8480:
enough to make an exhaustive list difficult. The other 6 classes all together contain between 22 and 28 verbs, depending on whether basic compound verbs are included or not. An exhaustive list of these follows, with verbs in the conclusive form, as is the most common standard. Chinese character pronunciations are indicated by hiragana in parentheses following the given character. The first spelling listed for a given verb is the most common, and those that follow are alternative spellings. Some of these spellings are generally used for slightly different connotations of the same verb, while others are simple alternatives. In later reference, only the first spelling (in pre-World War II orthography) will be used, and the transcription will be based on the historical spelling. A blank cell in one (or both) of the "modern" columns indicates that the modern spelling and/or transcription is the same as the pre-World War II version.
689:(i.e., phonetic character) writing used in Japan before the post-war reforms. More specifically, it is the version of kana orthography standardized in the Meiji Period (since before that time kana usage was not standardized). It is, broadly speaking, based on the pronunciation of Japanese in the Heian Period, the time-frame in which Early Middle Japanese (on which the grammar of classical Japanese is based) was spoken. There are several differences between historical kana usage—which is also referred to as "old kana usage"
6987:), especially in old laws and other very important documents. Ruby text is still widely used in modern Japanese, but only for characters with non-standard or ambiguous pronunciations, or sometimes in materials designed for children or foreigners. The second difference is that, especially in legal documents, Katakana were often used in the way that Hiragana are used in modern Japanese, to write out adjective and verb inflections, suffixes, and particles (
5319:
5268:
272:, "spoken language") are still used for classical and modern Japanese, respectively. Their literal meanings are only historical, as classical Japanese is no longer used, while modern Japanese is the only current written language, despite its name. These terms are often used in descriptions of grammar to distinguish classical and modern inflections. For example, the
610:
in the third and fourth characters. Finally, probably the most common type of simplification is to change one component of the character to reduce the number of strokes and/or make it easier to write, a strategy exemplified by the fifth and sixth examples. Note that, as in the case of the sixth character, the simplification may be very subtle.
5377:), which can represent a variety of sounds depending on what sounds come before and after it. Syllable final nasals are believed by many scholars to have existed in Proto-Japonic, but all agree that they were lost by the time of Old Japanese. They first re-appeared in Early Middle Japanese, with the introduction of
355:
was one of the first novels to be written in vernacular
Japanese rather than classical. By 1908, novels no longer used classical Japanese, and by the 1920s the same was true of all newspapers. Government documents remained in classical Japanese until 1946. Classical Japanese continues to be taught in
609:
In cases like those of the first two, the entire original character has essentially been replaced by a new one, independent of the original's etymology. This type, however, is relatively rare. Another approach is to essentially replace the character with a piece of it, sometimes slightly altered, as
345:, a situation in which two forms of a language, in this case a written and spoken form, coexist. During the Meiji period, some intellectuals sought the abolition of classical Japanese, such as the Genbun Itchi movement, which proposed that written Japanese conform to the vernacular spoken language.
8479:
While the many conjugation classes may seem overwhelming, most of them contain few verbs. The quadrigrade and lower bigrade classes are the primary, containing about 75% and 20% of the verbs in the language, respectively. The upper bigrade class is small (about 56 non-compound verbs), but sizable
4782:
Starting in Early Middle
Japanese, as more and more Chinese characters were borrowed into Japanese, the language acquired consonants fronted with glides. Those fronted with the palatal glide are described in the Y-row rule, but Early Middle Japanese also introduced consonants fronted with labial
3810:
This is the only historical kana rule that does not reflect a historical pronunciation. It is also one of only two rules (along with the geminate rule) that create ambiguity for the reader (excluding the exceptions listed above for the H-row rule). For instance, the aforementioned word
4758:
While this usage does reflect a historical pronunciation, it, like the Y-row rule, produces ambiguity. Furthermore, since these vowels are elided in some compounds but not others, this usage obscures the difference in a way that is essentially impossible to predict.
4315:
In these cases, the historical usage is not reflecting any historical pronunciation. However, in Sino-Japanese words, geminate consonants are produced by different, more regular processes, and the historical usage for these words reflects historical pronunciations.
1825:
is generally used in compounds). In other cases, as is true of the second two exceptions, the unchanged form is the only one that exists. In addition to these exceptions, some dialects may preserve these sounds as they were at any stage of the language.
336:
Classical
Japanese began to be written during the Heian period, at which point it was very similar to spoken Japanese. It became the written standard for the Japanese language for many centuries, though the spoken language continued to evolve and by the
5235:
However, in these cases, an alternative version with large A-row kana generally exists (as it does in this case), indicating a monophthong pronunciation, and many speakers use the monophthong pronunciation regardless of how it is written.
4858:
were indicated. Nevertheless, some classical texts may indicate the other differences, and some resources will refer to them, so it is useful to be familiar with them. This rule applies exclusively to Sino-Japanese words. Some examples:
233:(1868–1912) when novelists started writing their works in the spoken form. Eventually, the spoken style came into widespread use, including in major newspapers, but many official documents were still written in the old style. After the
3995:
Voiced geminates are generally prohibited by
Japanese phonological rules, but they occur in a few loanwords (although they are sometimes pronounced by native speakers as if they were their voiceless counterparts). For example:
955:, split into one of five different phonemes depending on whether it occurred morpheme-initially or morpheme-medially, and then further depending on the following vowel. Morpheme-initially and before
9292:
In addition, the translations are for the classical meaning of the verb, which may differ from the modern meaning of the verb if it has survived into modern
Japanese either slightly (e.g.,
4762:
While there are a few other processes that can cause geminates in Sino-Japanese words, they all apply to N- and M-row kana, and are not written differently in historical and modern kana.
9314:, which meant "to sit" in classical Japanese, but primarily means "to be" (for animate objects) in modern Japanese). Some may have the same meaning, but a different pronunciation (e.g.,
7016:, which is written in classical Japanese using historical kana, old character forms, kana iteration marks, and Katakana in place of Hiragana (although it lacks universal ruby text).
9347:"to sneeze", with the same modern meaning and form, but almost never used). On the other hand, some have kept the same meaning, form, and prominence into the modern language (e.g.,
12613:
6948:) is non-existent in modern Japanese, there are no dialects that preserve the distinction expressed in this rule. However, some may preserve the distinction between final
4580:
is almost always trivial, and the historical pronunciation was identical, so they were not distinguished in writing. Therefore, the previous examples would be written:
12464:
4512:
has been elided. The reason for this is that in Early Middle
Japanese, when these sounds were borrowed from Middle Chinese, the Japanese language acquired a final
629:, while in Japan, what is now the new character form was at that time considered a variant and rarely used. And in a few cases, like that of the eighth character (
6851:) was generally used to represent the syllabic nasal. Sometimes, this convention may be preserved by modern writers, but standard historical kana distinguishes
9336:
in modern
Japanese). Also, even for those verbs which have survived with the same meaning and form, many are archaic and rarely used in modern Japanese (e.g.,
1207:
Some examples follow (old spellings are on the left, new spellings on the right; kana in parentheses represent the pronunciation of the preceding character):
12660:
5169:
sometimes occur in modern loanwords, and they are generally dealt with in one of two ways. Firstly, the labialized consonant may be changed from a sequence
1922:) is used in other words besides as the accusative or oblique case marker. This relates to the above rule, in that it reflects a pronunciation with initial
11407:
4056:
Gemination can occur in
Japanese for a variety of reasons. In native words, it occurs either when a historical long vowel elides, as in the aforementioned
6760:
Of course, there are also some words with this sound that either lack
Chinese characters or were coined in the modern or Early Modern Japanese eras, when
12459:
5504:
with the syllabic nasal in their native
Japanese readings numbers only 13 characters (0.61% of the regular-use set) giving rise to 14 readings. They are
1151:). This rule primarily applies to native Japanese morphemes, although it is crucial to the mechanics of the long vowel rule that applies primarily to
4783:
glides (i.e., CwV). These were far more limited in range than their palatal counterparts, however, affecting only the K- and G- rows. instead of
10085:) (since that particle usually attaches to the irrealis form). However, the scholars agreeing with "Ku-grammar theory" argue that it's actually
12086:
2673:"radio") (this one is especially notable because it is an exceedingly rare example of a sound change that occurs in a loanword from English)
5206:
In other cases, they may be indicated with a U-column kana followed by a small A-row kana, indicating a labialized consonant. For example,
12081:
12695:
6909:. However, the conventions of standard historical kana call for this auxiliary verb (and any word derived from it) to be written with
751:
of Chinese characters, while others apply primarily to native Japanese words, and still others apply equally to both groups of words.
7009:
11565:
9411:
Finally, the "modern" transcriptions are purely orthographic. For example, the modern version conclusive form of the classical verb
11966:
7005:
were far more common in classical Japanese, and sometimes used in ways that are considered completely obsolete in modern Japanese.
9358:"to see", one of the oldest surviving verbs in the language and also one of the most common, both in classical and modern texts).
1792:. Sometimes, as in the case of the first two exceptions, the sound change form exists, usually with a slightly different meaning (
12672:
12391:
237:, most documents switched to the spoken style, although the classical style continues to be used in traditional genres, such as
12345:
12340:
11866:
11400:
8282:
8145:
7904:
7790:
12514:
614:
364:
Classical Japanese is written in an orthography that differs from modern Japanese in two major ways. These are the usage of
11572:
5500:). This happens exceedingly rarely, and usually results from sound elision. An exhaustive list of every example out of all
4490:
In historical kana, where the geminate mark is used in the first, second, and fourth examples, a full-sized version of the
12355:
12071:
1938:
that is no longer present in the modern language. This rule applies equally to native and Sino-Japanese words. The use of
12700:
12486:
12325:
11884:
4843:). Finally, while the palatal glides are written with an I-column kana, the labial glides are written with a U-column (
12219:
12199:
12003:
11956:
682:
625:), the traditional and simplified Japanese versions coexisted as different forms of the same traditional character in
381:
234:
151:
7669:
7548:
7461:
7281:
12335:
12209:
11393:
11180:Árokay, Judit. (2014) "Discourse on Poetic Languages in Early Modern Japan and the Awareness of Linguistic Change"
4319:
The most common way for geminates to be produced in Sino-Japanese words is by the elision of a vowel from the kana
9303:, which meant "to wear " in classical Japanese, but means "to wear " in modern Japanese), or significantly (e.g.,
437:) used in Japan before the post-World War II spelling reforms there. The modern, simplified characters are called
12620:
12598:
12386:
11334:
9965:
The existence of irrealis form is still a controversy. Some scholars assume that the ancient construction called
5409:
were phonemically and phonologically distinct, although the distinction was never written down, and was lost by
4123:). These examples of the geminate consonant marker, along with those found in loanwords, are written with large
2677:
There are no known exceptions in standard Japanese pronunciation, although there are many dialects (such as the
12655:
12593:
12583:
12547:
12445:
12396:
12320:
12295:
11904:
10664:
10236:) by regular sound change rules from Old Japanese. The forms then follow the R-irregular conjugation type like
4854:) kana. However, when historical kana was standardized in the Meiji Period, only the syllables with historical
1152:
11961:
11380:
9372:"to exist", honorific form) has three pronunciation variants, each of which can use either Chinese character:
356:
Japanese high schools and universities due to its importance in the study of traditional Japanese literature.
3898:). In native Japanese words, this symbol can be used before kana of the K-, S-, T-, and P-rows. For example,
2396:), respectively, would be used. Again, this represents a former phonetic distinction, namely between a sound
12039:
9289:
Note that these translations are glosses, and may not reflect certain nuances or rare alternative meanings.
10636:
Adjectival verbs are essentially nouns(or stems of the adjectives) combined with an auxiliary verb, either
538:
The kana spelling of a kanji is not unique; e.g. in modern Japanese, note the difference in the reading of
12056:
7172:
6953:
6949:
6906:
6902:
6580:
6558:
6554:
6156:
6152:
5941:
5937:
5467:
5437:
5228:
5199:
5174:
5170:
4855:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4684:
4577:
4573:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4529:
4513:
4509:
3418:
3414:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2423:
2397:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2006:
1978:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
940:
12537:
12426:
11899:
11445:
11435:
5410:
2970:
222:
99:
31:
11268:
10806:), respectively, by regular sound change rules. They therefore follow the R-irregular conjugation like
12588:
12411:
12315:
12189:
11991:
11926:
11440:
8471:) at the end of the imperative forms is optional in classical Japanese, although exceedingly common.
