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and the state's
Instructional Quality Commission, called the ESMC a "perversion of history" for providing material that refers to non-violent Black leaders as "passive" and "docile". Jones, who is co-founder of the University of San Francisco Institute for Nonviolence and Social Justice, decried the
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In 1962, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter recommending his lawyer and advisor, Clarence B. Jones, to the New York State Bar, stating: "Ever since I have known Mr. Jones, I have always seen him as a man of sound judgment, deep insights, and great dedication. I am also convinced that he is a man
880:
Don't take my word for it. Listen instead to
Clarence Jones, Martin Luther King Jr.'s speechwriter, who beseeched Gov. Newsom: "It is morally indecent and deeply offensive to learn that this distorted narrative is being held up by the State of California as a model.... t will inflict great harm on
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signed into law (in the fall of 2016) a mandate to develop an ethnic studies program for high schools in
California, within a few years some experts were upset about the ESMC ("Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum") that had been proposed. Among those experts was Clarence Jones. Jones (in a letter he
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He was steeped in the street politics of the 1960s; one of the first things he says about himself is that after his parents' divorce, his mother married lawyer
Clarence B. Jones, whose bio includes working with Martin Luther King and trying to resolve the 1971 riot at
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against demonstrations, Jones secretly took from jail King's hand-written response to eight
Birmingham clergymen who had denounced the protests in the newspaper. It was typed and circulated among the Birmingham clergy and later printed and distributed nationally as
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and the state's
Instructional Quality Commission) called the ESMC a "perversion of history" for providing material referring to non-violent Black leaders as "passive" and "docile". Jones decried the "glorification" of violence and
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1027:, Palmyra High School. Accessed December 9, 2017. "Clarence Benjamin Jones was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 8, 1931 and attended Palmyra High School in New Jersey from 1945 to 1949."
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342:. He urged King to make a statement because "your status as a leader requires that you not be silent about an event and issues so decisive to the world" (Jones, 1 November 1962).
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335:(SCLC), and he joined the firm of Lubell, Lubell, and Jones as a partner. In 1962, Jones became general counsel for the Gandhi Society for Human Rights, SCLC's fundraising arm.
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of 1863, Martin Luther King Jr., in 12 years and 4 months from 1956 to 1968, did more to achieve justice in
America than any other event or person in the previous 400 years."
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His family were highly politicised - his mother was a leader of the Women's
Liberation movement, and his stepfather, Clarence Jones, was Martin Luther King's lawyer.
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The Dr. Clarence B. Jones
Institute for Social Advocacy was dedicated in his honor in June 2017 at Palmyra High School, Palmyra, N.J. In 2024, President
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Jones continued to function as King's lawyer and advisor through the remainder of his life, assisting him in drafting the first portion of the 1963 "
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668:, April 29, 1971. Accessed December 9, 2017. "When Mr. Jones was a boy the family moved to Palmyra, N. J., and he went to Palmyra High School."
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174:(born January 8, 1931) is an American lawyer and the former personal counsel, advisor, draft speech writer and close friend of
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from 1971 to 1974. In 1982, Jones was convicted of defrauding financial clients and shifted to a full-time business career.
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as "role models for the students", and rejected the proposed model curriculum as "morally indecent and deeply offensive".
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QUOTE: Clarence Jones, former legal counsel and speechwriter for Martin Luther King Jr., in a letter he wrote to Gov.
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464:(USF) Institute for Nonviolence and Social Justice to disseminate the teachings of King and
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638:. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle (Stanford University). 19 May 2017
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at the Martin Luther King Jr. Research and
Education Institute at Stanford University
309:
206:). Jones currently serves as Chairman of the non-profit Spill the Honey Foundation.
