2504:
1119:
530:
207:. This fixed the position of Gymnosperms as a class distinct from Dicotyledons, and the term Angiosperm then, gradually, came to be accepted as the suitable designation for the whole of the flowering plants (other than Gymnosperms), including the classes of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. This is the sense in which the term is used, today.
316:
include
Dicotyledones or Dicotyledoneae, and Monocotyledones or Monocotyledoneae, which have a long history of use. In plain English, their members may be called "dicotyledons" ("dicots") and "monocotyledons" ("monocots"). The Latin behind these names refers the observation that the dicots most often
640:
is a determination of the identity of an unknown plant by comparison with previously collected specimens or with the aid of books or identification manuals. The process of identification connects the specimen with a published name. Once a plant specimen has been identified, its name and properties
698:
The classification of plants results in an organized system for the naming and cataloging of future specimens, and ideally reflects scientific ideas about inter-relationships between plants. The set of rules and recommendations for formal botanical nomenclature, including plants, is governed by the
246:
of 1998, and the later 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat the flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms). A formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants rank as a subclass (Magnoliidae).
321:, or embryonic leaves, within each seed. The monocots usually have only one, but the rule is not absolute either way. From a broad diagnostic point of view, the number of cotyledons is neither a particularly handy, nor a reliable character.
195:
to seed plants with enclosed ovules. However, for many years after Brown's discovery, the primary division of the seed plants was seen as between monocots and dicots, with gymnosperms as a small subset of the dicots.
160:, albeit in reference to only a small subset of the species that are known as angiosperms, today. Hermann's Angiospermae included only flowering plants possessing seeds enclosed in capsules, distinguished from his
2334:
700:
2339:
933:, a new genus of plants found on the southwest coast of New Holland: with observations on the structure of its unimpregnated ovulum; and on the female flower of Cycadeae and Coniferae"
2716:
2711:
2838:
2723:
634:
Three goals of plant taxonomy are the identification, classification and description of plants. The distinction between these three goals is important and often overlooked.
2472:
89:
Classification systems serve the purpose of grouping organisms by characteristics common to each group. Plants are distinguished from animals by various traits: they have
2706:
2697:
101:, and they exhibit sedentary growth. Where animals have to eat organic molecules, plants are able to change energy from light into organic energy by the process of
176:
2843:
168:
or schizo-carpic fruits (the whole fruit, or each of its pieces, being here regarded as a seed and naked). The terms
Angiospermae and Gymnospermae were used by
2390:
876:
1139:
2770:
2540:
2206:
1189:
1157:
266:(APG), which published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998. Updates incorporating more recent research were published as the
823:
1134:
841:
200:
210:
In most taxonomies, the flowering plants are treated as a coherent group; the most popular descriptive name has been
Angiospermae, with
2396:
730:
621:
78:
344:(containing about 9,000 species). The remainder includes a paraphyletic grouping of early-branching taxa known collectively as the
58:, and there is no sharp boundary between the two. In practice, "plant systematics" involves relationships between plants and their
2650:
1291:
830:
203:
discovered the changes occurring in the embryo-sac of flowering plants, and determined the correct relationships of these to the
136:
1730:
718:
551:
476:
and hundreds of other species. Reproduce by producing seeds most often in cones, many have adaptations to tolerate water loss
2211:
602:
555:
66:. The precise relationship between taxonomy and systematics, however, has changed along with the goals and methods employed.
574:
2533:
1661:
881:
226:
also treated them as a subdivision (Magnoliophytina), but later split it to
Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida, and Rosopsida. The
2380:
1967:
1482:
871:
55:
2760:
2733:
2624:
2462:
2216:
1087:
581:
1185:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
937:
Narrative of a Survey of the
Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia: Performed Between the Years 1818 and 1822
262:. A consensus about how the flowering plants should be arranged has recently begun to emerge through the work of the
258:
in 1968 and published in its full form in 1981, is still widely used but is no longer believed to accurately reflect
1153:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II"
148:
2748:
2196:
1180:
1148:
263:
2833:
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2346:
648:
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produced for reproduction require damp conditions for survival, many mosses are important to the early stages of
588:
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1379:
861:
540:
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846:
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109:, a group able to breed amongst themselves and bearing mutual resemblance, a broader classification is the
2728:
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2314:
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851:
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in the same sense, albeit with restricted application, in the names of the orders of his class
Didynamia.
