Classical Japanese - Knowledge (XXG)

8469:

enough to make an exhaustive list difficult. The other 6 classes all together contain between 22 and 28 verbs, depending on whether basic compound verbs are included or not. An exhaustive list of these follows, with verbs in the conclusive form, as is the most common standard. Chinese character pronunciations are indicated by hiragana in parentheses following the given character. The first spelling listed for a given verb is the most common, and those that follow are alternative spellings. Some of these spellings are generally used for slightly different connotations of the same verb, while others are simple alternatives. In later reference, only the first spelling (in pre-World War II orthography) will be used, and the transcription will be based on the historical spelling. A blank cell in one (or both) of the "modern" columns indicates that the modern spelling and/or transcription is the same as the pre-World War II version.

678:(i.e., phonetic character) writing used in Japan before the post-war reforms. More specifically, it is the version of kana orthography standardized in the Meiji Period (since before that time kana usage was not standardized). It is, broadly speaking, based on the pronunciation of Japanese in the Heian Period, the time-frame in which Early Middle Japanese (on which the grammar of classical Japanese is based) was spoken. There are several differences between historical kana usage—which is also referred to as "old kana usage" 6976:), especially in old laws and other very important documents. Ruby text is still widely used in modern Japanese, but only for characters with non-standard or ambiguous pronunciations, or sometimes in materials designed for children or foreigners. The second difference is that, especially in legal documents, Katakana were often used in the way that Hiragana are used in modern Japanese, to write out adjective and verb inflections, suffixes, and particles ( 5308: 5257: 261:, "spoken language") are still used for classical and modern Japanese, respectively. Their literal meanings are only historical, as classical Japanese is no longer used, while modern Japanese is the only current written language, despite its name. These terms are often used in descriptions of grammar to distinguish classical and modern inflections. For example, the 599:

in the third and fourth characters. Finally, probably the most common type of simplification is to change one component of the character to reduce the number of strokes and/or make it easier to write, a strategy exemplified by the fifth and sixth examples. Note that, as in the case of the sixth character, the simplification may be very subtle.

5366:), which can represent a variety of sounds depending on what sounds come before and after it. Syllable final nasals are believed by many scholars to have existed in Proto-Japonic, but all agree that they were lost by the time of Old Japanese. They first re-appeared in Early Middle Japanese, with the introduction of 344:

was one of the first novels to be written in vernacular Japanese rather than classical. By 1908, novels no longer used classical Japanese, and by the 1920s the same was true of all newspapers. Government documents remained in classical Japanese until 1946. Classical Japanese continues to be taught in

598:

In cases like those of the first two, the entire original character has essentially been replaced by a new one, independent of the original's etymology. This type, however, is relatively rare. Another approach is to essentially replace the character with a piece of it, sometimes slightly altered, as

334:, a situation in which two forms of a language, in this case a written and spoken form, coexist. During the Meiji period, some intellectuals sought the abolition of classical Japanese, such as the Genbun Itchi movement, which proposed that written Japanese conform to the vernacular spoken language. 8468:

While the many conjugation classes may seem overwhelming, most of them contain few verbs. The quadrigrade and lower bigrade classes are the primary, containing about 75% and 20% of the verbs in the language, respectively. The upper bigrade class is small (about 56 non-compound verbs), but sizable

4771:

Starting in Early Middle Japanese, as more and more Chinese characters were borrowed into Japanese, the language acquired consonants fronted with glides. Those fronted with the palatal glide are described in the Y-row rule, but Early Middle Japanese also introduced consonants fronted with labial

3799:

This is the only historical kana rule that does not reflect a historical pronunciation. It is also one of only two rules (along with the geminate rule) that create ambiguity for the reader (excluding the exceptions listed above for the H-row rule). For instance, the aforementioned word

4747:

While this usage does reflect a historical pronunciation, it, like the Y-row rule, produces ambiguity. Furthermore, since these vowels are elided in some compounds but not others, this usage obscures the difference in a way that is essentially impossible to predict.

4304:

In these cases, the historical usage is not reflecting any historical pronunciation. However, in Sino-Japanese words, geminate consonants are produced by different, more regular processes, and the historical usage for these words reflects historical pronunciations.

1814:

is generally used in compounds). In other cases, as is true of the second two exceptions, the unchanged form is the only one that exists. In addition to these exceptions, some dialects may preserve these sounds as they were at any stage of the language.

325:

Classical Japanese began to be written during the Heian period, at which point it was very similar to spoken Japanese. It became the written standard for the Japanese language for many centuries, though the spoken language continued to evolve and by the

5224:

However, in these cases, an alternative version with large A-row kana generally exists (as it does in this case), indicating a monophthong pronunciation, and many speakers use the monophthong pronunciation regardless of how it is written.

4847:

were indicated. Nevertheless, some classical texts may indicate the other differences, and some resources will refer to them, so it is useful to be familiar with them. This rule applies exclusively to Sino-Japanese words. Some examples:

222:(1868–1912) when novelists started writing their works in the spoken form. Eventually, the spoken style came into widespread use, including in major newspapers, but many official documents were still written in the old style. After the 3984:

Voiced geminates are generally prohibited by Japanese phonological rules, but they occur in a few loanwords (although they are sometimes pronounced by native speakers as if they were their voiceless counterparts). For example:

944:, split into one of five different phonemes depending on whether it occurred morpheme-initially or morpheme-medially, and then further depending on the following vowel. Morpheme-initially and before 9281:

In addition, the translations are for the classical meaning of the verb, which may differ from the modern meaning of the verb if it has survived into modern Japanese either slightly (e.g.,

4751:

While there are a few other processes that can cause geminates in Sino-Japanese words, they all apply to N- and M-row kana, and are not written differently in historical and modern kana.

9303:, which meant "to sit" in classical Japanese, but primarily means "to be" (for animate objects) in modern Japanese). Some may have the same meaning, but a different pronunciation (e.g., 7005:, which is written in classical Japanese using historical kana, old character forms, kana iteration marks, and Katakana in place of Hiragana (although it lacks universal ruby text). 9336:"to sneeze", with the same modern meaning and form, but almost never used). On the other hand, some have kept the same meaning, form, and prominence into the modern language (e.g., 12602: 6937:) is non-existent in modern Japanese, there are no dialects that preserve the distinction expressed in this rule. However, some may preserve the distinction between final 4569:

is almost always trivial, and the historical pronunciation was identical, so they were not distinguished in writing. Therefore, the previous examples would be written:

12453: 4501:

has been elided. The reason for this is that in Early Middle Japanese, when these sounds were borrowed from Middle Chinese, the Japanese language acquired a final

618:, while in Japan, what is now the new character form was at that time considered a variant and rarely used. And in a few cases, like that of the eighth character ( 6840:) was generally used to represent the syllabic nasal. Sometimes, this convention may be preserved by modern writers, but standard historical kana distinguishes 9325:

in modern Japanese). Also, even for those verbs which have survived with the same meaning and form, many are archaic and rarely used in modern Japanese (e.g.,

1196:

Some examples follow (old spellings are on the left, new spellings on the right; kana in parentheses represent the pronunciation of the preceding character):

12649: 5158:

sometimes occur in modern loanwords, and they are generally dealt with in one of two ways. Firstly, the labialized consonant may be changed from a sequence

1911:) is used in other words besides as the accusative or oblique case marker. This relates to the above rule, in that it reflects a pronunciation with initial 11396: 4045:

Gemination can occur in Japanese for a variety of reasons. In native words, it occurs either when a historical long vowel elides, as in the aforementioned

6749:

Of course, there are also some words with this sound that either lack Chinese characters or were coined in the modern or Early Modern Japanese eras, when

12448: 5493:

with the syllabic nasal in their native Japanese readings numbers only 13 characters (0.61% of the regular-use set) giving rise to 14 readings. They are

1140:). This rule primarily applies to native Japanese morphemes, although it is crucial to the mechanics of the long vowel rule that applies primarily to 4772:

glides (i.e., CwV). These were far more limited in range than their palatal counterparts, however, affecting only the K- and G- rows. instead of

10074:) (since that particle usually attaches to the irrealis form). However, the scholars agreeing with "Ku-grammar theory" argue that it's actually 12075: 2662:"radio") (this one is especially notable because it is an exceedingly rare example of a sound change that occurs in a loanword from English) 5195:

In other cases, they may be indicated with a U-column kana followed by a small A-row kana, indicating a labialized consonant. For example,

12070: 12684: 6898:. However, the conventions of standard historical kana call for this auxiliary verb (and any word derived from it) to be written with 740:

of Chinese characters, while others apply primarily to native Japanese words, and still others apply equally to both groups of words.

6998: 11554: 9400:

Finally, the "modern" transcriptions are purely orthographic. For example, the modern version conclusive form of the classical verb

11955: 6994:

were far more common in classical Japanese, and sometimes used in ways that are considered completely obsolete in modern Japanese.

9347:"to see", one of the oldest surviving verbs in the language and also one of the most common, both in classical and modern texts). 1781:. Sometimes, as in the case of the first two exceptions, the sound change form exists, usually with a slightly different meaning ( 12661: 12380: 226:, most documents switched to the spoken style, although the classical style continues to be used in traditional genres, such as 12334: 12329: 11855: 11389: 8271: 8134: 7893: 7779: 12503: 603: 353:

Classical Japanese is written in an orthography that differs from modern Japanese in two major ways. These are the usage of

11561: 5489:). This happens exceedingly rarely, and usually results from sound elision. An exhaustive list of every example out of all 4479:

In historical kana, where the geminate mark is used in the first, second, and fourth examples, a full-sized version of the

12344: 12060: 1927:

that is no longer present in the modern language. This rule applies equally to native and Sino-Japanese words. The use of

12689: 12475: 12314: 11873: 4832:). Finally, while the palatal glides are written with an I-column kana, the labial glides are written with a U-column ( 12208: 12188: 11992: 11945: 671: 614:), the traditional and simplified Japanese versions coexisted as different forms of the same traditional character in 370: 223: 140: 7658: 7537: 7450: 7270: 12324: 12198: 11382: 11169:Árokay, Judit. (2014) "Discourse on Poetic Languages in Early Modern Japan and the Awareness of Linguistic Change" 4308:

The most common way for geminates to be produced in Sino-Japanese words is by the elision of a vowel from the kana

9292:, which meant "to wear " in classical Japanese, but means "to wear " in modern Japanese), or significantly (e.g., 426:) used in Japan before the post-World War II spelling reforms there. The modern, simplified characters are called 12609: 12587: 12375: 11323: 9954:

The existence of irrealis form is still a controversy. Some scholars assume that the ancient construction called

5398:

were phonemically and phonologically distinct, although the distinction was never written down, and was lost by

4112:). These examples of the geminate consonant marker, along with those found in loanwords, are written with large 2666:

There are no known exceptions in standard Japanese pronunciation, although there are many dialects (such as the

12644: 12582: 12572: 12536: 12434: 12385: 12309: 12284: 11893: 10653: 10225:) by regular sound change rules from Old Japanese. The forms then follow the R-irregular conjugation type like 4843:) kana. However, when historical kana was standardized in the Meiji Period, only the syllables with historical 1141: 11950: 11369: 9361:"to exist", honorific form) has three pronunciation variants, each of which can use either Chinese character: 345:

Japanese high schools and universities due to its importance in the study of traditional Japanese literature.

3887:). In native Japanese words, this symbol can be used before kana of the K-, S-, T-, and P-rows. For example, 2385:), respectively, would be used. Again, this represents a former phonetic distinction, namely between a sound 12028: 9278:

Note that these translations are glosses, and may not reflect certain nuances or rare alternative meanings.

