500:
province were reported as fifty-five thousand
Muslims massacred by Christians. He described in revolting detail actual atrocities – women and children, ranging from six years to eighty, outraged and mutilated to death – but made one diabolical change in his description: he said these women were Moslems thus treated by Christians. Yet few of the Turks were deceived. They distrusted their government. Eighty out of a hundred of them were opposed to the massacres and deportations, and in some places presented petitions of protest, stating that the Armenians were useful and loyal citizens and that it would be an injury to the country to send them away. Some
338:, the second largest town, the commander assembled the town's leaders and its 2,500 men and had them marched to a nearby river where they were slain "in groups of fifty", after which "the women and children and property were divided among the Turks". The village of Shadakh, previously mentioned, proved "unconquerable", and another, Moks, was effectively protected by a Kurdish chief, but while some other villages were able to mount a degree of resistance, most had no means of doing so; Ussher estimates that some 55,000 Armenians were consequently slaughtered during Cevdet Bey's "reign of terror".
1945:
357:
416:
461:
188:
392:
pistols and "antique weapons"; this force would however prove sufficient to keep Cevdet's much larger and better equipped force at bay for several weeks. Ammunition was also a constant problem for the defenders, but the city's metalworkers were able to manufacture about 2000 rounds of small-arms ammunition a day, from scrap metal and
Turkish shrapnel, for the duration of the siege.
408:
women and children, were to arrive during the siege. Some of these needed urgent medical treatment, which Ussher himself supplied. Later, Cevdet employed some of his forces to take
Shushantz and some of the other outlying villages which up until then had resisted capture; Ussher states that "from our window we could plainly see Shushantz afire on its mountain-top and
318:
simply due to the indiscipline of the unit. Ussher himself later treated the survivors of this attack: " were mounted, armed with daggers, automatic pistols, and modern repeating rifles ... they would gallop into a crowd of fleeing women and children, draw their daggers, and rip up the unfortunate creatures. I forbear to describe the wounds brought to me for repair."
288:
receiving support from Van's
Armenian populace. Though Cevdet would swiftly resort to extreme measures to deal with this supposed rebellion, not all sources agree that he arrived in the province with a preconceived plan to commit genocide; what is widely agreed upon is that his methods left the Van Armenians little choice but to respond with armed resistance.
452:
31:
404:
smoke bombs to force the Turks out of their positions. Ussher reports that both sides attempted to tunnel beneath the enemy's defences, but the
Armenians alone were successful in these endeavours, by which means they destroyed several Turkish strongholds, including the police station, a military barracks, and the British Consulate.
371:
492:, while passing through a narrow gorge, the refugee column came under fire from Turkish and Kurdish forces above; Ussher states that the bones of about 7,000 victims of the fusillade were later found in the gorge. Nonetheless, more than 270,000 refugees were able to make their escape over the border during this period.
1808:
432:
burned and murdered; the spirit of loot took possession of them, driving out every other thought. Work, everything else, was neglected. The leaders closed their eyes to what was going on. Our protests were in vain for two or three days—until the first madness passed. We remembered what they had
407:
On 25 April, a group of several hundred
Armenian refugees were able to enter the city through the road to Shushantz, kept open by Armenian fighters; later Cevdet Bey began to deliberately send refugees to the city in the hope of exhausting the city's food supply; in all, about 15,000 refugees, mostly
383:
While Cevdet Bey was able to quickly conquer most of the smaller
Armenian population centres, the vilayet's largest city, Van, and several other localities, proved a different proposition. Ussher was at this time still stationed in the American hospital in Van and was able to give a firsthand account
291:
One of Cevdet's first acts was to demand of the Van
Armenians that they supply 4,000 able-bodied men for work battalions, but the Armenian leadership, fearful of Cevdet's intentions, offered 500 men and payment of the standard exemption fee for the rest, which Cevdet rejected. On 16 April, Cevdet had
483:
Ussher himself remained ill for many weeks, during which time the
Russian forces in Turkey suffered reverses and were ordered to retreat, abandoning Van once again to the advancing Turks. Thousands of Armenians fled the city rather than fall once more into Turkish hands, fleeing across the border to
427:
In reoccupying the outlying districts of Van, the defenders discovered "many ... with their throats cut, and wells filled with mutilated bodies"—those