5166:
4687:). These cases are complicated by the H-row rule, and perhaps because of that, are also written with
952:
3421:
as noted above, but this difference is not reflected in any mainstream Japanese romanization system)
12637:
12519:
12491:
12406:
11986:
11931:
6972:
kana are used. The first is that Chinese characters in classical texts are often fully marked with
594:
is totally a new word derived from the combination of original meanings of two Chinese characters (
12608:
12529:
12416:
12350:
12240:
12235:
11948:
11690:
7013:
6901:) which indicated the volitional. It, too, underwent vowel elision, and came to be pronounced as
4795:
for the vowels of onset, like the palatal glides, the vowels of onset for the labial glides were
2262:
637:), the old character form has always been considered a rare variant in Modern Chinese. (However,
351:
12496:
11936:
11772:
11721:
10372:
10362:
10352:
10342:
10332:
10322:
9561:
9550:
9539:
9528:
9517:
9506:
7159:
7148:
7137:
7126:
7115:
7104:
461:
A few examples follow, with the old characters on the left and the new characters on the right:
12431:
12401:
12204:
12023:
12008:
11981:
11976:
11914:
11852:
11827:
11762:
11680:
11636:
11479:
11474:
11464:
11455:
11416:
11100:
5240:
708:
214:
210:
89:
12625:
12603:
12381:
12177:
12018:
11820:
11810:
11805:
11793:
11741:
11685:
11646:
11582:
11538:
11523:
11220:
626:
346:
12146:
10251:
Similarly, the basic conjugations have no imperative form. When it is used, therefore, the
5501:
229:(794–1185), but exhibits some later influences. Its use started to decline during the late
139:
12650:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12013:
11786:
11697:
11597:
11558:
11553:
11514:
11494:
6264:
From the preservation of an Old Japanese pre-nasalized consonant in a modern Japanese word
2717:). In writing, the distinction is preserved in single morphemes in cases where a sequence
1051:, it lost its consonant. Finally, later on in the same period of the language the initial
586:
is just a native Japanese word labeled by a Chinese character with similar meaning, while
81:
17:
11779:
1803:
is a hyper-formal and very respectful term for mother) or is used in different contexts (
218:
72:
899:), respectively. This is because these sounds (as well as all sounds still written with
578:, "forms of government"). The above spelling differences are etymological. For example,
12645:
11996:
11971:
11894:
11874:
11847:
11798:
11750:
11714:
11668:
11612:
11607:
11587:
10704:
7002:
5378:
650:
120:
11362:
5318:
5267:
12689:
12436:
12182:
12161:
11879:
11731:
11675:
11543:
11533:
11509:
11499:
11489:
7008:
For an example of a major document written in the classical style, see as an example
2266:
1624:
There are some exceptions to this sound change, although they are rare. They include
242:
9977:"Ku-grammar") uses the irrealis form to form nouns from verbs and adjectives; e.g.,
12421:
12250:
11815:
11709:
11653:
11622:
11617:
11430:
11244:
11095:
2678:
944:
246:
230:
226:
94:
68:
3867:
The other use of small kana in modern Japanese is in the geminate consonant mark (
3359:
is sequentially voiced, as in this example, and the pronunciation is identical to
2448:). This rule applies equally to native and Sino-Japanese words, as well as a few
12476:
11704:
1853:
654:
365:
131:
11357:
6827:
Regardless of how it came to be, the Japanese orthography lacked the character
12505:
12471:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12151:
11120:
10275:) forms are used. It is however, relatively rare, even in classical Japanese.
338:
5401:) in modern Japanese occur in Sino-Japanese vocabulary. Originally, syllabic
12285:
12214:
12194:
12136:
11292:
10312:
9495:
7093:
5779:"consider"); note that these are the classical versions of the modern verbs
2714:
438:
342:
165:
12156:
12141:
9480:
Classical Japanese has the following classes of adjectives and stem forms:
6878:
There is one exception. In classical Japanese, there is an auxiliary verb (
5239:
There are no known exceptions to this rule, but some dialects (such as the
12565:
12450:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12048:
11889:
11150:
6973:
4041:
Kana of the N- and M-rows can also be geminate, but they are preceded by
2449:
2237:) in standard Japanese, and no dialects preserve the distinction between
2226:
There are no known exceptions (besides the aforementioned ones regarding
1424:"come together" (note that every quadrigrade verb that currently ends in
147:
143:
11367:
4572:). So the semantic difference between Sino-Japanese syllables ending in
2083:"voice") (notice that an old character is also involved in this example)
1950:) to write the aforementioned grammatical particle, which is pronounced
12542:
12481:
12098:
2358:
4671:
Occasionally, gemination may also result from a loss of a vowel after
3450:
In historical kana, all of these examples are written with large kana
1071:
never existed), leaving the current morpheme-medial pronunciations of
341:
was substantially different from classical Japanese. This is known as
12560:
12093:
12061:
11385:
6839:) or any equivalent. Therefore, until the spelling reforms of 1900,
617:, but there are some exceptions. For the seventh example character (
2507:"hydrangea") (notice that this example also contains a change from
12555:
12103:
12066:
9447:), which is the way that a modern Japanese writer would write the
7051:
Classical Japanese has the following verb classes and stem forms:
3181:) kana follows an I-column kana of the S-, Z-, T-, D-, or H-rows (
748:
422:
238:
127:
58:
11184:
eds. Judit Árokay, Jadranka Gvozdanović, and Darja Miyajima p.88.
12113:
686:
135:
11389:
3835:"agreement") when written in historical kana: both are written
10821:
As with adjectives, the imperative form is rare, but is used.
6772:) had been fully incorporated into the language. For example,
5313:
5262:
1179:) to represent grammatical particles pronounced as if written
10025:"peace of mind"). Meanwhile, others assumed the construction
8387:
Note that most S-irregular is the combination of a noun and
2632:"map") (notice again that an old character form is involved)
300:
inflection is quintigrade due to a historical sound change (
27:
Literary form of Japanese, used until the early 20th century
11206:
Trantor, Nicholas and Kizu, Mika. (2012) "Modern Japanese"
10710:
The auxiliary verbs are derived from directional particles
9325:"to learn from", which is generally pronounced and written
6159:, and that these are the classical forms of the adjectives
1111:(which, in this context, are probably better thought of as
249:
are also left in the classical style unless fully revised.
2909:, respectively). This usage is a holdover from this rule.
2600:"release") (notice the use of Y-row rule, explained below)
11363:
Bibliography of premodern Japanese texts and translations
3823:) is not differentiated in historical kana from the word
11358:
Bungo Nyūmon: A Brief Introduction to Classical Japanese
9451:
Japanese word, rather than the way they would write the
209:
and sometimes simply called "Medieval Japanese", is the
6401:
From abbreviation of another pronunciation on this list
5329:
5278:
613:
In general, old character forms are identical to their
10300:
There are the following classes for adjectival verbs:
10152:
The compound forms are derived from continuitive form
3326:
only occur in modern Japanese writing when a sequence
1155:, which is elaborated upon below. The modern usage of
4516:
in the Sino-Japanese morphemes that currently end in
12636:
12576:
12528:
12370:
12228:
12170:
12112:
12047:
12038:
11947:
11913:
11865:
11838:
11761:
11635:
11463:
11454:
11423:
6815:"") (in modern orthography, the new character form
3543:) (note the presence of an old character form here)
2741:) was historically produced by rendaku (such as in
2681:) that preserve the distinction between historical
2188:"Yen") (again, there is an old character used here)
163:
158:
117:
78:
64:
54:
39:
2817:, respectively), or in compounds where a phonemic
2357:) are used in places other than changes caused by
1333:ending is the classical conclusive form of modern
6701:From some semantic (rather than phonetic) process
6151:"fragrant"); note also the sequential voicing of
3610:) (again, multiple iteration marks are used here)
2995:) kana of the K-, G-, N-, B-, P-, M-, or R-rows (
779:Some morpheme-medial sounds currently written as
193:, "literary language"), also called "old writing"
9435:), but the modern form is given in the table as
5704:"god" in some compounds), originally pronounced
5508:From the elision of a vowel following /m/ or /n/
4548:). Later on, these acquired two forms, one with
10968:is omitted more often than in the spoken style.
10288:
9468:
7034:
2922:
2295:This section uses Nihon-shiki romanization for
2282:
1839:
767:
747:. Some of these differences apply primarily to
738:
720:
698:
670:
449:
409:
202:
10962:
10808:
10796:
10784:
10772:
10760:
10748:
10736:
10724:
10712:
10668:
10650:
10638:
10615:
10597:
10584:
10571:
10558:
10545:
10513:
10505:
10488:
10470:
10457:
10444:
10431:
10418:
10397:
10389:
10375:
10365:
10355:
10345:
10335:
10325:
10315:
10282:
10265:
10253:
10238:
10226:
10214:
10202:
10190:
10178:
10166:
10154:
10139:
10127:
10125:) with a sequential voicing sound change from
10111:
10099:
10087:
10075:
10063:
10051:
10039:
10027:
10015:
10003:
9991:
9979:
9967:
9944:
9928:
9913:
9900:
9893:
9870:
9857:
9844:
9831:
9818:
9807:
9786:
9779:
9770:
9753:
9737:
9722:
9709:
9702:
9679:
9666:
9653:
9640:
9627:
9616:
9595:
9588:
9579:
9565:
9554:
9543:
9532:
9521:
9510:
9499:
9462:
9437:
9425:
9413:
9398:
9386:
9374:
9362:
9349:
9338:
9327:
9316:
9305:
9294:
9260:
9251:
9232:
9213:
9194:
9178:
9159:
9140:
9124:
9100:
9091:
9072:
9063:
9047:
9028:
9019:
9003:
8984:
8968:
8944:
8935:
8911:
8902:
8878:
8869:
8845:
8836:
8817:
8808:
8789:
8770:
8751:
8742:
8718:
8709:
8690:
8681:
8662:
8653:
8634:
8615:
8596:
8577:
8558:
8539:
8520:
8504:
8461:
8440:
8423:
8405:
8388:
8364:
8347:
8330:
8313:
8293:
8286:
8260:
8243:
8226:
8209:
8193:
8176:
8156:
8149:
8123:
8106:
8089:
8072:
8055:
8038:
8018:
7999:
7985:
7971:
7946:
7932:
7918:
7908:
7885:
7871:
7857:
7832:
7818:
7804:
7794:
7768:
7751:
7734:
7717:
7700:
7680:
7673:
7647:
7630:
7613:
7596:
7579:
7559:
7552:
7529:
7515:
7489:
7475:
7465:
7439:
7422:
7405:
7388:
7368:
7349:
7335:
7309:
7295:
7285:
7259:
7242:
7225:
7208:
7183:
7176:
7163:
7152:
7141:
7130:
7119:
7108:
7097:
7080:
7070:
7028:
6989:
6978:
6964:Two other significant differences involve the
6938:
6923:
6911:
6891:
6880:
6865:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6817:
6802:
6777:
6762:
6737:
6725:
6707:
6669:
6651:
6633:
6617:
6601:
6593:
6585:
6563:
6543:
6524:
6506:
6494:
6469:
6440:
6415:
6407:
6378:
6358:
6350:
6329:
6310:
6290:
6270:
6242:
6223:
6204:
6185:
6173:
6161:
6133:
6113:
6093:
6070:
6051:
6034:
6016:
6001:
5982:
5963:
5946:
5918:
5898:
5864:
5845:
5822:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5761:
5741:
5731:
5713:
5687:
5665:
5637:
5618:
5601:
5581:
5553:
5533:
5514:
5490:
5488:However, some native Japanese words also have
5448:
5418:
5391:
5367:
5351:
5300:
5249:
5211:
5182:
5177:, both in writing and in speech. For example,
5132:
5098:
5066:
5034:
5014:
4998:
4982:
4966:
4932:
4900:
4880:
4864:
4845:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4768:
4734:
4700:
4689:
4673:
4650:
4628:
4607:
4585:
4566:
4534:
4518:
4498:
4461:
4431:
4402:
4372:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4288:
4261:
4229:
4201:
4167:
4140:
4125:
4108:
4093:
4074:
4058:
4043:
4021:
4001:
3970:
3949:
3923:
3903:
3888:
3880:
3869:
3853:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3782:
3754:
3728:
3700:
3672:
3644:
3614:
3575:
3547:
3519:
3491:
3486:). So the previous examples would be written:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3438:
3427:
3396:
3383:
3372:
3361:
3350:
3339:
3328:
3317:
3306:
3295:
3276:
3256:
3235:
3214:
3183:
3172:
3149:
3127:
3099:
3078:
3057:
3036:
2997:
2986:
2975:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2916:
2892:
2873:
2854:
2835:
2800:
2781:
2762:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2643:
2604:
2572:
2533:
2520:
2509:
2477:
2454:
2439:
2428:
2413:
2402:
2386:
2374:
2363:
2347:
2335:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2276:
2228:
2192:
2160:
2126:
2087:
2055:
2023:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1833:
1816:
1805:
1794:
1776:
1757:
1737:
1718:
1698:
1681:
1662:
1645:
1626:
1437:
1426:
1335:
1203:), respectively, is a holdover from this rule.
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
933:
925:
917:
909:
901:
873:
865:
857:
849:
841:
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
761:
732:
714:
692:
664:
631:
619:
588:
580:
572:
564:
556:
548:
540:
529:
520:
511:
502:
493:
484:
475:
466:
443:
427:
403:
386:
370:
263:
253:
196:
183:
11401:
10698:
5028:) (not indicated in standard historical kana)
4496:kana is used. However, in the third example,
644:
638:
601:
595:
8:
10663:Most tari-adjectival nouns are derived from
5389:. Therefore, the majority of occurrences of
5227:"queen", from English "queen" with original
5198:"quick", from English "quick" with original
987:; these three sounds are still written with
11376:Vol. 34, No. 4 (Winter, 1979), pp. 501–504.
8978:"Lower monograde conjugation class verbs")
8514:"Upper monograde conjugation class verbs")
8492:Romanization (Pre-World War II orthography)
6968:that kana are used in general, rather than
5062:"homecoming") (note the old character form)
3293:"throughout ") (note that, as noted above,
12044:
11919:
11460:
11408:
11394:
11386:
11167:Komai, Akira. (1983) "Classical Japanese"
7067:
5094:"hypocrisy") (note the old character form)
36:
10682:
10670:
10528:
10516:
10400:
9789:
9598:
8442:
8425:
8407:
8390:
8296:
8159:
8021:
7949:
7835:
7683:
7562:
7492:
7371:
7312:
7186:
6998:), and for the aforementioned ruby text.