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Invitation to Dedication of the Dr. Clarence B. Jones Institute for Social Advocacy
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In summing up his sentiments on King's life, Jones remarked in a 2007 interview:
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186:. Jones is a scholar in residence at the Martin Luther King Jr. Institute at
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2513:
2498:
951:"Richard Schiff returns to Washington to star in the Shakespeare's 'Hughie'"
738:"On Martin Luther King Day, remembering the first draft of 'I Have a Dream'"
513:
325:
324:
Jones joined the team of lawyers defending King in the midst of King's 1960
297:
289:
541:"President Biden Announces Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom"
312:. Jones was the first African-American to be named an allied member of the
2403:
609:
361:. Following King's 12 April arrest in Birmingham for violating a related
338:
Later 1962, Jones advised King to write President John F. Kennedy on the
254:
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Jones was born January 8, 1931, to parents who were domestic workers in
2992:
1055:
567:"Biden to Honor Prominent Democrats With Presidential Medal of Freedom"
435:
After King's death, Jones served as one of the negotiators during the
3060:
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47:
374:, who gave Jones the bail funds directly from his family's vault at
196:
Behind the Dream: The Making of the Speech that Transformed a Nation
1795:
418:
328:
1068:
894:"Ann Norton Jones Dead at 48; Was a Volunteer in Social Work"
788:"Martin Luther King Jr.'s Confidant Shares His Untold Tale"
764:
In the Black: a history of African Americans on Wall Street
281:, where Jones established a practice in entertainment law.
411:" address at New York's Riverside Church on 4 April 1967.
249:
in 1953. Following his graduation he was drafted into the
493:
Jones was married to his first wife Ann, the daughter of
831:"History - Institute for Nonviolence and Social Justice"
3245:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
3023:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
460:
In 2018 Jones and Jonathan D. Greenberg co-founded the
222:. He was raised in a foster home and brought up in the
3269:
African American founding fathers of the United States
1622:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
1487:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
504:'s parents, Jones married Schiff's mother, Charlotte.
234:, as did his mother. Later he and his family moved to
3382:
3317:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
3284:
3098:
3031:
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1881:
1687:
1522:
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1163:
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1103:
158:
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137:
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98:
88:
55:
32:
1853:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
500:Following the divorce of the actor and director
1843:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1776:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1667:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
725:"Negro Named to High Position in Financial Firm
3322:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
277:degree in 1959. He and his wife Anne moved to
3230:List of lynching victims in the United States
1568:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1080:
8:
988:"Richard Schiff: Life after 'The West Wing'"
1697:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
856:"California Is Cleansing Jews From History"
766:. Black enterprise books. New York: Wiley.
1746:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
1113:
1087:
1073:
1065:
630:
628:
626:
40:
29:
3302:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
654:
652:
520:, the highest civilian honor in the U.S.
3566:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
3337:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
1377:University of Georgia desegregation riot
333:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
3531:Palmyra High School (New Jersey) alumni
3251:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
2988:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
2983:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
868:from the original on January 30, 2022.
529:
439:, and was editor and part owner of the
3521:Boston University School of Law alumni
3165:African-American women in the movement
1617:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1448:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
253:in 1953 and spent nearly two years at
133:Lawyer, speechwriter, newspaper editor
1606:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
284:In 1967, at age 36, Jones joined the
198:(Palgrave-Macmillan, 2011). His book
7:
3374:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1838:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1786:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1732:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
1209:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
1134:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
921:Johnson, Thomas A. (April 9, 1971).
596:
594:
560:
558:
535:
533:
452:"Except for Abraham Lincoln and the
1781:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1717:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1387:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
881:millions of students in our state."
854:Benedek, Emily (January 28, 2021).
813:"Clinton vs. Obama: Lest We Forget"
245:He earned a bachelor's degree from
3526:Columbia College (New York) alumni
3225:African-American churches attacked
1791:Montgomery Improvement Association
1766:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1751:Council of Federated Organizations
1722:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1480:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1438:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
1244:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
1148:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
306:Securities and Exchange Commission
25:
3297:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
3170:Jews in the civil rights movement
296:where he worked alongside future
3491:Civil rights movement portal
3484:
3332:Freedom Riders National Monument
3074:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1586:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1545:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1432:Second Emancipation Proclamation
228:Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament
202:was released on August 1, 2023 (
3536:People from Palmyra, New Jersey
3359:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
3347:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1823:National Council of Negro Women
1761:Deacons for Defense and Justice
949:Pressley, Nelson (2013-02-01).
423:Jones (left) meeting President
271:Boston University School of Law
3551:New York Amsterdam News people
1239:Mansfield school desegregation
699:Charkes, Evan (January 2008).
