158:, collaborating with activists from Latin America and the United States to study the condition of women across the Americas and to recommend reforms. González remained a vital organizer for women's rights in Panama for decades and ran for political office after Panamanian women were granted voting rights in 1945. She later became the first Panamanian woman to serve as a juvenile court judge, where she assisted in drafting the Panamanian juvenile code.
273:, the chair of the commission, who assigned González to work on legal issues and women's rights in the Pan-American Union office in Washington, D.C. From 1928 to 1930. González acted as the head of research for the IACW, overseeing the creation of reports on the status of women's rights on a nation-by-nation basis in order to inform future international conferences and provide women's rights conventions with up-to-date information.
301:, which aligned themselves with European fascism. These activities and her support for socialism led Panamanian government officials to accuse González of being a communist and deny her a government posting. While she was not a member of the Communist Party, she did work with communist activists when she traveled to Mexico in 1938. While in Mexico, she became involved with the
322:(National Women's Party). She ran as a candidate for the Constitutional Assembly of 1945 with the support of the Liberal Renewal Party, and later ran for the vice-presidency of Panama, but failed to win office in both campaigns. González continued her activities as a feminist organizer, working on issues of child welfare with UNESCO, as well as serving as an official in the
269:(IACW) was established as an intergovernmental body to study the conditions of women throughout the Americas. This represented a central event in the formation of a pan-American movement for women's rights. González was appointed to the commission as a representative for Panama. She was also contacted by
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González took an inclusionary stance towards women’s rights by collaborating with groups that emphasized the importance of analyzing the needs of intersecting identities, such as class and ethnicity, when fighting for equality. During the 1930s, the anti-fascist alliance between liberals and radicals
276:
Eventually, González grew resentful of
Stevens's unilateral style of leadership and her dismissive approach towards Latin American women's issues. Stevens denied González and other Latin American activists IACW funding in order to attend the very conferences that González's research was prepared for.
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In 1951, she became the first
Panamanian woman named as a juvenile court judge, a position that gave her the opportunity to assist in establishing standards for the treatment of juvenile delinquents. She continued working for the juvenile court until 1964, when she retired at her husband's request
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In the early 1920s, González started to gravitate towards radical groups that supported socialism and anti-imperialism. She began to advocate for social and economic justice in addition to civil rights and suffrage for women. González took strong positions on issues of
Panamanian sovereignty
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Stevens also avoided issues raised by activists over U.S. imperialism and denied leadership posts within the IACW to Latin
American activists. As a result, González began to strengthen her relationship with more radical Latin American feminists, such as Cuban activist
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182:, where they were exiled between 1900 and 1904. When she was six years old, González was raped by a family friend. This experience would later influence her passion for the law and for women's advocacy. She earned a teaching degree from the
337:. During this time, González was questioned by U.S. federal officials over her links to communists, but she defended herself by asserting her support for liberalism. After her husband's death in 1966, she returned to Panama.
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through
Popular Front politics provided González and other Latin American feminists with the opportunity to advocate for women's social and economic rights. González pursued these goals through a renewal of her work with the
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González returned to Panama in 1930 and began working as a professor at the
National Institute teaching economics, political science and sociology. She taught at the Institute until 1937, and later at the newly-founded
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The School of Public
Prosecutors in Panama bears her name, as does an annual award given by the National Union of Lawyers to the legal professional who has excelled in the fight for women's or human rights.
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In the early 1940s, González continued her work as a women's rights organizer in Panama. In 1943, she married
Charles A. Behringer, an American civil engineer working in the Panama Canal Zone.
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242:(National Women's Party) in 1923, though it took until 1924 to gain legal status as an organization. One of the first things that the group did was organize the
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to a
Spanish immigrant, David González, and Basilia Carrillo Sánchez, a woman of indigenous descent. During her early childhood, she lived with her family in
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including opposition to the Panama Canal Treaty, and she connected Latin
American women's issues to the necessity for national self-determination.
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205:(Woman in Panamanian Law), which displayed some of her early thinking on feminism. González was prohibited from practicing law until President
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In 1945, Panamanian women won the right to vote, leading to González's entry into electoral politics. In December 1944, she founded the
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307:(FUPDM) (the Sole Front for Women’s Rights), an organization that championed a comprehensive vision of human rights for women.
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416:(in Spanish). Dominican Republic: Enciclopedia de Historia y Cultura del Caribe. Archived from the original on August 17, 2015
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146:(1898–1990) was a Panamanian feminist, lawyer, judge, and activist. She became the first Panamanian woman to earn her
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154:(PNF, National Feminist Party) to campaign for women's rights and suffrage. González was central to the work of the
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movement that favored women's participation in politics led González and women leaders like
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209:'s administration amended the law in 1925, allowing González to begin her legal career.
