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300:, and attorney Daniel Alexander pledged support to the initiative with advocacy among area business and political leaders. A Utah State Board of Land Commissioners representative escorted Brown and Herbst to inspect available land. Brown and Herbst were impressed with a parcel of state-owned land in south-central Utah below the planned Piute Canal. Brown was convinced of the soil's fertility, and with the state's assurances of available water, the association agreed to purchase the land at auction on August 7, 1911.
456:
471:. Goldberg placed advertisements for contacts in the Salt Lake Jewish community newsletter. He tracked down 53 families with ties to Clarion, and reconstructed the story from interviews and records. Goldberg's papers are archived and accessible through the University of Utah in the Robert Alan Goldberg papers which include diaries, monographs, and news articles by or regarding the Clarion participants, as well as interviews, research questionnaires, and correspondence with their descendants.
42:
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383:, they did lead to more success in terms of crops in the Spring of 1913. Combined with the construction of a well to make water more accessible, the population of Clarion continued to grow, and the colony as a whole started to show signs of stability. However, through the Summer and Fall, severe weather frequently challenged living and planting conditions, as well as the stamina of the colonists, which, combined with a
243:
society. Historically in Europe, Jews faced prohibitions on acquiring real estate and were often denied membership in various professional guilds. As a result, many of them ended up residing in impoverished urban ghettos and rural villages. European Jewish reformers and
Zionist nationalists argued that Jews needed to become "a normal nation" and advocated for Jewish land ownership and agriculture cultivation in a
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In 2008, the Salt Lake
Tribune observed that fences had been reconstructed around the Jewish graves and noted the foundations of buildings and the walls of the broken cistern that burst the first day colonists used it. At the time of the centenary in 2011, Brown Rex Dairy abutted the Clarion site and
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moved forward in 2014 with placing plaques on key sites in
Clarion and developing an interpretive display on Gunnison's Main in coordination with the Gunnison City Council. The Mormon Pioneer National Heritage Area provided a grant for which it sought a fifty-percent match which was provided by the
277:. The New Mexico option proved to be impractically expensive. As the disappointed Brown and Herbst were preparing to leave New Mexico, they received a telegram inviting them to stop in Utah. The state was engaged in a campaign to attract settlers, and planning the construction of the Piute Canal in
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In the fallout of the year's poor performing harvest, the colony decided that having individual control over the territory would be more beneficial. Shortly thereafter, forty-acre lots of land began to replace collective work and ownership of the property. By
October 1912, there were about 150
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was a wide-ranging debate in 19th- and 20th-century
European society pertaining to the appropriate status and treatment of Jews in society. The debate was similar to other so-called "national questions" and dealt with the civil, legal, national and political status of Jews as a minority within
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and twelve original colonists "chosen for their mechanical skills, experience with horses, and ‘seriousness,’” arrived at the settlement on
September 10, 1911. The Clarion location offered seemingly cultivatable land that was sufficiently large enough to handle the group of incoming
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After the demise of the Jewish colony, others moved into the area. Japanese families settled in the
Clarion area in 1921, as did Mormons of Scandinavian descent. Brown and a few of the other Jewish colonists stayed and farmed in the area until the 1920s. The Kalispell, Montana
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noted the passing in 1983 of Jean Stroud, born to Oscar and
Matilda Jensen Keele in Clarion in 1923. There were enough persons residing in Clarion in 1925 to establish the Clarion LDS Ward. Friedland observed the Japanese families when he returned to the Clarion site in 1926.
321:. The original occupants of the land, however, were initially surprised to encounter land that, despite promoted as fertile, had a short growing season. But, the colonists nonetheless dug irrigation channels from the nearby canal and began to plant their crops such as
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By 1915, the population of
Clarion had decreased by almost two-thirds, and a second consecutive poor harvest during the year led to even more residents leaving in the pursuit of industrial labor opportunities in major cities such as
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By May 1912, the colonists quickly began to see their investment pay off, as they were able to harvest their crops while new families frequently arrived at the site. However, the colonists were simultaneously plagued by
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began to auction off the colony’s land. Although some colonists remained, as only about one-tenth of the total tract was sold, most of the Jewish residents left within three or four years of the sale of the territory.
