43:
479:
106:. In that sense, the working class today includes both white and blue-collar workers, manual and menial workers of all types, excluding only individuals who derive their livelihood from business ownership and the labour of others. The term, which is primarily used to evoke images of laborers suffering "class disadvantage in spite of their individual effort", can also have racial connotations. These racial connotations imply diverse themes of poverty that imply whether one is deserving of aid.
346:
3140:
155:
554:
285:
209:, European society was in a state of change, and this change could not be reconciled with the idea of a changeless God-created social order. Wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics (i.e. excessive consumption of alcohol, perceived laziness and inability to save money). In
1754:
449:. Thereafter, this class developed worldwide from the 1960s, especially in the southern hemisphere. In contrast to previous notions of a class of the lumpen proletariat or the notions of a "slum of hope" from the 1920s and 1930s, members of this class are given hardly any chances of attaining membership of the formal economic structures.
460:
stresses the challenges that working-class students can face during the transition to and within higher education, and research intensive universities in particular. One factor can be the university community being perceived as a predominately middle-class social space, creating a sense of otherness
1865:
Labor in Europe and
America A Special Report on the Rates of Wages, the Cost of Subsistence, and the Condition of the Working Classes in Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium and Other Countries of Europe, Also in the United States and British America By Edward Young, United States, Department of
399:. Different groups and individuals may at any given time be on one side or the other. Such contradictions of interests and identity within individuals' lives and within communities can effectively undermine the ability of the working class to act in solidarity to reduce
145:
Some researchers have suggested that working-class status should be defined subjectively as self-identification with the working-class group. This subjective approach allows people, rather than researchers, to define their own "subjective" and "perceived" social class.
177:
Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the labouring class, a group made up of different professions, trades and occupations. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the same
117:(for certain types of science, as well as journalistic or political analysis). For example, the working class is loosely defined as those without college degrees. Working-class occupations are then categorized into four groups: unskilled labourers, artisans,
134:, cultural interests, and other goods and services. The cut-off between working class and middle class here might mean the line where a population has discretionary income, rather than finances for basic needs and essentials (for example, on
219:
argues that the
English working class was present at its own creation, and seeks to describe the transformation of pre-modern labouring classes into a modern, politically self-conscious, working class.
924:
231:, often effected by the administratively achieved forced displacement of peasants and rural workers. Since then, four major industrial states have turned towards semi-market-based governance (
509:. Industries employing laborers include building things such as roads, road paving, buildings, bridges, tunnels, pipelines civil and industrial, and railway tracks. Laborers work with
82:, or both. However, socialists define "working class" to include all workers who fall into this category; thus, this definition can include almost all of the working population of
2216:
42:
537:, laborer practices have changed little. With the introduction of field technologies, the laborers have been quick to adapt to the use of this technology as being laborers'
1106:
1030:
1373:
1037:
2944:
2819:
842:
2829:
936:
3087:
1985:
319:
of a society. He asserted that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land, or
2936:
2874:
1864:
1682:
728:
211:
1854:
1838:
2916:
2247:
1893:
1597:
Sheehan, Steven T. (2010). "'Pow! Right in the Kisser': Ralph
Kramden, Jackie Gleason, and the Emergence of the Frustrated Working-Class Man".
