320:, and that "the matters whereof she is guilty are already so plain and manifest (being also confessed by her two secretaries), as it is thought, they shall required no long debating". During his questioning, Nau said that Mary was averse to plans to invade England and replace Elizabeth, known as the "Enterprise", considering that she might have to renounce her claim to the throne in favour of her son James VI, or that neither she or her son would gain the English throne. Nau claimed Mary only wished to intervene or interfere in Scotland.
331:. He suggested that Mary was not guilty because she had no freedom of action. He said he had tried not to prejudice Mary during his questioning by Cecil and Walsingham. He had not taken any bribes from Elizabeth, and the only gift he had from her was her portrait in miniature or in cameo framed in ebony, which he was given in November 1585. Nau gave this portrait to Mary.
138:
In the same month, Claude Nau wrote twice to his brother, du
Ruisseau, using cipher codes. He hoped that du Ruisseau could be promoted to be treasurer of Mary's French dowry in place of René Dolu, and that du Ruisseau would speak to his own advantage at the French court. Nau also asked him to buy
278:
in London. Nau was watched or supervised by a man called
Anthony Hall, a Mr Mills, and John Allen. Allen was later accused of allowing Nau to correspond with Bess Pierrepont. Elizabeth I considered that neither Nau or Curle were so desperate that they might kill themselves.
323:
Mary thought that her secretaries, Nau and Curle, and the clerk
Pasquier, had betrayed her, and she altered her will. After Mary's execution, Nau returned to France where he was exonerated from accusations of treachery to Mary by the King and the Duke of Guise.
155:, although Nau be referring to the packaging of the bracelets and stone "closed-up in a small box under seal". Nau advised that the precious stone would cost less from a specialist lapidary than from a goldsmith, and prices were cheaper because of the
130:
had painted Mary's portrait, at this time he was in France. A surviving miniature portrait of Mary, in a later setting, the Blairs jewel, may date from this period and is associated with
Elizabeth Curle, the sister of Mary's Scottish secretary
86:. Nau was frequently mentioned in Mary's correspondence, and many of his own letters survive. In January 1577, Nau sent cipher code keys to his brother-in-law the treasurer Jean de Champhuon, sieur du Ruisseau, to Mr Douglas, to
198:
Claude's brother-in-law, the Sieur de
Fontenay, sent from France, had more success. Fontenay was able to meet James VI in August 1584. Fontenay wrote to Claude Nau about his good reception, James had met him in his cabinet at
143:), a pair of bracelets made in the latest fashion, and a diamond or emerald shaped like a heart or triangle. A case for a miniature portrait was sometimes known as a "picture box" in English, as
43:, an advocate who married Nau's sister Claire in 1563, also joined Mary's service. An account of the death of Mary, Queen of Scots, mentions that Ruisseau was Claude Nau's brother-in-law, a
250:. Mary was in favour of her marriage, but it seems her father had other ideas and removed her from the household. The journal of the last days of Mary's household written by the physician
369:, of the banquet for the Patriarch of Venice, where a buffet laden with Venetian glass was deliberately tipped over to impress the envoy with an idea of Scotland's material wealth.
342:
discovered Nau's memoirs of Mary and her history and published these works in 1883. Stevenson also attributed a treatise in French on Mary's title to the
English throne to Nau.
215:. Mary wanted Bess of Hardwick and her sons to acknowledge before the French ambassador that rumours about her were untrue. Nau also hoped to put forward the idea of the "
216:
230:
While
Fontenay was still in Edinburgh, in March 1585, he warned Nau that a rumour was circulating at the Scottish court that Mary made him sleep with her (
195:, he had no papers from Elizabeth. The Privy Council of Scotland issued a proclamation that he deserved punishment and should be commanded to depart.
658:
Almudena Pérez de Tudela Gabaldón, "Medals, Cameos, and
Miniatures: Small Format Female Portraits at the Court of Philip II", Noelia García Pérez,
663:
1094:
1079:
254:
suggests she remained with Mary, and mentions the discovery of a promise or contract of marriage discovered after Nau's papers were searched.