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Plant taxonomy is well known for being turbulent, and traditionally not having any close agreement on
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2201:
2053:
1725:
1284:
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239:
62:, especially at the higher levels, whereas "plant taxonomy" deals with the actual handling of plant
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63:
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1952:
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992:
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follows a system of rules that standardizes the results, and groups successive categories into a
48:
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2098:
2080:
2016:
1843:
1811:
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1022:
856:
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235:
17:
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2401:
2366:
2319:
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2021:
1848:
1826:
1792:
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1374:
1369:
759:
506:
397:
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285:
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126:
102:
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2437:
2185:
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2006:
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996:
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is the placing of known plants into groups or categories to show some relationship.
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340:(or tricolpates), with most of the remaining going into another major clade with the
289:
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223:
219:
169:
2432:
2422:
2324:
2048:
2033:
1542:
1509:
1088:"As easy as APG III – Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants"
510:
473:
443:
333:
325:
305:
250:
The internal classification of this group has undergone considerable revision. The
1260:
438:
Identifiable root, leaf and stem systems but still produce spores instead of seed
175:
The terms angiosperms and gymnosperm fundamentally changed meaning in 1827, when
2248:
2233:
2228:
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1090:(Press release). The Linnean Society of London. 8 October 2009. Archived from
1027:
739:
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98:
90:
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2011:
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692:
652:
384:
318:
309:
259:
184:
94:
59:
1091:
988:
717:
using ICN guidelines. The names of these plants are then registered on the
27:
Scientific study of identifying, classifying, describing, and naming plants
191:
was, from then-on, applied to seed plants with naked ovules, and the term
51:(the science that finds, describes, classifies, and names living things).
2427:
2417:
2361:
2356:
2123:
1996:
1972:
1889:
1559:
1344:
1264:
686:
337:
336:; nevertheless, the majority of dicot species fall into a clade with the
304:
to which the
Cronquist system ascribes the classes Magnoliopsida (from "
43:
is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names
1612:
1607:
1524:
1514:
1224:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
1213:
813:
710:
469:
465:
106:
979:
962:
2065:
1957:
1911:
1877:
1831:
1821:
1782:
1720:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1300:
660:
393:
165:
30:"Systematic botany" redirects here. For the scientific journal, see
1255:
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2070:
1962:
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1894:
1882:
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1415:
1406:
1124:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
668:
505:
Includes around 250,000 species divided into two main classes the
329:
113:. Several genera make up a family, and several families an order.
110:
74:
44:
38:
281:
Traditionally, the flowering plants are divided into two groups,
2140:
2135:
1787:
1627:
1602:
1597:
1581:
1552:
1440:
313:
2522:
1273:
701:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
2060:
1622:
523:
324:
Recent studies, as per the APG, show that the monocots form a
141:
129:
214:(lit. 'flower-plants') a second choice (both unranked). The
1269:
520:
Identification, classification and description of plants
367:
The plant kingdom is divided according to the following:
312:"). Other descriptive names allowed by Article 16 of the
392:
No vascular system, distinctive vegetative structures,
179:
determined the existence of truly-naked ovules in the
2856:
2806:
2797:
2689:
2582:
2564:
2557:
2446:
2410:
2300:
2173:
2089:
1985:
1935:
1660:
1590:
1533:
1495:
1469:
1405:
1325:
222:treated them as a subdivision (Angiospermae). The
1058:
1056:
1043:
1041:
1261:Tracking Plant Taxonomy Updates discussion group
721:along with all other validly published names.
709:is a formal description of a newly discovered
234:treat them as a division (Magnoliophyta). The
2534:
1285:
963:"The origin of Darwin's 'abominable mystery'"
956:
954:
513:, produce seeds that are protected by fruits
8:
2391:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1143:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
877:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
796:taxonomic classification of flowering plants
1074:
558:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
242:treat them as a class (Magnoliopsida). The
2803:
2579:
2561:
2541:
2527:
2519:
1492:
1292:
1278:
1270:
369:
1239:
1222:Chase, Mark W.; Reveal, James L. (2009).