6431:"porcelain bowl"), originally pronounced
5936:"rank"); note also the sound change from
4894:) (indicated in standard historical kana)
4091:), or randomly, as in the aforementioned
1962:) in modern Japanese (unless preceded by
10302:
9482:
8482:
5803:), respectively (in modern orthography,
11195:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 3
11169:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 1
11163:
11161:
11136:
11112:
9188:"R-irregular conjugation class verbs")
9134:"N-irregular conjugation class verbs")
9057:"S-irregular conjugation class verbs")
8486:Japanese (Pre-World War II orthography)
3209:), the preceding consonant is changed:
2009:in song), is a holdover from this rule.
951:in Early Middle Japanese, and then, in
754:Broadly speaking, the differences are:
6308:"learn from") (in modern orthography,
4556:(although in syllables beginning with
3425:These three kana cannot follow A-row (
1814:is generally used in isolation, while
217:that was the standard until the early
11245:"「仕合(しあわせ)」の意味や使い方 わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書"
11193:Neustupny, JV. (1983) "Gembun Itchi"
10596:
10469:
6921:) even though they are pronounced as
6735:"four) by analogy with Sino-Japanese
5365:Modern Japanese has the moraic nasal
421:Old character forms are the forms of
7:
10782:), respectively, which then lead to
5655:"courteous"), originally pronounced
225:, the language as spoken during the
11381:Dictionaries for Classical Japanese
11346:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University.
11331:Classical Japanese : A Grammar
3413:"hundred") (note that the sequence
2933:In modern Japanese, the small kana
939:) originally had initial consonant
4053:) to indicate gemination instead.
25:
11320:Katsuki-Pestemer, Noriko (2009).
10248:), but lack the conclusive form.
10049:) appears to be an irrealis form
8495:Romanization (Modern orthography)
6599:is ateji (in modern orthography,
6032:"query") (in modern orthography,
5599:"woman") (in modern orthography,
4695:in historical kana. For example,
4135:) in historical kana. Therefore,
1055:was lost in all instances before
649:are actually the formal forms in
11344:A Handbook to Classical Japanese
11208:The Languages of Japan and Korea
10707:word meaning “quietly, softly”.
6583:; note the use of the character
5571:"woman"), originally pronounced
5317:
5266:
615:traditional Chinese counterparts
11370:A Grammar of Classical Japanese
11322:A Grammar of Classical Japanese
9118:To be/go/come (honorific form)
6749:"three", originally pronounced
5892:From the elision of a full mora
5729:"god") (in modern orthography,
5484:) (note the old character form)
4667:) (note the old character form)
4624:) (note the old character form)
4560:, one form usually begins with
2871:"kana usage", pronounced as if
2779:, "continue", pronounced as if
2265:(which are also descended from
1973:or sometimes in song, although
1716:"domestic duck", expected form
1027:. Morpheme-medially and before
6579:) by elision of the full mora
3886:, which is a small version of
2984:) when following an I-column (
1910:) are used, and the character
1:
11342:Wixted, John Timothy (2006).
11269:"仕合はせの意味 – 古文辞書 – Weblio古語辞典"
8489:Japanese (Modern orthography)
8422:is a combination of the noun
5737:, using a new character form)
1977:morpheme-medial instances of
12552:Kanji pronunciation sources
12326:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
11083:Wonna wa sangai-ni ihe-nashi
9186:Ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō dōshi
9132:Na-gyō henkaku katsuyō dōshi
9055:Sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō dōshi
5999:"wholesale" in the compound
5243:) preserve the distinction.
2689:in speech, usually by using
711:, called "modern kana usage"
280:"to write") is quadrigrade (
221:(1926–1989). It is based on
12661:Speculative fiction writers
12220:Transcription into Japanese
11221:"ほのおとは何？ わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書"
11037:
11017:
10997:
10989:
10895:
10875:
10856:
10289:
9469:
9376:在すがり (いますがり) / 坐すがり (いますがり)
8976:Shimo ichidan katsuyō dōshi
7035:
6793:""), originally pronounced
6485:""), originally pronounced
2923:
2283:
1840:
768:
739:
721:
699:
671:
450:
410:
276:inflection of the verb 書く (
203:
179:classical Japanese language
152:Historical kana orthography
12717:
11579:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
11293:"穂の意味 – 古文辞書 – Weblio古語辞典"
11210:ed. Nicolas Trantor p.268.
10758:), respectively, yielding
9226:To exist (honorific form)
8512:Kami ichidan katsuyō dōshi
6346:, without iteration marks)
6183:) (in modern orthography,
4508:) is used, even though an
2999:カ～, ガ～, ナ～, バ～, パ～, マ～, ラ行
1755:"overflow", expected form
262:, "written language") and
29:
18:Classical Japanese grammar
12696:Archaic Japanese language
11922:
11335:Columbia University Press
11324:. München: Lincom Europa.
11068:
11055:
11042:
11023:
11003:
10976:
10963:
10936:
10924:
10912:
10900:
10881:
10862:
10843:
10831:
10809:
10797:
10785:
10773:
10761:
10749:
10737:
10725:
10713:
10699:
10669:
10651:
10639:
10616:
10609:
10598:
10585:
10583:
10572:
10570:
10559:
10546:
10544:
10514:
10512:
10506:
10502:
10489:
10482:
10471:
10458:
10456:
10445:
10443:
10432:
10419:
10417:
10398:
10396:
10390:
10386:
10376:
10366:
10356:
10346:
10336:
10326:
10316:
10283:
10266:
10254:
10239:
10227:
10215:
10203:
10191:
10179:
10167:
10155:
10140:
10128:
10112:
10100:
10088:
10076:
10064:
10052:
10040:
10028:
10016:
10004:
9992:
9980:
9968:
9945:
9929:
9914:
9901:
9894:
9885:
9871:
9858:
9845:
9832:
9819:
9808:
9787:
9785:
9780:
9771:
9767:
9754:
9738:
9723:
9710:
9703:
9694:
9680:
9667:
9654:
9641:
9628:
9617:
9596:
9594:
9589:
9580:
9576:
9566:
9555:
9544:
9533:
9522:
9511:
9500:
9463:
9438:
9426:
9414:
9399:
9387:
9375:
9363:
9350:
9339:
9328:
9317:
9306:
9295:
9261:
9252:
9239:
9233:
9230:
9220:
9214:
9211:
9201:
9195:
9192:
9179:
9176:
9166:
9160:
9157:
9147:
9141:
9138:
9125:
9122:
9101:
9092:
9079:
9073:
9064:
9048:
9045:
9035:
9029:
9020:
9004:
9001:
8991:
8985:
8982:
8969:
8966:
8945:
8936:
8912:
8903:
8879:
8870:
8846:
8837:
8824:
8818:
8809:
8796:
8790:
8787:
8777:
8771:
8768:
8758:
8752:
8743:
8719:
8710:
8697:
8691:
8682:
8669:
8663:
8654:
8641:
8635:
8632:
8622:
8616:
8613:
8603:
8597:
8594:
8584:
8578:
8575:
8565:
8559:
8556:
8546:
8540:
8537:
8527:
8521:
8518:
8505:
8502:
8462:
8441:
8424:
8406:
8389:
8365:
8363:
8348:
8331:
8329:
8314:
8294:
8287:
8261:
8244:
8227:
8210:
8194:
8177:
8157:
8150:
8124:
8107:
8090:
8073:
8056:
8039:
8019:
8000:
7986:
7972:
7947:
7933:
7919:
7909:
7903:
7886:
7872:
7858:
7833:
7819:
7805:
7795:
7769:
7752:
7735:
7718:
7701:
7699:
7681:
7674:
7648:
7631:
7614:
7597:
7580:
7578:
7560:
7553:
7530:
7516:
7490:
7488:
7476:
7474:
7466:
7440:
7423:
7406:
7404:
7389:
7387:
7369:
7350:
7336:
7310:
7308:
7296:
7294:
7286:
7280:
7260:
7258:
7243:
7241:
7226:
7209:
7184:
7177:
7164:
7153:
7142:
7131:
7120:
7109:
7098:
7087:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7029:
6990:
6979:
6939:
6936:Since the auxiliary verb
6924:
6912:
6892:
6881:
6866:
6854:
6842:
6830:
6818:
6803:
6778:
6763:
6738:
6726:
6708:
6670:
6652:
6634:
6618:
6602:
6594:
6586:
6564:
6544:
6525:
6507:
6495:
6470:
6441:
6416:
6408:
6379:
6359:
6351:
6330:
6311:
6291:
6271:
6243:
6224:
6205:
6186:
6174:
6162:
6134:
6114:
6094:
6071:
6052:
6035:
6017:
6014:"wholesale store"), from
6002:
5983:
5964:
5947:
5919:
5899:
5865:
5846:
5823:
5806:
5794:
5782:
5762:
5742:
5732:
5714:
5688:
5666:
5638:
5619:
5602:
5582:
5554:
5534:
5515:
5491:
5449:
5419:
5392:
5368:
5352:
5349:Classical auxiliary verb
5301:
5250:
5212:
5183:
5133:
5099:
5067:
5035:
5015:
4999:
4983:
4967:
4933:
4901:
4881:
4865:
4846:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4769:
4735:
4701:
4690:
4674:
4651:
4629:
4608:
4586:
4567:
4535:
4519:
4499:
4462:
4432:
4403:
4373:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4289:
4262:
4230:
4202:
4168:
4141:
4126:
4109:
4094:
4075:
4059:
4044:
4022:
4002:
3971:
3950:
3924:
3904:
3889:
3881:
3870:
3854:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3783:
3755:
3729:
3701:
3673:
3645:
3615:
3576:
3548:
3520:
3492:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3439:
3428:
3397:
3384:
3373:
3362:
3351:
3340:
3329:
3318:
3307:
3296:
3277:
3257:
3236:
3215:
3184:
3173:
3150:
3128:
3100:
3079:
3058:
3037:
2998:
2987:
2976:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2917:
2893:
2874:
2855:
2852:"one's surroundings" and
2836:
2801:
2782:
2763:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2644:
2605:
2573:
2534:
2521:
2510:
2478:
2455:
2440:
2429:
2414:
2403:
2387:
2375:
2364:
2348:
2336:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2277:
2229:
2193:
2161:
2127:
2088:
2056:
2024:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1834:
1817:
1806:
1795:
1777:
1758:
1738:
1719:
1699:
1682:
1663:
1646:
1627:
1438:
1427:
1336:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
934:
926:
918:
910:
902:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
814:
806:
798:
790:
782:
762:
733:
715:
693:
665:
645:
639:
632:
620:
602:
596:
589:
581:
573:
565:
557:
549:
541:
530:
521:
512:
503:
494:
485:
476:
467:
444:
428:
404:
387:
371:
264:
254:
197:
184:
49:
44:
12446:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
11905:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
10665:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
6522:"august"), which became
6376:"porcelain bowl"), from
5944:(in modern orthography,
5476:; originally pronounced
5298:Palatalized long vowel (
4717:"Buddhist priest", from
2372:), where in modern kana
1886:The obsolete characters
1643:"mother", expected form
947:, which then changed to
30:Not to be confused with
12392:Godan and ichidan verbs
12210:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
11329:Shirane, Haruo (2005).
10121:; modern pronunciation
9245:To serve (humble form)
8475:Verb class distribution
6463:From multiple processes
2969:) are used to indicate
1679:"cheek", expected form
1091:, but the spellings of
709:modern kana orthography
672:rekishi-teki kana-zukai
562:, "physical body") and
394:rekishi-teki kana-zukai
11022:
11002:
10994:
10975:
10880:
10861:
10830:
8896:To carry (constantly)
8802:To douse (with water)
6438:; from aforementioned
5502:regular-use characters
5466:, from Middle Chinese
5436:, from Middle Chinese
5326:This section is empty.
5275:This section is empty.
4766:Labialized consonant (
4564:, as is the case with
2971:palatalized consonants
2037:→ いる (only in kana) (
749:Sino-Japanese readings
12497:Court lady language (
11967:Southern Amami Ōshima
11900:Yilan Creole Japanese
10212:), which then became
9013:"K-irregular verbs")
7054:Inflectional form = (
5411:Early Modern Japanese
5167:Labialized consonants
2017:Native Japanese words
1981:, whether originally
683:Historical kana usage
661:Historical kana usage
600:means "politics" and
382:historical kana usage
223:Early Middle Japanese
100:Early Middle Japanese
32:Early Middle Japanese
12316:Small Kana Extension
11927:Eastern Old Japanese
11566:Northern Izu Islands
11374:Monumenta Nipponica,
11368:Bart. "Book Review:
9011:Ka-gyō henkaku dōshi
8783:To shoot (an arrow)
7003:kana iteration marks
6541:"august"), and then
6288:"learn from"), from
6091:"prosperous"), from
5381:loanwords ending in
4807:, and used the kana
4755:in historical kana.
3447:) kana in this way.
3170:When a small Y-row (
953:Late Middle Japanese
12701:Classical languages
11867:Pidgins and creoles
10951:Toudai moto kurashi
10697:」 is derived from 「
7068:Inflectional Class
7063:Inflectional suffix
2825:has been voiced to
2566:Sino-Japanese words
2120:Sino-Japanese words
1153:Sino-Japanese words
729:or "new kana usage"
439:new character forms
400:Old character forms
366:old character forms
235:end of World War II
12668:Classical Japanese
12515:Gender differences
12351:Extended shinjitai
11182:Divided Languages?