10625:

Adjectival verbs are essentially nouns(or stems of the adjectives) combined with an auxiliary verb, either

527:

The kana spelling of a kanji is not unique; e.g. in modern Japanese, note the difference in the reading of

12045: 7161: 6942: 6938: 6895: 6891: 6569: 6547: 6543: 6145: 6141: 5930: 5926: 5456: 5426: 5217: 5188: 5163: 5159: 4844: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4673: 4566: 4562: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4518: 4502: 4498: 3407: 3403: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2412: 2386: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 1995: 1967: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 937: 929: 12526: 12415: 11888: 11434: 11424: 5399: 2959: 211: 88: 20: 11257: 10795:), respectively, by regular sound change rules. They therefore follow the R-irregular conjugation like 12577: 12400: 12304: 12178: 11980: 11915: 11429: 8460:) at the end of the imperative forms is optional in classical Japanese, although exceedingly common. 5155: 4676:). These cases are complicated by the H-row rule, and perhaps because of that, are also written with 941: 3410:

as noted above, but this difference is not reflected in any mainstream Japanese romanization system)

12626: 12508: 12480: 12395: 11975: 11920: 6961:

kana are used. The first is that Chinese characters in classical texts are often fully marked with

583:

is totally a new word derived from the combination of original meanings of two Chinese characters (

12597: 12518: 12405: 12339: 12229: 12224: 11937: 11679: 7002: 6890:) which indicated the volitional. It, too, underwent vowel elision, and came to be pronounced as 4784:

for the vowels of onset, like the palatal glides, the vowels of onset for the labial glides were

2251: 626:), the old character form has always been considered a rare variant in Modern Chinese. (However, 340: 12485: 11925: 11761: 11710: 10361: 10351: 10341: 10331: 10321: 10311: 9550: 9539: 9528: 9517: 9506: 9495: 7148: 7137: 7126: 7115: 7104: 7093: 450:

A few examples follow, with the old characters on the left and the new characters on the right:

12420: 12390: 12193: 12012: 11997: 11970: 11965: 11903: 11841: 11816: 11751: 11669: 11625: 11468: 11463: 11453: 11444: 11405: 11089: 5229: 697: 203: 199: 78: 12614: 12592: 12370: 12166: 12007: 11809: 11799: 11794: 11782: 11730: 11674: 11635: 11571: 11527: 11512: 11209: 615: 335: 12135: 10240:

Similarly, the basic conjugations have no imperative form. When it is used, therefore, the

5490: 218:(794–1185), but exhibits some later influences. Its use started to decline during the late 128: 12639: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12002: 11775: 11686: 11586: 11547: 11542: 11503: 11483: 6253:

From the preservation of an Old Japanese pre-nasalized consonant in a modern Japanese word

2706:). In writing, the distinction is preserved in single morphemes in cases where a sequence 1040:, it lost its consonant. Finally, later on in the same period of the language the initial 575:

is just a native Japanese word labeled by a Chinese character with similar meaning, while

70: 11768: 1792:

is a hyper-formal and very respectful term for mother) or is used in different contexts (

207: 61: 888:), respectively. This is because these sounds (as well as all sounds still written with 567:, "forms of government"). The above spelling differences are etymological. For example, 12634: 11985: 11960: 11883: 11863: 11836: 11787: 11739: 11703: 11657: 11601: 11596: 11576: 10693: 6991: 5367: 639: 109: 11351: 5307: 5256: 12678: 12425: 12171: 12150: 11868: 11720: 11664: 11532: 11522: 11498: 11488: 11478: 6997:

For an example of a major document written in the classical style, see as an example

2255: 1613:

There are some exceptions to this sound change, although they are rare. They include

231: 9966:"Ku-grammar") uses the irrealis form to form nouns from verbs and adjectives; e.g., 12410: 12239: 11804: 11698: 11642: 11611: 11606: 11419: 11233: 11084: 2667: 933: 235: 219: 215: 83: 57: 3856:

The other use of small kana in modern Japanese is in the geminate consonant mark (

3348:

is sequentially voiced, as in this example, and the pronunciation is identical to

2437:). This rule applies equally to native and Sino-Japanese words, as well as a few 12465: 11693: 1842: 643: 354: 120: 11346: 6816:

Regardless of how it came to be, the Japanese orthography lacked the character

12494: 12460: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12140: 11109: 10264:) forms are used. It is however, relatively rare, even in classical Japanese. 327: 5390:) in modern Japanese occur in Sino-Japanese vocabulary. Originally, syllabic 12274: 12203: 12183: 12125: 11281: 10301: 9484: 7082: 5768:"consider"); note that these are the classical versions of the modern verbs 2703: 427: 331: 154: 12145: 12130: 9469:

Classical Japanese has the following classes of adjectives and stem forms:

6867:

There is one exception. In classical Japanese, there is an auxiliary verb (

5228:

There are no known exceptions to this rule, but some dialects (such as the

12554: 12439: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12037: 11878: 11139: 6962: 4030:

Kana of the N- and M-rows can also be geminate, but they are preceded by

2438: 2226:) in standard Japanese, and no dialects preserve the distinction between 2215:

There are no known exceptions (besides the aforementioned ones regarding

1413:"come together" (note that every quadrigrade verb that currently ends in 136: 132: 11356: 4561:). So the semantic difference between Sino-Japanese syllables ending in 2072:"voice") (notice that an old character is also involved in this example) 1939:) to write the aforementioned grammatical particle, which is pronounced 12531: 12470: 12087: 2347: 4660:

Occasionally, gemination may also result from a loss of a vowel after

3439:

In historical kana, all of these examples are written with large kana

1060:

never existed), leaving the current morpheme-medial pronunciations of

330:

was substantially different from classical Japanese. This is known as

12549: 12082: 12050: 11374: 6828:) or any equivalent. Therefore, until the spelling reforms of 1900, 606:, but there are some exceptions. For the seventh example character ( 2496:"hydrangea") (notice that this example also contains a change from 12544: 12092: 12055: 9436:), which is the way that a modern Japanese writer would write the 7040:

Classical Japanese has the following verb classes and stem forms:

3170:) kana follows an I-column kana of the S-, Z-, T-, D-, or H-rows ( 737: 411: 227: 116: 47: 11173:

eds. Judit Árokay, Jadranka Gvozdanović, and Darja Miyajima p.88.

12102: 675: 124: 11378: 3824:"agreement") when written in historical kana: both are written 10810:

As with adjectives, the imperative form is rare, but is used.

6761:) had been fully incorporated into the language. For example, 5302: 5251: 1168:) to represent grammatical particles pronounced as if written 10014:"peace of mind"). Meanwhile, others assumed the construction 8376:

Note that most S-irregular is the combination of a noun and

2621:"map") (notice again that an old character form is involved) 289:

inflection is quintigrade due to a historical sound change (

16:

Literary form of Japanese, used until the early 20th century

11195:

Trantor, Nicholas and Kizu, Mika. (2012) "Modern Japanese"

10699:

The auxiliary verbs are derived from directional particles

9314:"to learn from", which is generally pronounced and written 6148:, and that these are the classical forms of the adjectives 1100:(which, in this context, are probably better thought of as 238:

are also left in the classical style unless fully revised.

2898:, respectively). This usage is a holdover from this rule. 2589:"release") (notice the use of Y-row rule, explained below) 11352:

Bibliography of premodern Japanese texts and translations

3812:) is not differentiated in historical kana from the word 11347:

Bungo Nyūmon: A Brief Introduction to Classical Japanese

9440:

Japanese word, rather than the way they would write the

198:

and sometimes simply called "Medieval Japanese", is the

6390:

From abbreviation of another pronunciation on this list

5318: 5267: 602:

In general, old character forms are identical to their

10289:

There are the following classes for adjectival verbs:

10141:

The compound forms are derived from continuitive form

3315:

only occur in modern Japanese writing when a sequence

1144:, which is elaborated upon below. The modern usage of 4505:

in the Sino-Japanese morphemes that currently end in

12625: 12565: 12517: 12359: 12217: 12159: 12101: 12036: 12027: 11936: 11902: 11854: 11827: 11750: 11624: 11452: 11443: 11412: 6804:"") (in modern orthography, the new character form 3532:) (note the presence of an old character form here) 2730:) was historically produced by rendaku (such as in 2670:) that preserve the distinction between historical 2177:"Yen") (again, there is an old character used here) 152: 147: 106: 67: 53: 43: 28: 2806:, respectively), or in compounds where a phonemic 2346:) are used in places other than changes caused by 1322:ending is the classical conclusive form of modern 6690:From some semantic (rather than phonetic) process 6140:"fragrant"); note also the sequential voicing of 3599:) (again, multiple iteration marks are used here) 2984:) kana of the K-, G-, N-, B-, P-, M-, or R-rows ( 768:Some morpheme-medial sounds currently written as 182:, "literary language"), also called "old writing" 9424:), but the modern form is given in the table as 5693:"god" in some compounds), originally pronounced 5497:From the elision of a vowel following /m/ or /n/ 4537:). Later on, these acquired two forms, one with 10957:is omitted more often than in the spoken style. 10277: 9457: 7023: 2911: 2284:This section uses Nihon-shiki romanization for 2271: 1828: 756: 736:. Some of these differences apply primarily to 727: 709: 687: 659: 438: 398: 191: 10951: 10797: 10785: 10773: 10761: 10749: 10737: 10725: 10713: 10701: 10657: 10639: 10627: 10604: 10586: 10573: 10560: 10547: 10534: 10502: 10494: 10477: 10459: 10446: 10433: 10420: 10407: 10386: 10378: 10364: 10354: 10344: 10334: 10324: 10314: 10304: 10271: 10254: 10242: 10227: 10215: 10203: 10191: 10179: 10167: 10155: 10143: 10128: 10116: 10114:) with a sequential voicing sound change from 10100: 10088: 10076: 10064: 10052: 10040: 10028: 10016: 10004: 9992: 9980: 9968: 9956: 9933: 9917: 9902: 9889: 9882: 9859: 9846: 9833: 9820: 9807: 9796: 9775: 9768: 9759: 9742: 9726: 9711: 9698: 9691: 9668: 9655: 9642: 9629: 9616: 9605: 9584: 9577: 9568: 9554: 9543: 9532: 9521: 9510: 9499: 9488: 9451: 9426: 9414: 9402: 9387: 9375: 9363: 9351: 9338: 9327: 9316: 9305: 9294: 9283: 9249: 9240: 9221: 9202: 9183: 9167: 9148: 9129: 9113: 9089: 9080: 9061: 9052: 9036: 9017: 9008: 8992: 8973: 8957: 8933: 8924: 8900: 8891: 8867: 8858: 8834: 8825: 8806: 8797: 8778: 8759: 8740: 8731: 8707: 8698: 8679: 8670: 8651: 8642: 8623: 8604: 8585: 8566: 8547: 8528: 8509: 8493: 8450: 8429: 8412: 8394: 8377: 8353: 8336: 8319: 8302: 8282: 8275: 8249: 8232: 8215: 8198: 8182: 8165: 8145: 8138: 8112: 8095: 8078: 8061: 8044: 8027: 8007: 7988: 7974: 7960: 7935: 7921: 7907: 7897: 7874: 7860: 7846: 7821: 7807: 7793: 7783: 7757: 7740: 7723: 7706: 7689: 7669: 7662: 7636: 7619: 7602: 7585: 7568: 7548: 7541: 7518: 7504: 7478: 7464: 7454: 7428: 7411: 7394: 7377: 7357: 7338: 7324: 7298: 7284: 7274: 7248: 7231: 7214: 7197: 7172: 7165: 7152: 7141: 7130: 7119: 7108: 7097: 7086: 7069: 7059: 7017: 6978: 6967: 6953:Two other significant differences involve the 6927: 6912: 6900: 6880: 6869: 6854: 6842: 6830: 6818: 6806: 6791: 6766: 6751: 6726: 6714: 6696: 6658: 6640: 6622: 6606: 6590: 6582: 6574: 6552: 6532: 6513: 6495: 6483: 6458: 6429: 6404: 6396: 6367: 6347: 6339: 6318: 6299: 6279: 6259: 6231: 6212: 6193: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6122: 6102: 6082: 6059: 6040: 6023: 6005: 5990: 5971: 5952: 5935: 5907: 5887: 5853: 5834: 5811: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5750: 5730: 5720: 5702: 5676: 5654: 5626: 5607: 5590: 5570: 5542: 5522: 5503: 5479: 5477:However, some native Japanese words also have 5437: 5407: 5380: 5356: 5340: 5289: 5238: 5200: 5171: 5166:, both in writing and in speech. For example, 5121: 5087: 5055: 5023: 5003: 4987: 4971: 4955: 4921: 4889: 4869: 4853: 4834: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4757: 4723: 4689: 4678: 4662: 4639: 4617: 4596: 4574: 4555: 4523: 4507: 4487: 4450: 4420: 4391: 4361: 4334: 4326: 4318: 4310: 4277: 4250: 4218: 4190: 4156: 4129: 4114: 4097: 4082: 4063: 4047: 4032: 4010: 3990: 3959: 3938: 3912: 3892: 3877: 3869: 3858: 3842: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3771: 3743: 3717: 3689: 3661: 3633: 3603: 3564: 3536: 3508: 3480: 3475:). So the previous examples would be written: 3457: 3449: 3441: 3427: 3416: 3385: 3372: 3361: 3350: 3339: 3328: 3317: 3306: 3295: 3284: 3265: 3245: 3224: 3203: 3172: 3161: 3138: 3116: 3088: 3067: 3046: 3025: 2986: 2975: 2964: 2940: 2932: 2924: 2905: 2881: 2862: 2843: 2824: 2789: 2770: 2751: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2632: 2593: 2561: 2522: 2509: 2498: 2466: 2443: 2428: 2417: 2402: 2391: 2375: 2363: 2352: 2336: 2324: 2310: 2302: 2294: 2286: 2265: 2217: 2181: 2149: 2115: 2076: 2044: 2012: 1988: 1980: 1972: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1901: 1889: 1877: 1863: 1855: 1847: 1822: 1805: 1794: 1783: 1765: 1746: 1726: 1707: 1687: 1670: 1651: 1634: 1615: 1426: 1415: 1324: 1192:), respectively, is a holdover from this rule. 1182: 1170: 1158: 1146: 1010: 1002: 994: 986: 978: 922: 914: 906: 898: 890: 862: 854: 846: 838: 830: 802: 794: 786: 778: 770: 750: 721: 703: 681: 653: 620: 608: 577: 569: 561: 553: 545: 537: 529: 518: 509: 500: 491: 482: 473: 464: 455: 432: 416: 392: 375: 359: 252: 242: 185: 172: 11390: 10687: 5017:) (not indicated in standard historical kana) 4485:kana is used. However, in the third example, 633: 627: 590: 584: 8: 10652:Most tari-adjectival nouns are derived from 5378:. Therefore, the majority of occurrences of 5216:"queen", from English "queen" with original 5187:"quick", from English "quick" with original 976:; these three sounds are still written with 11365:Vol. 34, No. 4 (Winter, 1979), pp. 501–504. 8967:"Lower monograde conjugation class verbs") 8503:"Upper monograde conjugation class verbs") 8481:Romanization (Pre-World War II orthography) 6957:that kana are used in general, rather than 5051:"homecoming") (note the old character form) 3282:"throughout ") (note that, as noted above, 12033: 11908: 11449: 11397: 11383: 11375: 11156:Komai, Akira. (1983) "Classical Japanese" 7056: 5083:"hypocrisy") (note the old character form) 25: 10671: 10659: 10517: 10505: 10389: 9778: 9587: 8431: 8414: 8396: 8379: 8285: 8148: 8010: 7938: 7824: 7672: 7551: 7481: 7360: 7301: 7175: 6987:), and for the aforementioned ruby text. 6420:"porcelain bowl"), originally pronounced 5925:"rank"); note also the sound change from 4883:) (indicated in standard historical kana) 4080:), or randomly, as in the aforementioned 1951:) in modern Japanese (unless preceded by 10291: 9471: 8471: 5792:), respectively (in modern orthography, 11184:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 3 11158:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 1 11152: 11150: 11125: 11101: 9177:"R-irregular conjugation class verbs") 9123:"N-irregular conjugation class verbs") 9046:"S-irregular conjugation class verbs") 8475:Japanese (Pre-World War II orthography) 3198:), the preceding consonant is changed: 1998:in song), is a holdover from this rule. 940:in Early Middle Japanese, and then, in 743:Broadly speaking, the differences are: 6297:"learn from") (in modern orthography, 4545:(although in syllables beginning with 3414:These three kana cannot follow A-row ( 1803:is generally used in isolation, while 206:that was the standard until the early 11234:"「仕合(しあわせ)」の意味や使い方わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書" 11182:Neustupny, JV. (1983) "Gembun Itchi" 10585: 10458: 6910:) even though they are pronounced as 6724:"four) by analogy with Sino-Japanese 5354:Modern Japanese has the moraic nasal 410:Old character forms are the forms of 7: 10771:), respectively, which then lead to 5644:"courteous"), originally pronounced 214:, the language as spoken during the 11370:Dictionaries for Classical Japanese 11335:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University. 11320:Classical Japanese : A Grammar 3402:"hundred") (note that the sequence 2922:In modern Japanese, the small kana 928:) originally had initial consonant 4042:) to indicate gemination instead. 14: 11309:Katsuki-Pestemer, Noriko (2009). 10237:), but lack the conclusive form. 10038:) appears to be an irrealis form 8484:Romanization (Modern orthography) 6588:is ateji (in modern orthography, 6021:"query") (in modern orthography, 5588:"woman") (in modern orthography, 4684:in historical kana. For example, 4124:) in historical kana. Therefore, 1044:was lost in all instances before 638:are actually the formal forms in 11333:A Handbook to Classical Japanese 11197:The Languages of Japan and Korea 10696:word meaning “quietly, softly”. 6572:; note the use of the character 5560:"woman"), originally pronounced 5306: 5255: 604:traditional Chinese counterparts 11359:A Grammar of Classical Japanese 11311:A Grammar of Classical Japanese 9107:To be/go/come (honorific form) 6738:"three", originally pronounced 5881:From the elision of a full mora 5718:"god") (in modern orthography, 5473:) (note the old character form) 4656:) (note the old character form) 4613:) (note the old character form) 4549:, one form usually begins with 2860:"kana usage", pronounced as if 2768:, "continue", pronounced as if 2254:(which are also descended from 1962:or sometimes in song, although 1705:"domestic duck", expected form 1016:. Morpheme-medially and before 6568:) by elision of the full mora 3875:, which is a small version of 2973:) when following an I-column ( 1899:) are used, and the character 1: 11331:Wixted, John Timothy (2006). 11258:"仕合はせの意味 – 古文辞書 – Weblio古語辞典" 8478:Japanese (Modern orthography) 8411:is a combination of the noun 5726:, using a new character form) 1966:morpheme-medial instances of 12541:Kanji pronunciation sources 12315:Katakana Phonetic Extensions 11072:Wonna wa sangai-ni ihe-nashi 9175:Ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō dōshi 9121:Na-gyō henkaku katsuyō dōshi 9044:Sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō dōshi 5988:"wholesale" in the compound 5232:) preserve the distinction. 2678:in speech, usually by using 700:, called "modern kana usage" 269:"to write") is quadrigrade ( 210:(1926–1989). It is based on 12650:Speculative fiction writers 12209:Transcription into Japanese 11210:"ほのおとは何？わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書" 11026: 11006: 10986: 10978: 10884: 10864: 10845: 10278: 9458: 9365:在すがり (いますがり) / 坐すがり (いますがり) 8965:Shimo ichidan katsuyō dōshi 7024: 6782:""), originally pronounced 6474:""), originally pronounced 2912: 2272: 1829: 757: 728: 710: 688: 660: 439: 399: 265:inflection of the verb 書く ( 192: 168:classical Japanese language 141:Historical kana orthography 12706: 11568:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka 11282:"穂の意味 – 古文辞書 – Weblio古語辞典" 11199:ed. Nicolas Trantor p.268. 10747:), respectively, yielding 9215:To exist (honorific form) 8501:Kami ichidan katsuyō dōshi 6335:, without iteration marks) 6172:) (in modern orthography, 4497:) is used, even though an 2988:カ～, ガ～, ナ～, バ～, パ～, マ～, ラ行 1744:"overflow", expected form 251:, "written language") and 18: 12685:Archaic Japanese language 11911: 11324:Columbia University Press 11313:. München: Lincom Europa. 