200:— to publish an annual register of ships. This publication attempted to classify the condition of the ship's hull and equipment. At that time, an attempt was made to classify the condition of each ship on an annual basis. The condition of the hull was classified A, E, I, O or U, according to the state of its construction and its adjudged continuing soundness (or lack thereof). Equipment was G, M, or B: simply, good, middling or bad. In time, G, M and B were replaced by 1, 2 and 3, which is the origin of the well-known expression 'A1', meaning 'first or highest class'. The purpose of this system was not to assess safety, fitness for purpose or seaworthiness of the ship. It was to evaluate risk.
272:
not issue statements or certifications that a vessel is 'fit to sail' or 'unfit to sail', merely that the vessel is in compliance with the required codes. This is in part related to legal liability of the classification society. However, each of the classification societies has developed a series of notations that may be granted to a vessel to indicate that it is in compliance with some additional criteria that may be either specific to that vessel type or that are in excess of the standard classification requirements. See
36:
109:. Classification societies certify that the construction of a vessel complies with relevant standards and carry out regular surveys in service to ensure continuing compliance with the standards. Currently, more than 50 organizations describe their activities as including marine classification, twelve of which are members of the
195:
after the practice of signing one's name to the bottom of a document pledging to make good a portion of the losses if the ship didn't make it in return for a portion of the profits. It did not take long to realize that the underwriters needed a way of assessing the quality of the ships that they were
271:
As the classification profession evolved, the practice of assigning different classifications has been superseded, with some exceptions. Today a ship either meets the relevant class society's rules or it does not. As a consequence, it is either 'in' or 'out' of 'class'. Classification societies do
232:
in 1832. Lloyd's
Register reconstituted in 1834 to become 'Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping'. Where previously surveys had been undertaken by retired sea captains, from this time surveyors started to be employed and Lloyd's Register formed a General Committee for the running of the
1348:
However, largely due to the commercial pressure exercised on the classification societies, and to the growing number of organisations operating in the field without having sufficient expertise and professionalism, the confidence of the shipping community in these organisations has declined in the
236:
In 1834, the
Register Society published the first Rules for the survey and classification of vessels, and changed its name to Lloyds Register of Shipping. A full-time bureaucracy of surveyors (inspectors) and support personnel was put in place. Similar developments were taking place in the other
1272:
Such a certificate does not imply, and should not be construed as an express warranty of safety, fitness for purpose or seaworthiness of the ship. It is an attestation only that the vessel is in compliance with the standards that have been developed and published by the society issuing the
349:
As well as providing classification and certification services, the larger societies also conduct research at their own research facilities in order to improve the effectiveness of their rules and to investigate the safety of new innovations in shipbuilding.
338:
Marine vessels and structures are classified according to the soundness of their structure and design for the purpose of the vessel. The classification rules are designed to ensure an acceptable degree of stability, safety, environmental impact, etc.
156:
Classification societies set technical rules based on experience and research, confirm that designs and calculations meet these rules, survey ships and structures during the process of construction and commissioning, and periodically survey
128:
on the ship, and may be required to be produced before a ship's entry into some ports or waterways, and may be of interest to charterers and potential buyers. To avoid liability, classification societies explicitly
210:"The ability of shipowners to insure themselves against the risks they take not only with their property, but with other peoples’ lives, is itself the greatest threat to the safe operation of ships."
1337:
The
Commission shares the concerns often expressed in various sectors of the maritime industry that the performance of classification societies does not always meet the standards required.
1296:
Put simply, the purpose of the classification certificate is not to guarantee safety, but merely to permit
Sundance to take advantage of the insurance rates available to a classed vessel.
1190:
375:
296:
284:
110:
295:
Currently, more than 50 organizations worldwide describe their activities as including marine classification, some of which are listed below. Twelve of these are members of the
287:) implemented the Transfer of Class Agreement (TOCA), whereby no member would accept a ship that had not carried out improvements demanded by its previous class society.
342:
In particular, classification societies may be authorised to inspect ships, oil rigs, submarines, and other marine structures and issue certificates on behalf of the
137:
of the ship, but is a verification only that the vessel is in compliance with the classification standards of the society issuing the classification certificate.
1415:
1285:
179:
inspect ships to make sure that the ship, its components and machinery are built and maintained according to the standards required for their class.