1329:
1504:
66:-based contracts, whose exact membership varies from definition to definition. Members of the working class rely primarily upon earnings from
2911:
1732:
1709:
1668:
1642:
1563:
1533:
1481:
1462:
1415:
1387:
1359:
1318:
1252:"'I Am Working-Class': Subjective Self-Definition as a Missing Measure of Social Class and Socioeconomic Status in Higher Education Research"
1228:
1172:
1149:
750:
2921:
1868:(Includes information on the living and working conditions of working-class people in various countries during and before the 19th Century)
1776:
124:
A common alternative is to define class by income levels. When this approach is used, the working class can be contrasted with a so-called
1493:"Lifestyles of the Not So Rich and Famous: Ideological Shifts in Popular Culture, Reagan-Era Sitcoms and Portrayals of the Working Class"
2954:
3102:
3082:
3061:
804:
700:
695:
1025:
102:, is that the working class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labour. These people used to be referred to as the
3066:
2949:
2792:
1827:
1802:
1587:
1220:
2814:
383:
society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." In general, in
Marxist terms
376:
372:
2804:
1701:
1102:
3097:
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2864:
2348:
1577:
1057:
582:
3092:
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533:
writes that a good crew of laborers is just as valuable as any other aspect of construction. Other than the addition of
3046:
3036:
2903:
2111:
1784:
1780:
1764:
3026:
2365:
1886:
1599:
1411:
690:
529:, and act as assistants to other trades as well such as operators or cement masons. The 1st century BC engineer
198:
and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the
70:. Most common definitions of "working class" in use in the United States limit its membership to workers who hold
3051:
2991:
1379:
227:). Some historians have noted that a key change in these Soviet-style societies has been a massive a new type of
31:
831:
2996:
2986:
2343:
2155:
1724:
478:
223:
Starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class (see
191:
3174:
3143:
3041:
2976:
1251:
592:
506:
359:
199:
109:
When used in non-Socialist contexts, however, it often refers to a section of society dependent on physical
1821:
1053:"The working classes and higher education: Meritocratic fallacies of upward mobility in the United Kingdom"
429:
for a class of over a billion predominantly young urban people who are in no way formally connected to the
46:
Construction workers, commonly regarded as working class, at work at St. Paul's
Hospital Cardiac center in
3164:
3001:
2630:
2372:
1259:
642:
632:
400:
3056:
3031:
3021:
3011:
3006:
2859:
1927:
1879:
1525:
685:
673:
379:"), abolishing the social relationships underpinning the class system and then developing into a future
720:
3117:
3112:
3016:
2886:
2837:
2231:
2197:
2182:
2018:
1965:
1250:
Rubin, Mark; Denson, Nida; Kilpatrick, Sue; Matthews, Kelly E.; Stehlik, Tom; Zyngier, David (2014).
1016:
994:
932:
758:
663:
622:
446:
426:
392:
224:
206:
183:
1339:
2501:
2306:
2281:
2261:
2165:
1492:
1199:
597:
312:
187:
2658:
2640:
2635:
2623:
2457:
2276:
2256:
2226:
2008:
1980:
1398:
1284:
1207:
1163:. International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology. Vol. 49. Leiden, Netherlands:
1124:
1084:
837:
514:
228:
75:
71:
345:
2663:
2581:
2318:
2271:
2209:
2038:
1728:
1705:
1664:
1638:
1616:
1583:
1559:
1529:
1477:
1458:
1383:
1314:
1276:
1224:
1178:
1168:
1145:
1141:
1076:
637:
327:
162:
83:
1474:
Belles of New
England: The Women of the Textile Mills and the Families Whose Wealth They Wove
3107:
2981:
2881:
2711:
2519:
2409:
2360:
2333:
2086:
2081:
1934:
1632:
1628:
1608:
1573:
1543:
1369:
1334:
1268:
1164:
1066:
830:
826:
647:
607:
587:
416:
364:
110:
247:), and one state has turned inwards into an increasing cycle of poverty and brutalization (
2852:
2544:
2355:
2101:
2091:
1652:
797:""All (Poor) Lives Matter": How Class-Not-Race Logic Reinscribes Race and Class Privilege"
796:
653:
612:
526:
270:
have been slowly undergoing social change, expanding the size of the urban working class.
98:, working class is defined and used in many different ways. One definition, used by many
3169:
2809:
2753:
2592:
2549:
2477:
2221:
2192:
2117:
2071:
2013:
1970:
1678:
1355:
559:
396:
216:
3158:
2447:
2236:
2106:
2096:
2054:
2028:
2023:
1960:
1920:
1842:
1688:
1612:
1548:
1288:
1238:
1088:
602:
510:
490:
430:
388:
353:
in 1900—1901. The drawing was based on a leaflet of the "Union of
Russian Socialists"
159:
154:
2683:
2610:
2389:
2379:
2298:
2048:
1955:
1905:
1847:
1698:
How the Other Half Ate: A History of
Working-Class Meals at the Turn of the Century
668:
627:
494:
384:
350:
335:
304:
252:
179:
126:
95:
79:
1378:. Translated by Henderson, W. O.; Chaloner, W. H. Stanford, California:
284:
2847:
2678:
2668:
2618:
2600:
2511:
2472:
2266:
2177:
2160:
1555:
1310:
658:
617:
578:
573:
502:
300:
289:
279:
263:
248:
195:
103:
67:
17:
1834:
BBC Archive collection of TV & Radio programmes about
Working Class Britain
1816:
461:
due to class differences in social norms and knowledge of navigating academia.
