66:
22:
2182:, military campaigns have enabled large numbers of refugees to return home. Indeed, in the 1971 and 1999 wars, refugee return was a stated reason for launching hostilities. Yet this key observation finds remarkably little reflection in the literature about the casualties of contemporary war. A focus on the numbers of those uprooted in war is especially problematic as those who are trapped in conflict zones may in fact be worse off than those uprooted, but seldom feature in statistics. Figures for war deaths and for war-related migration should be presented separately, not amalgamated.
2095:
2170:
mortality. In the case of victims of sexual crimes (category 5) there could be an argument for including not only direct crimes by combatants, but also 'indirect' crimes due to general social collapse. In the case of those uprooted in war (category 6), the implication that refugees and IDPs always count as war victims is too simple. Some may be fleeing one-sided violence from a repressive state apparatus, natural calamity, or general social breakdown. Moreover, in certain episodes, such as the
2130:
international armed conflicts, is relatively simple: a civilian is any person who is not a member of the armed forces and is not a combatant in situation of armed conflict. To make effective use of such statistics as there are about civilian casualties of war, it is necessary to be explicit about the criteria for inclusion. All too often, there is a lack of clarity about which of the following categories of civilian casualties are included in any given set of figures.
2169:
The inclusion of people in each of these categories may be defensible, but needs to be explicit. Each category presents its own methodological problems. In the case of people dying from indirect effects (category 3), much careful work is needed to distinguish between 'expected' and 'excess' levels of
2129:
Generating reliable assessments of casualties of war is a notoriously complex process. Civilian casualties present particular difficulties. One problem is that the attribution of the label 'civilian' is contested in some cases. On the surface, the definition of a civilian, at least in the context of
2226:
of civilians and civilian objects in international armed conflicts; the attacking force must take precautions and steps to spare the lives of civilians and civilian objects as possible. Although ratified by 173 countries, the only countries that are currently not signatories to
Protocol I are the
2206:
attempted to erect some legal defenses for civilians in international armed conflicts, the bulk of the Fourth
Convention devoted to explicating civilian rights in the hands of the enemy, and no explicit attention is paid to the problems of
2066:
acts. The term is generally applied to situations in which violence is committed in pursuit of political goals. During periods of armed conflict, there are structures, actors, and processes at a number of levels that affect the
2140:
Those dying, whether during or after a war, from indirect effects of war such as disease, malnutrition and lawlessness, and who would not have been expected to die at such rates from such causes in the absence of the
2444:
is the ratio of civilian casualties to combatant casualties or total casualties. The measurement can apply either to casualties inflicted by a particular belligerent or to casualties in the conflict as a whole.
2853:
Ahlstrom, C. and K.-A. Nordquist (1991). "Casualties of conflict: report for the world campaign for the protection of victims of war." Uppsala, Department of Peace and
Conflict Research, Uppsala University.
2309:
defines "intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population" in both international and non-international conflicts as illegal, but it only came into effect on 1 July 2002 and has not been
2688:
2337:
is deemed proportional in Just War theory if the overall destruction expected from the use of force is outweighed by the projected good to be achieved. This view is a war-adapted version of
2706:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.: Commentary of 1958: Article 4 - Definition of protected persons"
2689:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977"
2675:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977"
2356:
cannot be attacked because they are, by definition, not partaking in combat; to attack non-combatants anyway, regardless of the expected outcome, is to deny them
2412:
2627:
2491:
2068:
2954:
2267:
65:
2126:(UNICEF) reports that civilian fatalities have climbed from 5 per cent at the turn of the century to more than 90 per cent in the wars of the 1990s.