1430:
994:
196:
being asked to insure. In 1760, the
Register Society was formed — the first classification society and the one which would subsequently become
145:
555:
265:
170:
919:
76:
240:
The adoption of common rules for ship construction by
Norwegian insurance societies in the late 1850s led to the establishment of
188:
58:
1204:
1322:
1253:
701:
279:
There have always been concerns that competitive pressure might lead to falling standards – as expressed for example by the
1055:
1372:
672:
584:
191:
coffee house to gossip and make deals including sharing the risks and rewards of individual voyages. This became known as
98:
940:
877:
757:
169:. This survey process covers diesel engines, important shipboard pumps and other vital machinery. Since the 1950s, the
898:
820:
799:
605:
463:
304:
54:
1342:
Communication from the
Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Safety of the Seaborne Oil Trade
651:
233:
Society and for the Rules regarding ship construction and maintenance, which began to be published from this time.
1339:
1097:
1034:
736:
442:
245:
825:
161:
to ensure that they continue to meet the rules. Classification societies are also responsible for classing
1291:
328:
46:
1141:
856:
187:
In the second half of the 18th century, London merchants, shipowners, and captains often gathered at
533:
383:
332:
312:
308:
283:. To counteract class hopping, in 2009, the International Association of Classification Societies (
280:
260:
197:
1201:, an incident and following lawsuit that could have radically changed the role of class societies.
1195:
1076:
512:
254:
241:
778:
1318:
324:
121:
106:
574:
176:
125:
1227:
726:
316:
203:
1231:
101:
that establishes and maintains technical standards for the construction and operation of
17:
1400:
1131:
404:
221:
1424:
320:
218:
was published by Lloyd's
Register in 1764 and was for use in the years 1764 to 1766.
134:
691:
192:
162:
1264:
144:
in accordance with the legislation of participating states giving effect to the
27:
Organisation establishing technical standards for ships and offshore structures
343:
130:
124:
is required for a ship's owner to be able to register the ship and to obtain
1087:
1045:
662:
273:
166:
1309:
624:
1173:
1152:
789:
102:
173:
has classified nuclear ships, the only classification society to do so.
1360:
984:
846:
768:
595:
523:
474:
225:
1384:
1108:
1024:
1005:
909:
888:
747:
394:
1066:
930:
867:
810:
545:
453:
415:
229:
965:
502:
335:, often located at ports and office buildings around the world.
158:
1388:
1287:
The
Sundancer (7 F.301 1077) per George C Pratt, Circuit Judge
484:
300:
120:
issued by a classification society recognised by the proposed
29:
1162:
268:(RS) was an early offshoot of the River Register of 1913.
1311:
The
Tankship Tromedy, The Impending Disasters in Tankers
133:
responsibility for the safety, fitness for purpose, or
1191:
International Association of Classification Societies
297:
International Association of Classification Societies
111:
International Association of Classification Societies
1228:"Top 100 2012: the top 10 classification societies"
252:, to meet the needs of Italian maritime operators.
248:was founded in Genoa, Italy in 1861 under the name
1416:IACS document explaining Classification societies
1317:, Tavernier, Florida: CTX Press, pp. 9–11,
1118:
832:
954:
945:
715:
706:
488:
206:pointed out the obvious downside of insurance:
677:
560:
8:
1222:
1220:
610:
57:. There might be a discussion about this on
357:
1120:Registro Brasileiro de Navios e Aeronaves
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1216:
171:USSR (now Russian) Register of Shipping
995:Overseas Marine Certification Services
562:Российский морской регистр судоходства
146:International Convention on Load Lines
1056:International Maritime Classification
556:Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
266:Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
7:
1254:"What are classification societies?"
142:International Load Line Certificates
140:Classification societies also issue
920:International Register of Shipping
425:Austrian Veritas/Adriatic Veritas
315:. Classification societies employ
25:
165:, other offshore structures, and
821:Indonesian Classification Bureau
354:List of classification societies
95:ship classification organisation
34:
1361:Procedure for Transfer of Class
1205:European Maritime Safety Agency
1015:Iranian Classification Society
702:Bulgarian Register of Shipping
1:
1431:Ship classification societies
1373:Croatian Register of Shipping
1163:Ships Classification Malaysia
947:Регістр судноплавства України
673:Croatian Register of Shipping
652:Korean Classification Society
634:Phoenix Register of Shipping
585:Hellenic Register of Shipping
99:non-governmental organization
941:Shipping Register of Ukraine
878:Registro Internacional Naval
758:China Classification Society
258:(GL) was formed in 1867 and
1273:classification certificate.