2693:
2033:
568:
553:
549:
518:
457:
368:
1620:
1280:
1272:
1182:
1080:
2739:
2734:
2701:
2673:
2561:
2556:
2492:
2467:
2414:
2328:
2043:
1975:
1660:
1454:
538:
534:
530:
522:
442:
422:
407:
in determining people's life chances, work conditions, and political power.
404:
380:
320:
296:
259:
174:
139:
131:
118:
99:
194:. The social position of these labouring classes was viewed as ordained by
190:
nor church officials. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other
2748:
2720:
2706:
2573:
2539:
2497:
2482:
2442:
2187:
1833:
339:
166:
47:
1215:
Linkon, Sherry Lee (1999). "Introduction". In Linkon, Sherry Lee (ed.).
925:"Thompson: The Making of the English Working Class — Faculty of History"
2744:
2729:
2725:
2487:
2437:
2429:
2419:
2323:
2311:
2170:
2066:
2060:
1071:
1052:
1020:
498:
486:
471:
438:
240:
135:
1830:
from the McCord Museum's online collection (archived 23 February 2006)
1437:
505:
in which their only possession of significant material value is their
2716:
2529:
2462:
2402:
2397:
2204:
316:
63:
367:
argued that it was the destiny of the working class to displace the
130:
on the basis of differential terms of access to economic resources,
1817:
The Center for
Working-Class Studies at Youngstown State University
1783:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
2524:
2452:
2003:
1103:"Occupational Outlook Handbook, Construction Laborers and Helpers"
477:
342:
people. Marx considered them to be devoid of class consciousness.
283:
267:
266:, generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as
232:
153:
41:
2534:
2076:
1855:
US millennials feel more working class than any other generation
434:
308:
244:
236:
114:
59:
2778:
2135:
1875:
1871:
1192:
Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 1928–1931
1023:[Planet of the Slums - Urbanization without urbanity].
78:
jobs, whose income is insufficiently high to place them in the
1747:
1161:
Third Worlds Workers: Comparative International Labour Studies
437:. According to Davis, this class no longer corresponds to the
1204:
Beyond Capital: Marx's Political Economy of the Working Class
887:
1432:
Leon, Carol Boyd. "The life of American workers in 1915,"
27:
Social class composed of those employed in lower-tier jobs
1138:
Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society
251:). Other states of this sort have collapsed (such as the
1839:
Caring too much. That's the curse of the working classes
489:(or labourer) is a skilled trade, a person who works in
315:. He argued that they were responsible for creating the
1772:
1767:
may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
1005:] (in German). Berlin: Assoziation A. p. 183.
1822:
International Labor and Working-Class History Journal
288:
Striking teamsters battling police on the streets of
205:
In the late 18th century, under the influence of the
1522:
The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes
1451:
The Remaking of the British Working Class, 1840–1940
3075:
2967:
2935:
2902:
2828:
2791:
2692:
2649:
2609:
2591:
2510:
2428:
2388:
2297:
2290:
2245:
2148:
1994:
1948:
1721:Working Class Majority: America's Best Kept Secret
1547:
334:), are the extremely poor and unemployed, such as
58:is a subset of employees who are compensated with
1828:Images of the working class between 1840 and 1945
1436:(U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2016)
1021:"Planet der Slums – Urbanisierung ohne Urbanität"
1550:Worlds of Pain: Life in the Working Class Family
1105:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 31 May 2008.