1212:
1202:
1170:
978:
622:Learn how and when to remove this message
2335:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1228:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1190:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1158:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1009:
914:
893:
1172:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x
105:. The basic unit of classification is
842:American Society of Plant Taxonomists
125:, or flowering plant, comes from the
7:
1025:(29 April 1996). "Magnoliophytina".
961:Buggs, Richard J.A. (January 2021).
556:adding citations to reliable sources
54:Plant taxonomy is closely allied to
47:. It is one of the main branches of
1062:
1047:
164:, which were flowering plants with
902:Principles of Horticulture, 4th Ed
25:
2844:Commonly fossilised invertebrates
2340:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
831:Category: Online botany databases
731:List of systems of plant taxonomy
663:belong is classified as follows:
79:list of systems of plant taxonomy
2503:
2502:
1241:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
1204:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
1117:
935:. In King, Philip Parker (ed.).
528:
939:. J. Murray. pp. 534–565.
719:International Plant Names Index
929:"Character and description of
764:angiosperm phylogeny group III
1:
882:Taxonomy of cultivated plants
774:angiosperm phylogeny group IV
754:angiosperm phylogeny group II
152:; 'seed'); in 1690, the term
2381:History of plant systematics
1968:Thorns, spines, and prickles
872:History of plant systematics
142:
130:
713:, usually in the form of a
425:Also a member of Bryophyta
332:), but that the dicots are
2899:
2197:Alternation of generations
967:American Journal of Botany
786:a system of plant taxonomy
744:angiosperm phylogeny group
728:
264:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
147:
135:
29:
2498:
2347:Cultivated plant taxonomy
2310:Biological classification
1307:
649:Scientific classification
308:") and Liliopsida (from "
117:History of classification
2207:Evolutionary development
862:Environmental protection
140:; 'bottle, vessel') and
18:Classification of plants
1858:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
1140:Encyclopædia Britannica
1075:Chase & Reveal 2009
1021:Frohne & Jensen ex
904:. Elsevier. p. 28.
847:Biophysical environment
2473:by author abbreviation
2397:Plant taxonomy systems
2315:Botanical nomenclature
927:Brown, Robert (1827).
852:Botanical nomenclature
725:Classification systems
2480:Botanical expeditions
2212:Evolutionary history
2202:Double fertilization
2054:Cellular respiration
703:abbreviated as ICN.
655:. For example, the
645:Plant classification
638:Plant identification
552:improve this section
348:, plus the families
240:Thorne system (1992)
1431:Non-vascular plants
1094:on 26 November 2010
489:Only member is the
451:Same as horsetails
363:, the Plant Kingdom
121:The botanical term
1936:Surface structures
1731:Flower development
2870:
2869:
2852:
2851:
2834:Cultivated plants
2829:
2828:
2793:
2792:
2516:
2515:
2155:Herbaceous plants
1981:
1980:
1256:Plant systematics
980:10.1002/ajb2.1592
707:Plant description
632:
631:
624:
606:
517:
516:
502:Flowering plants
346:basal angiosperms
274:in 2009, and the
73:and placement of
56:plant systematics
32:Systematic Botany
16:(Redirected from
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2580:
2562:
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2520:
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2485:Individual trees
2160:Secondary growth
2131:Succulent plants
2119:Prostrate shrubs
2002:Apical dominance
1987:Plant physiology
1948:Epicuticular wax
1493:
1486:
1477:Plant morphology
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808:Online databases
792:Cronquist system
715:scientific paper
627:
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571:"Plant taxonomy"
564:
532:
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418:Anthocerotophyta
370:
350:Ceratophyllaceae
295:Monocotyledoneae
256:Arthur Cronquist
252:Cronquist system
232:Cronquist system
228:Takhtajan system
216:Wettstein system
151:
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2652:B. integrifolia
2578:
2553:
2547:
2517:
2512:
2494:
2463:Botanical terms
2456:
2442:
2406:
2352:Citrus taxonomy
2330:Author citation
2296:
2190:
2169:
2091:
2085:
2081:Turgor pressure
1989:
1977:
1931:
1746:Floral symmetry
1664:
1656:
1586:
1575:Vascular bundle
1570:Vascular tissue