1263:, p. 2, archived from
1098:Asia Classification Society
899:Indian Register of Shipping
800:Korean Register of Shipping
606:Polish Register of Shipping
464:American Bureau of Shipping
305:American Bureau of Shipping
91:ship classification society
1447:
975:Dromon Bureau of Shipping
834:Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia
708:Български Корабен Регистър
118:classification certificate
1035:Maritime Bureau of Africa
955:
946:
737:CR Classification Society
716:
707:
679:Hrvatski Registar Brodova
561:
214:The first edition of the
443:Registro Italiano Navale
250:Registro Italiano Navale
237:major maritime nations.
177:Classification surveyors
18:Classification societies
1399:Since 2004 merged into
1383:Since 2013 merged into
1308:Devanney, Jack (2006),
264:(ClassNK) in 1899. The
1119:
833:
678:
612:Polski Rejestr Statków
611:
489:
1340:COM(2000) 142 final,
333:electrical engineers
329:mechanical engineers
327:, piping engineers,
224:(BV) was founded in
47:confusing or unclear
1387:which rebranded to
534:Nippon Kaiji Kyokai
359:
309:Nippon Kaiji Kyokai
281:European Commission
261:Nippon Kaiji Kyokai
228:in 1828, moving to
107:offshore structures
55:clarify the article
513:Germanischer Lloyd
490:Det Norske Veritas
358:
325:material engineers
299:. The largest are
255:Germanischer Lloyd
242:Det Norske Veritas
1182:
1181:
1142:MY Classification
216:Register of Ships
87:
86:
79:
16:(Redirected from
1438:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1290:, archived from
1282:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1224:
1122:
958:
957:
949:
948:
885:1973–2004
857:Vietnam Register
836:
829:
719:
718:
710:
709:
681:
614:
575:Saint Petersburg
564:
563:
520:1867–2013
492:
431:1858–1921
384:Lloyd's Register
360:
317:naval architects
313:Lloyd's Register
198:Lloyd's Register
152:Responsibilities
126:marine insurance
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
38:
37:
30:
21:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1349:recent decades.
1346:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1294:on 2010-05-16,
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:on 2007-01-19,
1267:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1187:
943:
830:
823:
704:
675:
608:
558:
356:
293:
276:as an example.
244:(DNV) in 1864.
204:Samuel Plimsoll
185:
154:
83:
72:
66:
63:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1444:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1410:External links
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:Bureau Veritas
1392:
1376:
1364:
1353:
1329:
1323:
1300:
1277:
1244:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:Rio de Janeiro
1129:
1126:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
987:
982:
979:
976:
972:
971:
968:
963:
960:
951:
937:
936:
933:
928:
925:
922:
916:
915:
912:
907:
904:
903:IRCLASS (IRS)
901:
895:
894:
891:
886:
883:
880:
874:
873:
870:
865:
862:
859:
853:
852:
849:
844:
841:
838:
817:
816:
813:
808:
805:
802:
796:
795:
792:
787:
784:
781:
775:
774:
771:
766:
763:
760:
754:
753:
750:
745:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
724:
721:
712:
698:
697:
694:
689:
686:
683:
669:
668:
665:
660:
657:
654:
648:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
622:
619:
616:
602:
601:
598:
593:
590:
587:
581:
580:
577:
572:
569:
566:
552:
551:
548:
543:
540:
537:
530:
529:
526:
521:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
500:
497:
494:
481:
480:
477:
472:
469:
466:
460:
459:
456:
451:
448:
445:
439:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
422:
421:
418:
413:
410:
407:
405:Bureau Veritas
401:
400:
397:
392:
389:
386:
380:
379:
373:
370:
367:
364:
355:
352:
321:ship surveyors
311:(ClassNK) and
292:
289:
222:Bureau Veritas
212:
211:
189:Edward Lloyd's
184:
181:
153:
150:
85:
84:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1443:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:Successor is
1368:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
988:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:
969:
967:
964:
961:
952:
942:
939:
938:
934:
932:
929:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
913:
911:
908:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
892:
890:
887:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
871:
869:
866:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
850:
848:
845:
842:
839:
835:
827:
822:
819:
818:
814:
812:
809:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
793:
791:
788:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
767:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
751:
749:
746:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
730:
728:
725:
722:
713:
703:
700:
699:
695:
693:
690:
687:
684:
680:
674:
671:
670:
666:
664:
661:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
626:
623:
620:
617:
613:
607:
604:
603:
599:
597:
594:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
578:
576:
573:
570:
567:
557:
554:
553:
549:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:
527:
525:
522:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
501:
498:
495:
491:
486:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
455:
452:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
423:
419:
417:
414:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
396:
393:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
377:
374:
371:
368:
366:Abbreviation
365:
362:
361:
353:
351:
347:
345:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
290:
288:
286:
282:
277:
275:
269:
267:
263:
262:
257:
256:
251:
247:
243:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
217:
209:
208:
207:
205:
201:
199:
194:
190:
182:
180:
178:
174:
172:
168:
164:
163:oil platforms
160:
151:
149:
148:(CLL 66/88).
