1544:
1530:
2075:
271:. It is classified as a central dialect and is most closely related to the modern dialects of Nahuatl spoken in the valley of Mexico in colonial and modern times. It is probable that the Classical Nahuatl documented by 16th- and 17th-century written sources represents a particularly prestigious
796:
using this system but it was difficult to use. The writing system was adequate for keeping such records as genealogies, astronomical information, and tribute lists, but it could not represent a full vocabulary of spoken language in the way that the
2088:"Vocabulario manual de las lenguas castellana, y mexicana. : En que se contienen las palabras, preguntas, y respuestas mas co[m]munes, y ordinarias que se suelen offrecer en el trato, y communicacion entre Españoles, é Indios"
1730:"Manual Vocabulary of the Spanish and Mexican Languages: In Which are Contained the Words, Questions, and Answers Commonly and Usually Found in the Treatment and Communication Between Spaniards and Indians"
1510:
2128:
687:
Maximally complex
Nahuatl syllables are of the form CVC; that is, there can be at most one consonant at the beginning and end of every syllable. In contrast,
820:, which was then used to record a large body of Aztec prose and poetry, which somewhat diminished the devastating loss caused by the burning of thousands of
275:. That is to say, the variety of Nahuatl recorded in these documents is most likely to be more particularly representative of the speech of Aztec nobles (
1562:
1705:
1701:
728:, like all other affricates, is treated as a single sound, and not all consonants can occur in both syllable-initial and syllable-final position.
2765:
2723:
1786:
1713:
2056:
The Nahua
Newsletter: edited by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies of the Indiana University (Chief Editor Alan Sandstrom)
1191:
548:
232:
78:
1354:
622:
2079:
2016:
Arte de la lengua mexicana concluído en el convento de San Andrés de
Ueytlalpan, en la provincia de Totonacapan que es en la Nueva España
2121:
1404:
1383:
606:
1973:
1656:
1587:
1514:, was first published in 1611 and is "the most important and most frequently reprinted Spanish work on Nahuatl," according to the
1312:
1170:
584:
555:
1487:
is extensive (probably the most extensive of all
Indigenous languages of the Americas), including a relatively large corpus of
988:
879:
838:
362:
356:
179:
2685:
2368:
2145:
2114:
2061:
special interest-yearbook of the
Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas (IIH) of the Universidad Autonoma de México (UNAM)
2226:
1283:
1149:
1034:
921:
575:
541:
342:
336:
2598:
243:
in use today (other modern dialects descend more directly from other 16th-century variants). Although classified as an
2447:
1454:
1011:
900:
329:
323:
2799:
2752:
2672:
2639:
2418:
2413:
2177:
1567:
1333:
1099:
1078:
965:
858:
613:
500:
493:
382:
376:
2573:
2464:
2032:(Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España). Eds Charles Dibble/Arthr Anderson, vol I-XII Santa Fe 1950–71
1492:
760:
114:
2169:
1057:
942:
189:
2354:
1497:
1484:
1120:
714:). Consonant clusters are only allowed word-medially, Nahuatl uses processes of both epenthesis (usually of
511:
74:
2603:
1900:
Goller, Theodore R.; Goller, Patricia L.; Waterhouse, Viola G. (1974). "The
Phonemes of Orizaba Nahuatl".
748:
744:
736:
732:
725:
715:
711:
2759:
2680:
2662:
2439:
2137:
2092:
1734:
1515:
1262:
1241:
469:
462:
268:
99:
2008:
2647:
1452:
1423:
1402:
1381:
1352:
1331:
1310:
1281:
1260:
1239:
1210:
1189:
1168:
1147:
1118:
1097:
1076:
1055:
1032:
1009:
986:
963:
940:
919:
898:
877:
856:
638:
671:
When women use the vocative, the stress is shifted to the final syllable without adding any suffix.