2919:
2730:
2709:
989:
21:
2558:
1416:
2179:
2874:
2744:
2658:
2591:
2758:
2705:
2986:
1772:
2903:
2271:
1967:
1745:
360:
1421:
2202:
would come into force, in no small part, because of a general reaction against the practices of the Second World War. Although the
2123:
2788:
2122:
in
Brussels in December 2003, stated that since 1990, almost 4 million people have died in wars, 90% of them civilians. However,
1499:
2674:
1482:
1844:
1269:
114:
2255:
1608:
2025:
1472:
2976:
2832:
2423:
2159:
1962:
426:
2352:, which holds there are various ethical rules that are, as the name implies, absolute. One such rule is that protected
2074:
The term "civilian casualties" is sometimes used in non-military situations, for example to distinguish casualties to
2094:
1972:
1159:
961:
832:
370:
2464:
2171:
2115:
1436:
1546:
1054:
403:
277:
131:
2814:
2496:
2396:
2203:
1997:
1864:
1411:
1104:
922:
770:
2866:
The
Concept of the Civilian: Legal Recognition, Adjudication and the Trials of International Criminal Justice
2282:. Only neutral nationals in the territory of a belligerent state (e.g., the taking of U.S. residents in Iraq
2991:
2646:
2501:
2435:
2295:
2148:
2047:
1950:
1932:
1688:
1247:
1169:
1114:
712:
375:
2920:
Counting
Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Non-military Deaths in Conflict.
2459:
Collateral damage is defined in terms of armed conflict as unavoidable or accidental killing or injury of
1817:
1792:
1514:
1426:
1299:
1174:
775:
752:
198:
97:
2144:
Victims of one-sided violence, such as when states slaughter their own citizens in connection with a war;
2330:
2223:
1406:
1339:
1292:
946:
909:
872:
790:
742:
626:
436:
244:
153:
2341:, the moral system which advocates that the morally correct action is the one that does the most good.
2103:
1797:
1699:
1556:
1551:
1369:
1334:
1069:
889:
747:
683:
537:
507:
104:
2981:
2523:"Violence Against Civilians During Armed Conflict: Moving Beyond the Macro- and Micro-Level Divide"
2486:
2400:
2357:
1648:
1633:
1509:
1396:
1374:
1349:
1309:
1219:
1029:
934:
884:
651:
641:
606:
398:
388:
158:
82:
2960:
2476:
2408:
2345:
2199:
2051:
1982:
1837:
1757:
1678:
1623:
1598:
1519:
1465:
1431:
1362:
1279:
1189:
1094:
1039:
929:
894:
847:
722:
693:
646:
584:
559:
393:
207:
126:
2723:
2650:
2640:
2899:
2870:
2754:
2748:
2654:
2587:
2481:
2454:
2263:
2018:
1927:
1874:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1732:
1715:
1710:
1683:
1628:
1329:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1224:
1214:
1209:
1184:
1154:
1044:
1014:
1009:
999:
994:
984:
899:
852:
822:
661:
454:
431:
365:
30:
2579:
2534:
2349:
2119:
1992:
1957:
1889:
1782:
1720:
1613:
1541:
1534:
1391:
1324:
1274:
1264:
1139:
1059:
1019:
1004:
971:
956:
827:
812:
765:
673:
631:
574:
569:
527:
350:
327:
234:
163:
92:
75:
2399:
explicitly provide legal protections to protected civilians in territories belonging to or
2539:
2522:
2259:
1802:
1787:
1705:
1661:
1603:
1259:
1254:
1144:
1134:
1049:
1024:
966:
807:
737:
727:
666:
579:
564:
487:
459:
259:
239:
87:
2463:
or unavoidable or accidental destruction of non-combatant property caused by attacks on
2460:
2441:
2353:
2338:
2111:
1987:
1977:
1725:
1149:
1109:
1087:
1074:
1064:
1034:
951:
904:
707:
698:
589:
542:
522:
512:
482:
449:
337:
294:
249:
121:
54:
2792:
2970:
2750:
Contemporary
International Law Issues: Sharing Pan-European and American Perspectives
2279:
2258:
applicable to international armed conflict, enemy civilians and stateless persons or
2228:
2222:
was adopted as an amendment to the Geneva
Conventions, prohibiting the deliberate or
1824:
1812:
1668:
1588:
1504:
1487:
1344:
1199:
1179:
862:
857:
837:
817:
732:
703:
678:
554:
532:
517:
492:
332:
254:
217:
212:
109:
2165:
Those who, even after a war is over, die prematurely from injuries sustained in war.