10610:''be quiet, soft"
9215:在すかり, 坐すかり (いますかり)
8929:To lead (an army)
7078:Inflectional form
7014:Meiji Constitution
6131:"fragrant"), from
6109:"one's best days")
5759:"consider"), from
3185:サ～, ザ～, タ～, ダ～, ハ行
2359:sequential voicing
2263:Ryukyuan languages
2261:, but some of the
1852:This section uses
839:) were written as
423:Chinese characters
352:The Drifting Cloud
105:Classical Japanese
40:Classical Japanese
12683:
12682:
12387:Verb conjugations
12366:
12365:
12034:
12033:
11915:Japonic languages
11861:
11860:
11853:Okinawan Japanese
11417:Japanese language
11372:by Akira Komai",
11101:Literary language
10629:
10628:
9958:
9957:
9282:
9281:
8385:
8384:
7047:Conjugation table
7010:the original text
6458:"porcelain bowl")
5346:
5345:
5295:
5294:
5241:Kagoshima dialect
5008:, but pronounced
4992:, but pronounced
4976:, but pronounced
4960:"New Year's Day")
4890:, but pronounced
4874:, but pronounced
4478:"magazine", from
4449:"schedule", from
4419:"semester", from
4390:"eligible", from
4304:, but pronounced
4277:, but pronounced
4250:, but pronounced
4218:, but pronounced
4189:, but pronounced
4156:, but pronounced
3799:, but pronounced
3771:, but pronounced
3744:, but pronounced
3717:, but pronounced
3689:, but pronounced
3661:, but pronounced
3632:, but pronounced
3599:, but pronounced
3564:, but pronounced
3536:, but pronounced
3508:, but pronounced
3145:"mountain range")
2760:, "shorten", and
2005:, tend to become
1856:romanization for
722:gendai kana-zukai
685:is the system of
215:Japanese language
175:
174:
45:Late Old Japanese
16:(Redirected from
12708:
12626:Polivanov system
12487:Honorific speech
12382:Japanese grammar
12045:
11920:
11461:
11410:
11403:
11396:
11387:
11347:
11338:
11325:
11307:
11306:
11304:
11303:
11289:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11279:
11265:
11259:
11258:
11256:
11255:
11241:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11231:
11217:
11211:
11204:
11198:
11191:
11185:
11178:
11172:
11165:
11156:
11155:
11141:
11124:
11117:
11079:
11066:
11053:
11034:
11014:
10987:
10967:
10966:
10965:
10947:
10935:
10923:
10911:
10892:
10873:
10854:
10842:
10813:
10812:
10811:
10801:
10800:
10799:
10789:
10788:
10787:
10777:
10776:
10775:
10765:
10764:
10763:
10753:
10752:
10751:
10741:
10740:
10739:
10729:
10728:
10727:
10717:
10716:
10715:
10702:
10701:
10696:
10695:
10693:
10681:
10655:
10654:
10653:
10643:
10642:
10641:
10624:
10623:
10622:
10619:
10606:
10605:
10604:
10601:
10593:
10592:
10591:
10588:
10580:
10579:
10578:
10575:
10567:
10566:
10565:
10562:
10554:
10553:
10552:
10549:
10542:
10541:
10540:
10539:
10527:
10509:
10508:
10497:
10496:
10495:
10492:
10479:
10478:
10477:
10474:
10466:
10465:
10464:
10461:
10453:
10452:
10451:
10448:
10440:
10439:
10438:
10435:
10427:
10426:
10425:
10422:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10411:
10393:
10392:
10379:
10378:
10369:
10368:
10359:
10358:
10349:
10348:
10339:
10338:
10329:
10328:
10319:
10318:
10303:
10296:
10295:
10292:
10286:
10285:
10279:Adjectival verbs
10270:
10269:
10268:
10258:
10257:
10256:
10243:
10242:
10241:
10231:
10230:
10229:
10219:
10218:
10217:
10207:
10206:
10205:
10195:
10194:
10193:
10183:
10182:
10181:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10159:
10158:
10157:
10144:
10143:
10142:
10132:
10131:
10130:
10116:
10115:
10114:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10092:
10091:
10090:
10080:
10079:
10078:
10068:
10067:
10066:
10056:
10055:
10054:
10044:
10043:
10042:
10032:
10031:
10030:
10020:
10019:
10018:
10008:
10007:
10006:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9984:
9983:
9982:
9972:
9971:
9970:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9948:
9937:
9936:
9935:
9932:
9922:
9921:
9920:
9917:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9904:
9897:
9896:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9874:
9866:
9865:
9864:
9861:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9848:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9835:
9827:
9826:
9825:
9822:
9816:
9815:
9814:
9811:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9783:
9782:
9774:
9773:
9762:
9761:
9760:
9757:
9746:
9745:
9744:
9741:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9726:
9718:
9717:
9716:
9713:
9706:
9705:
9688:
9687:
9686:
9683:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9670:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9657:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9644:
9636:
9635:
9634:
9631:
9625:
9624:
9623:
9620:
9612:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9592:
9591:
9583:
9582:
9569:
9568:
9558:
9557:
9547:
9546:
9536:
9535:
9525:
9524:
9514:
9513:
9503:
9502:
9483:
9476:
9475:
9472:
9466:
9465:
9442:
9441:
9440:
9430:
9429:
9428:
9418:
9417:
9416:
9403:
9402:
9401:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9367:
9366:
9365:
9354:
9353:
9352:
9343:
9342:
9341:
9332:
9331:
9330:
9321:
9320:
9319:
9310:
9309:
9308:
9299:
9298:
9297:
9265:
9264:
9263:
9256:
9255:
9254:
9237:
9236:
9235:
9218:
9217:
9216:
9199:
9198:
9197:
9183:
9182:
9181:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9129:
9128:
9127:
9105:
9104:
9103:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9077:
9076:
9075:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9052:
9051:
9050:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9008:
9007:
9006:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8907:
8906:
8905:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8841:
8840:
8839:
8830:To cast (metal)
8822:
8821:
8820:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8794:
8793:
8792:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8756:
8755:
8754:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8736:To reflect upon
8723:
8722:
8721:
8720:顧みる, 省みる (かえりみる)
8714:
8713:
8712:
8711:顧みる, 省みる (かへりみる)
8695:
8694:
8693:
8686:
8685:
8684:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8639:
8638:
8637:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8582:
8581:
8580:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8483:
8466:
8465:
8464:
8455:
8454:
8453:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8404:; for example,
8403:
8402:
8401:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8368:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8351:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8317:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8290:
8289:
8269:
8268:
8267:
8264:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8247:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8230:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8213:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8180:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8153:
8152:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8127:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8110:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8093:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8059:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8005:
8004:
8003:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7963:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7912:
7911:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7798:
7797:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7738:
7726:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7704:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7677:
7676:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7556:
7555:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7469:
7468:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7443:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7385:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7289:
7288:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7263:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7246:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7212:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7180:
7179:
7167:
7166:
7156:
7155:
7145:
7144:
7134:
7133:
7123:
7122:
7112:
7111:
7101:
7100:
7084:
7083:
7074:
7073:
7065:
7059:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7032:
7031:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6955:
6951:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6908:
6904:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6582:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6158:
6154:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5943:
5939:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5475:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5443:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5341:
5338:
5328:You can help by
5321:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5290:
5287:
5277:You can help by
5270:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5230:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5201:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5176:
5172:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4367:). For example:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3919:"burning hotly")
3911:
3910:
3909:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3416:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3031:). For example:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:
992:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
950:
942:
938:
937:
936:
930:
929:
928:
922:
921:
920:
914:
913:
912:
906:
905:
904:
878:
877:
876:
870:
869:
868:
862:
861:
860:
854:
853:
852:
846:
845:
844:
818:
817:
816:
810:
809:
808:
802:
801:
800:
794:
793:
792:
786:
785:
784:
773:
771:
765:
764:
746:
745:
742:
736:
735:
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
706:
705:
702:
696:
695:
678:
677:
674:
668:
667:
648:
647:
642:
641:
636:
635:
634:
624:
623:
622:
605:
604:
599:
598:
593:
592:
591:
585:
584:
583:
577:
576:
575:
569:
568:
567:
561:
560:
559:
553:
552:
551:
545:
544:
543:
534:
533:
532:
525:
524:
523:
516:
515:
514:
507:
506:
505:
498:
497:
496:
489:
488:
487:
480:
479:
478:
471:
470:
469:
457:
456:
453:
447:
446:
432:
431:
430:
417:
416:
413:
407:
406:
391:
390:
389:
375:
374:
373:
347:Futabatei Shimei
267:
266:
257:
256:
208:
206:
200:
199:
188:
187:
186:
168:
123:
84:
37:
21:
12716:
12715:
12711:
12710:
12709:
12707:
12706:
12705:
12686:
12685:
12684:
12679:
12632:
12577:Transliteration
12572:
12548:Sound symbolism
12524:
12506:Role language (
12465:from Portuguese
12397:Irregular verbs
12375:
12373:
12362:
12311:Kana Supplement
12306:Kana Extended-B
12301:Kana Extended-A
12224:
12200:Historical kana
12166:
12108:
12087:by stroke count
12078:Kanji radicals
12072:by stroke count
12030:
11943:
11909:
11885:Hawaiian Creole
11857:
11834:
11757:
11631:
11450:
11419:
11414:
11354:
11341:
11328:
11319:
11316:
11314:Further reading
11311:
11310:
11301:
11299:
11297:kobun.weblio.jp
11291:
11290:
11286:
11277:
11275:
11273:kobun.weblio.jp
11267:
11266:
11262:
11253:
11251:
11243:
11242:
11238:
11229:
11227:
11219:
11218:
11214:
11205:
11201:
11192:
11188:
11179:
11175:
11166:
11159:
11143:
11142:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11127:
11118:
11114:
11109:
11092:
11087:
11040:
11020:
11000:
10992:
10961:
10955:
10898:
10878:
10859:
10827:
10807:
10795:
10783:
10771:
10759:
10747:
10735:
10723:
10711:
10667:. For example,「
10649:
10637:
10634:
10620:
10617:
10602:
10599:
10589:
10586:
10576:
10573:
10563:
10560:
10550:
10547:
10515:
10493:
10490:
10475:
10472:
10462:
10459:
10449:
10446:
10436:
10433:
10423:
10420:
10399:
10298:
10293:
10280:
10264:
10252:
10237:
10225:
10213:
10201:
10189:
10177:
10165:
10153:
10138:
10126:
10110:
10098:
10086:
10074:
10062:
10050:
10038:
10026:
10014:
10002:
9990:
9978:
9966:
9963:
9949:
9946:
9933:
9930:
9918:
9915:
9905:
9902:
9892:
9886:'be beautiful'
9875:
9872:
9862:
9859:
9849:
9846:
9836:
9833:
9823:
9820:
9812:
9809:
9788:
9778:
9769:
9758:
9755:
9742:
9739:
9727:
9724:
9714:
9711:
9701:
9684:
9681:
9671:
9668:
9658:
9655:
9645:
9642:
9632:
9629:
9621:
9618:
9597:
9587:
9578:
9564:
9553:
9542:
9531:
9520:
9509:
9498:
9478:
9473:
9460:
9455:Japanese word.
9436:
9424:
9412:
9397:
9385:
9373:
9361:
9348:
9337:
9326:
9315:
9304:
9293:
9287:
9259:
9250:
9231:
9212:
9193:
9177:
9158:
9139:
9123:
9099:
9090:
9071:
9062:
9046:
9027:
9018:
9002:
8983:
8967:
8943:
8934:
8910:
8901:
8877:
8868:
8844:
8835:
8816:
8807:
8788:
8769:
8750:
8741:
8717:
8708:
8689:
8680:
8664:見る, 視る, 観る (みる)
8661:
8655:見る, 視る, 觀る (みる)
8652:
8633:
8614:
8595:
8576:
8557:
8538:
8519:
8503:
8477:
8460:
8369:
8366:
8352:
8349:
8335:
8332:
8318:
8315:
8295:
8285:
8265:
8262:
8248:
8245:
8231:
8228:
8214:
8211:
8198:
8195:
8181:
8178:
8158:
8148:
8140:'set the date'
8128:
8125:
8111:
8108:
8094:
8091:
8077:
8074:
8060:
8057:
8043:
8040:
8020:
8001:
7987:
7973:
7948:
7934:
7920:
7907:
7887:
7873:
7859:
7834:
7820:
7806:
7793:
7773:
7770:
7756:
7753:
7739:
7736:
7722:
7719:
7705:
7702:
7682:
7672:
7652:
7649:
7635:
7632:
7618:
7615:
7601:
7598:
7584:
7581:
7561:
7551:
7531:
7517:
7491:
7477:
7464:
7462:Lower Monograde
7444:
7441:
7427:
7424:
7410:
7407:
7393:
7390:
7370:
7351:
7337:
7311:
7297:
7284:
7282:Upper Monograde
7264:
7261:
7247:
7244:
7230:
7227:
7213:
7210:
7185:
7175:
7162:
7151:
7140:
7129:
7118:
7107:
7096:
7061:
7055:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7026:
7022:
6988:
6977:
6962:
6937:
6922:
6910:
6890:
6879:
6864:
6852:
6840:
6828:
6816:
6801:
6776:
6761:
6736:
6724:
6706:
6668:
6650:
6632:
6616:
6600:
6592:
6584:
6562:
6542:
6523:
6505:
6493:
6468:
6439:
6414:
6406:
6377:
6357:
6349:
6328:
6309:
6289:
6269:
6241:
6222:
6203:
6184:
6172:
6160:
6132:
6112:
6092:
6069:
6050:
6033:
6015:
6000:
5981:
5962:
5945:
5917:
5916:"crown"), from
5897:
5887:, respectively)
5863:
5844:
5821:
5804:
5792:
5780:
5760:
5740:
5730:
5712:
5686:
5664:
5636:
5617:
5600:
5580:
5552:
5532:
5513:
5489:
5447:
5417:
5413:. For example,
5390:
5366:
5363:
5350:
5342:
5336:
5333:
5312:
5299:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5261:
5248:
5210:
5181:
5131:
5097:
5065:
5033:
5024:but pronounced
5013:
4997:
4981:
4965:
4931:
4899:
4879:
4863:
4844:
4824:
4816:
4808:
4780:
4767:
4733:
4699:
4688:
4672:
4649:
4627:
4606:
4584:
4565:
4533:
4517:
4497:
4460:
4430:
4401:
4371:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4287:
4260:
4228:
4200:
4166:
4139:
4124:
4107:
4092:
4073:
4057:
4042:
4020:
4000:
3969:
3948:
3922:
3902:
3887:
3879:
3868:
3865:
3852:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3781:
3753:
3727:
3699:
3671:
3643:
3613:
3574:
3546:
3518:
3490:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3437:
3426:
3395:
3382:
3371:
3360:
3349:
3338:
3327:
3316:
3305:
3294:
3275:
3255:
3234:
3213:
3182:
3171:
3166:"abbreviation")
3148:
3126:
3098:
3077:
3056:
3035:
2996:
2985:
2974:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2931:
2914:
2891:
2872:
2853:
2834:
2799:
2780:
2761:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2709:for historical
2697:for historical
2642:
2603:
2571:
2532:
2519:
2508:
2476:
2467:Some examples:
2453:
2438:
2427:
2412:
2401:
2385:
2373:
2362:
2346:
2334:
2333:The characters
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2274:
2227:
2191:
2159:
2125:
2086:
2054:
2022:
2013:Some examples:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1831:
1815:
1804:
1793:
1775:
1756:
1736:
1717:
1697:
1680:
1661:
1644:
1625:
1622:
1598:
1590:
1575:
1567:
1551:
1527:
1519:
1504:
1496:
1480:
1448:
1436:
1425:
1418:
1399:
1391:
1371:
1346:
1334:
1323:
1307:
1299:
1282:
1257:
1249:
1233:
1225:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
932:
924:
916:
908:
900:
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
812:
804:
796:
788:
780:
776:
759:
743:
740:shin kana-zukai
730:
725:
712:
703:
690:
680:
675:
662:
630:
618:
606:means "body").