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Feminism for the Americas : the making of an international human rights movement
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Feminism for the Americas : the making of an international human rights movement
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Feminism for the Americas : the making of an international human rights movement
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Feminism for the Americas : the making of an international human rights movement
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Feminism for the Americas : the making of an international human rights movement
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737:(in Spanish). Panama City, Panama: Unión Nacional de Abogadas. 2012. Archived from
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After winning a scholarship in 1927, González moved to the United States to attend
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707:(in Spanish). Panama City, Panama: República de Panamá GOB. Archived from
701:"Clara González de Behringer, Parcipó de la X Asamblea General De Recampi"
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190:(National School of Law). While she was in law school, she taught at the
246:(School of Feminine Culture) to provide education for Panamanian women.
297:(National Women's Party), working against right-wing groups like the
289:, where she taught criminology, family law, and juvenile justice.
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Clara González died after complications from a hip surgery in
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In 1922, she became the first Panamanian woman to earn a
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Clara González Carrillo was born on 11 September 1898 in
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150:Degree in 1922. The same year, she created the
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257:where she earned a doctorate in law in 1929.
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261:Pan-Americanism and Popular Front Activities
129:First Panamanian woman to earn a law degree
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324:International Federation of Women Lawyers
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410:"Clara González Carrillo de Behringer"
328:Federación Internacional de Abogadas).
201:after submitting her graduate thesis,
304:Frente Único Pro-Derechos de la Mujer
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731:"Premio Clara González de Behringer"
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363:First women lawyers around the world
311:Later Political and Judiciary Career
105:Clara González Carrillo de Behringer
841:20th-century Panamanian politicians
504:. Chapel Hill. pp. 44, 48–51.
267:Inter-American Commission of Women
156:Inter-American Commission on Women
113:lawyer, deputy, academic, feminist
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605:. Chapel Hill. pp. 145–147.
203:La Mujer ante el Derecho Panameño
816:20th-century Panamanian lawyers
556:. Chapel Hill. pp. 74–81.
184:Escuela Normal de Institutoras
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801:People from Chiriquí Province
651:Marino, Katherine M. (2019).
599:Marino, Katherine M. (2019).
550:Marino, Katherine M. (2019).
498:Marino, Katherine M. (2019).
449:Marino, Katherine M. (2019).
657:. Chapel Hill. p. 231.
455:. Chapel Hill. p. 42.
244:Escuela de Cultura Femenina
232:Elida Campodónico de Crespo
192:Escuela Manuel José Hurtado
188:Escuela Nacional de Derecho
18:Clara González de Berhinger
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295:Partido Nacional Feminista
240:Partido Nacional Feminista
152:Partido Nacional Feminista
77:, Colombia (now in Panama)
826:20th-century women judges
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320:Unión Nacional de Mujeres
299:Panamanian Acción Comunal
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806:Panamanian women lawyers
333:and settled with him in
279:Ofelia Domínguez Navarro
186:before enrolling in the
162:Early life and education
811:Panamanian women judges
335:West Covina, California
222:The need to organize a
53:Clara González Carrillo
831:Panamanian suffragists
791:Panamanian politicians
344:on 11 February 1990.
776:Panamanian feminists
287:University of Panama
137:Charles A. Behringer
821:20th-century judges
255:New York University
218:Entry into Activism
705:Ministerio Publico
176:Republic of Panama
781:Panamanian judges
664:978-1-4696-4969-6
612:978-1-4696-4969-6
563:978-1-4696-4969-6
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172:Chiriquí Province
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75:Panama Department
71:Chiriquí Province
63:11 September 1898
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743:. Retrieved
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88:(1990-02-10)
771:1990 deaths
766:1898 births
342:Panama City
94:Panama City
760:Categories
735:UNA Panama
673:1043051115
621:1043051115
572:1043051115
520:1043051115
471:1043051115
376:References
236:Rosa Navas
180:Costa Rica
59:1898-09-11
745:17 August
715:17 August
681:cite book
629:cite book
580:cite book
528:cite book
479:cite book
420:17 August
414:En Caribe
121:1921-1964
430:cite web
357:See also
224:feminist
168:Remedios
96:, Panama
67:Remedios
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348:Legacy
234:, and
213:Career
134:Spouse
747:2015
717:2015
687:link
669:OCLC
659:ISBN
635:link
617:OCLC
607:ISBN
586:link
568:OCLC
558:ISBN
534:link
516:OCLC
506:ISBN
485:link
467:OCLC
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436:link
422:2015
83:Died
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