Armenians who had been unable to retreat to the defensive perimeter at the onset of the siege. It also became apparent that Cevdet's forces had
423:
By mid-May, the defenders were becoming concerned about their dwindling food supply; on 14 May, however, the Turkish forces unexpectedly retreated. One of Cevdet's last acts before the retreat was to order the shelling of the American compound, a violation of diplomatic immunity that Ussher suggests
321:
After this, Cevdet again demanded that 4,000 Armenian men "give themselves up to the military", releasing a couple of Armenian leaders as a goodwill gesture, but the Armenians, by now convinced of Cevdet's hostile intentions, delayed giving a reply. Meanwhile, Ussher and the Italian Consular Agent,
317:
Ussher later suggests that this exchange was an intentional deception, as the regiment in question did not attack Shadakh but was instead diverted to a valley where they "destroyed six villages containing nothing but old men, women and children"; other sources however suggest that the diversion was
287:
At the time of Cevdet's arrival in the Van vilayet, volunteer Armenian units ahead of the advancing Russians were employing guerrilla tactics in the Turkish rear, while substantial numbers of Turkish deserters in the province had turned to brigandage, and Turkish commanders believed both groups were
312:
s Regiment, which he called his Kasab Tabouri, or Butcher Regiment, composed of Turkish convicts, entered and said, "You sent for me." "Yes," replied Jevdet; "go to Shadakh and wipe out its people." And turning to me he said savagely, "I won't leave one, not one so high", holding his hand below the
403:
The Armenians over the course of time developed interior routes between houses, and reinforced walls to resist Turkish bombardments. The lines between the opposing forces were frequently no further apart than the opposite sides of a street, and Armenian boys would sometimes be employed in throwing
391:
order of 1914, which deprived Van of many of its able-bodied men, and by the discovery and confiscation of many of its hidden caches of ammunition and weapons. According to Ussher, the city was left by the time of the siege with only 300 men armed with modern rifles, plus another 1,000 armed with
296:
arrested, but the townspeople, acting on a rumour of his impending murder, surrounded the police station demanding his release. Ussher states in his memoir that Cevdet then invited a small group of Armenian leaders to visit Shadakh on a peace mission, but had them assassinated en route. At this
183:
became evident to Ussher at the Ottoman border, where his dictionary was confiscated because it contained the words "liberty" and "revolution"—forbidden in Turkey at this time to Armenian and Turk alike; the customs officers also demanded the removal of maps from Ussher's Bible because they
399:
began with a small skirmish on 20 April, which quickly developed into "a general fusillade" and artillery barrage by the Turks. This was followed by a charge of Turkish infantry accompanied by a "Turkish mob" which was readily repulsed with small arms fire. After this, Turkish forces burned the
499:
It is the Turkish Government, not the Turkish people, that has done all this. The Government has tried to deceive its Mohammedan subjects and arouse their hatred against the Christians. Jevdet Bey reported the Van Armenians as in rebellion. The fifty-five thousand slaughtered Armenians in that
237:
itself. As a result of the wars, at least half a million Muslim Ottomans' from the former Balkan possessions of the Empire sought refuge in Turkey, sparking a desire for revenge among many Turks. Distrust and suspicion of Armenians reached a peak following the outbreak of
537:. However, his efforts failed with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. He served in Erivan Armenia from 1919 to 1923 as Near East Relief chief. (See "Near East Relief" publication Vol. III, No. 23, June 11, 1921) Ussher eventually settled in
322:
Signor Sbordini, continued negotiating with Cevdet, attempting to persuade him that his actions were inflaming rather than calming the situation, but Cevdet had by this time chosen another course. On 19 April, he had a secret order issued to his forces in the
424:
was made from Cevdet's conviction that the Americans had aided the city's defence. The cause of Cevdet's retreat became evident on 18 May, when elements of a Russo-Armenian regiment arrived, the vanguard of the Russian Army which arrived some hours later.
203:
where hundreds of Armenian orphans of the Hamidian massacres were being housed. Ussher distrusted the 1908 governor of Van, opining that he "used every means in his power to incite Armenians to revolt in order to have a pretext for massacring them".
437:
Though Cevdet Bey's own forces had been brutal in their treatment of Armenians, Ussher notes that many Armenians were saved during Cevdet's occupation by their Kurdish neighbours, who hid them at great risk to themselves and their own families.