2376:
2365:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2275:
2191:
2083:
2011:
1937:
1917:
1912:
1807:
1752:
1386:
1381:
1204:
1119:
867:
601:
502:
299:
203:
2864:
2774:
2415:
has also given protection to people who have a well founded fear of persecution.
2375:
is the belief that war of any kind is morally unjust. Pacifists sometimes extend
2950:
Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and
Atrocities Before the 20th Century
2553:
2404:
2392:
2334:
2208:
2106:. More than 5,000 civilians died during the first two days of air raids in 1939.
1922:
1673:
1638:
1477:
1164:
1129:
842:
785:
688:
472:
193:
188:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2395:
have changed over the course of history, and international protocols like the
2380:
2361:
2219:
2195:
2175:
2099:
2059:
1879:
1849:
1571:
940:
2840:
2379:
concern not just to enemy civilians but also to enemy combatants, especially
2110:
In times of armed conflict, despite numerous advancements in technology, the
2055:
1869:
1693:
1643:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1443:
1234:
1229:
1194:
636:
322:
289:
178:
2607:
2572:
General
Secretariat of the Council (Council of the European Union) (2009).
2573:
2292:
rapes committed by French colonial troops against allied Italian civilians
2747:, Nederlandse Vereninging voor Internationaal Recht, ed. (1 March 1992).
2419:
2372:
2326:
2310:
2287:
2240:
2155:
2043:
1884:
1859:
1492:
1124:
1099:
717:
272:
146:
2283:
1894:
1854:
1618:
1452:
1448:
795:
780:
656:
317:
312:
282:
221:
183:
26:
2322:
2248:
2232:
2212:
2075:
1401:
802:
619:
355:
2062:, it refers to civilians who perish or suffer wounds as a result of
2290:
before January 17, 1991) and citizens of an allied state (such as
2244:
2093:
2079:
877:
413:
408:
20:
2583:
2407:
party during and after an international armed conflict. The 1951
2368:
advocates this absolutist rule in his essay "War and Massacre".
2236:
2149:
rape and other forms of sexual violence in connection with a war
173:
168:
2789:"USCCB - Excerpts from the Harvest of Justice is Sown in Peace"
2063:
46:
2896:
The Deaths of Others: The Fate of Civilians in America's Wars
2575:
European Security Strategy :a secure Europe in a better world
2348:
often contest this approach to war. Such theorists advocate
2270:
of the Fourth Geneva Convention and the 1907 Fifth and 13th
2262:
nationals outside the territory of a belligerent state are
16:
Civilians killed, injured, or imprisoned by non-civilians
2833:"Manifesto against Conscription and the Military System"
2628:
Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of War Victims Civilians?
2608:"Patterns in conflict: Civilians are now the target"
2521:Balcells, Laia; Stanton, Jessica A. (11 May 2021).
2302:) are not protected persons under the laws of war.
2046:is killed or injured by non-civilians, mostly
2578:. Publications Office of the European Union.
2019:
8:
2426:in their definition of "civilian casualty".
2691:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
2413:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
2360:. Thus, by the absolutist view, only enemy
2492:List of concentration and internment camps
2026:
2012:
36:
2538:
25:The body of a young boy on the street in
2731:International Committee of the Red Cross
2710:International Committee of the Red Cross
2137:Those injured as a direct effect of war;
2069:likelihood of violence against civilians
990:List of military strategies and concepts
2724:"THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT: Neutrality"
2700:
2698:
2559:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan
2513:
2134:Those killed as a direct effect of war;
44:
2924:Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
2325:of civilian casualties align with the
2943:Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
2940:Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
2937:Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
2745:American Society of International Law
2540:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102229
2198:were adopted starting in 1949. These
2194:, a series of treaties governing the
7:
2642:Moral Principles and Nuclear Weapons
2639:Douglas P. Lackey (1 January 1984).