11057: 11044: 11031: 11012: 10992: 10965: 10952: 10925: 10913: 10901: 10889: 10870: 10851: 10832: 10820: 10798: 10786: 10774: 10762: 10750: 10738: 10726: 10714: 10702: 10688: 10658: 10640: 10628: 10605: 10598: 10587: 10574: 10572: 10561: 10559: 10548: 10535: 10533: 10503: 10501: 10495: 10491: 10478: 10471: 10460: 10447: 10445: 10434: 10432: 10421: 10408: 10406: 10387: 10385: 10379: 10375: 10365: 10355: 10345: 10335: 10325: 10315: 10305: 10272: 10255: 10243: 10228: 10216: 10204: 10192: 10180: 10168: 10156: 10144: 10129: 10117: 10101: 10089: 10077: 10065: 10053: 10041: 10029: 10017: 10005: 9993: 9981: 9969: 9957: 9934: 9918: 9903: 9890: 9883: 9874: 9860: 9847: 9834: 9821: 9808: 9797: 9776: 9774: 9769: 9760: 9756: 9743: 9727: 9712: 9699: 9692: 9683: 9669: 9656: 9643: 9630: 9617: 9606: 9585: 9583: 9578: 9569: 9565: 9555: 9544: 9533: 9522: 9511: 9500: 9489: 9452: 9427: 9415: 9403: 9388: 9376: 9364: 9352: 9339: 9328: 9317: 9306: 9295: 9284: 9250: 9241: 9228: 9222: 9219: 9209: 9203: 9200: 9190: 9184: 9181: 9168: 9165: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9136: 9130: 9127: 9114: 9111: 9090: 9081: 9068: 9062: 9053: 9037: 9034: 9024: 9018: 9009: 8993: 8990: 8980: 8974: 8971: 8958: 8955: 8934: 8925: 8901: 8892: 8868: 8859: 8835: 8826: 8813: 8807: 8798: 8785: 8779: 8776: 8766: 8760: 8757: 8747: 8741: 8732: 8708: 8699: 8686: 8680: 8671: 8658: 8652: 8643: 8630: 8624: 8621: 8611: 8605: 8602: 8592: 8586: 8583: 8573: 8567: 8564: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8535: 8529: 8526: 8516: 8510: 8507: 8494: 8491: 8451: 8430: 8413: 8395: 8378: 8354: 8352: 8337: 8320: 8318: 8303: 8283: 8276: 8250: 8233: 8216: 8199: 8183: 8166: 8146: 8139: 8113: 8096: 8079: 8062: 8045: 8028: 8008: 7989: 7975: 7961: 7936: 7922: 7908: 7898: 7892: 7875: 7861: 7847: 7822: 7808: 7794: 7784: 7758: 7741: 7724: 7707: 7690: 7688: 7670: 7663: 7637: 7620: 7603: 7586: 7569: 7567: 7549: 7542: 7519: 7505: 7479: 7477: 7465: 7463: 7455: 7429: 7412: 7395: 7393: 7378: 7376: 7358: 7339: 7325: 7299: 7297: 7285: 7283: 7275: 7269: 7249: 7247: 7232: 7230: 7215: 7198: 7173: 7166: 7153: 7142: 7131: 7120: 7109: 7098: 7087: 7076: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7018: 6979: 6968: 6928: 6925:Since the auxiliary verb 6913: 6901: 6881: 6870: 6855: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6792: 6767: 6752: 6727: 6715: 6697: 6659: 6641: 6623: 6607: 6591: 6583: 6575: 6553: 6533: 6514: 6496: 6484: 6459: 6430: 6405: 6397: 6368: 6348: 6340: 6319: 6300: 6280: 6260: 6232: 6213: 6194: 6175: 6163: 6151: 6123: 6103: 6083: 6060: 6041: 6024: 6006: 6003:"wholesale store"), from 5991: 5972: 5953: 5936: 5908: 5888: 5854: 5835: 5812: 5795: 5783: 5771: 5751: 5731: 5721: 5703: 5677: 5655: 5627: 5608: 5591: 5571: 5543: 5523: 5504: 5480: 5438: 5408: 5381: 5357: 5341: 5338:Classical auxiliary verb 5290: 5239: 5201: 5172: 5122: 5088: 5056: 5024: 5004: 4988: 4972: 4956: 4922: 4890: 4870: 4854: 4835: 4815: 4807: 4799: 4758: 4724: 4690: 4679: 4663: 4640: 4618: 4597: 4575: 4556: 4524: 4508: 4488: 4451: 4421: 4392: 4362: 4335: 4327: 4319: 4311: 4278: 4251: 4219: 4191: 4157: 4130: 4115: 4098: 4083: 4064: 4048: 4033: 4011: 3991: 3960: 3939: 3913: 3893: 3878: 3870: 3859: 3843: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3772: 3744: 3718: 3690: 3662: 3634: 3604: 3565: 3537: 3509: 3481: 3458: 3450: 3442: 3428: 3417: 3386: 3373: 3362: 3351: 3340: 3329: 3318: 3307: 3296: 3285: 3266: 3246: 3225: 3204: 3173: 3162: 3139: 3117: 3089: 3068: 3047: 3026: 2987: 2976: 2965: 2941: 2933: 2925: 2906: 2882: 2863: 2844: 2841:"one's surroundings" and 2825: 2790: 2771: 2752: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2633: 2594: 2562: 2523: 2510: 2499: 2467: 2444: 2429: 2418: 2403: 2392: 2376: 2364: 2353: 2337: 2325: 2311: 2303: 2295: 2287: 2266: 2218: 2182: 2150: 2116: 2077: 2045: 2013: 1989: 1981: 1973: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1902: 1890: 1878: 1864: 1856: 1848: 1823: 1806: 1795: 1784: 1766: 1747: 1727: 1708: 1688: 1671: 1652: 1635: 1616: 1427: 1416: 1325: 1183: 1171: 1159: 1147: 1011: 1003: 995: 987: 979: 923: 915: 907: 899: 891: 863: 855: 847: 839: 831: 803: 795: 787: 779: 771: 751: 722: 704: 682: 654: 634: 628: 621: 609: 591: 585: 578: 570: 562: 554: 546: 538: 530: 519: 510: 501: 492: 483: 474: 465: 456: 433: 417: 393: 376: 360: 253: 243: 186: 173: 38: 33: 12435:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 11894:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese 10654:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 6511:"august"), which became 6365:"porcelain bowl"), from 5933:(in modern orthography, 5465:; originally pronounced 5287:Palatalized long vowel ( 4706:"Buddhist priest", from 2361:), where in modern kana 1875:The obsolete characters 1632:"mother", expected form 936:, which then changed to 19:Not to be confused with 12381:Godan and ichidan verbs 12199:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai 11318:Shirane, Haruo (2005). 10110:; modern pronunciation 9234:To serve (humble form) 8464:Verb class distribution 6452:From multiple processes 2958:) are used to indicate 1668:"cheek", expected form 1080:, but the spellings of 698:modern kana orthography 661:rekishi-teki kana-zukai 551:, "physical body") and 383:rekishi-teki kana-zukai 11011: 10991: 10983: 10964: 10869: 10850: 10819: 8885:To carry (constantly) 8791:To douse (with water) 6427:; from aforementioned 5491:regular-use characters 5455:, from Middle Chinese 5425:, from Middle Chinese 5315:This section is empty. 5264:This section is empty. 4755:Labialized consonant ( 4553:, as is the case with 2960:palatalized consonants 2026:→ いる (only in kana) ( 738:Sino-Japanese readings 12486:Court lady language ( 11956:Southern Amami Ōshima 11889:Yilan Creole Japanese 10201:), which then became 9002:"K-irregular verbs") 7043:Inflectional form = ( 5400:Early Modern Japanese 5156:Labialized consonants 2006:Native Japanese words 1970:, whether originally 672:Historical kana usage 650:Historical kana usage 589:means "politics" and 371:historical kana usage 212:Early Middle Japanese 89:Early Middle Japanese 21:Early Middle Japanese 12305:Small Kana Extension 11916:Eastern Old Japanese 11555:Northern Izu Islands 11363:Monumenta Nipponica, 11357:Bart. "Book Review: 9000:Ka-gyō henkaku dōshi 8772:To shoot (an arrow) 6992:kana iteration marks 6530:"august"), and then 6277:"learn from"), from 6080:"prosperous"), from 5370:loanwords ending in 4796:, and used the kana 4744:in historical kana. 3436:) kana in this way. 3159:When a small Y-row ( 942:Late Middle Japanese 12690:Classical languages 11856:Pidgins and creoles 10940:Toudai moto kurashi 10686:」 is derived from 「 7057:Inflectional Class 7052:Inflectional suffix 2814:has been voiced to 2555:Sino-Japanese words 2109:Sino-Japanese words 1142:Sino-Japanese words 718:or "new kana usage" 428:new character forms 389:Old character forms 355:old character forms 224:end of World War II 12657:Classical Japanese 12504:Gender differences 12340:Extended shinjitai 11171:Divided Languages? 10599:''be quiet, soft" 9204:在すかり, 坐すかり (いますかり) 8918:To lead (an army) 7067:Inflectional form 7003:Meiji Constitution 6120:"fragrant"), from 6098:"one's best days") 5748:"consider"), from 3174:サ～, ザ～, タ～, ダ～, ハ行 2348:sequential voicing 2252:Ryukyuan languages 2250:, but some of the 1841:This section uses 828:) were written as 412:Chinese characters 341:The Drifting Cloud 94:Classical Japanese 29:Classical Japanese 12672: 12671: 12376:Verb conjugations 12355: 12354: 12023: 12022: 11904:Japonic languages 11850: 11849: 11842:Okinawan Japanese 11406:Japanese language 11361:by Akira Komai", 11090:Literary language 10618: 10617: 9947: 9946: 9271: 9270: 8374: 8373: 7036:Conjugation table 6999:the original text 6447:"porcelain bowl") 5335: 5334: 5284: 5283: 5230:Kagoshima dialect 4997:, but pronounced 4981:, but pronounced 4965:, but pronounced 4949:"New Year's Day") 4879:, but pronounced 4863:, but pronounced 4467:"magazine", from 4438:"schedule", from 4408:"semester", from 4379:"eligible", from 4293:, but pronounced 4266:, but pronounced 4239:, but pronounced 4207:, but pronounced 4178:, but pronounced 4145:, but pronounced 3788:, but pronounced 3760:, but pronounced 3733:, but pronounced 3706:, but pronounced 3678:, but pronounced 3650:, but pronounced 3621:, but pronounced 3588:, but pronounced 3553:, but pronounced 3525:, but pronounced 3497:, but pronounced 3134:"mountain range") 2749:, "shorten", and 1994:, tend to become 1845:romanization for 711:gendai kana-zukai 674:is the system of 204:Japanese language 164: 163: 34:Late Old Japanese 12697: 12615:Polivanov system 12476:Honorific speech 12371:Japanese grammar 12034: 11909: 11450: 11399: 11392: 11385: 11376: 11336: 11327: 11314: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11268: 11254: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11244: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11220: 11206: 11200: 11193: 11187: 11180: 11174: 11167: 11161: 11154: 11145: 11144: 11130: 11113: 11106: 11068: 11055: 11042: 11023: 11003: 10976: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10936: 10924: 10912: 10900: 10881: 10862: 10843: 10831: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10778: 10777: 10776: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10742: 10741: 10740: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10670: 10644: 10643: 10642: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10608: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10590: 10582: 10581: 10580: 10577: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10564: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10516: 10498: 10497: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10455: 10454: 10453: 10450: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10437: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10424: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10411: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10382: 10381: 10368: 10367: 10358: 10357: 10348: 10347: 10338: 10337: 10328: 10327: 10318: 10317: 10308: 10307: 10292: 10285: 10284: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10268:Adjectival verbs 10259: 10258: 10257: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10196: 10195: 10194: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10093: 10092: 10091: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10009: 10008: 10007: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9937: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9921: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9906: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9886: 9885: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9863: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9837: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9824: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9800: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9772: 9771: 9763: 9762: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9746: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9730: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9715: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9702: 9695: 9694: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9659: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9633: 9625: 9624: 9623: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9609: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9581: 9580: 9572: 9571: 9558: 9557: 9547: 9546: 9536: 9535: 9525: 9524: 9514: 9513: 9503: 9502: 9492: 9491: 9472: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9407: 9406: 9405: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9368: 9367: 9366: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9286: 9254: 9253: 9252: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9207: 9206: 9205: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9085: 9084: 9083: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9013: 9012: 9011: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8927: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8819:To cast (metal) 8811: 8810: 8809: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8725:To reflect upon 8712: 8711: 8710: 8709:顧みる, 省みる (かえりみる) 8703: 8702: 8701: 8700:顧みる, 省みる (かへりみる) 8684: 8683: 8682: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8472: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8393:; for example, 8392: 8391: 8390: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8357: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8340: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8323: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8279: 8278: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8202: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8186: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8142: 8141: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8048: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8021: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7901: 7900: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7787: 7786: 7766: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7666: 7665: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7545: 7544: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7458: 7457: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7278: 7277: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7169: 7168: 7156: 7155: 7145: 7144: 7134: 7133: 7123: 7122: 7112: 7111: 7101: 7100: 7090: 7089: 7073: 7072: 7063: 7062: 7054: 7048: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7021: 7020: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6944: 6940: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6571: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6147: 6143: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6013: 6012: 6011: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5932: 5928: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5464: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5432: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5330: 5327: 5317:You can help by 5310: 5303: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5279: 5276: 5266:You can help by 5259: 5252: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5219: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5190: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5165: 5161: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5008: 5007: 5006: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4846: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4675: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4520: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4356:). For