1026:Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik
790:
788:
501:industries. Laborers are in a working class of
258:Since 1960, large-scale proletarianization and
1887:
1375:The Condition of the Working Class in England
1129:A Short History of the European Working Class
113:, especially when compensated with an hourly
8:
2571:
2797:
2788:
2775:
2294:
2145:
2132:
1945:
1894:
1880:
1872:
395:are not. This broad dichotomy defines the
375:(the rule of the many, as opposed to the "
1803:Learn how and when to remove this message
1687:(rev. ed.). Harmondsworth, England:
1070:
911:
899:
391:are working class, and those who live on
1866:the Treasury, Bureau of Statistics, 1875
1524:(2nd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut:
1243:Classes and Cultures: England, 1918–1951
981:
957:
779:
344:
1684:The Making of the English Working Class
1307:The Working Class in Britain, 1850–1939
1159:Gutkind, Peter C. W., ed. (1988).
969:
801:University of Chicago Law Review Online
712:
212:The Making of the English Working Class
1634:The Working Poor: Invisible in America
1421:from the original on 24 September 2021
1338:. No. 364. London. Archived from
875:
795:Feingold, Jonathan (20 October 2020).
680:Working classes in different countries
326:A sub-section of the proletariat, the
1507:from the original on 20 November 2018
1361:Class Structure in Australian History
7:
1408:Cambridge Studies in Social Research
1040:from the original on 9 October 2015.
863:
807:from the original on 3 December 2020
433:and who try to survive primarily in
1438:https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2016.5
274:Marxist definition: the proletariat
2137:
1696:Turner, Katherine Leonard (2014).
1330:"Why Workers Can Change the World"
1140:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
1109:from the original on 1 March 2024.
731:from the original on 25 April 2019
701:Working class in the United States
25:
1221:University of Massachusetts Press
845:from the original on 20 June 2022
650:, English sociological researcher
425:is a sociological term coined by
3139:
3138:
1752:
1613:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2010.00758.x
1497:McNair Scholars Research Journal
1476:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.
552:
470:This section is an excerpt from
441:concepts of a class, from Marx,
377:dictatorship of the bourgeoisie
373:dictatorship of the proletariat
262:of commons has occurred in the
2780:
1702:University of California Press
1364:. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.
403:, inequality, and the role of
303:as individuals who sell their
94:As with many terms describing
1:
1579:Poverty: A Study of Town Life
1136:Doob, Christopher B. (2013).
1058:European Journal of Education
583:Professional managerial class
299:defined the working class or
1491:Raine, April Janise (2011).
482:Laborer at work in a factory
1397:Jakopovich, Daniel (2014),
832:"Canaries in the Coal Mine"
691:Working class in Luxembourg
387:and those dependent on the
186:of people who were neither
3191:
1986:Weberian (three-component)
1824:(archived 12 January 2009)
1600:Journal of Popular Culture
1412:Cambridge University Press
1219:. Amherst, Massachusetts:
1190:Kuromiya, Hiroaki (1990).
469:
414:
277:
29:
3134:
2800:
2787:
2774:
2144:
2131:
1944:
1915:
1380:Stanford University Press
1328:Blackledge, Paul (2011).
493:types, especially in the
3108:Pre-industrial East Asia
1725:Cornell University Press
1700:. Berkeley, California:
1358:; Irving, Terry (1980).
1273:10.3102/0013189X14528373
349:Communist conception of
192:pre-industrial societies
84:industrialized economies
2156:Administrative detainee
1719:Zweig, Michael (2001).
1520:Rose, Jonathan (2010).
1472:Moran, William (2002).
696:Working class in the UK
593:Embourgeoisement thesis
447:theory of modernization
360:The Communist Manifesto
311:and who do not own the
121:, and factory workers.
30:For the TV series, see
2572:
1260:Educational Researcher
1217:Teaching Working Class
686:Working class in Italy
643:Reserve army of labour
633:Proletarian literature
483:
423:informal working class
411:Informal working class
354:
293:
292:, Minnesota, June 1934
170:
158:Working class life in
51:
3113:Pre-industrial Europe
1526:Yale University Press
1305:Benson, John (2003).
674:Working-class culture
481:
348:
287:
157:
45:
2970: or countries
2781:By country or region
2019:Class discrimination
1773:improve this article
1723:. Ithaca, New York:
1679:Thompson, E. P.
1657:Class, Self, Culture
1582:. Macmillan and Co.
