149:" and heir to a substantial estate, begins to court Arabella, Clarissa's older sister. However, she rejects him because she feels slighted by his more ardent interest in her parents' approval than in her. Lovelace quickly moves on from Arabella to Clarissa, much to the displeasure of Arabella and their brother James. Clarissa, a virtuous young lady, insists that she dislikes and distrusts the notorious Lovelace, but Arabella grows jealous of Lovelace's interest in the younger girl. James, also, dislikes Lovelace greatly because of a duel the two had once fought. These feelings combine with resentment that their grandfather had left Clarissa a piece of land and lead the siblings to be aggressive to Clarissa. The entire Harlowe family is in favour of her marrying Roger Solmes; however, Clarissa finds Solmes to be unpleasant company and does not wish to marry him, either. This makes her family suspicious of her supposed dislike of Lovelace and they begin to disbelieve her.
116:
212:
find her, and has her jailed for a few days for unpaid bills. Clarissa becomes wretched in these sordid surroundings, musing that the first part of her father's curse had been fulfilled. John
Belford discovers her whereabouts, and bails Clarissa from prison. She finds lodgings with a shopkeeper and his wife. Corresponding with Lovelace's real family, she discovers for herself the true extent of his deception. She lives in constant fear of being found by him again, as he continues to send her marriage offers through his friend, John Belford, as well as through his own family members. Clarissa is determined not to accept. She becomes dangerously ill from the stress, rarely eating, convinced that she will die soon.
36:
165:
sustained campaign of seduction, using by turns his charm to win her over, and implied menaces to frighten her into submission. But
Clarissa resists his manipulative advances, repeatedly urging him to set her at liberty or deliver her into the respectable circles of his relations. She tries to reconcile with her family, but they refuse to listen or forgive her because of the perceived betrayal of her elopement, and Clarissa is deeply shocked by her father invoking a curse upon her, that her disobedience will lead her to ruin in this world and punishment in the next.
161:
that he did not get her message. She goes in person, at the agreed night-time hour of elopement, to tell him of her reversal of decision. Lovelace forcefully compels her towards his carriage, and she at first resists. However, unbeknownst to
Clarissa, Lovelace has arranged for his servant, Joseph Leman, to make noises mimicking a disturbance in the Harlowe household. Frightened by the repercussions of being seen to be eloping with the enemy, Clarissa stops resisting Lovelace, and allows herself to be carried off by him to his lodgings.
1134:
112:, published in 1748. It tells the tragic story of a young woman, Clarissa Harlowe, whose quest for virtue is continually thwarted by her family. The Harlowes are a recently wealthy family whose preoccupation with increasing their standing in society leads to obsessive control of their daughter, Clarissa. It is considered one of the longest novels in the English language (based on estimated word count). It is generally regarded as Richardson's masterpiece.
208:
without the aid of stupefying drugs. Pretending to be angered by the discovery that she has bribed a servant to help her escape, Lovelace begins to menace
Clarissa, intending to escalate the confrontation to physical violence and then rape, but she threatens to kill herself with a pen-knife should he proceed. Utterly confounded by her righteous indignation and terrified by her willingness to die for her virtue, Lovelace retreats.
204:
despite her precarious situation as a fallen woman. She accuses him of unlawfully detaining her and insists that he set her free. He continues to claim that the impersonators really were his family members and that his crime was simply one of desperate passion. He tries to convince her to marry him, alternating between threats and professions of love. She steadfastly resists and attempts several more escapes.
172:, where the women are disguised as high-class ladies by Lovelace so as to deceive Clarissa into believing she is in respectable and safe hands. He introduces her to some of his rakehell friends, including John Belford, who becomes a genuine admirer of Clarissa's purity, beauty and intelligence. Belford urges Lovelace to give up his wicked designs against Clarissa and marry her, but Lovelace simply mocks him.
473:
1108:
176:
416:. Richardson felt that the story's morals and messages of the story failed to reach his audience properly. As such, in later editions of the novel, he attempted to make Clarissa's character appear purer while also Lovelace's character became more sinister in hopes of making his audience better understand his intentions in writing the novel.