example: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4018: 4017: 4016: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3908:"burning hotly") 3900: 3899: 3898: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3409: 3405: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3020:). For example: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2277: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2025: 2024: 2023: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1834: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1006: 1005: 999: 998: 997: 991: 990: 989: 983: 982: 981: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 939: 931: 927: 926: 925: 919: 918: 917: 911: 910: 909: 903: 902: 901: 895: 894: 893: 867: 866: 865: 859: 858: 857: 851: 850: 849: 843: 842: 841: 835: 834: 833: 807: 806: 805: 799: 798: 797: 791: 790: 789: 783: 782: 781: 775: 774: 773: 762: 760: 754: 753: 735: 734: 731: 725: 724: 717: 716: 713: 707: 706: 695: 694: 691: 685: 684: 667: 666: 663: 657: 656: 637: 636: 631: 630: 625: 624: 623: 613: 612: 611: 594: 593: 588: 587: 582: 581: 580: 574: 573: 572: 566: 565: 564: 558: 557: 556: 550: 549: 548: 542: 541: 540: 534: 533: 532: 523: 522: 521: 514: 513: 512: 505: 504: 503: 496: 495: 494: 487: 486: 485: 478: 477: 476: 469: 468: 467: 460: 459: 458: 446: 445: 442: 436: 435: 421: 420: 419: 406: 405: 402: 396: 395: 380: 379: 378: 364: 363: 362: 336:Futabatei Shimei 256: 255: 246: 245: 197: 195: 189: 188: 177: 176: 175: 157: 112: 73: 26: 12705: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12675: 12674: 12673: 12668: 12621: 12566:Transliteration 12561: 12537:Sound symbolism 12513: 12495:Role language ( 12454:from Portuguese 12386:Irregular verbs 12364: 12362: 12351: 12300:Kana Supplement 12295:Kana Extended-B 12290:Kana Extended-A 12213: 12189:Historical kana 12155: 12097: 12076:by stroke count 12067:Kanji radicals 12061:by stroke count 12019: 11932: 11898: 11874:Hawaiian Creole 11846: 11823: 11746: 11620: 11439: 11408: 11403: 11343: 11330: 11317: 11308: 11305: 11303:Further reading 11300: 11299: 11290: 11288: 11286:kobun.weblio.jp 11280: 11279: 11275: 11266: 11264: 11262:kobun.weblio.jp 11256: 11255: 11251: 11242: 11240: 11232: 11231: 11227: 11218: 11216: 11208: 11207: 11203: 11194: 11190: 11181: 11177: 11168: 11164: 11155: 11148: 11132: 11131: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11116: 11107: 11103: 11098: 11081: 11076: 11029: 11009: 10989: 10981: 10950: 10944: 10887: 10867: 10848: 10816: 10796: 10784: 10772: 10760: 10748: 10736: 10724: 10712: 10700: 10656:. For example,「 10638: 10626: 10623: 10609: 10606: 10591: 10588: 10578: 10575: 10565: 10562: 10552: 10549: 10539: 10536: 10504: 10482: 10479: 10464: 10461: 10451: 10448: 10438: 10435: 10425: 10422: 10412: 10409: 10388: 10287: 10282: 10269: 10253: 10241: 10226: 10214: 10202: 10190: 10178: 10166: 10154: 10142: 10127: 10115: 10099: 10087: 10075: 10063: 10051: 10039: 10027: 10015: 10003: 9991: 9979: 9967: 9955: 9952: 9938: 9935: 9922: 9919: 9907: 9904: 9894: 9891: 9881: 9875:'be beautiful' 9864: 9861: 9851: 9848: 9838: 9835: 9825: 9822: 9812: 9809: 9801: 9798: 9777: 9767: 9758: 9747: 9744: 9731: 9728: 9716: 9713: 9703: 9700: 9690: 9673: 9670: 9660: 9657: 9647: 9644: 9634: 9631: 9621: 9618: 9610: 9607: 9586: 9576: 9567: 9553: 9542: 9531: 9520: 9509: 9498: 9487: 9467: 9462: 9449: 9444:Japanese word. 9425: 9413: 9401: 9386: 9374: 9362: 9350: 9337: 9326: 9315: 9304: 9293: 9282: 9276: 9248: 9239: 9220: 9201: 9182: 9166: 9147: 9128: 9112: 9088: 9079: 9060: 9051: 9035: 9016: 9007: 8991: 8972: 8956: 8932: 8923: 8899: 8890: 8866: 8857: 8833: 8824: 8805: 8796: 8777: 8758: 8739: 8730: 8706: 8697: 8678: 8669: 8653:見る, 視る, 観る (みる) 8650: 8644:見る, 視る, 觀る (みる) 8641: 8622: 8603: 8584: 8565: 8546: 8527: 8508: 8492: 8466: 8449: 8358: 8355: 8341: 8338: 8324: 8321: 8307: 8304: 8284: 8274: 8254: 8251: 8237: 8234: 8220: 8217: 8203: 8200: 8187: 8184: 8170: 8167: 8147: 8137: 8129:'set the date' 8117: 8114: 8100: 8097: 8083: 8080: 8066: 8063: 8049: 8046: 8032: 8029: 8009: 7990: 7976: 7962: 7937: 7923: 7909: 7896: 7876: 7862: 7848: 7823: 7809: 7795: 7782: 7762: 7759: 7745: 7742: 7728: 7725: 7711: 7708: 7694: 7691: 7671: 7661: 7641: 7638: 7624: 7621: 7607: 7604: 7590: 7587: 7573: 7570: 7550: 7540: 7520: 7506: 7480: 7466: 7453: 7451:Lower Monograde 7433: 7430: 7416: 7413: 7399: 7396: 7382: 7379: 7359: 7340: 7326: 7300: 7286: 7273: 7271:Upper Monograde 7253: 7250: 7236: 7233: 7219: 7216: 7202: 7199: 7174: 7164: 7151: 7140: 7129: 7118: 7107: 7096: 7085: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7015: 7011: 6977: 6966: 6951: 6926: 6911: 6899: 6879: 6868: 6853: 6841: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6790: 6765: 6750: 6725: 6713: 6695: 6657: 6639: 6621: 6605: 6589: 6581: 6573: 6551: 6531: 6512: 6494: 6482: 6457: 6428: 6403: 6395: 6366: 6346: 6338: 6317: 6298: 6278: 6258: 6230: 6211: 6192: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6121: 6101: 6081: 6058: 6039: 6022: 6004: 5989: 5970: 5951: 5934: 5906: 5905:"crown"), from 5886: 5876:, respectively) 5852: 5833: 5810: 5793: 5781: 5769: 5749: 5729: 5719: 5701: 5675: 5653: 5625: 5606: 5589: 5569: 5541: 5521: 5502: 5478: 5436: 5406: 5402:. For example, 5379: 5355: 5352: 5339: 5331: 5325: 5322: 5301: 5288: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5250: 5237: 5199: 5170: 5120: 5086: 5054: 5022: 5013:but pronounced 5002: 4986: 4970: 4954: 4920: 4888: 4868: 4852: 4833: 4813: 4805: 4797: 4769: 4756: 4722: 4688: 4677: 4661: 4638: 4616: 4595: 4573: 4554: 4522: 4506: 4486: 4449: 4419: 4390: 4360: 4333: 4325: 4317: 4309: 4276: 4249: 4217: 4189: 4155: 4128: 4113: 4096: 4081: 4062: 4046: 4031: 4009: 3989: 3958: 3937: 3911: 3891: 3876: 3868: 3857: 3854: 3841: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3770: 3742: 3716: 3688: 3660: 3632: 3602: 3563: 3535: 3507: 3479: 3456: 3448: 3440: 3426: 3415: 3384: 3371: 3360: 3349: 3338: 3327: 3316: 3305: 3294: 3283: 3264: 3244: 3223: 3202: 3171: 3160: 3155:"abbreviation") 3137: 3115: 3087: 3066: 3045: 3024: 2985: 2974: 2963: 2939: 2931: 2923: 2920: 2903: 2880: 2861: 2842: 2823: 2788: 2769: 2750: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2698:for historical 2686:for historical 2631: 2592: 2560: 2521: 2508: 2497: 2465: 2456:Some examples: 2442: 2427: 2416: 2401: 2390: 2374: 2362: 2351: 2335: 2323: 2322:The characters 2309: 2301: 2293: 2285: 2280: 2263: 2216: 2180: 2148: 2114: 2075: 2043: 2011: 2002:Some examples: 1987: 1979: 1971: 1952: 1940: 1928: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1862: 1854: 1846: 1837: 1820: 1804: 1793: 1782: 1764: 1745: 1725: 1706: 1686: 1669: 1650: 1633: 1614: 1611: 1587: 1579: 1564: 1556: 1540: 1516: 1508: 1493: 1485: 1469: 1437: 1425: 1414: 1407: 1388: 1380: 1360: 1335: 1323: 1312: 1296: 1288: 1271: 1246: 1238: 1222: 1214: 1181: 1169: 1157: 1145: 1009: 1001: 993: 985: 977: 921: 913: 905: 897: 889: 861: 853: 845: 837: 829: 801: 793: 785: 777: 769: 765: 748: 732: 729:shin kana-zukai 719: 714: 701: 692: 679: 669: 664: 651: 619: 607: 595:means "body"). 576: 568: 560: 552: 544: 536: 528: 517: 508: 499: 490: 481: 472: 463: 454: 443: 430: 415: 408: 403: 390: 374: 358: 351: 323: 183: 171: 153: 113: 108: 102: 74: 71:Language family 69: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12703: 12701: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12677: 12676: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12654: 12653: 12652: 12642: 12637: 12631: 12629: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12617: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12569: 12567: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12559: 12558: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12523: 12521: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12492: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12451: 12437: 12432: 12426:Native words ( 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12367: 12365: 12360: 12357: 12356: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12349: 12348: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12279: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12234: 12233: 12232: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12163: 12161: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12107: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12079: 12078: 12073: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12053: 12048: 12042: 12040: 12031: 12029:Writing system 12025: 12024: 12021: 12020: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11942: 11940: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11928: 11918: 11912: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11884:Pseudo-Chinese 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11864:Bamboo English 11860: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11845: 11844: 11839: 11837:Amami Japanese 11833: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11773: 11772: 11771: 11758: 11756: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11744: 11737: 11736: 11735: 11734: 11733: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11708: 11707: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11684: 11683: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11655: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11651: 11648: 11632: 11630: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11574: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11551: 11550: 11545: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11510: 11509: 11508: 11507: 11506: 11501: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11466: 11460: 11458: 11447: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11416: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11404: 11402: 11401: 11394: 11387: 11379: 11373: 11372: 11367: 11354: 11349: 11342: 11341:External links 11339: 11338: 11337: 11328: 11315: 11304: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11273: 11249: 11225: 11201: 11188: 11175: 11162: 11146: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11092: 11087: 11080: 11077: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11054: 11051: 11048: 11041: 11038: 11035: 11022: 11019: 11016: 11010: 11002: 10999: 10996: 10990: 10982: 10975: 10972: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10961: 10960: 10959: 10958: 10935: 10932: 10929: 10923: 10920: 10917: 10911: 10908: 10905: 10899: 10896: 10893: 10880: 10877: 10874: 10868: 10861: 10858: 10855: 10849: 10842: 10839: 10836: 10830: 10827: 10824: 10818: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10669: 10666: 10663: 10622: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10601: 10600: 10597: 10584: 10571: 10558: 10545: 10532: 10527: 10524: 10521: 10515: 10512: 10509: 10500: 10489: 10488: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10457: 10444: 10431: 10418: 10405: 10399: 10396: 10393: 10384: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10359: 10349: 10339: 10329: 10319: 10309: 10299: 10286: 10266: 9978:"peaceful") → 9951: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9931: 9928: 9915: 9913: 9900: 9887: 9877: 9876: 9873: 9870: 9857: 9844: 9831: 9818: 9793: 9788: 9785: 9782: 9773: 9764: 9754: 9753: 9740: 9737: 9724: 9722: 9709: 9696: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9679: 9666: 9653: 9640: 9627: 9602: 9597: 9594: 9591: 9582: 9573: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9548: 9537: 9526: 9515: 9504: 9493: 9482: 9479: 9466: 9446: 9412:"to come") is 9275: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9246: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9227: 9217: 9216: 9213: 9208: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9189: 9179: 9178: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9154: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9135: 9125: 9124: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9086: 9076: 9075: 9072: 9067: 9058: 9048: 9047: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9023: 9014: 9004: 9003: 8988: 8987: 8984: 8979: 8969: 8968: 8953: 8952: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8930: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8897: 8887: 8886: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8864: 8854: 8853: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8831: 8821: 8820: 8817: 8812: 8803: 8793: 8792: 8789: 8784: 8774: 8773: 8770: 8765: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8746: 8737: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8704: 8694: 8693: 8692:To learn from 8690: 8685: 8676: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8657: 8648: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8629: 8619: 8618: 8615: 8610: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8591: 8581: 8580: 8577: 