1434:Monthly Labor Review
1400:The Concept of Class
1200:Lebowitz, Michael A.
1051:Reay, Diane (2021).
933:Cambridge University
725:Cambridge Dictionary
664:Vocational education
623:Marxian class theory
225:Soviet working class
200:German Peasants' War
2502:Vanniar (Chieftain)
1785:footnote references
1637:. New York: Knopf.
1342:on 10 December 2011
1125:Abendroth, Wolfgang
1003:Planet of the slums
755:Oxford Dictionaries
598:False consciousness
393:accumulated capital
313:means of production
3083:18th-century Spain
2937:Standard of living
2641:Upper middle class
2636:Lower middle class
2227:Political prisoner
2009:Chattering classes
1981:Spoon class theory
1208:Palgrave Macmillan
1072:10.1111/ejed.12438
1019:(27 August 2007).
929:www.hist.cam.ac.uk
838:The New York Times
835:. Campaign Stops.
484:
355:
294:
229:proletarianization
171:
150:History and growth
52:
3152:
3151:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
2963:
2962:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2664:Lumpenproletariat
2166:illegal immigrant
2127:
2126:
2039:Classless society
1813:
1812:
1805:
1734:978-0-8014-8727-9
1711:978-0-520-27758-8
1670:978-0-415-30086-5
1644:978-0-375-40890-8
1629:Shipler, David K.
1574:Rowntree, Seebohm
1565:978-0-465-09724-1
1544:Rubin, Lillian B.
1535:978-0-300-15365-1
1483:978-0-312-30183-5
1464:978-1-134-90681-9
1389:978-0-8047-0634-6
1370:Engels, Friedrich
1320:978-1-86064-902-8
1230:978-1-55849-188-5
1174:978-90-04-08788-0
1151:978-0-205-79241-2
1142:Pearson Education
984:, pp. 14–15.
902:, pp. 11–12.
888:Rubin et al. 2014
827:Edsall, Thomas B.
638:Proletarian novel
439:socio-theoretical
371:system, with the
328:lumpenproletariat
167:Cornwall, England
16:(Redirected from
3182:
3142:
3141:
2969:
2870:Mexican-American
2798:
2789:
2776:
2577:
2520:Business magnate
2410:Knowledge worker
2295:
2183:dual or multiple
2146:
2133:
2087:Social exclusion
2082:Social cleansing
1996:
1946:
1935:Economic classes
1896:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1715:
1692:
1674:
1653:Skeggs, Beverley
1648:
1624:
1593:
1569:
1553:
1539:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1487:
1468:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1405:
1393:
1365:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1335:Socialist Review
1324:
1292:
1256:
1246:
1234:
1223:. pp. 1ff.
1211:
1195:
1186:
1155:
1132:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1013:
1007:
1006:
999:Planet der Slums
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
939:on 13 March 2020
935:. Archived from
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
834:
829:(17 June 2012).
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
792:
783:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
757:. Archived from
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
717:
648:Seebohm Rowntree
608:Industrial novel
588:Critique of work
562:
557:
556:
453:Higher education
417:Informal economy
365:Friedrich Engels
363:, Karl Marx and
21:
18:Class of workers
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3122:
3071:
2959:
2931:
2898:
2882:Underprivileged
2824:
2783:
2782:
2758:
2688:
2645:
2605:
2587:
2506:
2424:
2384:
2286:
2241:
2140:
2139:
2123:
2102:Social position
2092:Social mobility
1990:
1940:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1809:
1798:
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1298:Further reading
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761:on 16 July 2013
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721:"Working Class"
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654:Social mobility
613:Labour movement
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527:heavy equipment
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332:rag-proletariat
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38:
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15:
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11:
5:
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3175:Social classes
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2955:Home-ownership
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2138:By demographic
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2118:Status Anxiety
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
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2072:Ranked society
2069:
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2016:
2014:Class conflict
2011:
2006:
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1997: topics
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1971:Mudsill theory
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1607:(3): 564–582.
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890:, p. 199.
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397:class struggle
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278:Main article:
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217:E. P. Thompson
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142:and shelter).
