1063:, meaning that a percentage of the purchase amount has to be paid each time shares are bought as commission for the mutual fund’s managers. These front loads can go up to 5% or even higher. On the other hand, Class B share funds charge a “back-end load”, also known as a “contingent deferred sales charge” (CSDC). This means that when the investor chooses to sell, a percentage of the dollar value of shares sold has to be paid. This back-end load, however, decreases directly proportional to the holding period of the fund, and is eventually eliminated. Class B shares can also automatically be converted to Class A shares after a specific holding period, which is beneficial because Class A shares have a lower yearly
1213:
bankrupt. Preferred stockholders tend to have a higher claim on asset distributions or dividends compared to common stockholders. This is because of the higher risk assumed with the shares. More information on the preferred stock are dependent on the company and written in the company’s bylaws and charter. Preferred Class B shares generate income which gets preferential tax treatment, and most companies do not give preferred shareholders voting rights. These shares may also be convertible to a predetermined number of common stock, depending on the company’s bylaws. Shareholders’ dividends from these stocks usually yield more than common stock and are paid monthly or quarterly.
1039:
1100:, the CEO of Meta, owns 360 million Class B shares which gives him complete voting power over other shareholders. Additionally, through agreements with other Class B shareholders, he also controls the votes of 32 other million Class B shares. This gives him control of about 392 million Class B shares, amounting to a total of around 90% of Class B shares available. This amounts to 58% of Meta's vote in total. The ownership of majority of the shares has allowed Zuckerberg to act independently in his decision. One example is his decision to purchase
36:
1011:
974:
1121:, has added that his company’s voting structure aims to preserve the firm’s culture whilst avoiding short-term behaviour at the expense of long-term development. The company is controlled by 28 "partners", including insiders and Ma himself. With this structure, Ma's dictatorship blocks the possibility of any contested election. This means that shareholders will not be able to have a say no matter how the equity ownership evolves in the future.
998:. When there are a few classes of stock in a company, they are usually designated as Class A and Class B – where Class A shares carry more voting rights than Class B shares. The percentage difference in voting rights depends on how the company wishes to structure its stock. However, companies are not legally obliged to structure their classes this way – there are some companies which offer more voting rights for their Class B shares instead.
1088:
defining different classes of shares to ensure corporate insiders are in control of the voting rights. With Class B shares in a company, authorities are able to assign different rights to different classes of stockholders. They use different classifications to address issues such as voting authority, dividends, as well as rights to capital and assets.
929:
904:
880:
1030:. Hence, the "super-voting shares" are usually not publicly traded. One popular example would be the” Google Share Class Structure”. The purpose of this structure is argued to ensure stability of the company and prevent the board and management from feeling short-term pressure, which in turn allows them to focus on long-term goals.
1001:
Class B shares are also usually lower in payment priority as compared to Class A shares. When a company goes bankrupt and is forced to be liquidated, Class A shareholders are likely to be paid faster than Class B shareholders. Class A shareholders also usually have dividend priority, which means that
919:
of the company will inform decision-makers on the company’s book value. This ratio shows investors the difference between the Class B’s market value and the book value of the stock. Similar to the P/E ratio, a P/B ratio is generally better if it is lower. A P/B ratio of 0.95, 1 or 1.1 shows that the
1132:
had similar intentions in releasing their Class B shares to make it harder for the public to influence the company’s strategic decisions through their voting rights. Their company’s Class A stock has one vote per share. On the other hand, Google's Class B stock, which is owned and split amongst CEO
1046:
Some companies value their Class A shares at extremely high prices. Although these Class A shares are publicly owned and traded on the market, they are generally out of reach for the typical investor. In these cases, firms create Class B shares which trade at a mere fraction of the Class A’s share.