8572: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8553: 8543: 8542: 8539: 8534: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8515: 8505: 8504: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8465: 8462: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8351: 8334: 8317: 8300: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8280: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8247: 8230: 8213: 8196: 8180: 8163: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8143: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8110: 8093: 8076: 8059: 8042: 8025: 8020: 8017: 8014: 8004: 8003: 8000: 7986: 7972: 7958: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7933: 7919: 7905: 7902: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7872: 7858: 7844: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7819: 7805: 7791: 7788: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7755: 7738: 7721: 7704: 7687: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7667: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7634: 7617: 7600: 7583: 7566: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7546: 7534: 7533: 7530: 7516: 7502: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7476: 7462: 7459: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7426: 7409: 7392: 7375: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7336: 7322: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7296: 7282: 7279: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7246: 7229: 7212: 7195: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7170: 7158: 7157: 7146: 7135: 7124: 7113: 7102: 7091: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7065: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7012: 7010: 7007: 6950: 6947: 6814: 6813: 6747: 6746: 6712:"four"), from 6687: 6686: 6550:, and finally 6542:by elision of 6449: 6448: 6387: 6386: 6336: 6250: 6249: 6099: 6056: 5968: 5878: 5877: 5727: 5673: 5623: 5539: 5520:"what"), from 5475: 5474: 5434: 5368:Middle Chinese 5351: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5313: 5311: 5300: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5262: 5260: 5249: 5234: 5222: 5221: 5193: 5192: 5162:to a sequence 5153: 5152: 5118: 5084: 5052: 4951: 4950: 4918: 4768: 4753: 4742: 4741: 4716: 4715: 4658: 4657: 4636: 4614: 4593: 4477: 4476: 4447: 4417: 4388: 4302: 4301: 4274: 4247: 4215: 4187: 4153: 4028: 4027: 4007: 3982: 3981: 3956: 3935: 3909: 3853: 3838: 3797: 3796: 3768: 3740: 3714: 3686: 3658: 3630: 3600: 3561: 3533: 3505: 3412: 3411: 3406:is pronounced 3382: 3262: 3242: 3221: 3157: 3156: 3135: 3113: 3112:"up and down") 3085: 3064: 3043: 2919: 2900: 2664: 2663: 2623: 2622: 2590: 2552: 2551: 2519: 2454: 2453: 2411:) and a sound 2319: 2318: 2279: 2260: 2213: 2212: 2178: 2146: 2106: 2105: 2073: 2041: 2000: 1999: 1872: 1871: 1836: 1817: 1580: 1565: 1557: 1542: 1541: 1509: 1494: 1486: 1471: 1470: 1424:once ended in 1408: 1389: 1381: 1362: 1361: 1341:さし)} → {小さい (ち 1313: 1297: 1289: 1273: 1272: 1239: 1223: 1215: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1193: 764: 745: 689:kyū kana-zukai 668: 648: 640:Middle Chinese 616:Modern Chinese 525: 524: 515: 506: 497: 488: 479: 470: 461: 407: 387: 350: 347: 338:'s 1887 novel 322: 319: 162: 161: 158: 150: 149: 148:Language codes 145: 144: 114: 110:Writing system 107: 104: 103: 101: 100: 99: 98: 97: 96: 77: 75: 68: 65: 64: 55: 51: 50: 45: 44:Native to 41: 40: 36: 35: 31: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12702: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12663: 12660: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12651: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12624: 12616: 12613: 12612: 12611: 12610:Cyrillization 12608: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12598:Wāpuro rōmaji 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12574: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12542: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12524: 12522: 12520: 12516: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12429: 12428:yamato kotoba 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12416:Counter words 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12358: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12220: 12216: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12152: 12151:Kana ligature 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12100: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12046:Script reform 12044: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12026: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11935: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11869:Bonin English 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11857: 11853: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11789: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11738: 11732: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11661: 11660: 11656: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11623: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11515: 11511: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11471: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11442: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413:Earlier forms 11411: 11407: 11400: 11395: 11393: 11388: 11386: 11381: 11380: 11377: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11360: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11340: 11334: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11316: 11312: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11287: 11283: 11277: 11274: 11263: 11259: 11253: 11250: 11239: 11238:www.weblio.jp 11235: 11229: 11226: 11215: 11214:www.weblio.jp 11211: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11192: 11189: 11185: 11179: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11163: 11159: 11153: 11151: 11147: 11142: 11141: 11135: 11129: 11126: 11119: 11111: 11105: 11102: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11065: 11062: 11059: 11052: 11049: 11046: 11039: 11036: 11033: 11028: 11025: 11020: 11017: 11014: 11008: 11005: 11000: 10997: 10994: 10988: 10985: 10980: 10977: 10973: 10970: 10967: 10949:The particle 10948: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10933: 10930: 10927: 10921: 10918: 10915: 10909: 10906: 10903: 10897: 10894: 10891: 10886: 10883: 10878: 10875: 10872: 10866: 10863: 10859: 10856: 10853: 10847: 10844: 10840: 10837: 10834: 10828: 10825: 10822: 10814:Miscellaneous 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10794: 10782: 10770: 10758: 10746: 10734: 10722: 10710: 10697: 10695: 10679: 10676: 10673: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10655: 10650: 10648: 10636: 10620: 10603: 10602: 10546: 10525: 10522: 10519: 10513: 10510: 10507: 10499: 10490: 10476: 10475: 10419: 10397: 10394: 10391: 10383: 10374: 10370: 10363: 10360: 10353: 10350: 10343: 10340: 10333: 10330: 10323: 10320: 10313: 10310: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10293: 10290: 10280: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10251: 10238: 10236: 10224: 10212: 10200: 10188: 10176: 10164: 10152: 10139: 10137: 10125: 10113: 10109: 10098:) + particle 10097: 10085: 10073: 10062:) + particle 10061: 10049: 10037: 10025: 10013: 10001: 9989: 9977: 9965: 9949: 9932: 9929: 9916: 9914: 9901: 9888: 9879: 9878: 9871: 9858: 9845: 9832: 9819: 9794: 9786: 9783: 9780: 9765: 9755: 9741: 9738: 9725: 9723: 9710: 9697: 9688: 9687: 9680: 9667: 9654: 9641: 9628: 9603: 9595: 9592: 9589: 9574: 9564: 9560: 9552: 9549: 9541: 9538: 9530: 9527: 9519: 9516: 9508: 9505: 9497: 9494: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9460: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9423: 9411: 9398: 9396: 9384: 9372: 9360: 9348: 9346: 9335: 9324: 9313: 9302: 9291: 9279: 9273: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9247: 9238: 9237: 9233: 9231: 9218: 9214: 9212: 9199: 9195: 9193: 9180: 9176: 9164: 9160: 9158: 9145: 9141: 9139: 9126: 9122: 9110: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9087: 9078: 9077: 9073: 9071: 9059: 9050: 9049: 9045: 9033: 9029: 9027: 9015: 9006: 9005: 9001: 8989: 8985: 8983: 8970: 8966: 8954: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8931: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8898: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8865: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8832: 8823: 8822: 8818: 8816: 8804: 8795: 8794: 8790: 8788: 8775: 8771: 8769: 8756: 8752: 8750: 8738: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8705: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8689: 8677: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8661: 8649: 8640: 8639: 8636:To go around 8635: 8633: 8620: 8616: 8614: 8601: 8597: 8595: 8582: 8578: 8576: 8563: 8559: 8557: 8544: 8540: 8538: 8525: 8521: 8519: 8506: 8502: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8446: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8428:('date') and 8422: 8419: 8416: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8369: 8366: 8349: 8335: 8332: 8315: 8301: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8281: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8248: 8245: 8231: 8228: 8214: 8211: 8197: 8195: 8181: 8178: 8164: 8156: 8153: 8150: 8144: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8111: 8108: 8094: 8091: 8077: 8074: 8060: 8057: 8043: 8040: 8026: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7987: 7984: 7973: 7970: 7959: 7956: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7934: 7931: 7920: 7917: 7906: 7903: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7873: 7870: 7859: 7856: 7845: 7842: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7820: 7817: 7806: 7803: 7792: 7789: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7756: 7753: 7739: 7736: 7722: 7719: 7705: 7702: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7668: 7660: 7659:Lower Bigrade 7657: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7635: 7632: 7618: 7615: 7601: 7598: 7584: 7581: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7547: 7539: 7538:Upper Bigrade 7536: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7517: 7514: 7503: 7500: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7474: 7460: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7427: 7424: 7410: 7407: 7390: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7337: 7334: 7323: 7320: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7294: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7244: 7227: 7213: 7210: 7196: 7193: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7171: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7150: 7147: 7139: 7136: 7128: 7125: 7117: 7114: 7106: 7103: 7095: 7092: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7074: 7064: 7055: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7026: 7013: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6995: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6975: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6949:Miscellaneous 6948: 6946: 6936: 6923: 6921: 6909: 6889: 6877: 6865: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6827: 6803: 6802: 6788: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6771: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6744: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6721: 6711: 6701: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6684: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6671: 6663: 6655: 6653: 6645: 6637: 6635: 6627: 6619: 6618: 6611: 6603: 6602: 6595: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6537: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6509: 6506: 6500: 6490: 6479: 6475: 6473: 6463: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6446: 6444: 6434: 6426: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6409: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6384: 6382: 6372: 6364: 6362: 6352: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6323: 6315: 6313: 6304: 6296: 6294: 6284: 6276: 6274: 6264: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6247: 6245: 6236: 6228: 6226: 6217: 6209: 6207: 6198: 6190: 6188: 6179: 6171: 6159: 6139: 6137: 6127: 6119: 6117: 6107: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6087: 6079: 6078: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6045: 6037: 6036: 6028: 6020: 6019: 6010: 6002: 6000: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5956: 5949: 5947: 5939: 5924: 5922: 5912: 5904: 5902: 5892: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5848: 5839: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5807: 5799: 5791: 5779: 5767: 5765: 5755: 5747: 5745: 5735: 5728: 5717: 5716: 5707: 5699: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5681: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5659: 5651: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5631: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5604: 