543:. The White House. May 3, 2024
1:
3369:National Voting Rights Museum
3312:Civil Rights Movement Archive
3111:Lynching in the United States
2998:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1453:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1426:University of Chicago sit-ins
1193:Davis v. Prince Edward County
727:. Jet Magazine, Jul 13, 1967
518:Presidential Medal of Freedom
180:Presidential Medal of Freedom
3541:People from Riverdale, Bronx
3364:National Civil Rights Museum
3220:March on Washington Movement
3205:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1674:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
385:" speech at Jones' house in
269:In 1956, he began attending
3546:United States Army soldiers
3008:"This Little Light of Mine"
1756:Dallas County Voters League
1702:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1465:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1172:Brown v. Board of Education
1041:Profile of Clarence B Jones
681:. African American Registry
565:Baker, Peter (2024-05-03).
462:University of San Francisco
368:Letter from Birmingham Jail
294:Carter, Berlind & Weill
257:when he declined to sign a
27:American lawyer (born 1931)
3582:
3556:African-American Catholics
3342:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
3210:Holt Street Baptist Church
3180:16th Street Baptist Church
2164:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1808:Nashville Student Movement
1738:An Appeal for Human Rights
636:"Jones, Clarence Benjamin"
437:1971 prison riot at Attica
392:New York Times v. Sullivan
265:Legal and financial career
194:(HarperCollins, 2008) and
3516:Lawyers from Philadelphia
3480:
2839:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2809:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1873:Women's Political Council
1868:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1863:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1848:Southern Regional Council
1818:Northern Student Movement
1727:Committee for Freedom Now
1634:Memphis sanitation strike
1600:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1343:Savannah Protest Movement
1124:Journey of Reconciliation
986:Caesar, Ed (2007-02-08).
762:Bell, Gregory S. (2002).
454:Emancipation Proclamation
399:); and contributing with
178:He is a recipient of the
141:Work and friendship with
39:
1707:Atlanta Student Movement
1656:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1581:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1562:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1460:1963 Birmingham campaign
1353:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1277:Civil Rights Act of 1957
679:"Clarence B. Jones born"
345:Jones accompanied King,
226:religion; he attended a
3259:Voter Education Project
3013:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2674:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2109:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1535:Chester school protests
1530:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1492:Detroit Walk to Freedom
1234:Tallahassee bus boycott
1155:Baton Rouge bus boycott
516:awarded Jones with the
442:New York Amsterdam News
397:Baldwin-Kennedy meeting
314:New York Stock Exchange
182:, the nation's highest
172:Clarence Benjamin Jones
60:Clarence Benjamin Jones
18:Clarence Benjamin Jones
3472:Movement photographers
2714:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2434:Martin Luther King Sr.
2429:Martin Luther King Jr.
1999:William Holmes Borders
1771:Highlander Folk School
1661:Poor People's Campaign
1514:St. Augustine movement
1364:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
1287:Katz Drug Store sit-in
1258:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
1220:Montgomery bus boycott
705:Columbia College Today
701:"A Wintertime Soldier"
458:
432:
320:Martin Luther King Jr.
192:What Would Martin Say?
190:. He is the author of
176:Martin Luther King Jr.
143:Martin Luther King Jr.
3307:Civil Rights Memorial
3195:Bethel Baptist Church
2844:Charles Kenzie Steele
2289:Audrey Faye Hendricks
2194:Myrlie Evers-Williams
2174:Patricia Stephens Due
2144:Abraham Lincoln Davis
2079:Colia Lafayette Clark
1833:Operation Breadbasket
1828:National Urban League
1575:Katzenbach v. McClung
1443:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
1096:Civil rights movement
495:William Warder Norton
450:
422:
210:of great integrity."
153:Civil Rights Movement
3352:other King memorials
3327:Freedom Rides Museum
3264:1960s counterculture
3215:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2894:Walter Francis White
2799:Alexander D. Shimkin
1313:New Year's Day March
1282:Ministers' Manifesto
1129:Executive Order 9981
658:Johnson, Thomas. A.
376:Chase Manhattan Bank
340:Cuban Missile Crisis
279:Altadena, California
238:; he graduated from
204:Redhawk Publications
3090:Mary McLeod Bethune
3051:Sermon on the Mount
3018:"We Shall Overcome"
2599:William Lewis Moore
2379:Frank Minis Johnson
2354:Richie Jean Jackson
2309:Donald L. Hollowell
2114:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
1919:Gwendolyn Armstrong
1914:William G. Anderson
1894:Victoria Gray Adams
1858:The Freedom Singers
1712:Black Panther Party
1497:March on Washington
1410:Garner v. Louisiana
1371:Boynton v. Virginia
1051:The Huffington Post
963:on February 6, 2013
956:The Washington Post
819:. January 15, 2008.