2613:
2452:
2392:
2329:
771:
2593:
2524:
2397:
2284:
1917:
1851:
2323:
2657:
2555:
2501:
2424:
2377:
2317:
2291:
2238:
2210:
2205:
2193:
1969:
1843:
1782:
1709:
1652:
806:
436:
429:
421:
411:
2652:
2629:
2608:
2537:
2474:
2269:
2261:
1909:
1765:
1644:
688:
406:
401:
264:
244:
240:
236:
222:
104:
38:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2588:
2543:
2483:
2309:
2298:
2252:
2198:
2154:
1804:
1549:
456:
416:
91:
2780:
2707:
2509:
2490:
2458:
1944:
Nahuatl in the Middle Years: Language
Contact Phenomena in Texts of the Colonial Period
1591:
798:
785:
247:, Classical Nahuatl has survived through a multitude of written sources transcribed by
169:
2793:
2532:
2514:
2349:
1921:
1557:
1535:
1212:
821:
658:
518:
448:
248:
227:
1425:
817:
525:
252:
59:
1648:
2231:
1693:
810:
691:, for example, allows up to three consonants syllable-initially and up to four
596:
317:
305:
283:
63:
1543:
1525:
370:
310:
1847:
1505:
802:
777:
692:
567:
533:
350:
272:
162:
146:
82:
1639:
Aslam, Mohammed; Kak, Aadil Amin (2011). "4 - English
Syllable Structure".
2074:
153:
781:
740:
642:
277:
197:
185:
16:
Lingua franca that was spoken in the Valley of Mexico in the 16th century
2106:
1855:
1831:
1769:
2564:
2275:
1762:
Phonological description of
Huasteca Nahuatl from Chicontepec, Veracruz
833:
487:
218:
193:
109:
1864:
Arte de la lengua mexicana: con la declaración de los adverbios della.
641:
generally falls on the penultimate syllable. The one exception is the
1697:
1488:
49:
2087:
2005:
Vocabulario en Lengua
Castellana y Mexicana y Mexicana y Castellana
1913:
1869:
1729:
649:, which is added to the end of a word and is always stressed, e.g.
793:
2110:
1984:
Tepuztlahcuilolli, Impresos en Nahuatl: Historia y Bibliografia
1764:(Thesis). California State University, Northridge. p. 25.
1468:
1461:
1439:
1432:
1411:
1390:
1368:
1361:
1340:
1319:
1297:
1290:
1269:
1248:
1226:
1219:
1198:
1177:
1156:
1134:
1127:
1106:
1085:
1064:
1041:
1018:
995:
972:
949:
928:
907:
886:
865:
776:
At the time of the Spanish conquest, Aztec writing used mostly
235:. During the subsequent centuries, it was largely displaced by
2030:
Florentine Codex. General History of the Things of New Spain
1998:
We people here. Nahuatl Accounts of the conquest of Mexico
196:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2023:
Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio del Rincón
1797:
Vocabulario manual de las lenguas castellana y mexicana
1781:(Rev. ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
1511:
Vocabulario manual de las lenguas castellana y mexicana
1627:
1951:
Introduction à la langue et à la littérature aztèques
2744:
2716:
2671:
2638:
2622:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2523:
2500:
2473:
2438:
2406:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2342:
2308:
2260:
2251:
2219:
2186:
2162:
2153:
2144:
1958:
Introducción a la lengua y a la literatura Náhuatl.
784:. When needed, it also used syllabic equivalences;
160:
144:
139:
88:
69:
55:
45:
33:
21:
1690:Introduction to Nahuatl Language and Literature
1641:Introduction to English Phonetics and Phonology
2037:Dictionnaire de la Langue Nahuatl ou Mexicaine
1473:(on the preceding vowel at the end of a word)
1444:(on the preceding vowel at the end of a word)
2122:
1902:International Journal of American Linguistics
1686:Introducción a la lengua y literatura náhuatl
718:) and deletion to deal with this constraint.
8:
2044:Diccionario dße la Lengua Nahuatl o Mexicana
2569:
2560:
2382:
2373:
2257:
2159:
2150:
2129:
2115:
2107:
1588:"Ethnologue summary for Classical Nahuatl"
1563:List of extinct languages of North America
18:
2028:Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de (1499–1590):
1968:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1706:National Autonomous University of Mexico
1623:
1501:is an early sample of literary Nahuatl.
826:
395:
299:
1615:
1611:
1579:
828:Classical Nahuatl Romanisation schemes
695:to occur at the end of syllables (e.g.
190:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1982:León-Portilla, Ascensión H. de :
1832:"The Phonemes of North Puebla Nahuatl"
1671:
1619:
743:in syllable-final position. Likewise,
287:) spoke a somewhat different variety.
37:
2766:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
2724:Nahuatl language in the United States
1702:Institute of Anthropological Research
7:
1966:An introduction to classical Nahuatl
1643:. Foundation Books. pp. 60–68.
1628:Goller, Goller & Waterhouse 1974
1466:(on the preceding vowel within word)
1437:(on the preceding vowel within word)
239:and evolved into some of the modern
233:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
1937:An analytical dictionary of Nahuatl
1928:Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767-1835):
1874:. Tempe AZ: Bilingual Press, 2005.
14:
1887:Historia de la literatura náhuatl
1779:Introduction to classical Nahuatl
747:is also devoiced and merged into
621:
612:
605:
583:
574:
554:
547:
540:
524:
517:
510:
499:
492:
468:
461:
381:
375:
361:
355:
341:
335:
328:
322:
73:14th to 16th century, during the
2073:
1760:Aguilar, Andrés Ehecatl (2013).
1542:
1528:
263:Classical Nahuatl is one of the
231:at the time of the 16th-century
1991:Literaturas Indígenas de México
2230:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
1:
2059:Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl:
2051:Compendium of Nahuatl Grammar
1989:León-Portilla, Miguel :
1878:Garibay, Angel Maria :
1777:Andrews, J. Richard (2003).
1649:10.1017/UPO9788175968653.005
1469:
1462:
1440:
1433:
1412:
1391:
1369:
1362:
1341:
1320:
1298:
1291:
1270:
1249:
1227:
1220:
1199:
1178:
1157:
1135:
1128:
1107:
1086:
1065:
1042:
1019:
996:
973:
950:
929:
908:
887:
866:
824:by the Spanish authorities.
751:in syllable-final position.
217:) is any of the variants of
2063:, Ed.: Miguel Leon Portilla
2049:Sullivan, Thelma D. :
2021:Rincón, Antonio del :
1866:Reprint: Porrúa México 1983
1836:Anthropological Linguistics
816:The Spanish introduced the
39:[naːwat͡ɬaʔˈtoːlːi]
2818:
2686:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
2080:Classical Nahuatl language
1568:Mesoamerican language area
769:
758:
2774:
1508:dictionary with Spanish,
842:
837:
832:
792:could render a prayer in
761:Classical Nahuatl grammar
523:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
398:
374:
334:
176:
115:Central Nahuatl languages
26:
2003:Molina, Fray Alonso de:
1932:. Paderborn/München 1994
780:supplemented with a few
281:), while the commoners (
225:and central Mexico as a
2599:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
2046:. Reprint: México 2001
2025:. Reprint: México 1885
2018:. Reprint: México 1993
2014:Olmos, Fray Andrés de:
1986:. Vol. 1–2. México 1988
1964:Launey, Michel (2011).
1830:Brockway, Earl (1963).
1803:Bedell, George (2011).
1799:. Reprint: México 1982
1684:Launey, Michel (1992).
2604:Central Puebla Nahuatl
1996:Lockhart, James (ed):
1956:Launey, Michel :
1949:Launey, Michel :
1930:Mexicanische Grammatik
1892:Garibay, Angel María,
1885:Garibay, Angel María,
1872:Ancient American Poets
1805:"The Nahuatl Language"
668:"O Cuauhtliquetzqui!"
209:(also known simply as
178:This article contains
2681:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
2663:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
2138:Uto-Aztecan languages
2093:World Digital Library
2082:at Wikimedia Commons
2053:. Salt Lake City 1988
2039:. Reprint: Graz 1963
1896:. vol 1–3 México 1964
1735:World Digital Library
1516:World Digital Library
1373:(in all other cases)
1302:(in all other cases)
1231:(in all other cases)
1139:(in all other cases)
645:suffix (used by men)
251:and Spaniards in the
100:Uto-Aztecan languages
83:Early Colonial Period
1942:Karttunen, Frances,
1935:Karttunen, Frances,
1498:Huei tlamahuiçoltica
843:Romanisation scheme
2173:(including Bannock)
829:
772:Nahuatl orthography
721:For such purposes,
2594:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
2448:Downriver Guarijio
2000:. Los Angeles 1993
1946:. Los Angeles 1976
1862:Carochi, Horacio:
1795:Arenas, Pedro de:
1485:Nahuatl literature
827:
657:(a name, meaning "
269:Uto-Aztecan family
79:Conquest of Mexico
2800:Classical Nahuatl
2787:
2786:
2781:extinct languages
2753:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2648:Michoacán Nahuatl
2583:Classical Nahuatl
2434:
2433:
2419:Southern Tepehuan
2414:Northern Tepehuan
2363:
2362:
2338:
2337:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2202:
2174:
2078:Media related to
1960:UNAM, México 1992
1812:Language in India
1788:978-0-8061-3452-9
1715:978-9-683-61944-0
1708:. p. 13-14.