220:
virtue and trusting in a better life after death. Belford manages
Clarissa's will and ensures that all her articles and money go into the hands of the individuals she desires should receive them. In her will, she asks that her body not be medically examined, leaving open to inference the possibility of her having been pregnant by Lovelace.
153:
Clarissa continues to communicate with Anna secretly and begins a correspondence with
Lovelace, while trying to convince her parents not to force her to marry Solmes. Neither Clarissa nor her parents will concede. They see her protests as stubborn disobedience and communication between parents and daughter breaks down.
1111:
191:
Enraged by
Clarissa's flight, Lovelace vows to seek revenge. He hunts her down to the lodgings where she is hiding and rents all the rooms around her, effectively trapping her. He hires people to impersonate his own respectable family members to gain her trust. During this time he intercepts a letter
207:
Lovelace is forced to concede that, despite the rape, Clarissa's virtue remains untarnished, but he begins to convince himself that the "trial" was not properly conducted. Since
Clarissa was drugged at the time, she could neither consent nor refuse. He decides to orchestrate a second rape, this time
203:
When
Clarissa recovers her senses, Lovelace anticipates she will finally capitulate to either living with him as his mistress, or consenting to marry him. However, he soon realises that he has failed to "subdue" her; instead she is utterly repulsed by him, refusing his now-genuine offers of marriage
152:
The
Harlowes begin restricting Clarissa's contact with the outside world by forbidding her to see Lovelace. Eventually they forbid her to either leave her room or send letters to her friend, Anna Howe, until Clarissa apologises and agrees to marry Solmes. Trapped and desperate to regain her freedom,
411:
cited it as one of his favourite novels that he "tend to re-read every year or so". The novel was well-received as it was being released. However, many readers pressured Richardson for a happy ending with a wedding between Clarissa and Lovelace. At the novel's end, many readers were upset, and some
199:
After the rape, Clarissa suffers a loss of sanity for several days, presumably brought on by her extreme distress as well as the dose of opiates administered to her. She writes a series of incoherent "mad letters" and verses, blaming herself and him for what has occurred, and begging to be admitted
187:
Lovelace continues his "trial" against Clarissa. Although he puts her under increasing pressure to submit to him, Clarissa does not waver. Under the pretense of saving her from a fire, Lovelace at last gains entry to Clarissa's bedroom but she thwarts his attempted assault with vigorous resistance.
156:
Meanwhile, through their clandestine correspondence, Lovelace pressures Clarissa into agreeing to elope with him. He has come to view her famed virtuousness as a challenge for him to conquer, bragging to his best friend John Belford that he intends to put it to "trial". He is also delighted by the
215:
Her illness progresses. She and Belford become correspondents. She appoints him executor of her will as she puts all of her affairs in order to the alarm of the people around her. Belford is amazed at the way Clarissa handles her approaching death and laments what Lovelace has done. In one of the
211:
More intent than ever to make Clarissa his wife, Lovelace is called away to attend his dying uncle from whom he is expecting to inherit an Earldom. He orders the prostitutes to keep Clarissa confined but well-treated until he returns. Clarissa escapes; however, the brothel madam sends bailiffs to
160:
Increasingly desperate, Clarissa reluctantly agrees to elope with Lovelace, but a few days before the agreed-upon date, she changes her mind. She writes to him, reneging on the plan. However, Lovelace deliberately leaves the letter untouched in its hiding place. Clarissa is distressed to discover
219:
Her father's curse still weighing heavily upon her – that she will be punished in the next world – Clarissa reaches out via letter to petition her release from it. Her father does so. Eventually, surrounded by strangers and her cousin, Col. Morden, Clarissa dies in the full consciousness of her
164:
Now in Lovelace's power, Clarissa becomes increasingly angry and afraid of his intentions. She suspects, rightly, that he wishes to seduce rather than to wed her, although he continues to claim that he loves her, often talking of marrying her, but never actually asking her to do so. He begins a
253:
of the novel. Clarissa is a young and virtuous woman who ends up falling victim to Robert Lovelace after he convinces her to run away with him and later rapes her. Feeling as though she has entirely lost the will to live after losing her virtue, Clarissa prepares herself for
195:
Eventually, he persuades Clarissa to accompany his imposter-relatives out in a carriage and thus carries her back to the disguised brothel. There, with the assistance of the prostitutes and brothel madam, he first drugs and then rapes her.