67:
107:
79:
187:
would not allow him an audience, apparently because Mary's letter was addressed to her son, not the King. Although Nau was accompanied by
1089:
614:
40:
282:
223:, made it known that James was not about to accept joint rule. Nau was informed of plans to move Mary to another lodging, at
247:
219:", a scheme to return Mary to Scotland as joint ruler with her son. However, James VI and another Scottish diplomat, the
660:
Portraiture, Gender, and Power in
Sixteenth-Century Art: Creating and Promoting the Public Image of Early Modern Women
220:
39:
Nau was a successful lawyer practicing in Paris. He was recruited by the Guise family in 1574 to be Mary's secretary.
91:
180:
538:
473:
159:. Mary considered other candidates to replace Dolu in October 1579, including the father-in-law of the writer
1084:
639:
313:
156:
687:
George Lasry, Norbert
Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo, "Deciphering Mary Stuart's lost letters from 1578-1584",
308:
and composing a reply from Mary (by discussion and dictation) which Gilbert Curle translated into English.
708:
574:
63:
55:
840:
111:
83:
786:
746:
559:
207:. On 15 November 1584, Nau came to London as Mary's ambassador and was lodged in a house belonging to
1074:
953:
414:
358:
243:
172:
24:
855:
317:
298:
251:
75:
59:
301:. Pasquier usually did his cipher work in Nau's chamber. Mary kept the letters in cipher herself.
309:
275:
192:
123:
554:
David A. H. B. Taylor, "Damnatio Memoriae: Mary, Queen of Scots' Iconography", Steven J. Reid,
385:
305:
188:
127:
952:, vol. 9 (London, 1915), pp. 54-57 nos 49-50, 89-90 no. 80, 471 no. 378: George Lasry et al,
118:
had not completed the work to perfection. At this time, Mary was contemplating marriage with
960:
692:
458:
421:
339:
294:
212:
115:
71:
1043:
932:
646:
354:
286:
267:
204:
184:
119:
48:
453:
Jade Scott, 'Editing the Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots: The Challenges of Authorship',
285:, a servant who coded Mary's letters, was also arrested. Pasquier was questioned in the
328:
290:
234:), and so they should modify their familiar behaviour when the Master of Gray visited.
224:
160:
106:
In August 1577 Nau added a postscript to one of Mary's letters to her ally in France,
1068:
350:
271:
263:
200:
132:
413:, vol. 5 (London, 1852), p. 263: George Lasry, Norbert Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo,
346:
208:
964:
696:
462:
425:
362:
176:
114:, that he intended to send him the queen's portrait, but the painter working at
95:
87:
27:, in England from 1575 to 1586. He was involved in coding Mary's letters with
842:
Le Journal Inédit De Bourgoing Son Mèdecin La Correspondance D'Amyas Paulet
664:"Framing Miniatures in the 17th Century", Celine Cachaud et Philip Mould
211:. He spoke with Elizabeth, on the subject of Mary's allegations against
857:
The last days of Mary Stuart and the journal of Bourgoyne her physician
66:. On 29 March 1575, Elizabeth gave him a letter of introduction to the
372:
Nau started translating John Lesley's Latin history of Scotland, the
246:. In April 1586 he sent a friend to discuss marriage with her father
28:
242:
Nau had a relationship with a young woman in Mary's household,
883:
Mary, Queen of Scots. A journal of her twenty years' captivity
491:
De Vita Et Rebus Gestis Serenissimae Principis Mariae Scotorum
345:
Nau wrote a history of the years 1542 to 1545 which describes
293:
and the writing of cipher codes in Mary's household. He told
126:, and the Archbishop was her negotiator. Although the artist
62:. The King gave him diplomatic accreditation and sent him to
442:
Dire et vivre l'ordre social en France sous l'Ancien Régime
775:
Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the policy of Queen Elizabeth
171:
In June 1579, Mary sent Nau as her ambassador to her son,
954:'Deciphering Mary Stuart’s lost letters from 1578-1584',
615:
The Blairs Jewel: Mary Queen of Scots Miniature Reliquary
513:, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 113 no. 110: Henry Ellis,
415:'Deciphering Mary Stuart’s lost letters from 1578-1584',
376:, into French. He did not complete this historical work.