587:
579:
571:
563:
555:
547:
539:
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
474:
465:
454:
441:
426:
419:
414:
401:
385:
369:
362:
334:
194:
182:
164:
124:
119:
113:
85:
82:Language family
80:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12714:
12712:
12704:
12703:
12698:
12688:
12687:
12681:
12680:
12678:
12677:
12676:
12675:
12665:
12664:
12663:
12653:
12648:
12642:
12640:
12634:
12633:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12628:
12618:
12617:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12580:
12578:
12574:
12573:
12571:
12570:
12569:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12534:
12532:
12526:
12525:
12523:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12503:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12468:
12467:
12462:
12448:
12443:
12437:Native words (
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12378:
12376:
12371:
12368:
12367:
12364:
12363:
12361:
12360:
12359:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12330:
12329:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12290:
12289:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12255:
12254:
12253:
12245:
12244:
12243:
12232:
12230:
12226:
12225:
12223:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12186:
12185:
12174:
12172:
12168:
12167:
12165:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12118:
12116:
12110:
12109:
12107:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12090:
12089:
12084:
12076:
12075:
12074:
12064:
12059:
12053:
12051:
12042:
12040:Writing system
12036:
12035:
12032:
12031:
12029:
12028:
12027:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12001:
12000:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11953:
11951:
11945:
11944:
11942:
11941:
11940:
11939:
11929:
11923:
11917:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11895:Pseudo-Chinese
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11875:Bamboo English
11871:
11869:
11863:
11862:
11859:
11858:
11856:
11855:
11850:
11848:Amami Japanese
11844:
11842:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11832:
11825:
11824:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11802:
11801:
11784:
11783:
11782:
11769:
11767:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11755:
11748:
11747:
11746:
11745:
11744:
11736:
11735:
11734:
11719:
11718:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11695:
11694:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11666:
11665:
11664:
11663:
11662:
11659:
11643:
11641:
11633:
11632:
11630:
11629:
11628:
11627:
11626:
11625:
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11590:
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11570:
11569:
11568:
11563:
11562:
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11556:
11548:
11547:
11546:
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11536:
11521:
11520:
11519:
11518:
11517:
11512:
11504:
11503:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11477:
11471:
11469:
11458:
11452:
11451:
11449:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11427:
11425:
11421:
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11415:
11413:
11412:
11405:
11398:
11390:
11384:
11383:
11378:
11365:
11360:
11353:
11352:External links
11350:
11349:
11348:
11339:
11326:
11315:
11312:
11309:
11308:
11284:
11260:
11236:
11212:
11199:
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11111:
11110:
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11078:
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11072:
11065:
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11013:
11010:
11007:
11001:
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10971:
10970:
10969:
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10910:
10907:
10904:
10891:
10888:
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10869:
10866:
10860:
10853:
10850:
10847:
10841:
10838:
10835:
10829:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10692:
10689:
10686:
10680:
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10611:
10608:
10595:
10582:
10569:
10556:
10543:
10538:
10535:
10532:
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10523:
10520:
10511:
10500:
10499:
10485:
10484:
10481:
10468:
10455:
10442:
10429:
10416:
10410:
10407:
10404:
10395:
10384:
10383:
10380:
10370:
10360:
10350:
10340:
10330:
10320:
10310:
10297:
10277:
9989:"peaceful") →
9962:
9959:
9956:
9955:
9942:
9939:
9926:
9924:
9911:
9898:
9888:
9887:
9884:
9881:
9868:
9855:
9842:
9829:
9804:
9799:
9796:
9793:
9784:
9775:
9765:
9764:
9751:
9748:
9735:
9733:
9720:
9707:
9697:
9696:
9693:
9690:
9677:
9664:
9651:
9638:
9613:
9608:
9605:
9602:
9593:
9584:
9574:
9573:
9570:
9559:
9548:
9537:
9526:
9515:
9504:
9493:
9490:
9477:
9457:
9423:"to come") is
9286:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9257:
9247:
9246:
9243:
9238:
9228:
9227:
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9219:
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9205:
9200:
9190:
9189:
9174:
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9170:
9165:
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9146:
9136:
9135:
9120:
9119:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9097:
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9069:
9059:
9058:
9043:
9042:
9039:
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9015:
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8990:
8980:
8979:
8964:
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8955:
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8922:
8917:
8908:
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8856:
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8804:
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8784:
8781:
8776:
8766:
8765:
8762:
8757:
8748:
8738:
8737:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8715:
8705:
8704:
8703:To learn from
8701:
8696:
8687:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8668:
8659:
8649:
8648:
8645:
8640:
8630:
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8611:
8610:
8607:
8602:
8592:
8591:
8588:
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8573:
8572:
8569:
8564:
8554:
8553:
8550:
8545:
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8534:
8531:
8526:
8516:
8515:
8500:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8490:
8487:
8476:
8473:
8452:
8449:
8446:
8435:
8432:
8429:
8417:
8414:
8411:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8383:
8382:
8379:
8362:
8345:
8328:
8311:
8306:
8303:
8300:
8291:
8279:
8278:
8275:
8258:
8241:
8224:
8207:
8191:
8174:
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8166:
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8142:
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8104:
8087:
8070:
8053:
8036:
8031:
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8015:
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7997:
7983:
7969:
7959:
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7944:
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7883:
7869:
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7845:
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7839:
7830:
7816:
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7799:
7787:
7786:
7783:
7766:
7749:
7732:
7715:
7698:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7678:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7645:
7628:
7611:
7594:
7577:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7557:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7527:
7513:
7502:
7499:
7496:
7487:
7473:
7470:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7437:
7420:
7403:
7386:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7347:
7333:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7307:
7293:
7290:
7278:
7277:
7274:
7257:
7240:
7223:
7206:
7196:
7193:
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7169:
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7157:
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7124:
7113:
7102:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7076:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7023:
7021:
7018:
6961:
6958:
6825:
6824:
6758:
6757:
6723:"four"), from
6698:
6697:
6561:, and finally
6553:by elision of
6460:
6459:
6398:
6397:
6347:
6261:
6260:
6110:
6067:
5979:
5889:
5888:
5738:
5684:
5634:
5550:
5531:"what"), from
5486:
5485:
5445:
5379:Middle Chinese
5362:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5324:
5322:
5311:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5273:
5271:
5260:
5245:
5233:
5232:
5204:
5203:
5173:to a sequence
5164:
5163:
5129:
5095:
5063:
4962:
4961:
4929:
4779:
4764:
4753:
4752:
4727:
4726:
4669:
4668:
4647:
4625:
4604:
4488:
4487:
4458:
4428:
4399:
4313:
4312:
4285:
4258:
4226:
4198:
4164:
4039:
4038:
4018:
3993:
3992:
3967:
3946:
3920:
3864:
3849:
3808:
3807:
3779:
3751:
3725:
3697:
3669:
3641:
3611:
3572:
3544:
3516:
3423:
3422:
3417:is pronounced
3393:
3273:
3253:
3232:
3168:
3167:
3146:
3124:
3123:"up and down")
3096:
3075:
3054:
2930:
2911:
2675:
2674:
2634:
2633:
2601:
2563:
2562:
2530:
2465:
2464:
2422:) and a sound
2330:
2329:
2290:
2271:
2224:
2223:
2189:
2157:
2117:
2116:
2084:
2052:
2011:
2010:
1883:
1882:
1847:
1828:
1591:
1576:
1568:
1553:
1552:
1520:
1505:
1497:
1482:
1481:
1435:once ended in
1419:
1400:
1392:
1373:
1372:
1352:さし)} → {小さい (ち
1324:
1308:
1300:
1284:
1283:
1250:
1234:
1226:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
775:
756:
700:kyū kana-zukai
679:
659:
651:Middle Chinese
627:Modern Chinese
536:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
472:
418:
398:
361:
358:
349:'s 1887 novel
333:
330:
173:
172:
169:
161:
160:
159:Language codes
156:
155:
125:
121:Writing system
118:
115:
114:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
88:
86:
79:
76:
75:
66:
62:
61:
56:
55:Native to
52:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12713:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
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12691:
12674:
12671:
12670:
12669:
12666:
12662:
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12658:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12643:
12641:
12639:
12635:
12627:
12624:
12623:
12622:
12621:Cyrillization
12619:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12609:Wāpuro rōmaji
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12586:
12585:
12582:
12581:
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12549:
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12541:
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12535:
12533:
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12527:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12509:
12504:
12502:
12500:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12457:
12456:
12454:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12440:
12439:yamato kotoba
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12427:Counter words
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
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12388:
12385:
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12380:
12379:
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12369:
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12327:
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12314:
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12299:
12297:
12294:
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12279:
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12191:
12188:
12184:
12181:
12180:
12179:
12176:
12175:
12173:
12169:
12163:
12162:Kana ligature
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12117:
12115:
12111:
12105:
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12097:
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12088:
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12083:
12080:
12079:
12077:
12073:
12070:
12069:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12057:Script reform
12055:
12054:
12052:
12050:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12037:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12005:
12002:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
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11959:
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11955:
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11952:
11950:
11946:
11938:
11935:
11934:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11924:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11912:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11880:Bonin English
11878:
11876:
11873:
11872:
11870:
11868:
11864:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11845:
11843:
11841:
11837:
11831:
11830:
11826:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11800:
11797:
11796:
11795:
11792:
11791:
11790:
11789:
11785:
11781:
11778:
11777:
11776:
11775:
11771:
11770:
11768:
11766:
11765:
11760:
11754:
11753:
11749:
11743:
11740:
11739:
11737:
11733:
11730:
11729:
11727:
11726:
11725:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11702:
11701:
11700:
11696:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11673:
11672:
11671:
11667:
11660:
11657:
11656:
11655:
11652:
11651:
11650:
11649:
11645:
11644:
11642:
11640:
11639:
11634:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11605:
11603:
11599:
11596:
11595:
11593:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11580:
11578:
11577:
11576:
11575:
11571:
11567:
11564:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11551:
11549:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11531:
11529:
11528:
11527:
11526:
11522:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11507:
11505:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11487:
11485:
11484:
11483:
11482:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11472:
11470:
11468:
11467:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11453:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11428:
11426:
11424:Earlier forms
11422:
11418:
11411:
11406:
11404:
11399:
11397:
11392:
11391:
11388:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11375:
11371:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11355:
11351:
11345:
11340:
11336:
11332:
11327:
11323:
11318:
11317:
11313:
11298:
11294:
11288:
11285:
11274:
11270:
11264:
11261:
11250:
11249:www.weblio.jp
11246:
11240:
11237:
11226:
11225:www.weblio.jp
11222:
11216:
11213:
11209:
11203:
11200:
11196:
11190:
11187:
11183:
11177:
11174:
11170:
11164:
11162:
11158:
11153:
11152:
11146:
11140:
11137:
11130:
11122:
11116:
11113:
11106:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11093:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11076:
11073:
11070:
11063:
11060:
11057:
11050:
11047:
11044:
11039:
11036:
11031:
11028:
11025:
11019:
11016:
11011:
11008:
11005:
10999:
10996:
10991:
10988:
10984:
10981:
10978:
10960:The particle
10959:
10958:
10957:
10956:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10944:
10941:
10938:
10932:
10929:
10926:
10920:
10917:
10914:
10908:
10905:
10902:
10897:
10894:
10889:
10886:
10883:
10877:
10874:
10870:
10867:
10864:
10858:
10855:
10851:
10848:
10845:
10839:
10836:
10833:
10825:Miscellaneous
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10805:
10793:
10781:
10769:
10757:
10745:
10733:
10721:
10708:
10706:
10690:
10687:
10684:
10678:
10675:
10672:
10666:
10661:
10659:
10647:
10631:
10614:
10613:
10557:
10536:
10533:
10530:
10524:
10521:
10518:
10510:
10501:
10487:
10486:
10430:
10408:
10405:
10402:
10394:
10385:
10381:
10374:
10371:
10364:
10361:
10354:
10351:
10344:
10341:
10334:
10331:
10324:
10321:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10305:
10304:
10301:
10291:
10278:
10276:
10274:
10262:
10249:
10247:
10235:
10223:
10211:
10199:
10187:
10175:
10163:
10150:
10148:
10136:
10124:
10120:
10109:) + particle
10108:
10096:
10084:
10073:) + particle
10072:
10060:
10048:
10036:
10024:
10012:
10000:
9988:
9976:
9960:
9943:
9940:
9927:
9925:
9912:
9899:
9890:
9889:
9882:
9869:
9856:
9843:
9830:
9805:
9797:
9794:
9791:
9776:
9766:
9752:
9749:
9736:
9734:
9721:
9708:
9699:
9698:
9691:
9678:
9665:
9652:
9639:
9614:
9606:
9603:
9600:
9585:
9575:
9571:
9563:
9560:
9552:
9549:
9541:
9538:
9530:
9527:
9519:
9516:
9508:
9505:
9497:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9485:
9484:
9481:
9471:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9434:
9422:
9409:
9407:
9395:
9383:
9371:
9359:
9357:
9346:
9335:
9324:
9313:
9302:
9290:
9284:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9258:
9249:
9248:
9244:
9242:
9229:
9225:
9223:
9210:
9206:
9204:
9191:
9187:
9175:
9171:
9169:
9156:
9152:
9150:
9137:
9133:
9121:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9098:
9089:
9088:
9084:
9082:
9070:
9061:
9060:
9056:
9044:
9040:
9038:
9026:
9017:
9016:
9012:
9000:
8996:
8994:
8981:
8977:
8965:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8942:
8933:
8932:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8909:
8900:
8899:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8876:
8867:
8866:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8843:
8834:
8833:
8829:
8827:
8815:
8806:
8805:
8801:
8799:
8786:
8782:
8780:
8767:
8763:
8761:
8749:
8740:
8739:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8716:
8707:
8706:
8702:
8700:
8688:
8679:
8678:
8674:
8672:
8660:
8651:
8650:
8647:To go around
8646:
8644:
8631:
8627:
8625:
8612:
8608:
8606:
8593:
8589:
8587:
8574:
8570:
8568:
8555:
8551:
8549:
8536:
8532:
8530:
8517:
8513:
8501:
8497:
8494:
8491:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8481:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8457:
8450:
8447:
8444:
8439:('date') and
8433:
8430:
8427:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8398:
8395:
8392:
8380:
8377:
8360:
8346:
8343:
8326:
8312:
8304:
8301:
8298:
8292:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8276:
8273:
8259:
8256:
8242:
8239:
8225:
8222:
8208:
8206:
8192:
8189:
8175:
8167:
8164:
8161:
8155:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8139:
8136:
8122:
8119:
8105:
8102:
8088:
8085:
8071:
8068:
8054:
8051:
8037:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8012:
8009:
7998:
7995:
7984:
7981:
7970:
7967:
7957:
7954:
7951:
7945:
7942:
7931:
7928:
7917:
7914:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7895:
7884:
7881:
7870:
7867:
7856:
7853:
7843:
7840:
7837:
7831:
7828:
7817:
7814:
7803:
7800:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7767:
7764:
7750:
7747:
7733:
7730:
7716:
7713:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7679:
7671:
7670:Lower Bigrade
7668:
7667:
7663:
7660:
7646:
7643:
7629:
7626:
7612:
7609:
7595:
7592:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7558:
7550:
7549:Upper Bigrade
7547:
7546:
7542:
7539:
7528:
7525:
7514:
7511:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7485:
7471:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7438:
7435:
7421:
7418:
7401:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7367:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7348:
7345:
7334:
7331:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7305:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7255:
7238:
7224:
7221:
7207:
7204:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7182:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7161:
7158:
7150:
7147:
7139:
7136:
7128:
7125:
7117:
7114:
7106:
7103:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7085:
7075:
7066:
7064:
7058:
7052:
7046:
7037:
7024:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7006:
7004:
6999:
6997:
6986:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6960:Miscellaneous
6959:
6957:
6947:
6934:
6932:
6920:
6900:
6888:
6876:
6874:
6862:
6850:
6838:
6814:
6813:
6799:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6782:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6755:
6754:
6748:
6744:
6732:
6722:
6712:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6695:
6693:
6688:
6684:
6682:
6674:
6666:
6664:
6656:
6648:
6646:
6638:
6630:
6629:
6622:
6614:
6613:
6606:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6548:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6520:
6517:
6511:
6501:
6490:
6486:
6484:
6474:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6457:
6455:
6445:
6437:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6420:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6395:
6393:
6383:
6375:
6373:
6363:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6334:
6326:
6324:
6315:
6307:
6305:
6295:
6287:
6285:
6275:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6258:
6256:
6247:
6239:
6237:
6228:
6220:
6218:
6209:
6201:
6199:
6190:
6182:
6170:
6150:
6148:
6138:
6130:
6128:
6118:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6098:
6090:
6089:
6079:
6075:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6056:
6048:
6047:
6039:
6031:
6030:
6021:
6013:
6011:
5998:
5997:
5987:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5967:
5960:
5958:
5950:
5935:
5933:
5923:
5915:
5913:
5903:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5859:
5850:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5818:
5810:
5802:
5790:
5778:
5776:
5766:
5758:
5756:
5746:
5739:
5728:
5727:
5718:
5710:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5670:
5662:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5642:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5622:
5615:
5613:
5605:
5598:
5596:
5586:
5578:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5558:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5538:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5483:
5481:
5474:
5472:
5465:
5463:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5423:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5360:
5348:
5340:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5309:
5297:
5289:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5258:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5237:
5226:
5224:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5168:
5162:"same month")
5161:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5054:
5052:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5011:
5007:
4995:
4991:
4979:
4975:
4959:
4957:
4952:
4950:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4877:
4873:
4860:
4853:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4777:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4739:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4683:, originally
4682:
4666:
4665:
4655:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4633:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4590:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4552:and one with
4543:
4527:
4507:
4495:
4494:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4466:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4436:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4377:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4317:
4310:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4293:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4145:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4122:
4121:
4113:
4106:, originally
4105:
4104:
4090:
4088:
4079:
4072:, originally
4071:
4069:
4054:
4052:
4036:
4035:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4006:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3989:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3908:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3877:
3862:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3619:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3552:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3448:
3446:
3435:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3380:
3369:
3358:
3347:
3336:
3325:
3314:
3303:
3292:
3291:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3180:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3095:"sandalwood")
3094:
3092:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2994:
2983:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2925:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2889:
2887:
2878:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2816:
2814:
2805:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2680:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2517:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2451:
2447:
2436:
2421:
2410:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2360:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2267:Proto-Japonic
2264:
2236:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1976:
1972:
1961:
1949:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1813:
1802:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1754:
1752:
1742:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1332:
1329:"small" (the
1327:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1263:せ)} → {幸せ (しあ
1262:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
979:; and before
954:
946:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
778:
777:
770:
757:
755:
752:
750:
741:
723:
710:
701:
688:
684:
673:
660:
658:
656:
652:
628:
616:
611:
607:
527:
518:
509:
500:
491:
482:
473:
464:
463:
462:
459:
452:
440:
436:
424:
412:
399:
397:
395:
383:
379:
367:
359:
357:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
331:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
261:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:literary form
205:
192:
180:
170:
167:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
116:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
87:
83:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
12667:
12614:In Esperanto
12584:Romanization
12538:Pitch accent
12520:Dictionaries
12507:
12499:nyōbō kotoba
12498:
12452:
12451:Loan words (
12438:
12422:Topic marker
12336:ARIB STD B24
12082:by frequency
11962:Amami Ōshima
11839:
11828:
11787:
11773:
11763:
11751:
11738:East San'in
11722:
11698:
11669:
11647:
11637:
11573:
11524:
11480:
11465:
11446:Early Modern
11436:Early Middle
11373:
11369:
11343:
11333:. New York:
11330:
11321:
11300:. Retrieved
11296:
11287:
11276:. Retrieved
11272:
11263:
11252:. Retrieved
11248:
11239:
11228:. Retrieved
11224:
11215:
11207:
11202:
11194:
11189:
11181:
11176:
11168:
11148:
11144:
11139:
11115:
11096:Old Japanese
11085:
11082:
11041:
10953:
10950:
10899:
10820:
10815:
10803:
10791:
10779:
10767:
10755:
10743:
10731:
10719:
10709:
10662:
10657:
10645:
10635:
10504:
10483:'be static'
10388:
10382:Translation
10307:
10299:
10272:
10260:
10250:
10245:
10233:
10221:
10209:
10197:
10185:
10173:
10161:
10151:
10146:
10134:
10122:
10118:
10106:
10094:
10082:
10070:
10058:
10046:
10034:
10022:
10010:
9998:
9986:
9974:
9964:
9572:Translation
9487:
9479:
9452:
9448:
9444:
9432:
9420:
9410:
9405:
9393:
9381:
9369:
9360:
9355:
9344:
9333:
9322:
9311:
9300:
9291:
9288:
9273:
9268:
9240:
9221:
9202:
9185:
9167:
9148:
9131:
9113:
9108:
9080:
9054:
9036:
9010:
8992:
8975:
8957:
8952:
8924:
8919:
8891:
8886:
8858:
8853:
8825:
8797:
8778:
8759:
8731:
8726:
8698:
8670:
8642:
8623:
8604:
8585:
8566:
8552:To resemble
8547:
8528:
8511:
8498:Translation
8478:
8468:
8458:
8386:
8381:'be, exist'
8375:
8358:
8341:
8324:
8271:
8254:
8237:
8220:
8204:
8187:
8134:
8117:
8100:
8083:
8066:
8049:
8007:
7993:
7979:
7965:
7940:
7926:
7893:
7879:
7865:
7851:
7826:
7812:
7779:
7762:
7745:
7728:
7711:
7658:
7641:
7624:
7607:
7590:
7537:
7523:
7509:
7483:
7450:
7433:
7416:
7399:
7357:
7343:
7329:
7303:
7270:
7253:
7236:
7219:
7202:
7088:Translation
7079:
7069:
7062:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7012:of the 1890
7007:
7000:
6995:
6984:
6969:
6965:
6963:
6945:
6935:
6930:
6918:
6898:
6886:
6877:
6872:
6860:
6848:
6836:
6826:
6811:
6809:
6796:
6794:
6789:
6787:
6780:
6769:
6759:
6752:
6750:
6746:
6734:
6720:
6718:
6710:
6700:
6699:
6691:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6672:
6662:
6661:
6654:
6644:
6643:
6636:
6627:
6626:
6620:
6611:
6610:
6604:
6576:
6566:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6527:
6521:
6518:
6509:
6503:
6491:
6488:
6482:
6480:
6472:
6462:
6461:
6453:
6451:
6443:
6434:
6432:
6427:
6425:
6418:
6400:
6399:
6391:
6389:
6381:
6371:
6369:
6361:
6341:
6339:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6293:
6283:
6281:
6273:
6263:
6262:
6254:
6252:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6226:
6216:
6214:
6207:
6197:
6195:
6188:
6180:
6168:
6146:
6144:
6136:
6126:
6124:
6116:
6105:
6103:
6096:
6087:
6085:
6077:
6073:
6062:
6060:
6054:
6045:
6043:
6037:
6028:
6026:
6019:
6009:
6007:
5995:
5993:
5985:
5973:
5972:
5965:
5956:
5955:
5948:
5931:
5929:
5921:
5911:
5909:
5901:
5891:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5870:
5866:
5857:
5855:
5848:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5816:
5814:
5808:
5800:
5788:
5774:
5772:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5744:
5725:
5723:
5716:
5707:
5705:
5700:
5698:
5690:
5683:"courteous")
5678:
5676:
5668:
5658:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5640:
5628:
5627:
5620:
5611:
5610:
5603:
5594:
5592:
5584:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5556:
5545:
5543:
5536:
5527:
5525:
5517:
5507:
5506:
5497:
5487:
5479:
5477:
5470:
5468:
5461:
5459:
5451:
5439:
5431:
5429:
5421:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5386:
5382:
5374:
5364:
5358:
5334:
5330:adding to it
5325:
5307:
5283:
5279:adding to it
5274:
5256:
5247:Long vowel (
5238:
5234:
5222:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5193:
5192:
5184:
5165:
5157:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5135:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5089:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5057:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5025:
5021:
5009:
5005:
4993:
4989:
4977:
4973:
4964:
4963:
4955:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4923:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4907:
4903:
4891:
4887:
4875:
4871:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4781:
4775:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4747:
4745:
4737:
4728:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4703:
4680:
4670:
4663:
4661:
4653:
4641:
4639:
4631:
4620:
4618:
4610:
4598:
4596:
4588:
4541:
4525:
4505:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4472:
4464:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4405:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4375:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4291:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4264:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4221:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4159:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4143:
4132:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4086:
4084:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4055:
4050:
4040:
4033:
4031:
4024:
4013:
4011:
4004:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3915:
3913:
3906:
3895:
3875:
3866:
3860:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3675:
3663:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3647:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3617:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3510:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3449:
3444:
3436:) or W-row (
3433:
3424:
3408:
3407:
3399:
3389:
3378:
3367:
3356:
3345:
3334:
3323:
3312:
3301:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3252:"establish")
3247:
3246:
3238:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3178:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3140:
3138:
3130:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2992:
2981:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2932:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2838:
2833:(such as in
2812:
2810:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2726:
2679:Tosa dialect
2676:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2515:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2483:さゐ) → 紫陽花 (あ
2480:
2471:Native words
2470:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2445:
2434:
2419:
2408:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2354:
2342:
2294:
2234:
2225:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2012:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1947:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1851:
1822:
1811:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1363:sa-shi → chi
1360:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1043:, it became
983:, it became
975:, it became
967:, it became
945:Old Japanese
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
753:
681:
612:
608:
537:
460:
434:
420:
393:
377:
363:
350:
335:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
259:
251:
231:Meiji period
227:Heian period
219:Shōwa period
190:
178:
176:
104:
95:Old Japanese
73:Shōwa period
69:Heian period
12594:Nihon-shiki
12477:Wasei-kango
12412:Possessives
12372:Grammar and
12205:Modern kana
12190:Punctuation
12171:Orthography
11992:Tokunoshima
11604:Gifu-Aichi
11574:Tōkai–Tōsan
11441:Late Middle
11171:pp.321–322.