5602: 5594: 5587: 5585: 5575: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5547: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5527: 5519: 5518: 5508: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5472: 5470: 5463: 5461: 5454: 5452: 5442: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5412: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5349: 5337: 5329: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5298: 5286: 5278: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5157: 5151:"same month") 5150: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5000: 4996: 4984: 4980: 4968: 4964: 4948: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4866: 4862: 4849: 4842: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4766: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4694: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4672:, originally 4671: 4655: 4654: 4644: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4622: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4579: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4541:and one with 4532: 4516: 4496: 4484: 4483: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4455: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4435: 4425: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4396: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4366: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4306: 4299: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4282: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4134: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4095:, originally 4094: 4093: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4061:, originally 4060: 4058: 4043: 4041: 4025: 4024: 4015: 4008: 4005: 4004: 3995: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3897: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3866: 3851: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3541: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3485: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3437: 3435: 3424: 3401: 3399: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3369: 3358: 3347: 3336: 3325: 3314: 3303: 3292: 3281: 3280: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3250: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3208: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3169: 3154: 3152: 3143: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3084:"sandalwood") 3083: 3081: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3051: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2983: 2972: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2914: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2878: 2876: 2867: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2805: 2803: 2794: 2786: 2784: 2775: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2748: 2746: 2737: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2669: 2661: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2549: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2506: 2495: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2440: 2436: 2425: 2410: 2399: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2349: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2256:Proto-Japonic 2253: 2225: 2210: 2208: 2202: 2200: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1965: 1961: 1950: 1938: 1910: 1898: 1886: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1831: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1802: 1791: 1780: 1778: 1770: 1762: 1760: 1751: 1743: 1741: 1731: 1723: 1721: 1712: 1704: 1702: 1692: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1639: 1631: 1630: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1423: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1321: 1318:"small" (the 1316: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1252:せ)} → {幸せ (しあ 1251: 1245: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1197: 1191: 1179: 1167: 1155: 1143: 968:; and before 943: 935: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 767: 766: 759: 746: 744: 741: 739: 730: 712: 699: 690: 677: 673: 662: 649: 647: 645: 641: 617: 605: 600: 596: 516: 507: 498: 489: 480: 471: 462: 453: 452: 451: 448: 441: 429: 425: 413: 401: 388: 386: 384: 372: 368: 356: 348: 346: 343: 342: 337: 333: 329: 320: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 250: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 200:literary form 194: 181: 169: 159: 156: 151: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 111: 105: 95: 92: 91: 90: 87: 86: 85: 82: 81: 80: 76: 72: 66: 63: 59: 56: 52: 49: 46: 42: 37: 32: 27: 22: 12656: 12603:In Esperanto 12573:Romanization 12527:Pitch accent 12509:Dictionaries 12496: 12488:nyōbō kotoba 12487: 12441: 12440:Loan words ( 12427: 12411:Topic marker 12325:ARIB STD B24 12071:by frequency 11951:Amami Ōshima 11828: 11817: 11776: 11762: 11752: 11740: 11727:East San'in 11711: 11687: 11658: 11636: 11626: 11562: 11513: 11469: 11454: 11435:Early Modern 11425:Early Middle 11362: 11358: 11332: 11322:. New York: 11319: 11310: 11289:. Retrieved 11285: 11276: 11265:. Retrieved 11261: 11252: 11241:. Retrieved 11237: 11228: 11217:. Retrieved 11213: 11204: 11196: 11191: 11183: 11178: 11170: 11165: 11157: 11137: 11133: 11128: 11104: 11085:Old Japanese 11074: 11071: 11030: 10942: 10939: 10888: 10809: 10804: 10792: 10780: 10768: 10756: 10744: 10732: 10720: 10708: 10698: 10651: 10646: 10634: 10624: 10493: 10472:'be static' 10377: 10371:Translation 10296: 10288: 10261: 10249: 10239: 10234: 10222: 10210: 10198: 10186: 10174: 10162: 10150: 10140: 10135: 10123: 10111: 10107: 10095: 10083: 10071: 10059: 10047: 10035: 10023: 10011: 9999: 9987: 9975: 9963: 9953: 9561:Translation 9476: 9468: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9421: 9409: 9399: 9394: 9382: 9370: 9358: 9349: 9344: 9333: 9322: 9311: 9300: 9289: 9280: 9277: 9262: 9257: 9229: 9210: 9191: 9174: 9156: 9137: 9120: 9102: 9097: 9069: 9043: 9025: 8999: 8981: 8964: 8946: 8941: 8913: 8908: 8880: 8875: 8847: 8842: 8814: 8786: 8767: 8748: 8720: 8715: 8687: 8659: 8631: 8612: 8593: 8574: 8555: 8541:To resemble 8536: 8517: 8500: 8487:Translation 8467: 8457: 8447: 8375: 8370:'be, exist' 8364: 8347: 8330: 8313: 8260: 8243: 8226: 8209: 8193: 8176: 8123: 8106: 8089: 8072: 8055: 8038: 7996: 7982: 7968: 7954: 7929: 7915: 7882: 7868: 7854: 7840: 7815: 7801: 7768: 7751: 7734: 7717: 7700: 7647: 7630: 7613: 7596: 7579: 7526: 7512: 7498: 7472: 7439: 7422: 7405: 7388: 7346: 7332: 7318: 7292: 7259: 7242: 7225: 7208: 7191: 7077:Translation 7068: 7058: 7051: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7001:of the 1890 6996: 6989: 6984: 6973: 6958: 6954: 6952: 6934: 6924: 6919: 6907: 6887: 6875: 6866: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6815: 6800: 6798: 6785: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6769: 6758: 6748: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6723: 6709: 6707: 6699: 6689: 6688: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6661: 6651: 6650: 6643: 6633: 6632: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6600: 6599: 6593: 6565: 6555: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6516: 6510: 6507: 6498: 6492: 6480: 6477: 6471: 6469: 6461: 6451: 6450: 6442: 6440: 6432: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6407: 6389: 6388: 6380: 6378: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6350: 6330: 6328: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6302: 6292: 6290: 6282: 6272: 6270: 6262: 6252: 6251: 6243: 6241: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6157: 6135: 6133: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6105: 6094: 6092: 6085: 6076: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6051: 6049: 6043: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6017: 6015: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5984: 5982: 5974: 5962: 5961: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5937: 5920: 5918: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5880: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5855: 5846: 5844: 5837: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5789: 5777: 5763: 5761: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5733: 5714: 5712: 5705: 5696: 5694: 5689: 5687: 5679: 5672:"courteous") 5667: 5665: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5629: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5592: 5583: 5581: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5534: 5532: 5525: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5496: 5495: 5486: 5476: 5468: 5466: 5459: 5457: 5450: 5448: 5440: 5428: 5420: 5418: 5410: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5353: 5347: 5323: 5319:adding to it 5314: 5296: 5272: 5268:adding to it 5263: 5245: 5236:Long vowel ( 5227: 5223: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5194: 5182: 5181: 5173: 5154: 5146: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5112: 5110: 5104: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5046: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5014: 5010: 4998: 4994: 4982: 4978: 4966: 4962: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4912: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4880: 4876: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4770: 4764: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4736: 4734: 4726: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4669: 4659: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4630: 4628: 4620: 4609: 4607: 4599: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4530: 4514: 4494: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4431: 4423: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4394: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4364: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4280: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4253: 4242: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4181: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4132: 4121: 4108: 4106: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4075: 4073: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4044: 4039: 4029: 4022: 4020: 4013: 4002: 4000: 3993: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3951: 3949: 3941: 3929: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3904: 3902: 3895: 3884: 3864: 3855: 3849: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3798: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3774: 3763: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3720: 3708: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3692: 3680: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3652: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3624: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3555: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3527: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3483: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3438: 3433: 3425:) or W-row ( 3422: 3413: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3378: 3367: 3356: 3345: 3334: 3323: 3312: 3301: 3290: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3241:"establish") 3236: 3235: 3227: 3215: 3214: 3206: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3167: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3141: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3079: 3078: 3070: 3058: 3057: 3049: 3037: 3036: 3028: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2981: 2970: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2921: 2893: 2891: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2827: 2822:(such as in 2801: 2799: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2715: 2668:Tosa dialect 2665: 2657: 2655: 2649: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2624: 2617: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2504: 2491: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2473: 2472:さゐ) → 紫陽花 (あ 2469: 2460:Native words 2459: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2434: 2423: 2408: 2397: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2343: 2331: 2283: 2223: 2214: 2206: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2172: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2140: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2107: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2035: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1963: 1959: 1948: 1936: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1840: 1811: 1800: 1789: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1710: 1700: 1698: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1673: 1664: 1662: 1654: 1645: 1643: 1637: 1628: 1626: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1432: 1421: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1352:sa-shi → chi 1349: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1330: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1209: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1177: 1165: 1153: 1032:, it became 972:, it became 964:, it became 956:, it became 934:Old Japanese 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 742: 670: 601: 597: 526: 449: 423: 409: 382: 366: 352: 339: 324: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 248: 240: 220:Meiji period 216:Heian period 208:Shōwa period 179: 167: 165: 93: 84:Old Japanese 62:Shōwa period 58:Heian period 12583:Nihon-shiki 12466:Wasei-kango 12401:Possessives 12361:Grammar and 12194:Modern kana 12179:Punctuation 12160:Orthography 11981:Tokunoshima 11593:Gifu-Aichi 11563:Tōkai–Tōsan 11430:Late Middle 11160:pp.321–322. 