475:
With the siege lifted, and the Russians continuing their advance, the Armenians of Van were "for the first time in 700 years" in a position to govern themselves, and the Armenian Provisional Government was briefly formed. In June, a
532:
to gain support for his plans from the Ottoman government; he also insisted that the crimes perpetrated by the previous government be accounted for. Ussher then returned to the United States, where he tried to gain support from the
428:
slaughtered all their Armenian and Russian prisoners before retreating. Armenian fighters now sought revenge, killing every Turk in the city they could find, other than the women and children. Of this period, Ussher states:
195:
Ussher remained in Harput for a year, after which he was sent to Van because the village required a physician. When he arrived in Van, he noticed that the village was still heavily damaged from the
488:. Ussher and the other Americans—about 14 in number—also decided to flee; as Ussher was still much too ill to walk, he was placed on a litter suspended between two horses. Near
433:
had to endure from the Turk all their lives. Much of this loot was only recovered plunder. And many would not injure a Moslem and restrained others, because, they said, "We are Christians."
1994:
330:
The Armenians must be exterminated. If any Muslim protect a Christian, first, his house shall be burned; then the Christian killed before his eyes, and then his family and himself.
167:
After graduation, Ussher remained in Kansas City until 1898, when he decided to join the global missionary movement. Setting his work aside in Kansas City, Ussher was sent by the
168:
233:
Christian minority—with the assistance or encouragement of Western governments—might also attempt to establish an independent state, resulting in the breakup of
640:
515:
To the memory of my beloved wife and the other martyrs, American and Armenian, who have laid down their lives for the name of Christ in Turkey during the Great World War.
118:
of the events. Ussher openly blamed the Ottoman government for the systematic massacres of Armenians. His accounts of the Armenian genocide were depicted in the 2002 film
115:
480:
epidemic swept the city, and both Ussher and his wife Elizabeth fell ill; Elizabeth succumbed to the disease on 14 July and was buried the next day in the city.
419:
City of Van and its neighborhoods. The "Garden City" or Aikesdan in Armenian was the Armenian quarter which was besieged by Turkish troops during the siege.
1974:
1999:
595:
1979:
246:
in early 1915 was blamed on Armenian disloyalty, leading the Turkish government to adopt a set of extreme measures which would culminate in the
334:
Ussher reports that on the following day, Monday 20 April, units under Cevdet's command attacked Armenian villages throughout the vilayet. At
1984:
1895:
838:
1849:
1733:
959:
813:
695:
110:, where he reported that 55,000 Armenians had been killed. In 1917 Ussher published a memoir regarding his experience in Van, titled
1918:
1871:
1825:
1781:
748:
280:
was unable to travel to Van until late March, when he arrived "accompanied by several thousand soldiers and Kurdish and Circassian
883:
387:
Ussher states that the Armenians had long planned for a resistance, but those plans had been disrupted by the Turkish general
1989:
1266:
1235:
1203:
932:
541:. On September 20, 1955, he died at the age of 85. He had three sons; Richard, Sidney, and Neville, and a daughter, Eleanor.
1910:
400:
houses of the Armenian districts that had been left outside the Armenian defensive perimeter, and settled in for a siege.
572:
528:
After the war, Ussher made plans to have the deported Armenian refugees return to their homes. In 1919 he traveled to
262:, he was stationed in the American hospital in Van when in February 1915, the "strong and liberal-minded" governor or
229:
possessions to Christian uprisings, intensifying fears in the Turkish homeland that the Empire's increasingly restive
145:
1813:
1817:
805:
American Christians and Islam: Evangelical culture and Muslims from the colonial period to the age of terrorism
538:
125:
242:, when a successful advance of Russian troops across the Turkish border into the heavily Armenian-populated
136:
Clarence Douglas Ussher was born on September 9, 1870, in Aurora, Illinois. His father became the Bishop of
664:
Also rendered as Jevdet, Djevdet etc. Cevdet's actual name was Tahir Cevdet; "Bey" is a Turkish honorific.
1809:
The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire
645:
623:
583:
396:
1969:
1964:
1881:
534:
504:
s resigned their positions rather than carry out the orders of Enver and Talaat, who were inexorable.
1773:
1864:
The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians
415:
356:
281:
179:, where he was also to pursue his career as a practicing physician. Turkish sensitivities to the
723:
951:
Before the silence: archival news reports of the Christian holocaust that begs to be remembered
1914:
1891:
1867:
1845:
1821:
1777:
1729:
1262:
1258:
1231:
1199:
955:
928:
844:
834:
809:
744:
691:
635:
247:
196:
180:
149:
107:
1949:
1766:
489:
218:
51:
613:
230:
1929:
872:. Springfield, Mass.: Two Hundred and Seventy-fifth Anniversary Printing Committee. 1912.