10632:Table notes
10353:Attributive
10308:inflection
10290:keiyō dōshi
9961:Table notes
9540:Attributive
9488:Inflection
9400:在そがり / 坐そがり
9388:在そかり / 坐そかり
9329:鑑みる (かんがみる)
9285:Table notes
9196:有り, 在り (あり)
9153:To go away
9142:往ぬ, 去ぬ (いぬ)
8880:率る, 将る (いる)
8871:率る, 將る (ゐる)
8760:Kokoromi-ru
8753:試みる (こころみる)
8744:試みる (こゝろみる)
8727:Kaherimi-ru
8636:廻る, 回る (みる)
8598:干る, 乾る (ひる)
8283:R-irregular
8146:N-irregular
7905:S-irregular
7791:K-irregular
7173:Quadrigrade
7138:Attributive
6591:instead of
6504:"great") +
6181:kaguha-shii
6175:芳しい (かぐはしい)
6163:芳しい (かんばしい)
5795:考へる (かうがへる)
5783:考へる (かんがへる)
5138:つ) → 同月 (どう
5128:"watchdog")
5104:ん) → 番犬 (ばん
4938:んたん) → 元旦 (
4729:is written
3945:"straight")
2132:ん) → 役員 (やく
1854:Nihon-shiki
1604:)} → {炎 (ほの
1255:"happiness"
1067:(note that
655:Old Chinese
360:Orthography
296:), but its
12690:Categories
12638:Literature
12508:yakuwarigo
12492:Honorifics
12472:Wasei-eigo
12460:from Dutch
12407:Adjectives
12374:vocabulary
12152:Hentaigana
12147:Man'yōgana
11987:Okinoerabu
11691:Okuyoshino
11302:2022-06-11
11278:2022-06-11
11254:2022-06-11
11230:2022-06-11
11131:References
11121:Hentaigana
11119:including
10373:Imperative
10343:Conclusive
10017:安けく (やすけく)
9954:(-sikare)
9938:(-sikaru)
9923:(-sikari)
9910:(-sikara)
9880:(-sikere)
9695:'be high'
9562:Imperative
9529:Conclusive
9459:Adjectives
9406:imasogar-i
9394:imasokar-i
9382:imasugar-i
9370:imasukar-i
9334:kangami-ru
9318:鑑みる (かゞみる)
9222:Imasukar-i
8953:Mochiwi-ru
8946:用いる (もちいる)
8937:用ゐる (もちゐる)
8913:率いる (ひきいる)
8904:率ゐる (ひきゐる)
8732:Kaerimi-ru
8692:鑑みる (かがみる)
8683:鑑みる (かゞみる)
8628:To winnow
8590:To sneeze
7785:'receive'
7160:Imperative
7127:Conclusive
7116:Infinitive
6169:kanba-shii
5801:kaugahe-ru
5789:kangahe-ru
5308:kaiyōchōon
5072:ぜん) → 偽善 (
5040:せい) → 帰省 (
4017:"slugger")
3851:Geminate (
3074:"reality")
2578:) → 解除 (かい
2198:く) → 家屋 (か
2156:"officer")
1533:)} → {前 (ま
1337:小さい (ちいさい)
339:Edo period
252:The terms
140:Man'yōgana
12530:Phonology
12417:Particles
12356:Half/Full
12286:Shift JIS
12215:Yotsugana
12195:Kanazukai
12137:Okurigana
12049:Logograms
11661:Shiramine
11506:Southern
11486:Northern
11038:ihe-nashi
11018:sangai-ni
10333:Adverbial
10306:Class of
10210:shikuar-i
9518:Adverbial
9492:subclass
9486:Class of
9449:classical
9323:kagami-ru
9207:To exist
9102:御座す (おわす)
9093:御座す (おはす)
8958:Mochii-ru
8920:Hikiwi-ru
8699:Kagami-ru
7001:Finally,
6996:Okurigana
6974:ruby text
6905:and then
5337:June 2024
5286:June 2024
5020:(written
5004:(written
4988:(written
4972:(written
4928:"sweets")
4906:し) → 菓子 (
4886:(written
4870:(written
4297:(written
4270:(written
4243:(written
4211:(written
4181:(written
4149:(written
3966:"surely")
3792:(written
3764:(written
3738:(written
3710:(written
3682:(written
3654:(written
3624:(written
3588:(written
3557:(written
3529:(written
3501:(written
2715:Yotsugana
2637:Loanwords
2610:) → 地図 (ち
2450:loanwords
2253:, and/or
2093:とこ) → 男 (
2051:"to be ")
2029:る) → 居る (
1274:se → shia
1047:; before
971:; before
707:—and the
451:shinjitai
343:diglossia
166:ISO 639-3
12453:gairaigo
12432:Numerals
12402:Pronouns
12341:Enclosed
12321:Katakana
12296:Hiragana
12292:Unicode
12247:ISO/IEC
12229:Encoding
12132:Furigana
12127:Katakana
12122:Hiragana
12024:Yonaguni
12004:Southern
11982:Okinawan
11977:Kunigami
11957:Northern
11949:Ryukyuan
11890:Kyowa-go
11821:Tsushima
11811:Nagasaki
11806:Kumamoto
11794:Chikuzen
11658:Kanazawa
11648:Hokuriku
11583:Shizuoka
11550:Eastern
11539:Kanagawa
11530:Western
11475:Hokkaidō
11456:Dialects
11151:Daijirin
11123:varients
11090:See also
10607:(-tare)
10594:(-taru)
10581:(-tari)
10568:(-tari)
10555:(-tara)
10480:(-nare)
10467:(-naru)
10454:(-nari)
10441:(-nari)
10428:(-nara)
10323:Irrealis
10273:shikar-e
10234:shikar-i
10023:yasukeku
9993:安け (やすけ)
9987:yasu-shi
9981:安し (やすし)
9867:(-siki)
9841:(-siku)
9763:(-kare)
9747:(-karu)
9732:(-kari)
9719:(-kara)
9689:(-kere)
9507:Irrealis
9470:keiyōshi
9234:侍り (はべり)
9180:ラ行変格活用動詞
9126:ナ行変格活用動詞
9049:サ行変格活用動詞
9041:To come
9005:カ行変格活用動詞
8997:To kick
8925:Hikii-ru
8571:To boil
8533:To wear
7105:Irrealis
6985:Furigana
6823:is used)
4493:original
3053:"guest")
2561:"water")
2539:) → 水 (み
2461:Gairaigo
2222:"house")
2166:ん) → 円 (
2061:) → 声 (こ
1342:chiisa-i
546:between
411:kyūjitai
378:kyūjitai
150:; using
148:Katakana
144:Hiragana
132:Kyūjitai
12656:Writers
12589:Hepburn
12543:Rendaku
12482:Engrish
12178:Braille
12099:Ryakuji
12019:Yaeyama
11937:grammar
11932:Hachijō
11829:Satsugū
11788:Hichiku
11774:Hōnichi
11728:San'yō
11723:Chūgoku
11699:Shikoku
11638:Western
11598:Nagaoka
11594:Echigo
11559:Tochigi
11554:Ibaraki
11515:Nairiku
11495:Tsugaru
11466:Eastern
11145:スーパー大辞林
10896:kurashi
10705:Chinese
10047:shikuba
9999:yasu-ke
9975:Ku-gohō
9941:
9883:
9750:
9692:
9427:来る (くる)
9396:), and
9351:見る (みる)
9340:嚏る (ひる)
9307:居る (ゐる)
9296:着る (きる)
9262:居り (おり)
9253:居り (をり)
9241:Haber-i
9172:To die
9161:死ぬ (しぬ)
8986:蹴る (ける)
8970:下一段活用動詞
8962:To use
8863:To sit
8847:居る (いる)
8838:居る (ゐる)
8819:鋳る (いる)
8810:鑄る (いる)
8791:沃る (いる)
8772:射る (いる)
8764:To try
8675:To see
8617:簸る (ひる)
8609:To dry
8579:嚏る (ひる)
8560:煮る (にる)
8541:似る (にる)
8522:着る (きる)
8506:上一段活用動詞
7899:'come'
7664:'pass'
7543:'kick'
7276:'hear'
7020:Grammar
6887:jodōshi
6863:) from
6800:; from
6492:; from
6286:gami-ru
5711:; from
5663:; from
5579:; from
5549:"what")
5012:), and
3991:"leaf")
3231:"meal")
2856:仮名遣 (かな
2370:Rendaku
2115:"male")
1926:before
1735:), and
1596:"flame"
1525:"front"
1458:)} → {合
1348:{小さし (ち
1259:{幸せ (しあ
332:History
213:of the
90:Japonic
12651:Poetry
12599:Kunrei
12561:Kan-on
12332:Other
12241:EUC-JP
12157:Sōgana
12142:Gojūon
12094:Kokuji
12062:Kanbun
12014:Tarama
12009:Miyako
11799:Hakata
11764:Kyūshū
11752:Umpaku
11715:Sanuki
11681:Banshū
11670:Kansai
11613:Mikawa
11608:Nagoya
11588:Narada
11481:Tōhoku
11154:].
11149:Super
10857:Toudai
10794:) and
10780:toar-i
10770:) and
10768:niar-i
10734:) and
10625:(-to)
10498:(-ni)
10363:Realis
10198:kuar-i
9854:(-si)
9676:(-ki)
9663:(-si)
9650:(-ku)
9551:Realis
9453:modern
9278:To be
9168:Shin-u
9114:Owas-u
9109:Ohas-u
9085:To do
8277:'die'
7456:'use'
7363:'see'
7149:Realis
6804:樣 (さま)
6739:三 (さん)
6667:, and
6557:after
6526:大御 (おほ
6496:大 (おほ)
6272:鑑みる (か
6171:) and
6129:ba-shi
5862:, and
5791:) and
5442:ᴴd͡zɨᴴ
5361:) rule
5310:) rule
5259:) rule
5175:/CuwV/
5134:同月 (どう
5100:番犬 (ばん
4878:) and
4839:, and
4823:, and
4803:, and
4791:, and
4778:) rule
4776:gōyōon
4748:tsushi
4037:"kid")
3876:Sokuon
3863:) rule
3861:sokuon
3845:kiyaku
3833:kiyaku
3616:山脈 (さん
3482:, and
3466:, and
3445:Wa-gyō
3381:, and
3315:, and
3272:"tea")
3207:Ha-gyō
3179:Ya-gyō
3129:山脈 (さん
3029:Ra-gyō
2965:, and
2949:, and
2924:ya-gyō
2707:/d͡zu/
2703:/d͡ʑi/
2574:解除 (かい
2479:紫陽花 (あ
2384:) and
2345:) and
2284:da-gyō
2269:) do.
2128:役員 (やく
1934:, and
1898:) and
1872:, and
1841:wa-gyō
1739:溢れる (あ
1600:{炎 (ほの
1593:
1522:
1421:
1326:
1310:小さい (ち
1297:sa-shi
1286:小さし (ち
1252:
1236:幸せ (しあ
1212:幸せ (しあ
1191:) and
1167:) and
1147:, and
1127:, and
1107:, and
1087:, and
1063:, and
1019:, and
931:, and
895:, and
871:, and
835:, and
811:, and
769:ha-gyō
666:歴史的仮名遣
388:歴史的仮名遣
380:) and
314:kakamu
245:. Old
146:, and
12673:texts
12646:Books
12566:Tō-on
12556:Go-on
12183:Kanji
12104:Ateji
12067:Kanji
11997:Yoron
11972:Kikai
11840:Other
11742:Inshū
11732:Bingo
11686:Kishū
11676:Awaji
11544:Tokyo
11534:Gunma
11525:Kantō
11510:Kesen
11500:Akita
11490:Nanbu
11197:p.16.