10621:Table notes 10342:Attributive 10297:inflection 10279:keiyō dōshi 9950:Table notes 9529:Attributive 9477:Inflection 9389:在そがり / 坐そがり 9377:在そかり / 坐そかり 9318:鑑みる (かんがみる) 9274:Table notes 9185:有り, 在り (あり) 9142:To go away 9131:往ぬ, 去ぬ (いぬ) 8869:率る, 将る (いる) 8860:率る, 將る (ゐる) 8749:Kokoromi-ru 8742:試みる (こころみる) 8733:試みる (こゝろみる) 8716:Kaherimi-ru 8625:廻る, 回る (みる) 8587:干る, 乾る (ひる) 8272:R-irregular 8135:N-irregular 7894:S-irregular 7780:K-irregular 7162:Quadrigrade 7127:Attributive 6580:instead of 6493:"great") + 6170:kaguha-shii 6164:芳しい (かぐはしい) 6152:芳しい (かんばしい) 5784:考へる (かうがへる) 5772:考へる (かんがへる) 5127:つ) → 同月 (どう 5117:"watchdog") 5093:ん) → 番犬 (ばん 4927:んたん) → 元旦 ( 4718:is written 3934:"straight") 2121:ん) → 役員 (やく 1843:Nihon-shiki 1593:)} → {炎 (ほの 1244:"happiness" 1056:(note that 644:Old Chinese 349:Orthography 285:), but its 12679:Categories 12627:Literature 12497:yakuwarigo 12481:Honorifics 12461:Wasei-eigo 12449:from Dutch 12396:Adjectives 12363:vocabulary 12141:Hentaigana 12136:Man'yōgana 11976:Okinoerabu 11680:Okuyoshino 11291:2022-06-11 11267:2022-06-11 11243:2022-06-11 11219:2022-06-11 11120:References 11110:Hentaigana 11108:including 10362:Imperative 10332:Conclusive 10006:安けく (やすけく) 9943:(-sikare) 9927:(-sikaru) 9912:(-sikari) 9899:(-sikara) 9869:(-sikere) 9684:'be high' 9551:Imperative 9518:Conclusive 9448:Adjectives 9395:imasogar-i 9383:imasokar-i 9371:imasugar-i 9359:imasukar-i 9323:kangami-ru 9307:鑑みる (かゞみる) 9211:Imasukar-i 8942:Mochiwi-ru 8935:用いる (もちいる) 8926:用ゐる (もちゐる) 8902:率いる (ひきいる) 8893:率ゐる (ひきゐる) 8721:Kaerimi-ru 8681:鑑みる (かがみる) 8672:鑑みる (かゞみる) 8617:To winnow 8579:To sneeze 7774:'receive' 7149:Imperative 7116:Conclusive 7105:Infinitive 6158:kanba-shii 5790:kaugahe-ru 5778:kangahe-ru 5297:kaiyōchōon 5061:ぜん) → 偽善 ( 5029:せい) → 帰省 ( 4006:"slugger") 3840:Geminate ( 3063:"reality") 2567:) → 解除 (かい 2187:く) → 家屋 (か 2145:"officer") 1522:)} → {前 (ま 1326:小さい (ちいさい) 328:Edo period 241:The terms 129:Man'yōgana 12519:Phonology 12406:Particles 12345:Half/Full 12275:Shift JIS 12204:Yotsugana 12184:Kanazukai 12126:Okurigana 12038:Logograms 11650:Shiramine 11495:Southern 11475:Northern 11027:ihe-nashi 11007:sangai-ni 10322:Adverbial 10295:Class of 10199:shikuar-i 9507:Adverbial 9481:subclass 9475:Class of 9438:classical 9312:kagami-ru 9196:To exist 9091:御座す (おわす) 9082:御座す (おはす) 8947:Mochii-ru 8909:Hikiwi-ru 8688:Kagami-ru 6990:Finally, 6985:Okurigana 6963:ruby text 6894:and then 5326:June 2024 5275:June 2024 5009:(written 4993:(written 4977:(written 4961:(written 4917:"sweets") 4895:し) → 菓子 ( 4875:(written 4859:(written 4286:(written 4259:(written 4232:(written 4200:(written 4170:(written 4138:(written 3955:"surely") 3781:(written 3753:(written 3727:(written 3699:(written 3671:(written 3643:(written 3613:(written 3577:(written 3546:(written 3518:(written 3490:(written 2704:Yotsugana 2626:Loanwords 2599:) → 地図 (ち 2439:loanwords 2242:, and/or 2082:とこ) → 男 ( 2040:"to be ") 2018:る) → 居る ( 1263:se → shia 1036:; before 960:; before 696:—and the 440:shinjitai 332:diglossia 155:ISO 639-3 12442:gairaigo 12421:Numerals 12391:Pronouns 12330:Enclosed 12310:Katakana 12285:Hiragana 12281:Unicode 12236:ISO/IEC 12218:Encoding 12121:Furigana 12116:Katakana 12111:Hiragana 12013:Yonaguni 11993:Southern 11971:Okinawan 11966:Kunigami 11946:Northern 11938:Ryukyuan 11879:Kyowa-go 11810:Tsushima 11800:Nagasaki 11795:Kumamoto 11783:Chikuzen 11647:Kanazawa 11637:Hokuriku 11572:Shizuoka 11539:Eastern 11528:Kanagawa 11519:Western 11464:Hokkaidō 11445:Dialects 11140:Daijirin 11112:varients 11079:See also 10596:(-tare) 10583:(-taru) 10570:(-tari) 10557:(-tari) 10544:(-tara) 10469:(-nare) 10456:(-naru) 10443:(-nari) 10430:(-nari) 10417:(-nara) 10312:Irrealis 10262:shikar-e 10223:shikar-i 10012:yasukeku 9982:安け (やすけ) 9976:yasu-shi 9970:安し (やすし) 9856:(-siki) 9830:(-siku) 9752:(-kare) 9736:(-karu) 9721:(-kari) 9708:(-kara) 9678:(-kere) 9496:Irrealis 9459:keiyōshi 9223:侍り (はべり) 9169:ラ行変格活用動詞 9115:ナ行変格活用動詞 9038:サ行変格活用動詞 9030:To come 8994:カ行変格活用動詞 8986:To kick 8914:Hikii-ru 8560:To boil 8522:To wear 7094:Irrealis 6974:Furigana 6812:is used) 4482:original 3042:"guest") 2550:"water") 2528:) → 水 (み 2450:Gairaigo 2211:"house") 2155:ん) → 円 ( 2050:) → 声 (こ 1331:chiisa-i 535:between 400:kyūjitai 367:kyūjitai 139:; using 137:Katakana 133:Hiragana 121:Kyūjitai 12645:Writers 12578:Hepburn 12532:Rendaku 12471:Engrish 12167:Braille 12088:Ryakuji 12008:Yaeyama 11926:grammar 11921:Hachijō 11818:Satsugū 11777:Hichiku 11763:Hōnichi 11717:San'yō 11712:Chūgoku 11688:Shikoku 11627:Western 11587:Nagaoka 11583:Echigo 11548:Tochigi 11543:Ibaraki 11504:Nairiku 11484:Tsugaru 11455:Eastern 11134:スーパー大辞林 10885:kurashi 10694:Chinese 10036:shikuba 9988:yasu-ke 9964:Ku-gohō 9930: 9872: 9739: 9681: 9416:来る (くる) 9385:), and 9340:見る (みる) 9329:嚏る (ひる) 9296:居る (ゐる) 9285:着る (きる) 9251:居り (おり) 9242:居り (をり) 9230:Haber-i 9161:To die 9150:死ぬ (しぬ) 8975:蹴る (ける) 8959:下一段活用動詞 8951:To use 8852:To sit 8836:居る (いる) 8827:居る (ゐる) 8808:鋳る (いる) 8799:鑄る (いる) 8780:沃る (いる) 8761:射る (いる) 8753:To try 8664:To see 8606:簸る (ひる) 8598:To dry 8568:嚏る (ひる) 8549:煮る (にる) 8530:似る (にる) 8511:着る (きる) 8495:上一段活用動詞 7888:'come' 7653:'pass' 7532:'kick' 7265:'hear' 7009:Grammar 6876:jodōshi 6852:) from 6789:; from 6481:; from 6275:gami-ru 5700:; from 5652:; from 5568:; from 5538:"what") 5001:), and 3980:"leaf") 3220:"meal") 2845:仮名遣 (かな 2359:Rendaku 2104:"male") 1915:before 1724:), and 1585:"flame" 1514:"front" 1447:)} → {合 1337:{小さし (ち 1248:{幸せ (しあ 321:History 202:of the 79:Japonic 12640:Poetry 12588:Kunrei 12550:Kan-on 12321:Other 12230:EUC-JP 12146:Sōgana 12131:Gojūon 12083:Kokuji 12051:Kanbun 12003:Tarama 11998:Miyako 11788:Hakata 11753:Kyūshū 11741:Umpaku 11704:Sanuki 11670:Banshū 11659:Kansai 11602:Mikawa 11597:Nagoya 11577:Narada 11470:Tōhoku 11143:]. 11138:Super 10846:Toudai 10783:) and 10769:toar-i 10759:) and 10757:niar-i 10723:) and 10614:(-to) 10487:(-ni) 10352:Realis 10187:kuar-i 9843:(-si) 9665:(-ki) 9652:(-si) 9639:(-ku) 9540:Realis 9442:modern 9267:To be 9157:Shin-u 9103:Owas-u 9098:Ohas-u 9074:To do 8266:'die' 7445:'use' 7352:'see' 7138:Realis 6793:樣 (さま) 6728:三 (さん) 6656:, and 6546:after 6515:大御 (おほ 6485:大 (おほ) 6261:鑑みる (か 6160:) and 6118:ba-shi 5851:, and 5780:) and 5431:ᴴd͡zɨᴴ 5350:) rule 5299:) rule 5248:) rule 5164:/CuwV/ 5123:同月 (どう 5089:番犬 (ばん 4867:) and 4828:, and 4812:, and 4792:, and 4780:, and 4767:) rule 4765:gōyōon 4737:tsushi 4026:"kid") 3865:Sokuon 3852:) rule 3850:sokuon 3834:kiyaku 3822:kiyaku 3605:山脈 (さん 3471:, and 3455:, and 3434:Wa-gyō 3370:, and 3304:, and 3261:"tea") 3196:Ha-gyō 3168:Ya-gyō 3118:山脈 (さん 3018:Ra-gyō 2954:, and 2938:, and 2913:ya-gyō 2696:/d͡zu/ 2692:/d͡ʑi/ 2563:解除 (かい 2468:紫陽花 (あ 2373:) and 2334:) and 2273:da-gyō 2258:) do. 2117:役員 (やく 1923:, and 1887:) and 1861:, and 1830:wa-gyō 1728:溢れる (あ 1589:{炎 (ほの 1582: 1511: 1410: 1315: 1299:小さい (ち 1286:sa-shi 1275:小さし (ち 1241: 1225:幸せ (しあ 1201:幸せ (しあ 1180:) and 1156:) and 1136:, and 1116:, and 1096:, and 1076:, and 1052:, and 1008:, and 920:, and 884:, and 860:, and 824:, and 800:, and 758:ha-gyō 655:歴史的仮名遣 377:歴史的仮名遣 369:) and 303:kakamu 234:. Old 135:, and 12662:texts 12635:Books 12555:Tō-on 12545:Go-on 12172:Kanji 12093:Ateji 12056:Kanji 11986:Yoron 11961:Kikai 11829:Other 11731:Inshū 11721:Bingo 11675:Kishū 11665:Awaji 11533:Tokyo 11523:Gunma 11514:Kantō 11499:Kesen 11489:Akita 11479:Nanbu 11186:p.16. 11136:[ 11096:Notes 10979:Wonna 10793:tar-i 10781:nar-i 10692:」, a 10647:tar-i 10637:) or 10635:nar-i 10492:Tari 10376:Nari 10250:kar-e 10211:kar-i 10193:～しくあり 10163:shiku 10126:) to 10096:shiku 10060:shiku 9880:-kari 9757:-siku 9689:-kari 9428:来 (く) 9422:k-uru 9404:來 (く) 9345:mi-ru 9334:hi-ru 9301:wi-ru 9290:ki-ru 9258:Wor-i 9063:為 (す) 9054:爲 (す) 9019:来 (く) 9010:來 (く) 8982:Ke-ru 8876:Wi-ru 8843:Wi-ru 8660:Mi-ru 8632:Mi-ru 8613:Hi-ru 8594:Hi-ru 8575:Hi-ru 8556:Ni-ru 8537:Ni-ru 8518:Ki-ru 8124:-seyo 8107:-sure 8090:-suru 8002:'do' 7440:-wiyo 7423:-wire 7406:-wiru 7319:m-iru 7061:活用の種類 7025:dōshi 7014:Verbs 6959:which 6534:御 (おほ 6333:mi-ru 6314:mi-ru 6295:mi-ru 6246:-shii 6227:-shii 6138:ha-si 6104:芳し (か 5845:kanga 5804:kanga 5766:gaf-u 5746:gaf-u 5732:考ふ (か 5628:懇ろ (ね 5462:ŋˠʌk̚ 5439:音樂 (お 5409:漢字 (か 5246:chōon 5160:/CwV/ 4841:U-dan 4725:法師 (ほ 4691:法師 (ほ 4653:tsusi 4641:雜誌 (ざ 4631:tsute 4619:日程 (に 4598:學期 (が 4576:適格 (て 4521:) or 4469:zatsu 4452:雑誌 (ざ 4440:nichi 4422:日程 (に 4393:学期 (が 4363:適格 (て 4352:, or 4332:, or 4290:tsudo 4263:tsugā 4236:tsupa 4204:tsuto 4192:屹度 (き 4174:tsusu 4162:直ぐ (ま 4142:tsuka 3940:屹度 (き 3918:直ぐ (ま 3810:kyaku 3730:chiya 3711:ritsu 3704:ritsu 3674:shiyo 3530:jitsu 3523:jitsu 3423:A-gyō 3337:, or 3239:ritsu 3082:kudan 3061:jitsu 2982:I-dan 2902:Y-row 2892:kana- 2854:kana- 2826:身近 (み 2753:続く (つ 2734:縮む (ち 2728:tsudu 2718:) or 2716:chidi 2702:(see 2638:オ → ラ 2595:地圖 (ち 2262:D-row 2183:家屋 (か 1986:, or 1819:W-row 1779:re-ru 1761:re-ru 1742:re-ru 1689:家鴨 (あ 1604:→ hon 1567:炎 (ほの 1544:炎 (ほの 1518:{前 (ま 1120:; or 1058:*/wu/ 1028:, or 952:, or 747:H-Row 705:現代仮名遣 622:眞 → 真 610:爲 → 為 563:せい‐たい 520:眞 → 真 511:爲 → 為 502:靜 → 静 493:變 → 変 484:與 → 与 475:當 → 当 466:舊 → 旧 457:體 → 体 424:kanji 301:< 299:kakau 297:< 267:kaku, 263:bungo 249:bungo 228:haiku 193:kobun 180:bungo 117:Kanji 48:Japan 12270:0213 12265:0212 12260:0211 12255:0208 12250:0201 12246:JIS 12240:2022 12103:Kana 11805:Saga 11769:Ōita 11699:Tosa 11643:Kaga 11612:Hida 11607:Mino 11050:さんがい 10998:さんがい 10865:moto 10805:ar-i 10745:ar-i 10735:) + 10721:ar-i 10711:) + 10496:タリ活用 10380:ナリ活用 10302:stem 10273:形容動詞 10256:～しかれ 10252:) / 10235:ar-i 10217:～しかり 10213:) / 10189:) / 10181:～くあり 10177:) → 10175:ar-i 10165:) + 10153:) / 10086:) / 10050:) / 10030:～しくば 10026:) / 10024:kuba 10002:) → 9990:) + 9884:カリ活用 9766:main 9761:シク活用 9693:カリ活用 9575:main 9485:stem 9353:在すかり 9263:Or-i 9192:Ar-i 9138:In-u 8881:I-ru 8848:I-ru 8815:I-ru 8787:I-ru 8768:I-ru 8448:The 8244:-ure 8227:-uru 7983:-ure 7969:-uru 7869:-ure 7855:-uru 7752:-ure 7735:-uru 7648:-iyo 7631:-ure 7614:-uru 7513:-ere 7499:-eru 7333:-ire 7083:stem 7049:) + 7046:stem 6980:送り仮名 6969:振り仮名 6941:and 6698:四 (よ 6674:is お 6570:/ho/ 6554:御 (お 6460:御 (お 6445:buri 6363:buri 6265:がみる) 6242:kagu 6223:kagu 6210:and 6208:-shi 6204:kagu 6189:-shi 6185:kagu 6093:saka 6075:saka 5973:問 (と 5965:buri 5948:buri 5923:buri 5903:muri 5889:冠 (か 5678:神 (か 5670:koro 5650:koro 5642:goro 5620:mina 5605:and 5544:女 (を 5505:何 (な 5471:gaku 5453:gaku 5394:and 5374:and 5291:開拗長音 5218:/kw/ 5189:/kw/ 5057:僞善 ( 5025:歸省 ( 5011:guwe 4995:kuwe 4979:guwi 4963:kuwi 4947:ntan 4940:ntan 4931:んたん) 4923:元旦 ( 4891:菓子 ( 4877:guwa 4861:kuwa 4845:/wa/ 4708:hofu 4703:sshi 4674:/pu/ 4610:kuki 4588:kika 4567:/tu/ 4563:/ti/ 4551:/zi/ 4547:/ni/ 4535:/tu/ 4519:/ti/ 4464:sshi 4410:gaku 4385:kaku 4381:teki 4268:sura 4261:sura 4049:真っ直ぐ 4001:sura 3784:hiya 3757:jiyū 3745:～中 ( 3702:jiyu 3691:樹立 ( 3646:riya 3617:miya 3584:piyo 3580:piyo 3549:biya 3542:くだん) 3538:白檀 ( 3521:niyo 3510:如實 ( 3493:kiya 3404:/hj/ 3267:～中 ( 3226:樹立 ( 3073:くだん) 3069:白檀 ( 3048:如実 ( 2971:Yōon 2918:rule 2879:and 2820:/zu/ 2816:/zi/ 2812:/tu/ 2808:/ti/ 2787:and 2694:and 2690:and 2684:/zu/ 2682:and 2680:/ʑi/ 2674:and 2579:diyo 2524:水 (み 2486:sawi 2426:and 2415:(in 2400:and 2389:(in 2278:rule 2246:and 2244:/wo/ 2238:and 2236:/we/ 2230:and 2228:/wi/ 2139:yaku 2131:yaku 2102:toko 2095:toko 2046:聲 (こ 2014:居る ( 1996:/wo/ 1835:rule 1812:hoho 1790:hawa 1653:頬 (ほ 1617:母 (は 1600:hono 1551:hono 1533:→ ma 1496:前 (ま 1473:前 (ま 1462:→ a- 1356:sa-i 1345:さい)} 1320:-shi 1310:sa-i 1259:shia 1232:shia 1208:shia 1138:/fo/ 1134:/fe/ 1130:/fu/ 1126:/fi/ 1122:/fa/ 1118:/po/ 1114:/pe/ 1110:/pu/ 1106:/pi/ 1102:/pa/ 1098:/ho/ 1094:/he/ 1090:/fu/ 1086:/hi/ 1082:/ha/ 1062:/wa/ 763:rule 723:新仮名遣 683:旧仮名遣 676:kana 642:and 632:and 315:kake 311:kaku 307:kaki 295:kakō 291:kaka 287:kōgo 283:kake 279:kaku 275:kaki 271:kaka 259:kōgo 236:laws 232:waka 230:and 166:The 125:Kana 12593:JSL 12335:EIS 12225:EUC 11694:Iyo 11420:Old 11037:をんな 10971:をんな 10807:). 10763:とあり 10751:にあり 10739:～有り 10715:～有り 10649:). 10641:～たり 10629:～なり 10480:しづか 10462:しづか 10449:しづか 10436:しづか 10423:しづか 10410:しづか 10366:命令形 10356:已然形 10346:連体形 10336:終止形 10326:連用形 10316:未然形 10244:～かれ 10205:～かり 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