222:. Clarion was the site of an early-twentieth century experiment in Jewish rural living. The Clarion site totaled 6,085 acres (24.63 km; 9.508 sq mi), and was five miles from north to south along the
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Professor Robert
Goldberg chanced upon the Clarion remnants in 1980. A subsequent interview in Los Angeles with a descendant of one of the Clarion families led to Goldberg's writing the Jewish colony's history,
482:, Maurice Warshaw with Rhoda Kelsch as author, recently republished in a Second Edition and edited by Ronald Kelsch of Vision Impact Publishing. The community was also featured in a segment in the 2007 play
423:
In 1932, the Clarion LDS Ward had 166 members and met in the social hall constructed by the Jewish settlers. The LDS Ward was dissolved on April 1, 1934, "on account of the shortage of water." World War II
452:. University of Utah Logan professor Everett Cooly read about Clarion in Watters' book and advertised in American Jewish newspapers seeking correspondence with those who had participated.
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neighborhood, with 250 members, branches in New York and Baltimore, and for the purpose of, "Settling on farms and mutual aid". Brown served as president and Isaac Herbst was secretary.
349:, heat, strong winds, flies and mosquitoes, which, when combined with a scarcity of water, doomed their harvest: six-hundred acres produced only half of their expected yield.
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Clarion was featured in the play "Life, More Sweet Than Bitter" which tells the story of a Jewish family from Dubossar, Russia which came through Philadelphia to Clarion.
247:. Jews would find a purer life engaged in manual labor and a great attraction to North America, South America, and Palestine with the legal possibility of land ownership.
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families at the colony when the Jewish Agricultural and Colonial Association announced that one hundred and fifty additional families would join the settlement.
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was so pleased with the experiment that he journeyed the 135 miles (217 km) from the capital in order to celebrate the community's first harvest.
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in Tel Aviv included Clarion in the 1983 exhibit, "Diaspora Farmers of the 19th and 20th Century". You can also read the book the play was based on,
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in the South Philadelphia neighborhood from which many of the Clarion colonists originated as part of the "Hidden City Philadelphia Festival 2013".
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In September 2011 a celebration to mark the 100th anniversary of the settlement was celebrated in Salt Lake City. Tours of the site were featured.
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399:. Ultimately, a state order terminated the colony’s title on November 25, 1915. Shortly thereafter, in January 1916, the state of
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507:. The Mormon Pioneer National Heritage Area dedicated three interpretive panels about Clarion in Gunnison on September 25, 2015.
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The colony celebrated a harvest festival on August 18, 1912. More than 1,000 people attended including Governor
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Brown and Herbst, as representatives of the organization, traveled in 1911 to investigate potential sites in
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established the Jewish Agricultural and Colonial Association and listed its primary office in Philadelphia's
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Utah State Board of Land Commissioners (January 4, 1916). "Minute Book". No. 14. pp. 224–225.
432:. The fence surrounding the two Jewish graves had been torn down and cows knocked down the headstones.
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Jack A. Christensen (April 9, 1959). "Former Resident Calls Attention To Valley Area Needing Care".
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and the land reverted to the local citizens. By 1959 the Clarion social hall had been turned into a
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666:"Rabbi Landman Ill: Stricken with Pneumonia at Cincinnati - Was on Way Home from Utah Colonies".
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The association was also attracted by the financially secure and politically established
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Robert A. Goldberg (1991). "Zion in Utah". In Rischin, Moses; Livingston, John (eds.).
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Robert A. Goldberg (1991). "Zion in Utah". In Rischin, Moses; Livingston, John (eds.).
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Utah Governor William Spry speaks at Clarion, Utah Harvest Festival on August 18, 1912
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who was traveling that summer through the American west, and spoke at the festival.
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local residents continued to refer to the area as "Clarion" although it is in the
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Virgin Soil: Memories of 'Clarion'; On the Land of California; and Other Stories
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Virgin Soil: Memories of 'Clarion'; On the Land of California; and Other Stories
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333:. Although the settlement was small, with just 23 families, optimism was high.