2623:
2621:
2274:regarding the duties of neutrals on
2154:Those uprooted in a war – that is,
2677:. The American National Red Cross.
2527:Annual Review of Political Science
2440:The civilian casualty ratio in an
2321:Many modern nations' views on the
14:
2863:Claire Garbett (9 January 2015).
2364:can be attacked. The philosopher
2211:and the hazardous effects in the
2286:by Iraqi authorities during the
64:
2753:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
2418:Some researchers have included
2959:, by Greg Brecht. Fall, 1987.
2329:, which advocates a system of
2256:international humanitarian law
2186:International humanitarian law
2124:United Nations Children's Fund
1:
2424:internally displaced persons
2160:Internally Displaced Persons
2102:during a June 1941 Japanese
2956:The world's worst massacres
2898:. Oxford University Press.
2465:legitimate military targets
1483:Military–industrial complex
962:Operational manoeuvre group
3008:
2987:International criminal law
2815:"Nagel - War and Massacre"
2452:
2433:
2172:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
2116:European Security Strategy
2371:Finally, the approach of
2054:, rebel group forces, or
1547:Loss-of-strength gradient
404:Combat information center
2647:Rowman & Littlefield
2497:Nazi concentration camps
2397:Fourth Geneva Convention
2204:Fourth Geneva Convention
2048:law enforcement officers
1865:Military science fiction
1350:Technology and equipment
771:List of military tactics
2502:Wartime sexual violence
2436:Civilian casualty ratio
2430:Civilian casualty ratio
2296:Battle of Monte Cassino
2180:Afghanistan War of 2001
1933:Wartime sexual violence
1689:Full-spectrum dominance
1500:Supply-chain management
2107:
1845:Awards and decorations
1818:Peace through strength
1793:Low-intensity conflict
1427:Conscientious objector
1300:Area of responsibility
34:
2224:indiscriminate attack
2097:
437:Torpedo data computer
427:Ship gun fire-control
24:
2894:John Tirman (2011).
2843:on 20 February 2006.
2104:bombing of Chongqing
1963:Military occupations
1798:Military engineering
1700:Unrestricted Warfare
1557:Force multiplication
455:Military manoeuvrers
2977:Civilian casualties
2487:Concentration camps
1649:Penal military unit
1634:Rules of engagement
1310:Command and control
935:Operations research
399:Director (military)
389:Fire-control system
159:Command and control
40:Part of a series on
2961:Whole Earth Review
2932:WAR STATS REDIRECT
2929:WAR STATS REDIRECT
2926:WAR STATS REDIRECT
2477:Casualty recording
2409:Refugee Convention
2346:moral philosophers
2313:by every country.