782:
was the first company to introduce 517,500 new Class B shares into the market in 1996. The company demonstrated the differences between Class A and B shares clearly—stating that the Class B common stock has the economic interests equivalent to 1/30th of a Class A common stock, but has only 1/200th
1158:
Shareholders may be able to convert their Class A shares into Class B shares or vice versa depending on what is stated in their bylaws and charter. Fees will also be collected by the company which helps draft legal documents for the conversion of shares in addition to other services in the process
1087:
because founders are able to execute their own vision without disruption while being able to tap into the public market’s financing, and being able to enjoy the perks of being a public company. Companies choose to mitigate the risk of exposing their governance and assets to the public market by
1212:
Some companies may refer to their Class B shares as preferred stock. These stocks are described as a hybrid between bonds and common stock as it has features of both securities. These dividends which come with these shares are paid to shareholders before common shareholders when a company goes
860:, participation rights as well as anti-dilution rights. Like other shares, the intrinsic value of a Class B share helps investors decide if they want to buy a stock. Intrinsic value refers to the fundamental and objective value in the asset. This value is different from the
2004:
1216:
When preferred shares are issued, issuers avoid dilution of control as there are limited or no voting rights which come with the shares. Companies can also buy back the preferred stock and if the price is above the par value, investors may receive a profit from the stock.
1149:
and 86 million Class B shares, because of the voting ratio, the trio controls 66.2% of Google's voting power. Google’s CEO said that the purpose of creating Class B shares was to make it easier for management to follow a “long-term, innovation-based growth strategy”.
894:
This is because a high P/E ratio indicates that a stock’s price is expensive whereas a low P/E ratio indicates that the stock price is cheaper compared to its earnings. This ratio is important as it helps determine whether a stock is overvalued or |undervalued.
628:. If held long term, Class B shares may also be converted to Class A shares. There are also different reasons for creating Class B shares within a company—there are, however, similar arrangements which companies seem to use when it comes to equity structure.
805:
for financing. Furthermore, the price of the new Class B shares attracted many small investors, whilst making
Berkshire accessible to the people with modest amounts of capital. Additionally, his intention was to market Class B shares as a type of long-term
1453:
1647:
1047:
The Class B share, however, has only a small fraction of voting power. These companies create both share classes in a way where price and voting power are not proportional. One example of this arrangement is the
Berkshire Hathaway structure.
960:
is dramatically increased which may eventually drive down the Class B’s share price of the firm. However, it may also be good as it shows that a firm can easily repay its debt obligations and is using leverage to increase the amount of
1104:
for US$ 1 billion, which was made without consulting other Class B shareholders. The company's board has also rejected proposals which aim to weaken
Zuckerberg's grip on the company which includes removing the Class B shares in Meta.
955:
A higher risk is often associated with a high D/E ratio. This is because it shows that the company has an aggressive approach when it comes to financing its growth with debt. Additionally, when the D/E ratio gets too high, the
1022:. It usually involves insiders of a company having control over their Class B shares. The Class B shares have about 10 times the voting power of Class A shares, and are not traded on public exchanges. These shares are called
2063:
1082:
Companies choose to create Class B shares and dual-class structures to allow founders, and other corporate insiders to gain almost complete voting control over the company. This is crucial in the early years of a
2328:
1883:
837:, have incorporated the dual-class stock structure to ensure owners have control over their company while still being able to reach out to many more potential investors at more attractive share prices.
694:
of the company to maintain ownership over their company as well as to control the company’s direction. Additionally, having different share classes can be a way for companies to reward early
948:
as it measures the degree the company is financing its operations through debt or their own funding. It also gives insight on the ability of shareholder equity to cover outstanding
797:
of
Berkshire Hathaway, said at the 1996 annual meeting that the intended purpose of Class B shares was made to match the demand for those shares, and was aimed to prevent false
643:(stock exchange). There are also Class B shares which are referred to as preferred shares in certain companies. Before investing in the shares, investors will look at different
1434:
2139:
758:
or offer. For popular stocks, buyers and sellers will be on each side bidding and asking for new prices consistently. The price of the bid will go up if the
533:
727:(OTC) exchanges. However, the shares listed there tend to be riskier because they tend to list companies which have failed to meet to more stringent
920:
stock is being traded at what its worth. Hence, investors are more drawn to lower P/B values as it implies that the Class B share is undervalued.
801:. Additionally, unequal voting shares are created so that owners of the company do not have to give up control, but can still tap into the public
1490:
867:
Before investing in Class B shares, investors may value the shares using different metrics to find out which stocks the market has undervalued.