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vast tracts of desert and Brown and Herbst were encouraged by the opportunity.
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Bona, Monte R. (May 22, 2014). "Clarion" (typescript). Letter to Joan Sacks.
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945:"Remnants of Jewish immigrant colony in Utah show experiment gone awry"
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had been advertising nationally to receive more settlers, and Governor
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Back to the Soil: The Jewish Farmers of Clarion, Utah, and Their World
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Back to the Soil: The Jewish Farmers of Clarion, Utah, and Their World
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Back to the Soil: The Jewish Farmers of Clarion, Utah, and Their World
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976:
The Pioneer Jews of Utah: Studies in American Jewish History Number 2
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The University of Utah, College of Humanities, Department of History
488:. The settlement was the subject of a presentation in June 2013 at
853:"Clarion Called Jewish Settlers 'back to the Soil' In Early 1900s"
531:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. 1911–1912. p. 229
454:
351:
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100 Years ago, Jewish Colony Left Its Mark on Utah and Its People
825:(trans. by Max Rosenfeld ed.). Los Angeles, CA. p. 164.
711:(trans by Louis C. Zucker ed.). Los Angeles. pp. 46–47.
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While the individual plots of land were not uniform in terms of
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1130:"Hidden City Festival Reveals Revitalization of 'Little Shul'"
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1198:ראי-ערד: זכרנות פון ״קלאריון״ אױף קאליפאריער ערד דערצײלונגען
907:. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press. p. 80.
872:ראי-ערד: זכרנות פון ״קלאריון״ אױף קאליפאריער ערד דערצײלונגען
450:
The Pioneer Jews of Utah: Studies in American Jewish History
40:
1032:"Clarion call: Failed settlement lives on in Jewish hearts"
670:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. August 30, 1912. p. 32.
989:"Students of Early American Jewish Life Want Your Help".
978:. New York, New York: American Jewish Historical Society.
645:. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. p. 76.
591:. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. p. 72.
292:
Jewish community. Socially prominent Salt Lake City Jews
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and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide. The area today is in the
823:
The Clarion Colony: Its Beginnings, Its Life, Its Demise
1157:, Salt Lake Tribune, 19 September 2011, Lisa Schencker
993:. Indianapolis, Indiana. October 6, 1961. p. 16.
218:, United States, 5 miles (8.0 km) southwest of
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505:Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation
1656:Historic Jewish communities in the United States
1262:History of the Jews in Utah and Idaho 1853–1950
459:Clarion Kiosk - Gunnison, Utah (July 10, 2016)
1382:
8:
1204:] (in Yiddish). Los Angeles, California.
1180:"American Jewish History, markers, articles"
878:] (in Yiddish). Los Angeles, California.
1331:. Utah History Encyclopedia. Archived from
308:After purchasing the territory in Clarion,
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1214:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
888:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
721:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
20:
1058:"Clarion: Utah's ill-fated Jewish colony"
448:Leon Watters wrote of Clarion in 1952 in
1651:Utopian communities in the United States
1225:"Clarion, Utah, Jewish Colony in 'Zion'"
1084:"Robert Alan Goldberg papers, 1880-2000"
851:Swensen, Jason N. (September 13, 1993).
610:
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1493:Map of Utah highlighting Sanpete County
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485:Impossible Cities: A Utopian Experiment
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500:Mormon Pioneer National Heritage Area
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1661:Populated places established in 1911
943:Jessica Ravitz (November 28, 2008).
1666:Ghost towns in Sanpete County, Utah
1030:Joseph Walker (September 2, 2011).
859:. Salt Lake City, Utah. p. B1.
490:Congregation Yeshuron-Ezras Israel
1397:Municipalities and communities of
14:
426:disrupted the Japanese settlement
304:The Colony in Clarion (1911-1916)
250:In January 1910 in Philadelphia,
18:Ghost town in Utah, United States
1101:Clif Davis (February 24, 1977).
96:
89:
63:
56:
1128:Greg Salisbury (May 31, 2013).
1056:Carma Wadley (March 29, 1987).
387:, devastated the 1914 harvest.
97:
64:
784:Goldberg, Robert Alan (1986).