188:
She promises, under threat of rape, to forgive and marry him. However, she considers this promise made under duress as void; soon after she makes her first successful escape from Lovelace, concealing herself in lodgings in Hampstead.
100:
Clarissa; or, The History of a Young Lady: Comprehending the Most Important Concerns of Private Life. And Particularly Shewing, the Distresses that May Attend the Misconduct Both of Parents and Children, In Relation to
267:
John Belford: A close friend of Mr. Lovelace whom he writes to during the course of the story. However, as the story progresses, he slowly begins to side with Clarissa instead of Mr. Lovelace.
115:
234:
Clarissa's relatives finally realise they have been wrong but it comes too late. They discover Clarissa has already died. The story ends with an account of the fate of the other characters.
745:
Sarah Fielding, "Remarks on 'Clarissa'", introduction by Peter Sabor (Augustan Reprint Society, 231–232). Facsimile reprint 1749 (Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, 1985).
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even wrote alternative endings for the story with a happier conclusion. Some of the most well-known ones included happier alternative endings written by two sisters Lady Bradshaigh and
1164:
1034:
Townsend, Alex, Autonomous Voices: An Exploration of Polyphony in the Novels of Samuel Richardson, 2003, Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt/M., New York, Wien, 2003,
1019:
Krake, Astrid (2006). "He could go no farther: The Rape of Clarissa in 18th-Century Translations". In Cointre, Annie; Lautel-Ribstein, Florence; Rivara, Annie (eds.).
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of the story and pursuer of Clarissa. Mr. Lovelace is seen as a vile and selfish character who refuses to stop lusting after Clarissa until he gets what he wants.
1184:
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Anne Howe: Clarissa's best friend to whom she continuously writes throughout the course of the story. Anne serves as Clarissa's confidant as the story progresses.
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and arrange a duel. Morden is slightly injured in the duel, but Lovelace dies of his injuries the following day. Before dying he says "let this expiate!"
192:
to Clarissa from Anna Howe warning her of true extent of his deception and roguery. He commits forgery to put an end to the communication between them.
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on behalf of his cousin. He responds that he is not able to accept threats against himself and arranges an encounter with Col. Morden. They meet in
223:
Lovelace departs for Europe and continues to correspond with Belford. Lovelace learns that Col. Morden has suggested he might seek Lovelace and
842:(Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992). Probably the most important book-length study of Richardson after the first wave of Kinkead-Weakes,
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1169:
1154:
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many letters sent to Lovelace, he writes, "if the divine Clarissa asks me to slit thy throat, Lovelace, I shall do it in an instance".
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is generally regarded by critics to be among the masterpieces of eighteenth-century European literature. Influential critic
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Sabor, Peter (2017). "Rewriting Clarissa: Alternative Endings by Lady Echlin, Lady Bradshaigh, and Samuel Richardson".
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to an asylum to die in peace. (Her temporary insanity is creatively represented by the use of scattered typography.)
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Lovelace keeps Clarissa his prisoner for many months. She is held at several lodgings, including unknowingly a
923:
Joy Kyunghae Lee, "The Commodification of Virtue: Chastity and the Virginal Body in Richardson's 'Clarissa'",
529:
486:
413:
871:, ed. Christa Fell and James Leith (Edmonton: Academic Printing & Publishing, 1992), pp. 89–98.
703:
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Brenda Bean, "Sight and Self-Disclosure: Richardson's Revision of Swift's 'The Lady's Dressing Room'",
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436:
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Clarissa Harlowe, Mary Astell, and Elizabeth Carter: John Norris of Bemerton's Female 'Descendants'
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Helen M. Ostovich, "'Our Views Must Now Be Different': Imprisonment and Friendship in 'Clarissa'",
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Mrs. Sinclair: The pretended name of a private brothel keeper in London; pretends to be Lady Betty
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Mary Patricia Martin, "Reading Reform in Richardson's 'Clarissa' and the Tactics of Sentiment",
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Martha J. Koehler, "Epistolary Closure and Triangular Return in Richardson's 'Clarissa'",
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Raymond Stephanson, "Richardson's 'Nerves': The Philosophy of Sensibility in 'Clarissa'",
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idea of spiting the Harlowes for their haughty rejection of his suit for Clarissa's hand.