1200:, the company will have to submit a form to the regulatory authority in the country, where the process is given full validation. Later on, new
1726:
1347:
1318:
1291:
400:
1842:
940:
ratio which determines how much debt a company uses to finance its assets. It evaluates the company’s financial leverage by dividing total
871:
are used to analyse a company’s fundamentals. Here are some popular financial metrics used by investors to determine the value of a stock.
2269:
746:
of shares. The decision investors makes as to whether to buy, sell, or hold the stock is based on whether they believe that the stock is
1410:
1113:
Another reason for having the founders maintain absolute control of their company is that founders are able to focus on the long-term
787:. This meant that each share of Class A stock could initially be converted to 30 shares of Class B stock at the option of the holder.
1204:
will be issued to the shareholders who have converted their shares. The application is also normally binding and cannot be revoked.
1799:
1546:
2154:
1707:
750:, overvalued, or valued correctly. The price at which someone wishes to buy any share, be it Class B or other classes, is called a
1901:
1038:
1026:
as they give key company insiders larger control over the company which includes its board and is usually the deciding factor for
941:
1193:
Shareholders with Class A shares registered under the name of another nominee must contact the nominee to request a conversion.
1070:
Class B mutual fund shares are seen to be a good investment if investors have less cash and a longer time horizon. To avoid the
1945:
526:
864:
of a Class B share, if the market price is below the intrinsic value, it may be a good buy. Otherwise, it may be a good sale.
375:
2082:
1983:
852:
the Class B shares of a company. Valuation of the shares must account for all of its economic rights. These rights include:
2229:
1762:
1060:
502:
324:
2120:
887:
This is the most common way to value a stock. It is represented by the stock price divided by the company’s most recent
2248:
1587:
690:
with differences in their voting rights attached to each class. The creation of multiple classes are designed to allow
1176:
In order to change share classes, members of the company must pass an ordinary resolution with the following details:
571:
50:
2210:
720:
where current shareholders can transact with potential investors. Another way to invest in Class B shares is through
702:
as those who invested with the company before a certain period, thus the investors may enjoy benefits such as higher
2415:
1281:
519:
276:
1308:
743:
385:
1059:, there are a few differences which set the share classes apart. In terms of fees, Class A share funds charge a
2173:
596:
2192:
1335:
794:
614:
205:
1861:
1666:
1818:
691:
350:
2101:
1528:
482:
395:
2023:
2290:
1781:
2045:
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987:
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compared to those in other share classes. These details will be illustrated clearly in the company’s
679:
625:
620:
Most of the time, Class B shares may have lower repayment priorities in the event a company declares
329:
232:
1568:
986:
Different companies have detailed descriptions of their different classes of stock written in their
2370:
2309:
1010:
857:
849:
507:
1964:
1688:
624:. Each company’s classes of stock differs and more information is often included in the company’s
1146:
1145:, was created to have 10 votes per share. Although the three of them only own 31.3% of the total
1114:
1023:
1019:
937:
888:
779:
763:
497:
455:
440:
410:
334:
262:
179:
57:
45:
35:
1283:
The
Business of Value Investing: Six Essential Elements to Buying Companies Like Warren Buffett
973:
1509:
1343:
1314:
1310:
Trading the US Markets: A Comprehensive Guide to Us
Markets for European Traders and Investors
1287:
1201:
1027:
945:
846:
818:. He added that the company wishes to attract investment-oriented shareholders with long-term
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747:
736:
728:
717:
640:
579:
430:
425:
415:
360:
186:
154:
1197:
962:
735:. Additionally, stocks traded OTC usually belong to smaller companies which do not have the
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477:
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445:
315:
291:
286:
247:
227:
191:
139:
27:
2392:
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868:
798:
644:
567:
435:
420:
380:
196:
134:
95:
90:
1927:
1373:
647:
which will help them value the share and aid in the decision of investing in the stock.
2346:
1084:
957:
891:(EPS). The lower the P/E ratio, the more attractive the amount of value for the share.