1529:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1465:
1436:Vascular plants
1401:
1397:Plant pathology
1321:
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1298:
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1133:, ed. (1911). "
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857:Citrus taxonomy
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802:Melchior system
735:These include;
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563:
549:
533:
522:
412:Same as mosses
365:
236:Dahlgren system
119:
87:
71:circumscription
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2883:Plant taxonomy
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2453:Related topics
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2320:Botanical name
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2302:Plant taxonomy
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2292:
2287:
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2278:Megasporangium
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2266:Microsporangia
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2104:Cushion plants
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2039:Plant hormones
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2022:Photosynthesis
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1741:Floral formula
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1736:Floral diagram
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1665:(incl. Flower)
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1011:
1010:Chisholm 1911
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782:Bessey system
780:
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770:APG IV system
768:
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750:APG II system
748:
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675:Magnoliophyta
672:
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659:to which the
658:
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642:
639:
635:
626:
623:
615:
612:November 2022
604:
601:
597:
594:
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583:
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576:
573: –
572:
568:
567:Find sources:
561:
557:
553:
547:
546:
542:
537:This section
535:
531:
526:
525:
519:
512:
508:
504:
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499:
496:
495:
492:
491:ginkgo biloba
488:
485:
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480:
479:
475:
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467:
463:
460:
458:
457:Coniferophyta
455:
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431:Equisetophyta
429:
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296:
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291:
290:Magnoliopsida
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
277:
276:APG IV system
273:
270:in 2003, the
269:
268:APG II system
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:Reveal system
221:
220:Engler system
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
170:Carl Linnaeus
167:
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52:
50:
46:
42:
40:
33:
19:
2813:
2799:Polyphyletic
2782:Homo sapiens
2781:
2754:
2696:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2618:
2609:
2597:
2590:
2589:
2566:Monophyletic
2433:Horticulture
2423:Floriculture
2325:Correct name
2301:
2175:Reproduction
2165:Woody plants
2090:Plant growth
2049:Gas Exchange
2034:Phytomelanin
1912:Plant embryo
1662:Reproductive
1510:Phragmoplast
1231:
1227:
1194:
1188:
1162:
1156:
1138:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:the original
1082:
1070:
1032:
1026:
1017:
1005:
973:(1): 22–36.
970:
966:
936:
930:
922:
917:, p. 9.
910:
901:
896:
828:
795:
785:
773:
763:
753:
743:
734:
705:
697:
643:
636:
633:
618:
609:
599:
592:
585:
578:
566:
550:Please help
538:
511:dicotyledons
474:Cupressaceae
444:Pteridophyta
366:
360:
334:paraphyletic
326:monophyletic
323:
306:Magnoliaceae
303:
280:
249:
209:
198:
192:
188:
177:Robert Brown
174:
162:Gymnospermae
158:Paul Hermann
154:Angiospermae
153:
122:
120:
88:
68:
53:
37:
36:
2771:Vertebrates
2761:Lepidoptera
2734:Brachiopoda
2703:Gastropoda
2680:Pachypodium
2625:Orchidaceae
2249:Pollen tube
2244:Pollinators
2234:Pollination
2229:Germination
2044:Respiration
2027:Chlorophyll
1873:Pedicellate
1807:Gametophyte
1726:Aestivation
1677:Antheridium
1672:Archegonium
1520:Plasmodesma
1497:Plant cells
1360:Paleobotany
1355:Ethnobotany
1340:Astrobotany
1214:10654/18083
1135:Angiosperms
641:are known.