742:The Washington Post
359:Birmingham Campaign
240:Palmyra High School
236:Palmyra, New Jersey
230:boarding school in
188:Stanford University
106:Columbia University
93:Palmyra High School
3407:Michael Eric Dyson
3292:In popular culture
3175:Fifth Circuit Four
3159:Loving v. Virginia
3152:Hernandez v. Texas
3131:Buchanan v. Warley
3123:Separate but equal
3117:Plessy v. Ferguson
3080:Frederick Douglass
2914:Robert F. Williams
2824:Kelly Miller Smith
2804:Fred Shuttlesworth
2729:Frederick D. Reese
2709:George Raymond Jr.
2699:A. Philip Randolph
2679:Fay Bellamy Powell
2594:Queen Mother Moore
2479:Z. Alexander Looby
2424:Coretta Scott King
2369:Barbara Rose Johns
2349:Jimmie Lee Jackson
2274:William E. Harbour
2054:Stokely Carmichael
1969:Randolph Blackwell
1639:King assassination
1628:Loving v. Virginia
1612:March Against Fear
1592:How Long, Not Long
1470:Children's Crusade
1421:Cambridge movement
1358:Ax Handle Saturday
1323:Greensboro sit-ins
1250:Give Us the Ballot
1023:2017-12-10 at the
928:The New York Times
899:The New York Times
665:The New York Times
571:The New York Times
433:
372:Nelson Rockefeller
300:Chairman and CEO,
286:investment banking
251:United States Army
3498:
3497:
3275:Eyes on the Prize
3190:A.G. Gaston Motel
3185:Kelly Ingram Park
3145:Sweatt v. Painter
2829:Mary Louise Smith
2789:Cleveland Sellers
2774:Michael Schwerner
2739:Gloria Richardson
2519:Thurgood Marshall
2439:Bernard Lafayette
2169:John Wesley Dobbs
1683:
1682:
1402:Birmingham attack
1382:Rock Hill sit-ins
1333:Sibley Commission
1328:Nashville sit-ins
1200:Gebhart v. Belton
1186:Briggs v. Elliott
1179:Bolling v. Sharpe
1140:Sweatt v. Painter
1047:Clarence B. Jones
923:"Man in the News"
773:978-0-471-40392-0
660:"Man in the News"
483:Black nationalism
200:Last of the Lions
169:
168:
116:Boston University
34:Clarence B. Jones
16:(Redirected from
3573:
3489:
3488:
3452:Charles M. Payne
3437:Steven F. Lawson
3427:David Halberstam
3397:Clayborne Carson
3138:Hocutt v. Wilson
3085:W. E. B. Du Bois
2934:Sammy Younge Jr.
2919:Q. V. Williamson
2884:Wyatt Tee Walker
2749:Bernice Robinson
2694:Lincoln Ragsdale
2684:Rodney N. Powell
2579:Douglas E. Moore
2454:Sanford R. Leigh
2389:J. Charles Jones
2264:Fannie Lou Hamer
2179:Joseph Ellwanger
2139:Jonathan Daniels
2129:Claudette Colvin
2119:Annie Lee Cooper
2104:Kathleen Cleaver
2099:Eldridge Cleaver
2074:Shirley Chisholm
1964:Gloria Blackwell
1555:workers' murders
1502:"I Have a Dream"
1397:Anniston bombing
1348:Greenville Eight
1263:Little Rock Nine
1226:Browder v. Gayle
1114:
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620:
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617:
608:. Archived from
604:Behind the Dream
598:
589:
588:
586:
585:
562:
553:
552:
550:
548:
537:
387:Riverdale, Bronx
347:Wyatt Tee Walker
302:Sanford I. Weill
275:Bachelor of Laws
273:, obtaining his
247:Columbia College
73:
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67:
44:
30:
21:
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3457:Thomas E. Ricks
3447:Diane McWhorter
3432:Vincent Harding
3417:Adam Fairclough
3384:
3378:
3280:
3235:Freedom Schools
3094:
3027:
2975:
2969:
2960:Omaha, Nebraska
2948:
2864:Hartman Turnbow
2854:Dorothy Tillman
2814:Glenn E. Smiley
2794:Charles Sherrod
2754:Jo Ann Robinson
2629:Charles Neblett
2619:Elijah Muhammad
2584:Harriette Moore
2544:Floyd McKissick
2529:Franklin McCain
2464:Stanley Levison
2329:T. R. M. Howard
2279:Vincent Harding
2209:Walter Fauntroy
2094:Xernona Clayton
2044:John H. Calhoun
2029:Aurelia Browder
2019:Stanley Branche
2014:Raylawni Branch
1994:Joseph E. Boone
1979:Ezell Blair Jr.
