366:, though they also feed on different species of aquatic plants such as algae and diatoms. By feeding on organic matter and types of waste and debris that is in the surrounding water the worm is commonly classified as a deposit feeder, more specifically omnivorous. They are also commonly preyed upon and an important food source for many animals. Crab, fish, and shorebirds are the most common predators for the clam worm. Populations in the Caspian Sea are heavily influenced by the predation of fish. The species was brought over to the Caspian Sea to increase the fish populations for the use of commercial fishing.
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heternoneid form may include a enhanced swimming ability (parapodia enlargement), body cavity filled with gametes, large eyes, incomplete gut formation. Females produce a pheromone attracting and signaling males to shed sperm which in turn stimulates the females to shed eggs, this feature is known as swarming. Both sexes swim to the surface to release gametes, and swarming increases chances of fertilization. Environmental factors can also trigger swarming such as tempertature, salinity, light levels. It is said,
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346: reproduction can be in sync with Lunar cycles. Normally reproduction can occur around early spring and may go into summer. Both sexes die after swarming and after fertilization most eggs become planktonic, although some are retained in the worm tubes or burrow in jelly masses attached to the tubes (egg brooders). Eggs develop into trochophore Larva, then metamorphosis later into juvenile (body lengthen), and later develop into adults.
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The Alitta succinea has a long, elongated, cylindrical body divided into 160 segments, with four eyes, and two antennae on the front, resembling a pear shape with the posterior of its body being longer. The clam worm can reach up to 15 centimetres (6 in) in length, but most specimens are smaller
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When Sexual maturity is achieved individuals who metamorphose into a nektonic (free swimming) heternoneid form (free swimming di-morphic sexual individual). It is similar to the non reproductive form of the worm however, the parapodia are more apparent (larger) and can be lobal. Modifications of the
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reproduce sexually like most of the class
Polychaetea. Commonly known as the clam worm, fertilization normally occurs externally and the sexes are separate. (sexual reproduction). Epitoky is a process that occurs in polychaete, where a sexually immature worm (apitoke) is transformed into a sexual
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The Alitta succinea was first introduced to bodies of water to enhance the salinity and bring in new hybrids of fish that could be sold for a larger quota. In the present day, Alitta succinea is used in different wildlife situations to determine the pollutants present, their levels, and how they
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have been recorded to be indicators of imbalances in their habitats. Populations in the Black Sea have been shown to indicate changes in the water chemistry. Die-offs of the species can occur when there are hostile environmental changes in the habitats they live in. Shore bird populations
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Schizogamy where atoke is formed from division of the organism into sexual and asexual parts. Asexual reproduction to produce buds from its posterior end. Each bud into an epitoke and once fully formed, will then break off from atoke and become free
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affect the wildlife in that area. Additionally, Alitta succinea is used as bait for fishing, resulting in increased fish, crab, and oyster harvesting in newly restored reefs on the mainland.
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Epigamy is the other method of morphological modifications. Typically, female and male worms undergo a metamorphosis to epitoke where they become even better swimmers and carry gametes.
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than this. It is brown colored at the rear, and reddish-brown on the rest of its body. It has an identifiable head with four eyes, two sensory feelers or
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enlarge so they can swim. The clam worms are then capable of releasing eggs and sperm. Soon after they have released their eggs or sperm,
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938:"Estimating Ecological Benefits and Socio-Economic Impacts from Oyster Reef Restoration in the Choptank River Complex, Chesapeake Bay"
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Gillet P, Surugiu V, Vasile R, Metais I, Mouloud M, Simo P (2011). "Preliminary data on population dynamics and genetics of
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358:, which has two hooks at the end, to grasp prey and draw it into its mouth. Clam worms are an important food source for
284:, which has two hooks at the end, to grasp prey and draw it into its mouth. They can protect themselves by secreting a
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602:(Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 10th International Polychaete Conference (20–26 June 2010, Lecce, Italy)): 229–241.
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220:(commonly known as ragworms or sandworms). It has been recorded throughout the North West Atlantic, as well as in the
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675:"Reproductive biology of Alitta succinea (Annelida: Nereididae) in a Brazilian tropical lagoon"
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714:"Reproduction and Survival of the Pileworm Nereis succinea in Higher Salton Sea Salinities"
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Hardege JD, Müller CT, Beckmann M, BartelShardege HD, Bentley MG (1 January 1998).
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mature worm (epitoke). There are two methods of
Epitoky (schizogamy and epigamy).
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840:"Does the introduced polychaete Alitta succinea establish in the Caspian Sea?"
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develop, grow into adults and eventually sink to the bottom of the water.
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592:(Polychaeta: Nereididae) from the Romanian coast of the Black Sea".
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and Their
Contribution to the Degradation of Organic Pollutants"
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Read G, Fauchald K, Glasby C (2012). Read G, Fauchald K (eds.).
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256:. The head consists of two segments: the anterior and posterior
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commonly decline when populations of the clam worm dissipate.