498:Angiosperms
482:Ginkgophyta
435:Horsetails
409:Liverworts
405:Hepatophyta
205:Cryptogamia
187:. The term
2749:Dermaptera
2744:Scorpiones
2638:Adenanthos
2271:Microspore
2261:Sporangium
2239:Artificial
1927:Sporophyte
1922:Sporophyll
1917:Receptacle
1812:Gynandrium
1682:Androecium
1591:Vegetative
1461:Angiosperm
1456:Gymnosperm
1350:Dendrology
1028:Phytologia
888:References
740:APG system
681:Liliopsida
673:Division:
582:newspapers
422:Hornworts
342:magnoliids
319:cotyledons
299:Liliopsida
244:APG system
212:Anthophyta
201:Hofmeister
193:angiosperm
189:gymnosperm
123:angiosperm
99:polyploidy
91:cell walls
85:Background
77:. See the
2776:Lemuridae
2766:Lucanidae
2755:Anopheles
2660:Cactaceae
2619:Narcissus
2604:Liliaceae
2468:Botanists
2386:Herbarium
2283:Megaspore
2181:Evolution
2124:Subshrubs
2092:and habit
2017:Nutrition
2012:Cellulose
2007:Bulk flow
1990:Materials
1953:Epidermis
1817:Gynoecium
1798:Endosperm
1793:Dispersal
1709:Staminode
1645:Sessility
1633:Cataphyll
1553:Mesophyll
1505:Cell wall
1446:Lycophyte
1426:Bryophyte
1380:Geobotany
1365:Phycology
1098:2 October
997:231689158
945:185517977
867:Herbarium
819:EPPO Code
693:Liliaceae
667:Kingdom:
653:hierarchy
539:does not
464:Includes
461:Conifers
385:Bryophyta
328:group (a
317:have two
310:Liliaceae
278:in 2016.
260:phylogeny
199:In 1851,
185:Coniferae
95:cellulose
64:specimens
60:evolution
2877:Category
2821:Diatomea
2815:Protista
2807:Protists
2729:Bivalvia
2724:Conoidea
2698:Animalia
2631:Triticum
2574:Bacteria
2550:Taxonomy
2508:Category
2428:Forestry
2418:Agronomy
2411:Practice
2362:Cultivar
2357:Cultigen
2217:timeline
2109:Rosettes
1997:Aleurone
1973:Trichome
1890:Perianth
1702:Filament
1560:Meristem
1483:glossary
1345:Bryology
1265:Facebook
1183:(2009).
1151:(2003).
1063:APG 2009
1048:APG 2003
1035:(2): 70.
989:33482683
836:See also
691:Family:
687:Liliales
338:eudicots
181:Cycadeae
166:achenial
93:made of
49:taxonomy
41:taxonomy
2863:Viruses
2739:Araneae
2690:Animals
2673:Drosera
2645:Banksia
2591:Plantae
2186:Ecology
1943:Cuticle
1773:Capsule
1763:Anatomy
1714:Tapetum
1638:Petiole
1613:Rhizome
1608:Rhizoid
1535:Tissues
1525:Vacuole
1515:Plastid
1317:Outline
1312:History
1128::
1111:Sources
814:Ecocrop
711:species
685:Order:
679:Class:
669:Plantae
596:scholar
560:removed
545:sources
486:Ginkgo
470:Taxales
466:Pinales
389:Mosses
376:Common
361:Plantae
137:ἀγγεῖον
131:angeíon
107:species
2666:Citrus
2610:Tulipa
2598:Allium
2583:Plants
2552:of ...
2490:Plants
2393:(IAPT)
2146:Lianas
2114:Shrubs
2066:Starch
1958:Nectar
1878:Raceme
1844:Stigma
1832:Locule
1822:Carpel
1783:Pyrena
1721:Flower
1697:Anther
1692:Stamen
1687:Pollen
1409:groups
1301:Botany
1122:
1023:Reveal
995:
987:
943:
931:Kingia
661:lilies
657:family
598:
591:
584:
577:
569:
448:Ferns
394:spores
379:Notes
373:Latin
149:σπέρμα
143:spérma
45:plants
2857:Other
2450:Lists
2367:Group
2290:Spore
2224:Flora
2141:Vines
2136:Trees
2099:Habit
2071:Sugar
1963:Stoma
1905:Sepal
1900:Petal
1895:Tepal
1883:Umbel
1868:Bract
1849:Style
1837:Ovule
1827:Ovary
1768:Berry
1758:Fruit
1751:Whorl
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1416:Algae
1407:Plant
993:S2CID
603:JSTOR
589:books
330:clade
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111:genus
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2717:1997
2712:2005
2707:2017
2558:Life
2372:Grex
2254:Self
1788:Seed
1650:Stem
1628:Leaf
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1598:Bulb
1582:Wood
1543:Cork
1441:Fern
1100:2009
985:PMID
941:OCLC
829:See
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575:news
543:any
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