554:
187:
1859:
1835:
1803:
716:
565:
529:
301:
in the hope of defusing tensions. Ussher recounts his meeting with Cevdet as follows:
243:
222:
176:
1958:
618:
297:
point, Ussher himself, who had known Cevdet Bey since childhood, paid a visit to the
120:
1230:(1. publ. ed.). Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 30–31.
1146:, Chapter 2, "Ethnic Agitation and 'Ethnic Reprisal' in the Eastern Border Regions".
144:. In Montreal, Ussher received his early education; he continued his studies at the
690:(1st pbk. ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 51.
388:
153:
1885:
1839:
1723:
1599:
1252:
1225:
1193:
949:
922:
867:
803:
738:
685:
273:
239:
161:
103:
70:
460:
556:
An American Physician in Turkey: A Narrative of Adventures in Peace and in War
522:
An American Physician in Turkey: A Narrative of Adventures in Peace and in War
409:
269:
99:
74:
30:
848:
1227:"Starving Armenians": America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and after
451:
200:
95:
1931:
An American Physician in Turkey: A Narrative of Adventures in Peace and War
260:
An American Physician in Turkey: A Narrative of Adventures in Peace and War
199:
and the population still traumatized. Ussher immediately began his work in
112:
An American Physician in Turkey: A Narrative of Adventures in Peace and War
1254:
Merchants in exile: the Armenians in Manchester, England 1835 – 1935
485:
412:, with its priceless store of ancient manuscripts, going up in smoke."
335:
141:
293:
226:
191:
A group of destitute Armenians—photo from Dr. Ussher's collection
157:
477:
234:
172:
137:
85:
Physician, Christian missionary, and witness to the Armenian Genocide
495:
In his memoir, Ussher reflected on responsibility for the genocide:
164:, where he continued his studies at the University Medical College.
622:
was influenced by Clarence Ussher's eyewitness accounts during the
1725:
Nearest East American millennialism and mission to the Middle East
414:
186:
263:
597:
True Experiences of a Missionary Summer in Wyoming – 1893
370:
829:
Kristi M. Wilson; Tomás F. Crowder-Taraborrelli, eds. (2012).
808:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 69.
1009:
1007:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
94:(September 9, 1870 – September 20, 1955) was an American
1330:
1328:
1326:
1127:
1125:
469:
Clarence Ussher is often known as a "missionary hero."
1198:(1st ed.). New Yorh: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
869:
First Church of Christ in Text and Picture: 1637-1912
272:, brother-in-law of the Turkish Commander-in-Chief,
169:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
81:
59:
37:
21:
1765:
740:Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
715:
641:Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide
376:Defending the trenches below the mission compound.
1934:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
833:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
549:Ussher was the author of many works, including:
954:. Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press. p. 35.
513:
497:
430:
328:
303:
520: —Clarence Ussher in the introduction of
1995:Protestant missionaries in the Ottoman Empire
1890:(Reprinted. ed.). London: I. B. Tauris.
862:
860:
858:
362:Making cartridges by hand during the defense.
305:While I was in his office the colonel of the
16:American physician and missionary (1870-1955)
8:
114:. It is considered one of the most detailed
1219:
1217:
1215:
797:
795:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
588:. Faithful Words Publishing Company. 1940.
128:, who was also a witness of the genocide.
18:
1887:The Armenian genocide: a complete history
1728:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
1604:Missionary Review of the World; 1878-1939
1037:
1025:
998:
1454:
1317:
1281:
974:
786:
709:
707:
140:and eventually moved with the family to
1143:
1068:
676:
657:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1305:
1293:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1131:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1049:
986:
948:Sofia Kontogeorge Kostos, ed. (2010).
908:
896:
763:
1907:The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe
1772:. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p.
1013:
7:
924:Ancient Dictators and Modern Tyrants
484:the relative safety of the Russian
1975:Witnesses of the Armenian genocide
737:L. Jacobs, Steven (Jun 30, 2009).
559:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1917.
292:a community leader in the town of
268:of the province was replaced with
14:
2000:Protestant missionaries in Turkey
1946:Works by or about Clarence Ussher
1768:Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2005
884:"An American Physician in Turkey"
718:Armenia, the survival of a nation
594:Ussher, Clarence Douglas (1952).
577:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1917.
160:for missionary work, he moved to
1980:American Protestant missionaries
1195:Arshile Gorky: his life and work
459:
450:
369:
355:
258:As Ussher relates in his memoir
29:
684:Rubenstein, Richard L. (2010).
886:. Armenian National Institute.
184:contained the word "Armenia".
156:. After spending some time in
1:
1610:. Princeton Press: 580. 1923.
1224:Peterson, Merrill D. (2004).
1985:People from Aurora, Illinois
1928:Ussher, Clarence D. (1917).
1905:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013).
927:. AuthorHouse. p. 131.
714:Walker, Christopher (1980).
384:of the defence of the city.
1866:. Oxford University Press.
1753:. 22 Sep 1955. p. a12.
1722:Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2010).
1600:"An Armenian Sunday School"
146:Reformed Episcopal Seminary
2016:
1909:. A&C Black. pp.
1814:Princeton University Press
616:'s role in the drama film
574:Before Governors and Kings
349:Armenian resistance in Van
1812:. Princeton, New Jersey:
921:Gherasim, Teodor (2006).
28:
1517:, pp. 276, 304–305.
1192:Herrera, Hayden (2003).
802:Kidd, Thomas S. (2009).
539:Santa Monica, California
126:Elizabeth Barrows Ussher
124:. He was the husband of
722:. Croom Helm. pp.
92:Clarence Douglas Ussher
517:
506:
435:
420:
342:Defense of Van in 1915
332:
315:
192:
1990:Writers from Illinois
1882:KĂ©vorkian, Raymond H.
1764:Ebert, Roger (2004).
1251:George, Joan (2002).
646:Defense of Van (1915)
418:
254:Van "reign of terror"
190:
1433:, pp. 266, 270.
535:Near East Foundation
313:height of his knee."
1493:, pp. 276–280.
1397:, pp. 249–250.
1170:, pp. 241–244.
1083:, pp. 235–236.
1040:, pp. 146–147.
132:Early life and work
116:eyewitness accounts
1841:The Burning Tigris
1695:, pp. 328–29.
1671:, pp. 311–12.
1659:, pp. 308–09.
1589:, pp. 267–68.
1565:, pp. 284–85.
1541:, pp. 282–83.
1505:, pp. 279–80.
1409:, pp. 266–67.
1373:, pp. 247–49.
1349:, pp. 247–48.
1296:, pp. 264–65.
1119:, pp. 237–38.
1095:, pp. 236–37.
1016:, pp. xv–xix.
687:Jihad and genocide
421:
221:of 1912–1913, the
193:
106:region during the
63:September 20, 1955
1897:978-1-84885-561-8
1844:. HarperCollins.
1751:Los Angeles Times
1259:Gomidas Institute
1257:. Princeton, NJ:
1001:, pp. 51–56.
899:, pp. 5, 42.
840:978-0-299-28563-0
831:Film and Genocide
636:Armenian genocide
561:gbs_similarbooks.
248:Armenian genocide
197:Hamidian massacre
181:Armenian Question
150:West Philadelphia
108:Armenian genocide
89:
88:
48:September 5, 1870
2007:
1950:Internet Archive
1935:
1924:
1901:
1877:
1855:
1831:
1791:
1790:
1788:Clarence Ussher.
1771:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1221:
1210:
1209:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
965:
945:
939:
938:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
887:
880:
874:
873:
864:
853:
852:
826:
820:
819:
799:
790:
784:
767:
761:
755:
754:
734:
728:
727:
721:
711:
702:
701:
681:
665:
662:
601:
589:
578:
563:
524:
463:
454:
373:
359:
310:
219:First Balkan War
208:Genocide witness
66:
52:Aurora, Illinois
47:
45:
33:
19:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1927:
1921:
1904:
1898:
1880:
1874:
1860:Bloxham, Donald
1858:
1852:
1836:Balakian, Peter
1834:
1828:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1261:. p. 153.
1250:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
962:
947:
946:
942:
935:
920:
919:
915:
907:
903:
895:
891:
882:
881:
877:
866:
865:
856:
841:
828:
827:
823:
816:
801:
800:
793:
785:
770:
762:
758:
751:
743:. p. 130.