11147:[
11107:Notes
10990:Wonna
10804:tar-i
10792:nar-i
10703:」, a
10658:tar-i
10648:) or
10646:nar-i
10503:Tari
10387:Nari
10261:kar-e
10222:kar-i
10204:～しくあり
10174:shiku
10137:) to
10107:shiku
10071:shiku
9891:-kari
9768:-siku
9700:-kari
9439:来 (く)
9433:k-uru
9415:來 (く)
9356:mi-ru
9345:hi-ru
9312:wi-ru
9301:ki-ru
9269:Wor-i
9074:為 (す)
9065:爲 (す)
9030:来 (く)
9021:來 (く)
8993:Ke-ru
8887:Wi-ru
8854:Wi-ru
8671:Mi-ru
8643:Mi-ru
8624:Hi-ru
8605:Hi-ru
8586:Hi-ru
8567:Ni-ru
8548:Ni-ru
8529:Ki-ru
8135:-seyo
8118:-sure
8101:-suru
8013:'do'
7451:-wiyo
7434:-wire
7417:-wiru
7330:m-iru
7072:活用の種類
7036:dōshi
7025:Verbs
6970:which
6545:御 (おほ
6344:mi-ru
6325:mi-ru
6306:mi-ru
6257:-shii
6238:-shii
6149:ha-si
6115:芳し (か
5856:kanga
5815:kanga
5777:gaf-u
5757:gaf-u
5743:考ふ (か
5639:懇ろ (ね
5473:ŋˠʌk̚
5450:音樂 (お
5420:漢字 (か
5257:chōon
5171:/CwV/
4852:U-dan
4736:法師 (ほ
4702:法師 (ほ
4664:tsusi
4652:雜誌 (ざ
4642:tsute
4630:日程 (に
4609:學期 (が
4587:適格 (て
4532:) or
4480:zatsu
4463:雑誌 (ざ
4451:nichi
4433:日程 (に
4404:学期 (が
4374:適格 (て
4363:, or
4343:, or
4301:tsudo
4274:tsugā
4247:tsupa
4215:tsuto
4203:屹度 (き
4185:tsusu
4173:直ぐ (ま
4153:tsuka
3951:屹度 (き
3929:直ぐ (ま
3821:kyaku
3741:chiya
3722:ritsu
3715:ritsu
3685:shiyo
3541:jitsu
3534:jitsu
3434:A-gyō
3348:, or
3250:ritsu
3093:kudan
3072:jitsu
2993:I-dan
2913:Y-row
2903:kana-
2865:kana-
2837:身近 (み
2764:続く (つ
2745:縮む (ち
2739:tsudu
2729:) or
2727:chidi
2713:(see
2649:オ → ラ
2606:地圖 (ち
2273:D-row
2194:家屋 (か
1997:, or
1830:W-row
1790:re-ru
1772:re-ru
1753:re-ru
1700:家鴨 (あ
1615:→ hon
1578:炎 (ほの
1555:炎 (ほの
1529:{前 (ま
1131:; or
1069:*/wu/
1039:, or
963:, or
758:H-Row
716:現代仮名遣
633:眞 → 真
621:爲 → 為
574:せい‐たい
531:眞 → 真
522:爲 → 為
513:靜 → 静
504:變 → 変
495:與 → 与
486:當 → 当
477:舊 → 旧
468:體 → 体
435:kanji
312:<
310:kakau
308:<
278:kaku,
274:bungo
260:bungo
239:haiku
204:kobun
191:bungo
128:Kanji
59:Japan
12281:0213
12276:0212
12271:0211
12266:0208
12261:0201
12257:JIS
12251:2022
12114:Kana
11816:Saga
11780:Ōita
11710:Tosa
11654:Kaga
11623:Hida
11618:Mino
11061:さんがい
11009:さんがい
10876:moto
10816:ar-i
10756:ar-i
10746:) +
10732:ar-i
10722:) +
10507:タリ活用
10391:ナリ活用
10313:stem
10284:形容動詞
10267:～しかれ
10263:) /
10246:ar-i
10228:～しかり
10224:) /
10200:) /
10192:～くあり
10188:) →
10186:ar-i
10176:) +
10164:) /
10097:) /
10061:) /
10041:～しくば
10037:) /
10035:kuba
10013:) →
10001:) +
9895:カリ活用
9777:main
9772:シク活用
9704:カリ活用
9586:main
9496:stem
9364:在すかり
9274:Or-i
9203:Ar-i
9149:In-u
8892:I-ru
8859:I-ru
8826:I-ru
8798:I-ru
8779:I-ru
8459:The
8255:-ure
8238:-uru
7994:-ure
7980:-uru
7880:-ure
7866:-uru
7763:-ure
7746:-uru
7659:-iyo
7642:-ure
7625:-uru
7524:-ere
7510:-eru
7344:-ire
7094:stem
7060:) +
7057:stem
6991:送り仮名
6980:振り仮名
6952:and
6709:四 (よ
6685:is お
6581:/ho/
6565:御 (お
6471:御 (お
6456:buri
6374:buri
6276:がみる)
6253:kagu
6234:kagu
6221:and
6219:-shi
6215:kagu
6200:-shi
6196:kagu
6104:saka
6086:saka
5984:問 (と
5976:buri
5959:buri
5934:buri
5914:muri
5900:冠 (か
5689:神 (か
5681:koro
5661:koro
5653:goro
5631:mina
5616:and
5555:女 (を
5516:何 (な
5482:gaku
5464:gaku
5405:and
5385:and
5302:開拗長音
5229:/kw/
5200:/kw/
5068:僞善 (
5036:歸省 (
5022:guwe
5006:kuwe
4990:guwi
4974:kuwi
4958:ntan
4951:ntan
4942:んたん)
4934:元旦 (
4902:菓子 (
4888:guwa
4872:kuwa
4856:/wa/
4719:hofu
4714:sshi
4685:/pu/
4621:kuki
4599:kika
4578:/tu/
4574:/ti/
4562:/zi/
4558:/ni/
4546:/tu/
4530:/ti/
4475:sshi
4421:gaku
4396:kaku
4392:teki
4279:sura
4272:sura
4060:真っ直ぐ
4012:sura
3795:hiya
3768:jiyū
3756:～中 (
3713:jiyu
3702:樹立 (
3657:riya
3628:miya
3595:piyo
3591:piyo
3560:biya
3553:くだん)
3549:白檀 (
3532:niyo
3521:如實 (
3504:kiya
3415:/hj/
3278:～中 (
3237:樹立 (
3084:くだん)
3080:白檀 (
3059:如実 (
2982:Yōon
2929:rule
2890:and
2831:/zu/
2827:/zi/
2823:/tu/
2819:/ti/
2798:and
2705:and
2701:and
2695:/zu/
2693:and
2691:/ʑi/
2685:and
2590:diyo
2535:水 (み
2497:sawi
2437:and
2426:(in
2411:and
2400:(in
2289:rule
2257:and
2255:/wo/
2249:and
2247:/we/
2241:and
2239:/wi/
2150:yaku
2142:yaku
2113:toko
2106:toko
2057:聲 (こ
2025:居る (
2007:/wo/
1846:rule
1823:hoho
1801:hawa
1664:頬 (ほ
1628:母 (は
1611:hono
1562:hono
1544:→ ma
1507:前 (ま
1484:前 (ま
1473:→ a-
1367:sa-i
1356:さい)}
1331:-shi
1321:sa-i
1270:shia
1243:shia
1219:shia
1149:/fo/
1145:/fe/
1141:/fu/
1137:/fi/
1133:/fa/
1129:/po/
1125:/pe/
1121:/pu/
1117:/pi/
1113:/pa/
1109:/ho/
1105:/he/
1101:/fu/
1097:/hi/
1093:/ha/
1073:/wa/
774:rule
734:新仮名遣
694:旧仮名遣
687:kana
653:and
643:and
326:kake
322:kaku
318:kaki
306:kakō
302:kaka
298:kōgo
294:kake
290:kaku
286:kaki
282:kaka
270:kōgo
247:laws
243:waka
241:and
177:The
136:Kana
12604:JSL
12346:EIS
12236:EUC
11705:Iyo
11431:Old
11048:をんな
10982:をんな
10818:).
10774:とあり
10762:にあり
10750:～有り
10726:～有り
10660:).
10652:～たり
10640:～なり
10491:しづか
10473:しづか
10460:しづか
10447:しづか
10434:しづか
10421:しづか
10377:命令形
10367:已然形
10357:連体形
10347:終止形
10337:連用形
10327:未然形
10255:～かれ
10216:～かり
10168:～しく
10149:).
10101:～しく
10065:～しく
10029:～くば
9969:ク語法
9950:しかれ
9947:うつく
9934:しかる
9931:うつく
9919:しかり
9916:うつく
9906:しから
9903:うつく
9876:しけれ
9873:うつく
9860:うつく
9847:うつく
9834:うつく
9821:うつく
9810:うつく
9795:うつく
9781:本活用
9590:本活用
9581:ク活用
9577:-ku
9567:命令形
9556:已然形
9545:連体形
9534:終止形
9523:連用形
9512:未然形
9464:形容詞
9445:k-u
9421:k-u
9408:).
9384:),
9081:S-u
9037:K-u
8205:-i)
8084:-su
8067:-si
8050:-se
7675:下二段
7554:上二段
7467:下一段
7400:-wi
7287:上一段
7165:命令形
7154:已然形
7143:連体形
7132:終止形
7121:連用形
7110:未然形
7082:活用形
6966:way
6954:/n/
6950:/m/
6933:).
6907:/n/
6903:/m/
6882:助動詞
6875:).
6843:む/ム
6831:ん/ン
6681:oho
6649:is
6645:oho
6615:is
6612:oho
6559:/m/
6555:/i/
6536:oho
6508:御 (
6502:oho
6424:) (
6396:"")
6368:) (
6327:is
6240:is
6202:is
6157:/b/
6155:to
6153:/h/
6119:ばし)
6076:(さか
6049:is
5961:is
5957:kau
5942:/m/
5940:to
5938:/b/
5904:むり)
5885:-ru
5860:-ru
5847:かんが
5838:ga-
5807:かんが
5747:がふ)
5643:ごろ)
5614:nna
5469:ʔiɪ
5454:がく)
5332:.
5281:.
5223:kwī
5214:クィー
5196:kku
5194:kui
5160:tsu
5156:dou
5152:tsu
5150:gwe
5148:dou
5122:ban
5116:kwe
5114:ban
5092:zen
5085:zen
5083:gwi
5076:ぜん)
5060:sei
5053:sei
5051:kwi
5044:せい)
5026:gwe
5010:kwe
4996:),
4994:gwi
4980:),
4978:kwi
4949:gwa
4926:shi
4919:shi
4917:kwa
4892:gwa
4876:kwa
4805:/e/
4801:/i/
4797:/a/
4793:/o/
4789:/u/
4785:/a/
4770:合拗音
4723:shi
4576:or
4554:/u/
4550:/i/
4542:tsu
4526:chi
4514:/t/
4510:/i/
4506:tsu
4484:shi
4455:tei
4445:tte
4416:kki
4386:kka
4365:tsu
4361:chi
4308:ddo
4281:ggā
4265:ツガー
4254:ppa
4222:tto
4193:ssu
4160:kka
4133:tsu
4103:tto
4087:asu
4068:ssu
4034:ddo
4014:ggā
4005:ッガー
3988:ppa
3963:tto
3941:ssu
3916:kka
3896:tsu
3890:つ/ツ
3882:っ/ッ
3878:),
3847:).
3839:きやく
3802:hya
3784:百 (
3758:ぢゆう
3747:cha
3730:茶 (
3706:りつ)
3692:sho
3674:食 (
3664:rya
3646:略 (
3636:mya
3634:san
3626:san
3606:pyo
3602:pyo
3567:bya
3539:nyo
3525:じつ)
3511:kya
3493:客 (
3470:よ/ヨ
3462:ゆ/ユ
3454:や/ヤ
3419:/ç/
3409:hya
3398:百 (
3357:cho
3346:chu
3335:cha
3280:ぢゅう
3269:cha
3258:茶 (
3241:りつ)
3227:sho
3216:食 (
3203:Da-
3199:Ta-
3195:Za-
3191:Sa-
3162:rya
3151:略 (
3141:mya
3139:san
3119:pyo
3115:pyo
3091:bya
3070:nyo
3063:じつ)
3049:kya
3038:客 (
3025:Ma-
3021:Pa-
3017:Ba-
3013:Na-
3009:Ga-
3005:Ka-
2953:ょ/ョ
2945:ゅ/ュ
2937:ゃ/ャ
2907:kai
2884:mi-
2869:kai
2860:かい)
2846:mi-
2829:or
2821:or
2815:k-u
2811:tsu
2796:m-u
2792:chi
2777:k-u
2773:tsu
2758:m-u
2754:chi
2711:/d/
2699:/z/
2687:/d/
2683:/z/
2627:chi
2620:chi
2597:zyo
2595:kai
2588:kai
2518:to
2505:sai
2487:さい)
2456:外来語
2424:/d/
2398:/z/
2349:づ/ヅ
2337:ぢ/ヂ
2259:/o/
2251:/e/
2243:/i/
2162:圓 (
2097:とこ)
2089:男 (
2049:-ru
2042:-ru
1979:/o/
1975:all
1936:/o/
1932:/e/
1928:/i/
1924:/w/
1914:を/ヲ
1902:ゑ/ヱ
1890:ゐ/ヰ
1774:or
1743:れる)
1696:),
1660:),
1585:hon
1471:f-u
1388:f-u
1359:chi
1317:chi
1314:さい)
1293:chi
1290:さし)
1267:せ)}
1089:/o/
1085:/e/
1081:/u/
1077:/i/
1065:/o/
1061:/e/
1057:/i/
1053:/w/
1049:/u/
1045:/w/
1041:/o/
1037:/e/
1033:/i/
1029:/a/
1023:ほ/ホ
1015:へ/ヘ
1007:ふ/フ
999:ひ/ヒ
991:は/ハ
985:/ɸ/
981:/u/
977:/ç/
973:/i/
969:/h/
965:/o/
961:/e/
957:/a/
949:/ɸ/
943:in
941:/p/
935:ほ/ホ
927:へ/ヘ
919:ふ/フ
911:ひ/ヒ
903:は/ハ
875:ほ/ホ
867:へ/ヘ
859:ふ/フ
851:ひ/ヒ
843:は/ハ
815:お/オ
807:え/エ
799:う/ウ
791:い/イ
783:わ/ワ
657:.)
582:からだ
558:からだ
445:新字体
405:旧字体
396:).
372:旧字体
328:).
134:),
65:Era
12692::
11295:.
11271:.
11247:.
11223:.
11160:^
11080:なし
11074:いへ
11067:に
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