2200:Geneva Conventions
2108:
2052:military personnel
1758:Counter-insurgency
1679:Command of the sea
1624:Jewish laws on war
1599:Geneva Conventions
1135:Divide and conquer
930:Military operation
895:Tactical objective
394:Fire-control radar
371:Electronic-warfare
35:
2876:978-1-136-00624-1
2837:themanifesto.info
2660:978-0-8476-7116-8
2593:978-92-824-2421-6
2482:Casualty (person)
2455:Collateral damage
2449:Collateral damage
2272:Hague Conventions
2264:protected persons
2178:of 1999, and the
2118:, adopted by the
2040:civilian casualty
2036:
2035:
1928:Horses in warfare
1875:Anti-war movement
1778:Gunboat diplomacy
1768:Disaster response
1716:Philosophy of war
1711:Principles of war
1684:Deterrence theory
1629:Right of conquest
1552:Lanchester's laws
1320:Principles of war
1010:Counter-offensive
995:Military campaign
900:Target saturation
823:Counterinsurgency
432:Gun data computer
366:Close air support
328:Aircraft carriers
31:Finnish Civil War
2999:
2909:
2881:
2880:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2839:. Archived from
2829:
2823:
2822:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2791:. Archived from
2785:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2760:9-7890-0463-7863
2741:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2569:
2563:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2518:
2120:European Council
2098:Casualties of a
2028:
2021:
2014:
1783:Humanitarian aid
1721:Security dilemma
1542:Power projection
1325:Economy of force
1305:Chain of command
1020:Defence in depth
1005:Commerce raiding
828:Defeat in detail
164:Defense ministry
68:
59:
58:
49:
37:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2967:
2966:
2916:
2906:
2893:
2890:
2888:Further reading
2885:
2884:
2877:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2795:on 12 July 2006
2787:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2552:
2548:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2473:
2457:
2451:
2438:
2432:
2389:
2331:proportionality
2327:Just War theory
2319:
2188:
2092:
2032:
2003:
2002:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1803:Multilateralism
1788:Law enforcement
1748:
1738:
1737:
1706:Just war theory
1664:
1654:
1653:
1604:Geneva Protocol
1574:
1564:
1563:
1537:
1527:
1526:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1295:
1285:
1284:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1170:Network-centric
1090:
1080:
1079:
987:
977:
976:
925:
915:
914:
863:Rapid dominance
768:
758:
757:
713:Electromagnetic
622:
612:
611:
598:
551:
499:
475:
465:
464:
460:Combat training
441:
418:
384:Combat systems:
380:
342:
338:Auxiliary ships
304:
264:
260:Military police
226:
149:
139:
138:
78:
52:
51:
50:
45:
29:after the 1918
17:
12:
11:
5:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2992:War casualties
2989:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2952:
2947:
2922:
2915:
2914:External links
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:978-0195381214
2904:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2855:
2846:
2824:
2806:
2780:
2775:"Rome Statute"
2766:
2759:
2736:
2715:
2694:
2680:
2666:
2659:
2631:
2617:
2612:www.unicef.org
2599:
2592:
2564:
2562:, 2001, p. 364
2546:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2461:non-combatants
2453:Main article:
2450:
2447:
2442:armed conflict
2434:Main article:
2431:
2428:
2388:
2385:
2354:non-combatants
2339:utilitarianism
2318:
2315:
2187:
2184:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2112:European Union
2091:
2088:
2042:occurs when a
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Military terms
1965:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
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1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
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1800:
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1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
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1765:
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1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
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1726:Tripwire force
1718:
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1703:
1696:
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1262:
1257:
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1248:Administrative
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1241:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
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1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:New generation
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1150:Fleet in being
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1088:Grand strategy
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:Scorched earth
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
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1007:
1002:
997:
988:
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
952:Deep operation
949:
944:
937:
932:
926:
921:
920:
917:
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865:
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800:
799:
798:
793:
788:
778:
769:
764:
763:
760:
759:
756:
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753:Unconventional
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
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720:
715:
710:
701:
699:Disinformation
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
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629:
623:
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582:
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530:
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520:
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510:
498:
497:
496:
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476:
471:
470:
467:
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463:
462:
457:
452:
450:Basic training
447:
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
379:
378:
376:Reconnaissance
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
303:
302:
297:
295:Special forces
292:
287:
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285:
275:
270:
263:
262:
257:
252:
250:Reconnaissance
247:
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196:
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137:
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102:
101:
100:
93:Post-classical
90:
85:
79:
74:
73:
70:
69:
61:
60:
42:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3004:
2993:
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2897:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2869:. Routledge.