147:
143:
138:
136:
135:seaworthiness
132:
127:
123:
122:ship register
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
81:
78:
70:
67:November 2008
60:
59:the talk page
56:
50:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
1395:
1379:
1367:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1292:the original
1286:
1280:
1271:
1265:the original
1260:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1232:Lloyd's List
1196:
372:Head office
348:
341:
337:
294:
278:
270:
259:
253:
249:
239:
235:
220:
215:
213:
202:
193:underwriting
186:
175:
155:
141:
139:
117:
115:
94:
90:
88:
73:
64:
53:Please help
44:
1077:Dutch Lloyd
824: [
1324:0977647900
1211:References
779:Turk Loydu
536:(ClassNK)
344:flag state
167:submarines
49:to readers
1261:eagle.org
1199:oil spill
1088:Eindhoven
1046:Cape Town
663:Pyongyang
274:Ice class
1425:Category
1197:Prestige
1185:See also
1174:Malaysia
1153:Malaysia
790:Istanbul
643:Piraeus
434:Trieste
378:member?
131:disclaim
1344:, p. 19
985:Piraeus
882:RINAVE
847:Jakarta
769:Beijing
596:Piraeus
524:Hamburg
475:Houston
226:Antwerp
183:History
159:vessels
45:may be
1385:DNV GL
1321:
1252:IACS,
1237:13 May
1109:Tehran
1025:Tehran
1006:Panama
910:Mumbai
889:Lisbon
748:Taipei
625:Gdańsk
395:London
303:, the
1351:p. 23
1315:(PDF)
1268:(PDF)
1257:(PDF)
1170:1994
1149:2021
1128:1982
1125:RBNA
1105:1980
1084:2018
1067:Dubai
1063:2015
1042:2014
1021:2006
1002:2004
999:OMCS
981:2003
962:1998
931:Miami
927:1993
906:1975
868:Hanoi
864:1964
843:1964
828:]
811:Busan
807:1960
786:1962
765:1956
744:1951
727:Varna
723:1950
714:BRS (
692:Split
688:1949
659:1947
640:2000
637:PHRS
621:1936
592:1919
571:1913
546:Tokyo
542:1899
499:1864
471:1862
454:Genoa
450:1861
447:RINA
416:Paris
412:1828
391:1760
369:Date
363:Name
291:Today
230:Paris
103:ships
97:is a
1319:ISBN
1239:2013
1167:SCM
1146:MYC
1102:ACS
1060:IMC
1039:MBA
1018:ICS
978:DBS
966:Kyiv
953:RU (
924:IRS
914:Yes
840:BKI
815:Yes
794:Yes
773:Yes
762:CCS
696:Yes
685:CRS
656:KCS
629:Yes
618:PRS
550:Yes
507:Yes
503:Oslo
496:DNV
479:Yes
468:ABS
458:Yes
420:Yes
399:Yes
376:IACS
331:and
285:IACS
246:RINA
105:and
1389:DNV
1178:No
1157:No
1136:No
1113:No
1092:No
1081:DL
1071:No
1050:No
1029:No
1010:No
989:No
970:No
935:No
893:No
872:No
861:VR
851:No
804:KR
783:TL
752:No
741:CR
731:No
717:БКР
667:No
646:No
600:No
589:HR
579:No
568:RS
539:NK
528:No
517:GL
485:DNV
428:AV
409:BV
388:LR
301:DNV
93:or
1427::
1259:,
1230:.
1219:^
959:)
956:РУ
950:)
837:)
826:id
720:)
711:)
682:)
615:)
565:)
493:)
437:—
346:.
323:,
319:,
307:,
116:A
113:.
89:A
1241:.
944:(
831:(
705:(
676:(
609:(
559:(
487:(
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
61:.
51:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.