736:
735:
731:
713:
712:
705:
698:
683:
682:
678:
674:
669:
668:
663:
659:
654:
632:
614:Bruce Greenwood
611:
593:
582:
571:
553:
547:
526:
519:
511:
473:
472:
471:
470:
466:
465:
464:
456:
455:
444:
410:Varak Monastery
381:
380:
379:
378:
377:
374:
365:
364:
363:
360:
351:
350:
344:
308:
256:
215:
210:
134:
77:
68:
64:
55:
54:, United States
49:
43:
41:
24:
23:Clarence Ussher
17:
12:
11:
5:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1940:External links
1938:
1937:
1936:
1925:
1919:
1902:
1896:
1878:
1872:
1856:
1851:978-0061860171
1850:
1832:
1826:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1756:
1741:
1735:978-1439902240
1734:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1683:, p. 315.
1673:
1661:
1649:
1647:, p. 301.
1637:
1635:, p. 299.
1625:
1623:, p. 288.
1613:
1591:
1579:
1577:, p. 285.
1567:
1555:
1553:, p. 283.
1543:
1531:
1529:, p. 286.
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1481:, p. 277.
1471:
1469:, p. 274.
1459:
1457:, p. 205.
1447:
1445:, p. 275.
1435:
1423:
1421:, p. 270.
1411:
1399:
1387:
1385:, p. 249.
1375:
1363:
1361:, p. 253.
1351:
1339:
1337:, p. 254.
1322:
1320:, p. 203.
1310:
1308:, p. 265.
1298:
1286:
1284:, p. 204.
1274:
1267:
1243:
1236:
1211:
1204:
1184:
1182:, p. 244.
1172:
1160:
1158:, p. 239.
1148:
1136:
1134:, p. 238.
1121:
1109:
1107:, p. 237.
1097:
1085:
1073:
1054:
1052:, p. 234.
1042:
1038:KĂ©vorkian 2011
1030:
1028:, p. 141.
1026:KĂ©vorkian 2011
1018:
1003:
999:Lieberman 2013
991:
989:, p. 125.
979:
977:, p. 202.
967:
961:978-1607249993
960:
940:
933:
913:
901:
889:
875:
854:
839:
821:
815:978-0691133492
814:
791:
789:, p. 201.
768:
766:, p. 329.
756:
749:
729:
703:
697:978-0742562028
696:
675:
673:
670:
667:
666:
656:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
643:
638:
631:
628:
624:defense of Van
610:
605:
604:
603:
591:
580:
569:
566:Grace H. Knapp
546:
543:
530:Constantinople
512:
510:
507:
468:
467:
458:
457:
449:
448:
447:
446:
445:
443:
440:
375:
368:
367:
366:
361:
354:
353:
352:
348:
347:
346:
345:
343:
340:
255:
252:
244:vilayet of Van
223:Ottoman Empire
214:
211:
209:
206:
177:Ottoman Empire
133:
130:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
69:
67:(aged 85)
61:
57:
56:
50:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2012:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1920:9781441194787
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1873:9780191500442
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1827:9780691153339
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1785:
1783:9780740747427
1779:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:Balakian 2009
1451:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:Balakian 2009
1314:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:Balakian 2009
1278:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
983:
980:
976:
975:Balakian 2009
971:
968:
963:
957:
953:
952:
944:
941:
936:
930:
926:
925:
917:
914:
910:
905:
902:
898:
893:
890:
885:
879:
876:
871:
870:
863:
861:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
836:
832:
825:
822:
817:
811:
807:
806:
798:
796:
792:
788:
787:Balakian 2009
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
752:
750:9780739135907
746:
742:
741:
733:
730:
725:
720:
719:
710:
708:
704:
699:
693:
689:
688:
680:
677:
671:
661:
658:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
629:
627:
625:
621:
620:
615:
609:
606:
599:
598:
592:
587:
586:
581:
576:
575:
570:
567:
562:
558:
557:
552:
551:
550:
544:
542:
540:
536:
531:
525:
523:
516:
508:
505:
503:
496:
493:
491:
487:
481:
479:
462:
453:
441:
439:
434:
429:
425:
417:
413:
411:
405:
401:
398:
397:attack on Van
393:
390:
385:
372:
358:
341:
339:
337:
331:
327:
325:
319:
314:
311:
302:
300:
295:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
228:
225:had lost its
224:
220:
212:
207:
205:
202:
198:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
129:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
84:
82:Occupation(s)
80:
76:
72:
62:
58:
53:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1930:
1906:
1886:
1863:
1840:
1807:
1804:Akçam, Taner
1797:Bibliography
1787:
1767:
1759:
1750:
1749:"Obituary".