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Murray L. Brown, "Authorship and Generic Exploitation: Why Lovelace Must Fear Clarissa",
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758:
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Donald R. Wehrs, "Irony, Storytelling and the Conflict of Interpretation in Clarissa",
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Tom Keymer, "Clarissa's Death, Clarissa's Sale, and the Text of the Second Edition",
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Jonathan Loesberg, "Allegory and Narrative in Clarissa", Novel 15 (Fall 1981): 39–59.
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Laura Hinton, "The Heroine's Subjection: Clarissa, Sadomasochism, and Natural Law",
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Florian Stuber, "On Fathers and Authority in 'Clarissa'", 25 (Summer 1985): 557–574.
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423:'s full name was Clarissa Harlowe Barton, after the heroine of Richardson's novel.
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Paul Gordon Scott, "Disinterested Selves: Clarissa and the Tactics of Sentiment",
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Man and Nature: Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies
920:, ed. James Tatum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1994), pp. 117–131.
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David C. Hensley, "Thomas Edwards and the Dialectics of Clarissa's Death Scene",
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The Rape of Clarissa: Writing, Sexuality, and Class Struggle in Samuel Richardson
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Lady Betty Lawrance: Half-sister of Lord M., widow, lady of honour and fortune
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Lady Sarah Sadleir: Half-sister of Lord M., widow, lady of honour and fortune
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Picture from "Lettres angloises, ou histoire de Miss Clarisse Harlove." 1751.
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Krake, Astrid (2000). "How art produces art: Samuel Richardson's Clarissa".
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Dr. Lewin: One of Clarissa's educators, a divine of great piety and learning
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Richard Hannaford, "Playing Her Dead Hand: Clarissa's Posthumous Letters",
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Capt. Tomlinson: The assumed named of a pander that aids Mr. Lovelace
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Peter Hynes, "Curses, Oaths, and Narrative in Richardson's 'Clarissa'",
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New Aspects of the Eighteenth Century: Essays from the English Institute
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Colonel Morden: A man of fortune, closely related to the Harlowe family
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James Harlowe Jr.: Clarissa's brother, bitter enemy of Robert Lovelace.
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James Tourville: Libertine, gentleman, companion of Mr. Lovelace
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Richard Mowbray: Libertine, gentleman, companion of Mr. Lovelace
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Roger Solmes: A wealthy man whom Clarissa's parents wish her to marry
228:
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Speaking in Hunger: Gender, Discourse, and Consumption in "Clarissa"
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Thomas Doleman: Libertine, gentleman, companion of Mr. Lovelace
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Nicholas Hudson, "Arts of Seduction and the Rhetoric of Clarissa",
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Anthony Winner, "Richardson's Lovelace: Character and Prediction",
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Thomas Belton: Libertine, gentleman, companion of Mr. Lovelace
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Mrs. Hervey: Clarissa's aunt (Lady Charlotte Harlowe)'s half-sister
556:"The 100 best novels: No 4 – Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748)"
174:
114:
1069:: romantic fiction based on two distinct social value systems),
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Sue Warrick Doederlein, "Clarissa in the Hands of the Critics",
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Polly Horton: Assistant of, and partner with, Mrs. Sinclair
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Sally Martin: Assistant of, and partner with, Mrs. Sinclair
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Antony Harlowe: Clarissa's uncle (her father's younger brother)
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Jonathan Lamb, "The Fragmentation of Originals and Clarissa",
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released a radio adaptation in March and April 2010, starring
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127:
14th on its list of the 100 greatest British novels. In 2013
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John Harlowe: Clarissa's uncle (her father's elder brother)
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Patty Montague: Niece of Lord M., maiden lady of character
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Miss Charlotte: Niece of Lord M., maiden lady of character
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Richardson's "Clarissa" and the Eighteenth-Century Reader
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Richardson's 'Clarissa' and the Eighteenth-Century Reader
817:
Raymond F. Hilliard, "Clarissa and Ritual Cannibalism",
761:, "Disguise and Personality in Richardson's Clarissa",
954:
Clarissa's Pregnancy and the Fate of Patriarchal Power
798:"Clarissa" on the Continent: Translation and Seduction
364:
Miss Rawlins: A notable young gentlewoman in Hampstead
981:(Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998).