138:versus merely
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2232:Socioeconomic
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2203:
2199:
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2159:
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2147:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2119:
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2110:
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2107:Social stigma
2105:
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2100:
2098:
2097:Social orphan
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2055:Nouveau riche
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2032:
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2029:Class traitor
2027:
2025:
2024:Class society
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2020:
2017:
2015:
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1961:Gilbert model
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1859:The Guardian.
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1851:. March 2014.
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1843:David Graeber
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1116:
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1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1036:(in German).
1035:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
987:
983:
982:Lebowitz 2016
978:
975:
971:
966:
963:
960:, p. 87.
959:
958:Kuromiya 1990
954:
951:
938:
934:
930:
926:
920:
917:
913:
908:
905:
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869:
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844:
840:
839:
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828:
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802:
798:
791:
789:
785:
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780:McKibbin 2000
776:
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603:Globalization
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389:welfare state
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351:class society
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336:day labourers
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207:Enlightenment
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97:
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61:
57:
56:working class
49:
44:
40:
36:
34:
33:Working Class
19:
3118:Soviet Union
3093:Ancient Rome
2950:Homelessness
2875:Upper Middle
2747: /
2728: /
2719: /
2684:Working poor
2650:
2580:
2567:Robber baron
2390:Intellectual
2380:Royal family
2344:Ancient Rome
2198:second-class
2116:
2059:
2058: /
2053:
2049:High society
1956:Elite theory
1933:
1926:
1919:
1906:Social class
1858:
1848:The Guardian
1846:
1799:
1790:
1775:by removing
1762:
1720:
1697:
1683:
1656:
1633:
1604:
1598:
1578:
1554:. New York:
1549:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1503:(1): 63–78.
1500:
1496:
1473:
1450:
1447:Savage, Mike
1433:
1423:, retrieved
1407:
1399:
1374:
1360:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:the original
1333:
1306:
1264:
1258:
1242:
1216:
1203:
1191:
1160:
1137:
1128:
1117:Bibliography
1097:
1065:(1): 53–64.
1062:
1056:
1046:
1024:
1011:
1002:
998:
989:
977:
970:Gutkind 1988
965:
953:
941:. Retrieved
937:the original
928:
919:
907:
895:
883:
878:, p. 4.
871:
859:
847:. Retrieved
836:
821:
809:. Retrieved
800:
775:
763:. Retrieved
759:the original
754:
745:
733:. Retrieved
724:
715:
679:
678:
669:Wage slavery
628:Minimum wage
525:, and small
503:wage-earners
495:construction
491:manual labor
456:
420:
401:exploitation
358:
356:
331:
325:
305:labour power
295:
257:
253:Soviet Union
222:
210:
204:
184:third estate
172:
144:
127:middle class
125:
123:
108:
96:social class
93:
80:middle class
55:
53:
39:
32:
3037:New Zealand
2754:Untouchable
2679:Proletariat
2669:Pea-pickers
2619:Bourgeoisie
2307:Aristocracy
2193:naturalized
2188:native-born
1861:March 2016.
1556:Basic Books
1511:20 November
1410:, No. 14.,
1346:20 November
1311:I.B. Tauris
1029: [
1017:Davis, Mike
995:Davis, Mike
876:Linkon 1999
659:Trade union
618:Living wage
579:Bourgeoisie
574:Blue collar
519:power tools
301:proletariat
290:Minneapolis
280:Proletariat
264:third world
249:North Korea
196:natural law
188:aristocrats
180:social unit
104:proletariat
90:Definitions
76:pink-collar
72:blue-collar
68:wage labour
35:(TV series)
3159:Categories
3027:Luxembourg
2917:Inequality
2582:Superclass
2373:Hereditary
2349:Post-Roman
2340:Patrician
2210:adolescent
2034:Classicide
1659:. London:
1453:. London:
1309:. London:
1165:E.J. Brill
811:5 December
708:References
569:Apprentice
535:pneumatics
515:hand tools
458:Diane Reay
427:Mike Davis
415:See also:
369:capitalist
119:outworkers
100:socialists
3052:Sri Lanka
2945:Education
2912:Household
2805:Affluence
2740:Rat tribe
2702:Ant tribe
2674:Precariat
2659:Lazzaroni
2601:Bohemians
2562:Overclass
2557:Old money
2493:Spartiate
2468:Kshatriya
2458:Hashashin
2415:Professor
2356:Political
2329:Oligarchy
2319:Hanseaten
2237:Stateless
2217:Convicted
2149:By status
2112:Subaltern
2044:Euthenics
1976:New class
1793:June 2020
1777:excessive
1661:Routledge
1621:1540-5931
1576:(2000) .