1744:
1724:
1707:, p. v.
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1253:
1246:
1226:
1194:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1144:Bloxham 2005
1139:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1071:, Chapter 2.
1069:Bloxham 2005
1045:
1033:
1021:
994:
982:
970:
950:
943:
923:
916:
911:, p. 5.
904:
892:
878:
868:
830:
824:
804:
759:
739:
732:
717:
686:
679:
660:
617:
612:
607:
596:
584:
573:
560:
555:
548:
527:
521:
518:
514:
501:
498:
494:
482:
474:
436:
431:
426:
422:
406:
402:
394:
389:mobilization
386:
382:
333:
329:
323:
320:
316:
306:
304:
298:
290:
286:
277:
264:
259:
257:
216:
194:
166:
154:Pennsylvania
135:
119:
111:
91:
90:
65:(1955-09-20)
1970:1955 deaths
1965:1870 births
1816:. pp.
1705:Ussher 1917
1693:Ussher 1917
1681:Ussher 1917
1669:Ussher 1917
1657:Ussher 1917
1645:Ussher 1917
1633:Ussher 1917
1621:Ussher 1917
1587:Ussher 1917
1575:Ussher 1917
1563:Ussher 1917
1551:Ussher 1917
1539:Ussher 1917
1527:Ussher 1917
1515:Ussher 1917
1503:Ussher 1917
1491:Ussher 1917
1479:Ussher 1917
1467:Ussher 1917
1443:Ussher 1917
1431:Ussher 1917
1419:Ussher 1917
1407:Ussher 1917
1395:Ussher 1917
1383:Ussher 1917
1371:Ussher 1917
1359:Ussher 1917
1347:Ussher 1917
1335:Ussher 1917
1306:Ussher 1917
1294:Ussher 1917
1180:Ussher 1917
1168:Ussher 1917
1156:Ussher 1917
1132:Ussher 1917
1117:Ussher 1917
1105:Ussher 1917
1093:Ussher 1917
1081:Ussher 1917
1050:Ussher 1917
987:Ussher 1917
909:Ussher 1917
897:Ussher 1917
764:Ussher 1917
274:Enver Pasha
240:World War I
171:(ABCFM) to
162:Kansas City
71:Los Angeles
1959:Categories
1268:1903656087
1237:0813922674
1205:0374529728
1014:Akçam 2012
934:1463490070
672:References
509:Later life
282:irregulars
276:. The new
270:Cevdet Bey
213:Background
201:orphanages
100:missionary
75:California
44:1870-09-05
849:780141960
652:Footnotes
626:in 1915.
585:Sir Ahmed
442:Aftermath
96:physician
1884:(2011).
1862:(2005).
1838:(2009).
1806:(2012).
630:See also
602:(16 pp.)
590:(12 pp.)
579:(24 pp.)
486:Caucasus
231:Armenian
142:Montreal
1948:at the
324:vilayet
294:Shadakh
217:In the
158:Wyoming
102:in the
1917:
1894:
1870:
1848:
1824:
1818:xv-xix
1780:
1732:
1265:
1234:
1202:
958:
931:
847:
837:
812:
747:
694:
619:Ararat
608:Ararat
564:(with
490:Pergri
478:typhus
336:Arjish
235:Turkey
227:Balkan
173:Harput
138:Canada
121:Ararat
1911:51–56
545:Works
309:'
1915:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1200:ISBN
956:ISBN
929:ISBN
845:OCLC
835:ISBN
810:ISBN
745:ISBN
692:ISBN
502:vali
395:The
307:Vali
299:vali
278:vali
265:vali
98:and
60:Died
38:Born
726:–8.
724:207
284:".
148:in
104:Van
1961::
1913:.
1820:.
1786:.
1776:.
1774:32
1712:^
1608:46
1606:.
1602:.
1325:^
1214:^
1124:^
1057:^
1006:^
857:^
843:.
794:^
771:^
706:^
326::
250:.
175:,
152:,
73:,
1923:.
1900:.
1876:.
1854:.
1830:.
1738:.
1271:.
1240:.
1208:.
964:.
937:.
851:.
818:.
753:.
700:.
600:.
568:)
46:)
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