1974:Unita Blackwell
1949:Harry Belafonte
1889:Ralph Abernathy
1877:
1813:Nation of Islam
1689:
1679:
1518:
1475:Birmingham riot
1416:Albany Movement
1338:Atlanta sit-ins
1318:Sit-in movement
1301:
1297:Biloxi wade-ins
1269:Cooper v. Aaron
1159:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1025:Wayback Machine
1014:
1010:
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993:The Independent
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902:. March 9, 1977
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401:Vincent Harding
351:Stanley Levison
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99:Alma mater
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70:January 8, 1931
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2069:J. L. Chestnut
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2016:
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2004:Amelia Boynton
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1035:External links
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502:Richard Schiff
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476:wrote to Gov.
466:Mahatma Gandhi
416:
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409:Beyond Vietnam
383:I Have a Dream
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184:civilian honor
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163:Richard Schiff
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3511:Living people
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3462:Timothy Tyson
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3240:Freedom songs
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3106:Jim Crow laws
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3003:"Oh, Freedom"
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2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Septima Clark
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Bruce Boynton
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:James Baldwin
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Mathew Ahmann
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
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1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:Youth Council
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1735:
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1725:
1723:
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1713:
1710:
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1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
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1671:
1669:
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1664:
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1637:
1635:
1632:
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1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
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1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
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1449:
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1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:Freedom Rides
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
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1326:
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1321:
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1316:
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1304:
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1283:
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1259:
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1251:
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1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:Prior to 1954
1115:
1112:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1005:
995:
994:
989:
982:
979:
975:
962:
958:
957:
952:
945:
942:
930:
929:
924:
917:
914:
901:
900:
895:
889:
886:
882:
873:
867:
863:
862:
857:
850:
848:
844:
832:
826:
823:
818:
814:
808:
805:
793:
789:
783:
780:
775:
769:
765:
758:
755:
743:
739:
733:
730:
726:
721:
718:
706:
702:
695:
692:
680:
674:
671:
667:
666:
661:
655:
653:
649:
637:
631:
629:
627:
623:
612:on 2010-12-21
611:
607:
605:
597:
595:
591:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
559:
555:
542:
536:
534:
530:
523:
521:
519:
515:
507:
505:
503:
498:
496:
489:Personal life
488:
486:
484:
479:
474:
469:
467:
463:
457:
455:
449:
446:
444:
443:
438:
430:
426:
421:
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
336:
334:
330:
327:
319:
317:
315:
311:
310:Arthur Levitt
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
164:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
130:Occupation(s)
128:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
82:
78:
72:(age 93)
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
31:
19:
3482:
3422:David Garrow
3402:John Dittmer
3273:
3200:Brown Chapel
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3115:
3072:
2924:Andrew Young
2879:A. T. Walden
2874:C. T. Vivian
2834:Maxine Smith
2669:Homer Plessy
2649:James Orange
2604:Irene Morgan
2559:William Ming
2539:Ralph McGill
2474:Viola Liuzzo
2459:Jim Letherer
2444:James Lawson
2383:
2374:Vernon Johns
2364:Esau Jenkins
2319:Myles Horton
2269:Fred Hampton
2259:Prathia Hall
2249:Dick Gregory
2219:Marie Foster
2214:James Forman
2204:James Farmer
2189:Medgar Evers
2149:Angela Davis
2084:Ramsey Clark
2064:James Chaney
2059:Johnnie Carr
2039:Ralph Bunche
2034:H. Rap Brown
2024:Ruby Bridges
1984:Joanne Bland
1959:Claude Black
1939:Marion Barry
1909:Muhammad Ali
1736:
1672:
1665:
1626:
1604:
1573:
1566:
1408:
1369:
1362:
1292:Kissing Case
1267:
1224:
1207:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1146:
1138:
1050:
1016:
1011:
1003:
997:. Retrieved
991:
981:
972:
965:. Retrieved
961:the original
954:
944:
932:. Retrieved
926:
916:
904:. Retrieved
897:
888:
872:Gavin Newsom
869:
859:
835:. Retrieved
825:
816:
807:
796:. Retrieved
794:. 2014-01-19
791:
782:
763:
757:
746:. Retrieved
744:. 2011-01-16
741:
732:
720:
708:. Retrieved
704:
694:
683:. Retrieved
673:
663:
640:. Retrieved
614:. Retrieved
610:the original
603:
582:. Retrieved
570:
545:. Retrieved
511:
499:
492:
478:Gavin Newsom
470:
459:
451:
447:
440:
434:
425:Barack Obama
405:Andrew Young
390:
380:
344:
337:
323:
283:
268:
259:loyalty oath
244:
220:Philadelphia
217:
208:
199:
195:
191:
171:
170:
81:Pennsylvania
77:Philadelphia
3561:1931 births
3442:Doug McAdam
3412:Chuck Fager
3039:Nonviolence
2944:James Zwerg
2939:Bob Zellner
2899:Roy Wilkins
2849:Hank Thomas
2784:Pete Seeger
2779:Bobby Seale
2644:Jack O'Dell
2639:Edgar Nixon
2569:Amzie Moore
2564:Jack Minnis
2504:Mae Mallory
2489:Clara Luper
2449:Bernard Lee
2339:Cecil Ivory
2334:Ruby Hurley
2304:Oliver Hill
2299:Aaron Henry
2199:Chuck Fager
2159:Dave Dennis
2049:Guy Carawan
1989:Julian Bond
1954:James Bevel
1944:Daisy Bates
1215:Emmett Till
1098:(1954–1968)
1056:Appearances
792:Vanity Fair
473:Jerry Brown
471:After Gov.
429:White House
407:to King's "
355:Jack O'Dell
232:New England
3505:Categories
3385:historians
3066:Satyagraha
3032:Influences
2724:James Reeb
2659:James Peck
2654:Rosa Parks
2624:Diane Nash
2494:Danny Lyon
2469:John Lewis
2414:A. D. King
2314:James Hood
1929:Ella Baker
1899:Zev Aelony
999:2022-06-16
837:2022-03-26
798:2024-05-07
748:2011-02-28
710:October 7,
685:2015-11-04
642:2019-12-04
616:2011-02-28
584:2024-05-03
524:References
415:After King
363:injunction
308:Chairman,
214:Early life
66:1931-01-08
3044:Padayatra
2993:"Kumbaya"
2953:By region
2609:Bob Moses
2514:Bob Mants
2499:Malcolm X
2419:C.B. King
2239:Fred Gray
1882:Activists
1523:1964–1968
1306:1960–1963
1164:1954–1959
579:0362-4331
514:Joe Biden
326:tax fraud
298:Citigroup
290:brokerage
165:(stepson)
159:Relatives
89:Education
46:Jones in
2974:Movement
2404:Tom Kahn
1688:Activist
1108:timeline
1021:Archived
967:July 27,
934:June 27,
866:Archived
817:HuffPost
292:firm of
255:Fort Dix
224:Catholic
149:Movement
3099:Related
2689:Al Raby
1644:funeral
1507:Big Six
974:Attica.
431:in 2015
427:at the
50:in 2013
3285:Legacy
3061:Ahimsa
1690:groups
1151:(1950)
1143:(1950)
1104:Events
1060:C-SPAN
906:May 7,
861:Tablet
770:
577:
547:May 3,
508:Legacy
83:, U.S.
48:Geneva
3383:Noted
2976:songs
1796:NAACP
1649:riots
833:. USF
329:trial
969:2024
936:2024
908:2024
768:ISBN
712:2020
575:ISSN
549:2024
403:and
304:and
288:and
56:Born
1058:on
1049:at
120:LLB
3507::
1002:.
990:.
971:.
953:.
925:.
896:.
864:.
858:.
846:^
815:.
790:.
740:.
703:.
662:,
651:^
625:^
593:^
573:.
569:.
557:^
532:^
468:.
378:.
353:,
349:,
316:.
261:.
242:.
110:BA
79:,
68:)
3253:"
3249:"
1594:"
1590:"
1434:"
1430:"
1252:"
1248:"
1110:)
1106:(
1088:e
1081:t
1074:v
938:.
910:.
840:.
801:.
776:.
751:.
714:.
688:.
645:.
619:.
606:"
602:"
587:.
551:.
366:"
122:)
118:(
112:)
108:(
64:(
20:)
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