2868:
2867:
2859:
2856:
2850:
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2462:
2456:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2411:and the 1967
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
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2347:
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2328:
2324:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:naval warfare
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:United States
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Warrior caste
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1825:Show of force
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Peacebuilding
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
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1747:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
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1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Air supremacy
1667:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Islamic rules
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Court-martial
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:Arms industry
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1454:
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1442:
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1434:
1433:
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1400:
1398:
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1311:
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1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Broken-backed
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
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1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
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1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
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1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
986:
981:
980:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
947:Expeditionary
945:
943:
942:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:
919:
918:
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901:
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896:
893:
891:
888:
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879:
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871:
869:
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851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
818:Counterattack
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
777:
774:
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772:
767:
762:
761:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
743:Psychological
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
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695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:Combined arms
677:
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663:
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659:
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621:
616:
615:
608:
605:
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586:
583:
581:
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566:
563:
561:
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556:
553:
552:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
518:Fortification
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
504:
501:
500:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
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477:
474:
469:
468:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
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438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
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423:
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407:
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402:
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382:
381:
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369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
339:
336:
334:
333:Landing craft
331:
329:
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321:
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314:
311:
309:
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253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
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228:
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223:
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218:Standing army
216:
214:
211:
209:
205:
202:
200:
197:
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185:
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177:
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157:
155:
152:
151:
148:
143:
142:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
116:
113:
111:
110:pike and shot
108:
107:
106:
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
77:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
56:
48:
43:
39:
38:
32:
28:
23:
19:
2955:
2895:
2865:
2858:
2849:
2841:the original
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2793:the original
2783:
2769:
2749:
2739:
2718:
2683:
2669:
2641:
2634:
2611:
2602:
2584:10.2860/1402
2574:
2567:
2557:
2549:
2533:(1): 45–69.
2530:
2526:
2516:
2458:
2439:
2417:
2390:
2377:humanitarian
2370:
2366:Thomas Nagel
2343:
2320:
2307:Rome Statute
2304:
2300:World War II
2253:
2217:
2192:World War II
2189:
2168:
2128:
2109:
2084:bank robbers
2073:
2058:. Under the
2039:
2037:
1938:Fifth column
1918:War resister
1913:Women in war
1808:Peacekeeping
1753:Arms control
1698:
1387:Mobilization
1382:Conscription
1340:Intelligence
1293:Organization
939:
868:Encirclement
748:Radiological
684:Conventional
538:Subterranean
445:Development:
444:
421:
383:
345:
308:Naval units:
307:
300:Signal corps
267:
245:Intelligence
230:Specialties:
229:
154:Organization
105:Early modern
18:
2819:ucdavis.edu
2554:Herbert Bix
2405:belligerent
2393:laws of war
2213:combat-zone
2209:bombardment
2196:laws of war
2147:Victims of
1923:War studies
1746:Non-warfare
1674:Appeasement
1639:Martial law
1478:War economy
1417:Transgender
1370:Recruitment
1130:Containment
1015:Culminating
923:Operational
843:Envelopment
786:Air assault
667:Air cavalry
627:Air defence
607:Information
508:Cold-region
473:Battlespace
422:Historical:
268:Land units:
194:Space force
189:Coast guard
122:Late modern
83:Prehistoric
2982:Law of war
2971:Categories
2649:. p.