1455:Routledge
1289:145576929
1281:1935-102X
1183:0074-8684
1089:234081023
1081:1465-3435
864:Doob 2013
539:workforce
531:Vitruvius
523:air tools
443:Max Weber
405:ownership
381:communist
321:factories
297:Karl Marx
260:enclosure
160:Edwardian
140:nutrition
132:education
3144:Category
3076:Historic
2997:Colombia
2987:Cambodia
2922:Personal
2820:Mobility
2749:Freedman
2735:Plebeian
2721:Prisoner
2707:Commoner
2593:Creative
2574:Seigneur
2540:Nobility
2498:Vanniyar
2483:Pendekar
2443:Cossacks
2077:Snobbery
1949:Theories
1681:(1968).
1655:(2004).
1631:(2004).
1546:(1976).
1505:Archived
1449:(1994).
1416:archived
1372:(1968).
1241:(2000).
1202:(2016).
1127:(1973).
1107:Archived
1038:Archived
997:(2007).
843:Archived
805:Archived
729:Archived
546:See also
511:blasting
340:homeless
48:Ethiopia
3047:Romania
3042:Nigeria
2927:Poverty
2830:Classes
2815:History
2726:Peasant
2712:Outcast
2651:Working
2631:Burgher
2488:Samurai
2478:Ocēlōtl
2438:Chhetri
2430:Warrior
2420:Scholar
2334:Russian
2324:Magnate
2312:Aristoi
2291:By type
2178:Citizen
2171:refugee
2067:Poverty
2061:Parvenu
1995:Related
1966:Marxian
1928:Stratum
1771:Please
1763:use of
1425:30 July
849:18 June
513:tools,
499:factory
487:laborer
472:Laborer
465:Laborer
445:or the
241:Vietnam
163:St Ives
136:fashion
3002:France
2982:Belize
2977:Africa
2904:Income
2860:Middle
2853:Gentry
2717:Outlaw
2624:Petite
2611:Middle
2545:Landed
2530:Gentry
2463:Knight
2403:Priest
2398:Clergy
2361:Family
2299:Ruling
2248:collar
2205:Clique
1921:Status
1731:
1708:
1667:
1641:
1619:
1586:
1562:
1532:
1480:
1461:
1386:
1317:
1287:
1279:
1227:
1181:
1171:
1148:
1087:
1079:
803:: 47.
317:wealth
175:feudal
169:, 1906
111:labour
64:salary
50:, 2017
3170:Labor
3098:Aztec
3057:Tibet
3032:Nepal
3022:Italy
3012:India
3007:Haiti
2992:China
2892:Under
2887:Lower
2865:Black
2848:Donor
2843:Black
2838:Upper
2745:Slave
2694:Under
2550:Petty
2525:Elite
2512:Upper
2453:Harii
2448:Cuāuh
2282:White
2262:Green
2161:Alien
2004:Caste
1419:(PDF)
1404:(PDF)
1285:S2CID
1255:(PDF)
1085:S2CID
1033:]
1001:[
943:1 May
765:8 May
735:1 May
507:labor
435:slums
309:wages
268:India
233:China
3017:Iran
2730:Serf
2535:Lord
2473:Nair
2366:List
2277:Pink
2267:Grey
2257:Blue
2246:By "
1845:for
1729:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1617:ISSN
1584:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1513:2018
1478:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1427:2021
1384:ISBN
1348:2018
1315:ISBN
1277:ISSN
1225:ISBN
1179:ISSN
1169:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1077:ISSN
945:2019
851:2012
813:2020
767:2014
737:2019
497:and
421:The
338:and
307:for
245:Cuba
237:Laos
182:, a
115:wage
74:and
60:wage
54:The
2272:New
1779:or
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1269:doi
1067:doi
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