826:
790:
732:
712:
Like shares in other share classes, investors can invest in Class B shares through the
610:
450:
355:
305:
267:
159:
106:
100:
80:
75:
1625:
810:
to prevent prices from fluctuating from supply concerns. Mr
Buffett also refused to a
766:. On the contrary, if the supply is more than the demand, the bid price will go down.
2409:
2024:"Class A Shares vs. Class B vs. Class C Mutual Fund Shares: Which Should You Choose?"
1064:
916:
834:
802:
784:
575:
390:
365:
217:
164:
1391:
1134:
1056:
861:
819:
713:
664:
563:
492:
467:
237:
129:
124:
115:
85:
1472:
911:
The P/B ratio is calculated using a company’s current market value divided by its
1744:
742:
The price of the Class B shares fluctuates perpetually as investors reassess the
1142:
853:
811:
754:. On the other hand, the price at which someone wishes to sell, is known as an
699:
687:
636:
559:
487:
300:
257:
252:
242:
149:
66:
2155:"No Matter How Bad the Whistleblowers get, Mark Zuckerberg remains Untouchable"
1138:
1018:
The technology class arrangement derived its name from its popularity amongst
912:
807:
721:
672:
632:
621:
1042:
Showcases the differences in voting rights between Class A and Class B shares
1101:
755:
751:
656:
1074:, an investor should typically remain in the fund for five to eight years.
663:
in a corporation. Class B shares are known as a type of classification of
582:, or how many types of shares are offered, is determined by the corporate
1231:
814:
and claimed that the high price of Class A shares created an intentional
703:
695:
668:
604:
600:
212:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1226:
1118:
995:
830:
682:
which represent ownership in a company and proportionate claims on its
583:
547:
462:
405:
928:
903:
879:
686:. They exist in companies with dual-class structures or with multiple
1342:. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 435–436.
1241:
1236:
1129:
991:
759:
707:
927:
902:
878:
683:
144:
2371:"Preferred Stock -- The Best of Bonds and Security in One Equity"
949:
370:
2005:"How Are a Mutual Funds C Shares Different from A and B Shares"
1002:
companies distribute dividends to Class A shareholders first.
675:, Class B shares may have a lower repayment priority as well.
1727:"Here's Why Warren Buffett Says He'll Never Split the Stock"
1096:
An example is the company Meta, formerly known as
Facebook.
1117:
of their company. The
Executive Chairman of Alibaba Group,
1014:
Difference in Voting Rights of
General Technology Companies
592:
can also refer to various terms relating to stock classes:
1392:"Empire State Realty Trust Registration Rights Agreement"
2193:"How Jack Ma can Keep a Tight Grip on Alibaba after IPO"
2140:"Facebook Strong Arms Investors Who Want Zuckerberg Out"
2083:"Mark Zuckerberg is essentially untouchable at Facebook"
1984:"Mark Zuckerberg is essentially untouchable at Facebook"
1286:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 214–216.
1159:
such as reviewing, drafting and also updating articles.
2285:
2283:
1313:. Petersfield, UK: Harriman House Limited. p. 52.
977:
Difference in the Various Arrangements of Share Classes
698:: For example, certain companies may designate Class B
570:
that typically has strengthened voting rights or other
2391:
Ganti, Akhilesh (2022). Silberstein, Samantha (ed.).
1166:
Opportunities to change the management of the company
2039:
2037:
1999:
1997:
1745:"Alphabet's GOOG vs. GOOGL: What's the Difference?"
845:There are a few things to take into account before
1763:"Equity Allocation For Complex Capital Structures"
1836:
1834:
1832:
1562:
1560:
2270:"Conversion of Class A shares to Class B shares"
2264:
2262:
2174:"Alibaba's Stock Structure: Love It or Hate It?"
2064:"Dual-Class Shares: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly"
1946:"Multiple Share Classes and Super-Voting Shares"
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1877:
1875:
1780:Alvarez, Socrates (2022). Scott, Gordon (ed.).
1708:"5 Key Moments in Berkshire Hathaway's History"
1411:"6 Basic Financial Ratios and What They Reveal"
1409:Wilkins, Glenn (2022). Yashina, Natalya (ed.).
