
1193:and
1162:and
1006:and
949:The
888:The
790:and
583:and
509:and
429:rate
249:town
143:Town
131:City
1431:in
1166:),
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1043:or
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851:or
678:or
613:or
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1998:^
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1569:.
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1911:.
1851:.
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1684:.
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1122:)
1118:(
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563:(
232:(
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161:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