706:, "Penetration and Impenetrability in Clarissa", in
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Letter 261; Lovelace to Belford, dated 16 June.
88:
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800:(University Park: Pennsylvania State Univ., 1990).
16:18th century epistolary novel by Samuel Richardson
925:The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation
1113:Clarissa Harlowe, or the History of a Young Lady
867:Mildred Sarah Greene, "The French Clarissa", in
306:Mrs. Norton: Clarissa's nurse, an unhappy widow
1022:La traduction du discours amoureux (1660–1830)
288:Miss Arabella Harlowe: Clarissa's older sister
137:among the 100 best novels written in English.
1061:: Liangzhong shehui jiazhi de aiqing gushi" (
896:(Newark, DE: Associated Univ. Presses, 1994).
8:
1165:British novels adapted into television shows
28:
846:, Flynn, and others in the 1970s and 1980s.
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858:A 'Fatal Attraction'? The BBC and Clarissa
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29:Clarissa, or, The History of a Young Lady
27:
686:John Carroll, "Lovelace as Tragic Hero",
282:Lady Charlotte Harlowe: Clarissa's mother
887:Texas Studies in Literature and Language
876:Fragments and Mastery: Dora and Clarissa
695:Texas Studies in Literature and Language
714:(New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1974).
520:
489:, editor of a 1868 abridged version of
367:Mrs. Bevis: A lively widow in Hampstead
1185:Literary characters introduced in 1748
361:, keeping a lodging-house at Hampstead
1012:Spiegel ihrer deutschen Übersetzungen
740:Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture
724:John Traugott, "Molesting Clarissa",
609:
607:
303:Dolly Hervey: Daughter of Mrs. Hervey
7:
528:Ciabattari, Jane (7 December 2015).
509:The History of Sir Charles Grandison
279:James Harlowe Sr.: Clarissa's father
738:Terry Castle, "Lovelace's Dream",
554:McCrum, Robert (14 October 2013).
324:Mr. Elias Brand: A young clergyman
312:Mrs. Howe: The mother of Miss Howe
14:
530:"The 100 greatest British novels"
1106:
918:The Search for the Ancient Novel
594:"An interview with Harold Bloom"
471:
427:Radio and television adaptations
1071:Zhongguo xiaoshuo bijiao yanjiu
777:Journal of the History of Ideas
688:University of Toronto Quarterly
315:Mr. Hickman: Miss Howe's suitor
908:Journal of Narrative Technique
618:. Cambridge University Press.
419:The pioneering American nurse
179:The villain, Robert Lovelace,
1:
932:Clarissa and the Marriage Act
765:n.s. 12, no. 2 (1988): 18–39.
327:Lord M.: Mr. Lovelace's uncle
1025:. Metz: CETT. Archived from
675:Most entries below from the
145:Robert Lovelace, a wealthy "
1170:Novels by Samuel Richardson
1155:18th-century British novels
1116:public domain audiobook at
1063:A Tale of Chivalry and Love
502:Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded
249:Miss Clarissa Harlowe: The
1201:
1004:Eighteenth-Century Fiction
995:30 (Summer 1998): 246–259.
988:32 (Spring 1999): 293–308.
986:Eighteenth-Century Studies
967:37 (Summer 1997): 595–614.
958:Eighteenth-Century Fiction
947:Eighteenth-Century Fiction
943:Is Clarissa Bourgeois Art?
936:Eighteenth-Century Fiction
880:Eighteenth-Century Fiction
862:Eighteenth-Century Fiction
853:16, no. 3 (1992): 130–152.
812:Eighteenth-Century Fiction
733:Eighteenth-Century Studies
721:(Oxford: Blackwell, 1982).
641:Eighteenth Century Fiction
18:
901:Review of English Studies
889:35 (Spring 1993): 79–102.