736:Goldberg, Robert Alan (1986).
550:Goldberg, Robert Alan (1986).
1:
688:. October 21, 1912. p. 4
113:Show map of the United States
1641:Jewish agricultural colonies
1308:Lillian Brown Vogel (2009).
617:"A Short History of Clarion"
1282:. June 17, 1982. p. 8.
1223:Cooley, Everett L. (1968).
707:Friedlander, Isaac (1949).
480:Life More Sweet than Bitter
110:Clarion (the United States)
77:Location of Clarion in Utah
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840:. June 7, 1983. p. 2.
838:Kalispell Daily Inter Lake
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1229:Utah Historical Quarterly
974:Watters, .Leon L (1952).
903:John W. Van Cott (1990).
821:Wernick, Abraham (n.d.).
643:Jews of the American West
589:Jews of the American West
525:American Jewish Year Book
245:back-to-the-land movement
122:
50:
39:
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1636:Jews and Judaism in Utah
1264:. Western Epics Pub Co.
1197:
871:
794:University of Utah Press
746:University of Utah Press
682:"Jews to settle in Utah"
560:University of Utah Press
1312:. H. S. Dakin Company.
1260:Juanita Brooks (1973).
1494:
1327:Robert Alan Goldberg.
1196:פרידלאנד, .י (1949).
870:פרידלאנד, .י (1949).
836:"Jean E. Stroud, 59".
460:
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142:39.12222°N 111.88639°W
45:
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364:, then State Senator
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1609:United States portal
1400:Sanpete County, Utah
1329:"The Clarion Colony"
1011:. University of Utah
930:Gunnison Valley News
279:Sanpete County, Utah
216:Sanpete County, Utah
147:39.12222; -111.88639
1631:Ghost towns in Utah
1363:at gunnisoncity.org
955:on October 12, 2012
138: /
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1103:"A 14-set musical"
792:. Salt Lake City:
744:. Salt Lake City:
558:. Salt Lake City:
464:University of Utah
461:
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281:. The canal would
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1618:
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1357:at GhostTowns.com
1335:on April 11, 2013
1319:978-0-615-29034-8
1310:What's My Secret?
1295:Missing or empty
1280:Salt Lake Tribune
1271:978-0-914740-12-4
1005:"Robert Goldberg"
949:Salt Lake Tribune
807:978-1-60781-155-8
759:978-1-60781-155-8
615:Hansen, Roger D.
573:978-1-60781-155-8
440:postal district.
230:postal district.
228:Centerfield, Utah
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1440:Centerfield
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692:October 23,
562:. pp.
438:Centerfield
347:dust storms
190:Established
145: /
133:111°53′11″W
1625:Categories
796:. p.
748:. p.
511:References
263:New Mexico
212:ghost town
130:39°07′20″N
33:Ghost town
1560:Indianola
1339:April 25,
1288:cite news
1253:254441085
1210:cite book
884:cite book
717:cite book
535:April 26,
315:colonists
198:Abandoned
1520:Sterling
1515:Mayfield
1460:Gunnison
1450:Fairview
1245:45058789
1139:June 13,
393:New York
283:irrigate
267:Colorado
220:Gunnison
1583:Clarion
1565:Milburn
1555:Freedom
1550:Chester
1510:Fayette
1445:Ephraim
1355:Clarion
430:granary
397:Chicago
331:alfalfa
275:Montana
271:Wyoming
234:Origins
208:Clarion
184:Sanpete
158:Country
104:Clarion
71:Clarion
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273:, and
179:County
1588:Dover
1525:Wales
1502:Towns
1465:Manti
1422:Manti
1249:S2CID
1241:JSTOR
1200:[
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564:55–61
529:(PDF)
323:wheat
210:is a
167:State
1341:2013
1314:ISBN
1301:help
1266:ISBN
1216:link
1141:2013
1115:2011
1070:2011
1043:2011
1017:2011
961:2011
909:ISBN
890:link
802:ISBN
754:ISBN
723:link
694:2011
647:ISBN
628:2008
593:ISBN
568:ISBN
537:2013
498:The
401:Utah
395:and
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327:oats
238:The
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