671:as compared to Class A shares. In the event of
2364:
2362:
2360:
2119:Lauricella, Tom (2021). Norton, Leslie (ed.).
2044:Cook, Jennifer (2021). Stapleton, Chip (ed.).
1682:
1680:
1567:Kennon, Joshua (2022). Clemon, Doretha (ed.).
1428:
1426:
1424:
969:Differences Between Class A and Class B Shares
1926:Chenfirst=James (2022). Scott, Gordon (ed.).
1641:
1639:
1162:Reasons for changing share classes include:
944:by shareholder equity. This ratio is used in
527:
8:
2386:
2384:
1819:"The Definitive Guide: How to Value a Stock"
1433:Maverick, J.B. (2022). Brock, Thomas (ed.).
1169:Dividend allocation and capital distribution
2102:"How Class A, B and C Share Classes Differ"
1372:Hayes, Adam (2022). Anderson, Somer (ed.).
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1338:. In Lee, Cheng-Few; Lee, Alice C. (eds.).
1452:McGowan, Lee (2022). Scott, Gordon (ed.).
534:
520:
18:
2022:Thune, Kent (2022). Scott, Gordon (ed.).
1782:"What is the Intrinsic Value of a Stock?"
1646:Segal, Troy (2022). Scott, Gordon (ed.).
1529:"A Look at Primary and Secondary Markets"
2230:"Letter From Larry Page and Sergey Brin"
1037:
1009:
972:
2249:"Google to Defend Dual-Class Structure"
1272:
342:
314:
275:
172:
114:
65:
26:
1510:"Class A vs Class B vs Class C Shares"
1454:"What Are Mutual Fund Class B Shares?"
856:, dividend rights, conversion rights,
2121:"How Facebook Silences Its Investors"
7:
1965:"The Two Sides of Dual-Class Shares"
1689:"The Two Sides to Dual-Class Shares"
1336:"Chapter 15: Chinese A and B Shares"
825:Ever since, many companies, such as
1435:"Class A Shares vs. Class B Shares"
1078:Why Companies Create Class B Shares
875:Price-to-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio)
841:Valuation Metrics of Class B Shares
1648:"How Are Stock Prices Determined?"
1588:"How Are Stock Prices Determined?"
739:to be listed on formal exchanges.
14:
2046:"The ABCs of Mutual Fund Classes"
1569:"How Are Stock Prices Determined"
1208:Shares of Class B Preferred Stock
16:Type of common or preferred stock
924:Debt-to-Equity Ratio (D/E Ratio)
578:that may have been created. The
34:
899:Price-to-Book Ratio (P/B Ratio)
277:Over-the-counter (off-exchange)
1491:"Multiple Share Class Company"
1:
2310:"Changing of Class of Shares"
1800:"Types of Valuation Multiple"
667:which may have more or fewer
631:Class B common shares can be
503:Sustainable development goals
1667:"Why Create Class B Shares?"
952:in case the business fails.
1906:Corporate Finance Institute
1804:Corporate Finance Institute
1607:"Baby Berkshire Definition"
1551:Corporate Finance Institute
1473:"Class B Shares Definition"
1374:"Class B Shares Definition"
1172:Alteration of voting rights
1154:Conversion of Share Classes
2432:
2211:"Alibaba: A Dictatorship?"
783:of the voting rights of a
651:Definition and Application
613:, a class of stock on the
599:, a class of stock on the
2369:Marquit, Marinda (2022).
1841:Elmerraji, Jones (2022).
770:History of Class B Shares
655:A share is defined as an
386:Diversification (finance)
2327:Fernando, Jason (2022).
2228:Drummond, David (2012).
2215:Columbia Business School
1882:Fernando, Jason (2022).
1843:"Five Must Have Metrics"
1673:. Event occurs at 4:52.
1665:Buffett, Warren (1996).
1626:"Chairman's Letter-1996"
1624:Buffett, Warren (1996).
1547:"Over-the-Counter (OTC)"
1307:Pezzutti, Paolo (2008).
1186:Previous class of shares
1183:Number of shares changed
597:B share (mainland China)
2308:Sharma, Vrinda (2020).