2508:References
2381:conscripts
2362:combatants
2350:absolutism
2335:act of war
2294:after the
2220:Protocol I
2190:Following
2176:Kosovo War
2100:mass panic
2060:law of war
2056:terrorists
1983:War crimes
1973:Operations
1880:Foot drill
1850:Battle cry
1763:deterrence
1422:Harassment
1397:Specialism
1220:Technology
1215:Succession
1160:Liberation
1095:Asymmetric
1030:Empty fort
941:Blitzkrieg
910:Withdrawal
873:Investment
652:Camouflage
647:Biological
585:Underwater
560:Amphibious
479:Aerospace
346:Air units:
323:Submarines
132:fourth-gen
127:industrial
115:napoleonic
2344:However,
2268:Article 4
2218:In 1977,
2080:criminals
1870:War novel
1773:Grey-zone
1733:War games
1694:Overmatch
1644:War crime
1594:Desertion
1584:Ceasefire
1579:Armistice
1466:Logistics
1444:Mercenary
1432:Volunteer
1363:Personnel
1335:Engineers
1280:Sociology
1235:World war
1230:Total war
1210:Strategic
1200:Religious
1185:Political
1180:Perpetual
1155:Irregular
1070:Offensive
1045:Defensive
1040:Deception
1000:Attrition
853:Guerrilla
848:Formation
791:Airbridge
723:Loitering
637:Artillery
290:Artillery
240:Engineers
208:Irregular
179:Air force
2471:See also
2420:refugees
2401:occupied
2387:Refugees
2373:pacifism
2311:ratified
2288:Gulf War
2241:Pakistan
2156:refugees
2090:Overview
2082:such as
2044:civilian
1885:War song
1860:War film
1493:Materiel
1412:Children
1392:Training
1330:Medicine
1315:Doctrine
1270:Training
1205:Resource
1190:Princely
1140:Economic
1125:Conquest
1120:Colonial
1115:Cold war
1100:Blockade
985:Strategy
957:Maneuver
718:Infantry
674:Chemical
528:Mountain
488:Airborne
351:Fighters
318:Warships
273:Infantry
199:Reserves
147:Military
2298:during
2284:hostage
2260:neutral
2162:(IDPs);
2078:vs. to
2064:wartime
1998:Writers
1993:Weapons
1958:Battles
1907:Related
1895:Wargame
1890:Uniform
1838:Culture
1619:Perfidy
1614:Justice
1535:Science
1520:Outpost
1473:History
1453:Warrior
1449:Soldier
1437:foreign
1375:counter
1275:Service
1225:Theater
1165:Limited
1145:Endemic
1060:Nuclear
833:Foxhole
808:Cavalry
796:Airdrop
781:Airlift
766:Tactics
738:Nuclear
728:Missile
657:Cavalry
642:Barrage
620:Weapons
580:Surface
361:Command
356:Bombers
313:Frogman
283:Cavalry
255:Medical
222:Militia
204:Regular
184:Marines
98:castles
88:Ancient
76:History
55:outline
27:Tampere
2902:
2873:
2799:7 July
2757:
2657:
2590:
2358:agency
2323:ethics
2317:Ethics
2266:under
2254:Under
2249:Turkey
2247:, and
2233:Israel
2174:, the
2076:police
1978:Sieges
1662:Theory
1402:Morale
1260:Policy
1255:Branch
1035:Mosaic
1025:Fabian
972:Covert
905:Trench
890:Screen
813:Charge
803:Battle
776:Aerial
694:Denial
662:Horses
590:Seabed
543:Tunnel
523:Jungle
513:Desert
483:Aerial
2727:(PDF)
2403:by a
2333:. An
2245:India
1951:Lists
1407:Women
1345:Ranks
1265:Staff
1195:Proxy
1110:Class
1065:Naval
1050:Depth
885:Swarm
878:Siege
858:Naval
838:Drone
733:Music
708:Robot
704:Drone
689:Cyber
632:Armor
602:Cyber
575:Green
570:Brown
533:Urban
493:Space
414:Radar
409:Sonar
278:Armor
235:Staff
213:Ranks
2900:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2801:2006
2755:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2422:and
2391:The
2305:The
2278:and
2276:land
2237:Iran
2158:and
2141:war;
1988:Wars
1505:Base
1055:Goal
967:Raid
565:Blue
503:Land
174:Navy
169:Army
2651:213
2580:doi
2535:doi
2114:'s
2050:,
1572:Law
1515:FOB
1510:MOB
555:Sea
47:War
2973::
2835:.
2817:.
2729:.
2708:.
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2653:.
2645:.
2620:^
2610:.
2586:.
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1451:/
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2020:t
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33:.
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