623:"Jaws of Clamworm Are Hardened by Zinc Say UCSB Scientists"
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is dispersed outside of its native range in the course of
936:
Knoche S, Ihde TF, Samonte G, M T, W L, A L, R S (2020).
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in the spring and early summer, the clam worm undergoes
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substance that hardens to form a sheath around them.
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264:. The jaws of the clam worm are partly composed of
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673:Aguiar TM, Gomes Santos CS (March 2018).
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260:. The last body segment is known as the
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404:Saint-Joseph, 1898 (subjective synonym)
895:Environmental Science & Technology
440:Pflugfelder, 1933 (subjective synonym)
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885:Wang D, Ren J, Tan Z, You J (2020).
416:Treadwell, 1923 (subjective synonym)
712:Kuhl DL, Oglesby LC (August 1979).
422:Hartman, 1936 (subjective synonym)
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458:Heinen, 1911 (subjective synonym)
452:Ehlers, 1868 (subjective synonym)
446:Ehlers, 1908 (subjective synonym)
434:Ehlers, 1901 (subjective synonym)
564:"What Are These Swimming Worms!"
543:World Register of Marine Species
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785:10.1080/11956860.1998.11682477
643:Masterson J (1 October 2008).
621:Gallessich G (1 August 2003).
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1329:Taxa named by Rudolf Leuckart
608:10.1080/11250003.2011.593347
1014:. 20 November 2019. Vectors
1007:Invasive Species Compendium
971:Invasive Species Compendium
887:"Gut Microbial Profiles in
428:(Frey & Leuckart, 1847)
410:(Frey & Leuckart, 1847)
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978:. 20 November 2019. Causes
595:Italian Journal of Zoology
1324:Animals described in 1847
864:10.1007/s10152-013-0356-1
844:Helgoland Marine Research
539:World Polychaeta database
464:Frey & Leuckart, 1847
212:) is a species of marine
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52:Scientific classification
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915:10.1021/acs.est.9b07854
718:The Biological Bulletin
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568:Delaware Surf Fishing
276:It is a freeswimming
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679:Invertebrate Biology
907:2020EnST...54.6235W
856:2013HMR....67..715G
777:1998Ecosc...5..395H
438:Nereis belawanensis
377:Economic importance
360:bottom-feeding fish
354:To feed, it uses a
947:10.25923/bj52-ss27
500:, and possibly in
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1265:Open Tree of Life
1036:Taxon identifiers
901:(10): 6235–6243.
814:"Alitta succinea"
691:10.1111/ivb.12200
647:Neanthes succinea
570:. 11 August 2017.
444:Nereis glandulosa
432:Nereis acutifolia
408:Neanthes succinea
402:Neanthes perrieri
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1016:. Retrieved
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1002:(pile worm)"
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966:(pile worm)"
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1278:SeaLifeBase
1161:iNaturalist
1068:Wikispecies
474:A. succinea
364:crustaceans
252:, and many
232:Description
210:cinder worm
1313:Categories
765:Écoscience
649:clam worm"
511:References
311:Planktonic
278:polychaete
272:Life cycle
258:prostomium
218:Nereididae
132:Nereididae
108:Subclass:
872:1438-3888
793:1195-6860
738:0006-3185
699:1077-8306
484:, on the
469:Dispersal
397:include:
356:proboscis
334:swimming.
301:parapodia
282:proboscis
254:tentacles
243:in motion
206:clam worm
202:pile worm
150:Species:
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1179:11409207
1059:Q2465819
1053:Wikidata
923:32352757
391:Synonyms
386:Synonyms
305:they die
299:. Their
262:pygidium
186:Leuckart
128:Family:
112:Errantia
89:Annelida
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
18:Clamworm
1270:1086034
1140:2315382
903:Bibcode
852:Bibcode
823:3 April
773:Bibcode
746:1541084
548:10 June
486:oysters
482:fishing
350:Ecology
297:epigamy
291:During
214:annelid
188:, 1847)
138:Genus:
118:Order:
1296:234850
1283:140760
1257:234850
1231:981110
1192:107757
1166:199325
1127:406518
1101:285932
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658:6 June
314:larvae
184:&
143:Alitta
1291:WoRMS
1244:27041
1205:65917
1174:IRMNG
1018:8 May
982:8 May
742:JSTOR
492:, as
286:mucus
250:palps
96:Clade
1252:OBIS
1226:NCBI
1200:ITIS
1153:1068
1148:GISD
1135:GBIF
1114:BSN6
1096:BOLD
1020:2021
984:2021
919:PMID
868:ISSN
825:2024
789:ISSN
734:ISSN
695:ISSN
660:2012
550:2012
505:bait
480:and
362:and
266:zinc
224:and
182:Frey
1213:NBN
1187:ISC
1122:EoL
1109:CoL
1083:AFD
942:doi
911:doi
860:doi
781:doi
726:doi
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687:doi
683:137
604:doi
393:of
208:or
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