2081:Stewart, Emily (2018).
1982:Stewart, Emily (2018).
1817:Hartill, Robin (2022).
1706:Caplinger, Dan (2017).
1340:Encyclopedia of Finance
1034:High-Priced Arrangement
854:liquidations preference
615:New York Stock Exchange
558:is a designation for a
2291:"Conversion of Shares"
2247:Mills, ELinor (2006).
2138:Atkins, Betsy (2021).
1884:"Debt-to-Equity Ratio"
1860:Bromels, John (2022).
1725:Vega, Nicolas (2022).
1671:Berkshire Hathaway Inc
1630:Berkshire Hathaway Inc
1471:Scott, Gordon (2021).
1043:
1015:
1006:Technology Arrangement
978:
933:
908:
884:
351:Alternative investment
2191:Oran, Olivia (2013).
2153:Mayer, David (2021).
1963:McClure, Ben (2021).
1862:"Price-to-Book Ratio"
1687:McClure, Ben (2021).
1605:Kenton, Will (2022).
1527:Beers, Brian (2021).
1508:Davies, Anna (2021).
1280:Gad, Sham M. (2009).
1115:strategic development
1041:
1024:"super-voting shares"
1013:
976:
931:
906:
882:
680:financial instruments
483:Investment management
396:Environmental finance
2178:CUHK Business School
1586:Price, Mike (2022).
1262:China Concepts Stock
1196:After approving the
1020:technology companies
785:Class A common stock
716:. Stock markets are
2329:"Preference Shares"
2172:Ying, Fang (2014).
2100:Reed, Eric (2019).
1902:"Debt-Equity Ratio"
1189:New class of shares
1180:Name of shareholder
982:General Investments
936:The D/E ratio is a
731:criteria of larger
678:Class B shares are
508:Sustainable finance
22:Part of a series on
1202:share certificates
1147:outstanding shares
1044:
1016:
979:
934:
909:
889:earnings per share
885:
780:Berkshire Hathaway
775:Berkshire Hathaway
498:Speculative attack
263:Structured product
2416:Equity securities
2393:"Preferred Stock"
2347:"Preferred Stock"
1349:978-0-387-26284-0
1320:978-1-905641-05-5
1293:978-0-470-55385-5
1028:corporate actions
958:cost of borrowing
946:corporate finance
932:D/E Ratio Formula
907:P/B ratio formula
883:P/E ratio formula
858:redemption rights
762:is more than the
718:secondary markets
639:, or through the
544:
543:
371:Banks and banking
361:Asset (economics)
187:Credit derivative
155:Stock certificate
28:Financial markets
2423:
2401:
2400:
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2378:
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2355:
2354:
2343:
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2324:
2318:
2317:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:Company Law Club
2287:
2278:
2277:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2244:
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2237:
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2218:
2207:
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2019:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1992:
1991:
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1972:
1960:
1954:
1953:
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1935:
1928:"Class A Shares"
1923:
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1696:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1419:
1418:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1354:
1353:
1334:He, Yan (2006).