1477:
1476:
807:Maya civilization
788:recorded how the
675:means "man", and
631:
630:
451:
444:
439:
432:
389:
388:
207:Classical Nahuatl
204:
203:
186:rendering support
182:phonetic symbols.
123:Classical Nahuatl
22:Classical Nahuatl
2807:
2653:Coatepec Nahuatl
2630:Huasteca Nahuatl
2614:Ometepec Náhuatl
2609:Guerrero Nahuatl
2570:
2561:
2465:Upriver Guarijio
2383:
2374:
2258:
2229:
2196:
2172:
2160:
2151:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2077:
1979:
1925:
1880:Llave de Náhuatl
1859:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1809:
1792:
1773:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1636:
1630:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1590:. Archived from
1584:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1415:
1408:
1394:
1387:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1344:
1337:
1323:
1316:
1301:
1295:(before e and i)
1294:
1287:
1273:
1266:
1252:
1245:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1202:
1195:
1181:
1174:
1160:
1153:
1138:
1132:(before i and e)
1131:
1124:
1110:
1103:
1089:
1082:
1068:
1061:
1045:
1038:
1022:
1015:
999:
992:
976:
969:
953:
946:
932:
925:
911:
904:
890:
883:
869:
862:
830:
750:
746:
738:
734:
727:
717:
713:
625:
616:
609:
587:
578:
558:
551:
544:
528:
521:
514:
503:
496:
472:
465:
447:
442:
435:
428:
396:
385:
379:
365:
359:
345:
339:
332:
326:
300:
265:Nahuan languages
245:extinct language
241:Nahuan languages
223:Valley of Mexico
172:
156:
149:
105:Nahuan languages
94:
75:Late Postclassic
41:
19:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2770:
2728:
2712:
2703:Tabasco Nahuatl
2698:Isthmus Nahuatl
2691:Orizaba Nahuatl
2667:
2634:
2618:
2589:Morelos Nahuatl
2550:
2519:
2496:
2469:
2430:
2402:
2359:
2334:
2330:Luiseño-Juaneño
2304:
2243:
2215:
2182:
2170:Northern Paiute
2140:
2135:
2098:
2096:
2086:
2071:
2066:
1976:
1963:
1899:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1807:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1550:Language portal
1548:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1482:
1467:
1438:
1367:
1366:(before vowels)
1296:
1225:
1224:(before vowels)
1133:
799:writing systems
774:
768:
763:
757:
731:The consonants
685:
679:means "O man!"
636:
394:
298:
293:
261:
184:Without proper
168:
152:
145:
135:
119:Nuclear Nahuatl
95:
92:Language family
90:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2487:
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2477:
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2462:
2455:
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2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
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2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
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2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
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2332:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2227:Colorado River
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2070:
2069:External links
2067:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2047:
2042:Siméon, Rémi:
2040:
2035:Siméon, Rémi:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1914:10.1086/465295
1908:(2): 126–131.
1897:
1894:Poesía náhuatl
1890:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1827:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1774:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1721:
1714:
1676:
1664:
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1493:Nezahualcoyotl
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62:. Postclassic
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46:Native to
43:
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35:
31:
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28:Nāhuatlahtōlli
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1993:. Madrid 1992
1992:
1988:
1985:
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1975:9780521518406
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1962:
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1939:. Norman 1992
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1889:. México 1953
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1882:. México 19??