833:Modern Language Quarterly
826:Modern Language Quarterly
33:
21:Clarissa (disambiguation)
1014:. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
927:36 (Spring 1995): 38–54.
910:24 (Fall 1994): 153–172.
903:45 (Aug. 1994): 389–396.
882:5 (April 1993): 217–238.
864:4 (April 1992): 257–263.
385:William Summers: Servant
123:In 2015, the BBC ranked
960:9 (Jan. 1997): 125–148.
874:Elizabeth W. Harries, "
851:Eighteenth-Century Life
791:Eighteenth-Century Life
763:Eighteenth-Century Life
678:Richardson Bibliography
1006:12 (Oct. 1999): 19–38.
821:105 (1990): 1083–1097.
487:Eneas Sweetland Dallas
388:Hannah Burton: Servant
357:Mrs. Moore: A widowed
184:
120:
949:10 (Oct. 1997): 1–14.
435:adapted the novel as
394:Dorcas Wykes: Servant
391:Betty Barnes: Servant
273:Secondary characters:
257:Robert Lovelace: The
178:
118:
680:by John A. Dussinger
653:10.3138/ecf.29.2.131
614:Keymer, Tom (2004).
19:For other uses, see
1029:on 7 December 2010.
974:64 (1997): 473–502.
938:10 (1997): 395–412.
914:Margaret Anne Doody
835:52 (1991): 153–169.
786:56 (1989): 311–326.
779:49 (1988): 267–285.
772:28 (1988): 443–459.
759:Margaret Anne Doody
755:53 (1986): 759–778.
735:16 (1983): 401–414.
728:15 (1982): 163–170.
437:a television series
225:demand satisfaction
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1180:Sentimental novels
1073:, pp. 95–116.
930:Mary Vermillion, "
814:2 (1990): 327–346.
796:Thomas O. Beebee,
439:in 1991, starring
321:Dr. H: A physician
185:
121:
108:by English writer
1175:Novels about rape
1160:Epistolary novels
1102:Project Gutenberg
1044:978-0-8204-5917-2
1040:978-3-906769-80-6
941:Daniel P. Gunn, "
856:Lois A. Chaber, "
828:51 (1990): 25–43.
742:13 (1984): 29–42.
697:14 (1972): 53–75.
690:42 (1972): 14–25.
243:Major characters:
110:Samuel Richardson
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977:Donnalee Frega,
894:Clarissa's Plots
892:Lois E. Bueler,
808:Protean Lovelace
793:14 (1990): 1–23.
717:Terry Eagleton,
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1051:Hou, Jian. "
1049:(in Chinese)
1027:the original
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566:. Retrieved
561:The Guardian
559:
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537:. Retrieved
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449:Sean Pertwee
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421:Clara Barton
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141:Plot summary
134:
130:The Guardian
128:
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99:
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25:
1150:1748 novels
455:BBC Radio 4
414:Lady Echlin
359:gentlewoman
1144:Categories
704:Leo Braudy
598:BookBrowse
539:8 December
238:Characters
661:164525320
516:Citations
441:Sean Bean
181:abducting
147:libertine
133:included
1118:LibriVox
1097:Clarissa
1067:Clarissa
1059:Clarissa
564:. London
491:Clarissa
465:See also
405:Clarissa
400:Response
135:Clarissa
125:Clarissa
101:Marriage
53:Language
381:Servant
259:villain
170:brothel
84:Britain
56:English
1131:
1038:
710:, ed.
659:
622:
568:7 June
447:, and
254:death.
104:is an
43:Author
993:SNNTS
844:Doody
726:Novel
657:S2CID
229:Trent
92:Print
61:Genre
1129:IMDb
1065:and
1036:ISBN
819:PMLA
620:ISBN
570:2020
541:2015
431:The
76:1748
1127:at
1100:at
1089:at
1057:yu
1002:",
972:ELH
965:SEL
956:",
934:",
878:",
860:",
810:",
806:, "
784:ELH
770:SEL
753:ELH
649:doi
534:BBC
433:BBC
1146::
1042:,
945:"
655:.
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643:.
606:^
596:.
558:.
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451:.
443:,
1031:.
663:.
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543:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