1331:
1325:
1324:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1277:
869:Financial ratios
816:barrier to entry
725:over-the-counter
688:classes of stock
645:financial ratios
580:equity structure
536:
529:
522:
478:Impact investing
473:Growth investing
206:Foreign exchange
192:Futures exchange
140:Registered share
38:
19:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2368:
2367:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1925:
1924:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1866:The Motley Fool
1859:
1858:
1854:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1823:The Motley Fool
1816:
1815:
1811:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1712:The Motley Fool
1705:
1704:
1700:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1592:The Motley Fool
1585:
1584:
1580:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1371:
1370:
1357:
1350:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1223:
1210:
1156:
1127:
1111:
1098:Mark Zuckerberg
1094:
1080:
1053:
1036:
1008:
984:
971:
926:
901:
877:
843:
777:
772:
744:intrinsic value
653:
607:stock exchanges
568:preferred stock
540:
381:Climate finance
310:
296:
224:
223:
203:
202:
197:Hybrid security
135:Preferred stock
105:
96:High-yield debt
91:Government bond
17:
12:
11:
5:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2380:
2375:Forbes Advisor
2356:
2338:
2319:
2314:DNS Associates
2300:
2279:
2258:
2239:
2220:
2202:
2183:
2164:
2145:
2130:
2111:
2106:Yahoo! Finance
2092:
2073:
2055:
2033:
2014:
1993:
1974:
1955:
1937:
1911:
1893:
1871:
1852:
1828:
1809:
1791:
1772:
1767:Equity Methods
1754:
1736:
1717:
1698:
1676:
1657:
1635:
1616:
1597:
1578:
1556:
1538:
1519:
1500:
1482:
1463:
1444:
1420:
1401:
1383:
1355:
1348:
1326:
1319:
1299:
1292:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1209:
1206:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1155:
1152:
1126:
1123:
1110:
1107:
1093:
1090:
1085:public company
1079:
1076:
1052:
1049:
1035:
1032:
1007:
1004:
983:
980:
970:
967:
963:equity returns
925:
922:
900:
897:
876:
873:
842:
839:
791:Warren Buffett
776:
773:
771:
768:
652:
649:
618:
617:
611:B share (NYSE)
608:
574:compared to a
542:
541:
539:
538:
531:
524:
516:
513:
512:
511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
356:Angel investor
353:
345:
344:
340:
339:
338:
337:
332:
327:
319:
318:
312:
311:
309:
308:
303:
297:
295:
294:
289:
283:
280:
279:
273:
272:
271:
270:
268:Swap (finance)
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
222:
221:
215:
208:
204:
201:
200:
194:
189:
182:
178:
175:
174:
170:
169:
168:
167:
162:
160:Stock exchange
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
119:
118:
112:
111:
110:
109:
107:Securitization
103:
101:Municipal bond
98:
93:
88:
83:
81:Corporate bond
78:
76:Bond valuation
70:
69:
63:
62:
61:
60:
48:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2428:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2068:CFA Institute
2065:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
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1539:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
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1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
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1402:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
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1218:
1214:
1207:
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1199:
1194:
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1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:and founders
1136:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1109:Alibaba Group
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1065:expense ratio
1062:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1005:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
989:
981:
975:
968:
966:
964:
959:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
930:
923:
921:
918:
917:balance sheet
914:
905:
898:
896:
892:
890:
881:
874:
872:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
803:equity market
800:
796:
792:
788:
786:
781:
774:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
715:
710:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
669:voting rights
666:
662:
658:
650:
648:
646:
642:
641:public market
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
616:
612:
609:
606:
602:
598:
595:
594:
593:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
576:Class A share
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:Class C share
553:
552:Class B share
549:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
517:
515:
514:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:Eco-investing
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
366:Asset pricing
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
346:
343:Related areas
341:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
320:
317:
313:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