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1624:Brockway 1963
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1594:on 2013-02-18
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1558:Aztec codices
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822:Aztec codices
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663:Cuāuhtliquetz
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659:Eagle Warrior
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266:
258:
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249:Nahua peoples
246:
242:
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228:lingua franca
224:
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61:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
34:Pronunciation
32:
29:
25:
20:
2776:
2760:Proto-Nahuan
2758:
2751:
2582:
2581:
2542:
2489:
2482:
2457:
2423:
2322:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2097:. Retrieved
2091:
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2060:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:. Reprint:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1965:
1957:
1953:. Paris 1980
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1870:Curl, John:
1863:
1842:(2): 14–18.
1839:
1835:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:
1811:
1796:
1778:
1770:10211.2/3997
1761:
1739:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1674:, p. 8.
1667:
1640:
1634:
1616:Andrews 2003
1612:Aguilar 2013
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1582:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1483:
1050:
1027:
1004:
981:
958:
818:Latin script
815:
789:
775:
730:
722:
720:
707:
701:
697:
696:
686:
683:Phonotactics
676:
672:
670:
664:
662:
652:
650:
646:
637:
282:
276:
262:
253:Latin script
226:
214:
210:
206:
205:
177:
161:
122:
60:Aztec Empire
27:
2440:Tarahumaran
2355:Tübatulabal
2197:(including
2011:México 1992
1694:Mexico City
1672:Launey 2011
1620:Bedell 2011
786:Diego Durán
597:Approximant
284:mācēhualtin
267:within the
192:instead of
64:Mesoamerica
2453:Tarahumara
2099:2013-05-23
1821:October 5,
1741:2013-05-23
1598:2006-06-09
1574:References
1491:(see also
1480:Literature
778:pictograms
693:consonants
392:Consonants
77:and after
2779:indicate
2398:Pima Bajo
2285:Kitanemuk
1922:142992381
1848:0003-5483
1614:, citing
1506:bilingual
803:Old World
790:tlacuilos
782:ideograms
677:oquichtlí
673:Oquichtli
568:Fricative
534:Affricate
291:Phonology
273:sociolect
163:Glottolog
147:ISO 639-3
2794:Category
2658:Pochutec
2623:Huasteca
2525:Corachol
2425:Tepecano
2407:Tepehuan
2369:Southern
2318:Cahuilla
2292:Tataviam
2239:Kawaiisu
2220:Southern
2211:Timbisha
2206:Comanche
2194:Shoshoni
2146:Northern
1856:30022406
1522:See also
741:devoiced
661:"), but
651:Cuāuhtli
643:vocative
278:pīpiltin
198:Help:IPA
170:clas1250
2777:Italics
2745:History
2673:Eastern
2640:Western
2574:Central
2565:Nahuatl
2556:Aztecan
2538:Huichol
2393:Oʼodham
2378:Tepiman
2276:Vanyume
2270:Serrano
2199:Gosiute
2187:Central
2163:Western
1753:Sources
1704:of the
1692:].
1495:). The
834:Phoneme
813:could.
805:or the
801:of the
755:Grammar
689:English
488:Plosive
437:lateral
430:central
422:Glottal
412:Palatal
237:Spanish
219:Nahuatl
215:Nahuatl
194:Unicode
110:Nahuatl
81:in the
2544:Cazcan
2502:Cahita
2484:Eudeve
2475:Opatan
2324:Cupeño
2299:Tongva
2262:Serran
2009:Porrúa
1972:
1920:
1854:
1846:
1785:
1712:
1698:Mexico
1655:
1626:, and
1489:poetry
811:script
712:/ŋkθs/
639:Stress
634:Accent
449:labial
407:Dental
402:Labial
296:Vowels
56:Region
50:Mexico
2717:Other
2708:Pipil
2510:Yaqui
2491:Opata
2459:Tubar
2386:Pimic
2343:Other
2310:Cupan
2253:Takic
2155:Numic
1918:S2CID
1852:JSTOR
1808:(PDF)
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702:ngths
653:quetz
457:Nasal
443:plain
417:Velar
318:Close
306:Front
211:Aztec
2533:Cora
2515:Mayo
2350:Hopi
2178:Mono
1970:ISBN
1844:ISSN
1823:2021
1783:ISBN
1710:ISBN
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311:Back
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