282:
281:
278:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
219:
218:Exchange rate
216:
214:
210:
209:
207:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
184:
183:
181:
177:
176:
173:Other markets
171:
166:
165:Watered stock
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:
117:
113:
108:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
64:
59:
56:
52:
49:
47:
46:Public market
44:
43:
42:
41:
37:
33:
32:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2397:Investopedia
2396:
2374:
2350:
2341:
2333:Investopedia
2332:
2322:
2313:
2303:
2294:
2273:
2252:
2242:
2233:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2186:
2177:
2167:
2158:
2148:
2133:
2124:
2114:
2105:
2095:
2086:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2050:Investopedia
2049:
2027:
2017:
2009:Investopedia
2008:
1987:
1977:
1969:Investopedia
1968:
1958:
1950:Investopedia
1949:
1940:
1932:Investopedia
1931:
1905:
1896:
1888:Investopedia
1887:
1865:
1855:
1847:Investopedia
1846:
1822:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1786:Investopedia
1785:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1749:Investopedia
1748:
1739:
1730:
1720:
1711:
1701:
1693:Investopedia
1692:
1670:
1660:
1652:Investopedia
1651:
1629:
1619:
1611:Investopedia
1610:
1600:
1591:
1581:
1572:
1550:
1541:
1533:Investopedia
1532:
1522:
1513:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1477:Investopedia
1476:
1466:
1457:
1447:
1439:Investopedia
1438:
1415:Investopedia
1414:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1378:Investopedia
1377:
1339:
1329:
1309:
1302:
1282:
1275:
1215:
1211:
1195:
1192:
1175:
1161:
1157:
1135:Eric Schmidt
1128:
1112:
1095:
1081:
1069:
1061:“front load”
1057:mutual funds
1054:
1051:Mutual Funds
1045:
1017:
1000:
985:
954:
935:
910:
893:
886:
866:
862:market value
844:
824:
789:
778:
741:
714:stock market
711:
700:shareholders
677:
665:common stock
654:
637:mutual funds
630:
619:
589:
588:
555:
551:
545:
493:Market trend
468:Greenwashing
325:Participants
130:Growth stock
125:Common stock
116:Stock market
86:Fixed income
54:
2125:Morningstar
2028:The Balance
1573:The Balance
1458:The Balance
1396:Law Insider
1143:Sergey Brin
942:liabilities
812:stock split
799:inducements
748:undervalued
635:in through
560:share class
488:Market risk
301:Spot market
258:Reinsurance
253:Real estate
243:Mutual fund
180:Derivatives
150:Stockbroker
67:Bond market
1268:References
1198:resolution
1139:Larry Page
1125:Google LLC
988:prospectus
913:book value
808:investment
673:bankruptcy
626:prospectus
622:bankruptcy
330:Regulation
58:Securities
1102:Instagram
756:ask price
752:bid price
737:resources
733:exchanges
722:regulated
704:dividends
696:investors
657:ownership
431:corporate
406:Financial
228:Commodity
2410:Category
2351:Bankrate
1232:Red chip
1221:See also
1072:exit fee
938:leverage
847:analysts
820:horizons
692:founders
633:invested
605:Shenzhen
601:Shanghai
572:benefits
456:services
446:personal
441:forecast
411:analysis
335:Clearing
287:Forwards
213:Currency
51:Exchange
2234:SEC Gov
2217:. 2016.
2197:Reuters
2159:Fortune
2011:. 2022.
1952:. 2021.
1908:. 2022.
1806:. 2022.
1751:. 2022.
1398:. 2013.
1257:G share
1252:L share
1247:N share
1227:H share
1119:Jack Ma
996:charter
835:Alibaba
831:Groupon
729:listing
708:bylaws.
590:B share
584:charter
548:finance
463:Fintech
426:betting
416:analyst
316:Trading
292:Options
1495:Vistra
1346:
1317:
1290:
1242:S chip
1237:P chip
1130:Google
994:, and
992:bylaws
915:. The
833:, and
793:, the
764:supply
760:demand
684:assets
661:equity
564:common
451:public
248:Option
53:
2274:Eolus
850:value
562:of a
436:crime
421:asset
306:Swaps
238:Money
145:Stock
2253:CNET
1731:CNBC
1514:Sofi
1344:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1141:and
1092:Meta
950:debt
827:Meta
603:and
550:, a
376:Bull
2087:Vox
1988:Vox
1055:In
795:CEO
659:of
566:or
554:or
546:In
401:ESG
233:ETF
2412::
2395:.
2383:^
2373:.
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2349:.
2331:.
2312:.
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2272:.
2261:^
2251:.
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2213:.
2195:.
2176:.
2157:.
2123:.
2104:.
2085:.
2066:.
2048:.
2036:^
2026:.
2007:.
1996:^
1986:.
1967:.
1948:.
1930:.
1914:^
1904:.
1886:.
1874:^
1864:.
1845:.
1831:^
1821:.
1802:.
1784:.
1765:.
1747:.
1729:.
1710:.
1691:.
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1669:.
1650:.
1638:^
1628:.
1609:.
1590:.
1571:.
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1549:.
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1493:.
1475:.
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1067:.
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2377:.
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2335:.
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2255:.
2236:.
2199:.
2180:.
2161:.
2142:.
2127:.
2108:.
2089:.
2070:.
2052:.
2030:.
1990:.
1971:.
1934:.
1890:.
1868:.
1849:.
1825:.
1788:.
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