898:, series 2 vol. 3 (London, 1827), p. 169, 'Jacques Nau'.
817:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 278 no. 307, 296 no. 321.
629:, 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 234–235 no. 263, 241 no. 273.
274:. He seems to have lived comfortably with the family of
735:
HMC Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury at Hatfield
438:
English Catholic Exiles in Late Sixteenth-century Paris
139:
some jewellery; a locket with a catch or a sealed box (
710:
Memoirs of the Affairs of the Scotland by David Moysie
988:
Letters and Papers Relating to Patrick Master of Gray
558:(Edinburgh, 2024), pp. 41–45: Alexandre Labanoff,
937:Spycraft: Tricks and Tools of the Dangerous Trade
316:in September 1586 that Mary was to be moved to
910:, vol. 9 (Glasgow, 1915), pp. 281–282 no. 275.
830:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. 341-2 no. 366.
517:, series 1 vol. 2 (London, 1824), pp. 277–279.
203:, and lent him a horse to join the hunting at
361:in May 1544. He tells a story, also found in
304:Nau was accused of deciphering a letter from
232:que sa majeste vous faisoit coucher avec elle
98:, for use in their correspondence with Mary.
8:
1040:History of Mary Queen of Scots by Claude Nau
1016:(Edinburgh, 1883), pp. xii-lvii, xlvii-xlix.
777:, vol. 2 (Clarendon Press, 1925), pp. 238-9.
493:(London, 1725), p. 626: Sheila R. Richards,
978:, vol. 9 (Glasgow, 1915), pp. 30–31 no. 29.
529:, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 183 no. 190.
388:The History of Mary Stewart, by Claude Nau
74:. Nau was a replacement for the secretary
51:was Claude Nau's brother or half brother.
23:(d. 1605) was a confidential secretary of
950:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588
828:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586
815:Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586
764:, vol. 19 (London, 1916), pp. 38–39, 161.
723:Register of the Privy Council of Scotland
627:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1574–1581
576:Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1574–1581
497:(HMSO, 1974), pp. 21, 28: George Akrigg,
270:in 1586. They were escorted to London by
78:. He was known to Mary's ally in France,
1058:, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), pp. 524-529.
923:, vol. 8 (London, 1914), p. 621 no. 710.
501:(University of California, 1984), p. 55.
440:(Boydell, 2011), p. 79: Fanny Cosandey,
349:taking power in Scotland, possession of
762:Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth
712:(Edinburgh: Maitland Club, 1830), p. 23
402:
1027:History of Mary Stewart, by Claude Nau
1014:History of Mary Stewart, by Claude Nau
357:, and the exchequer. He describes the
725:, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1880), pp. 185-6
578:, 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 241 no. 272
7:
802:Secret Writing in the Public Records
649:Cotton Caligula CIII, 499 & 500.
603:Nicholas Hilliard: Life of an artist
495:Secret Writing in the Public Records
737:, vol. 3 (London, 1889), pp. 47-62.
258:Cipher codes and the Babington Plot
167:Negotiations in Scotland and London
141:une petite boite fermee et cachetee
691:, 47:2 (8 February 2023), p. 139.
14:
885:, 1 (Philadelphia, 1840), p. 228.
183:. However, the Scottish court at
41:Jean Champhuon, sieur du Ruisseau
676:Mary Queen of Scots in Captivity
641:Mary Queen of Scots in Captivity
592:(Sheffield, 1880), pp. 399, 403.
590:Mary Queen of Scots in Captivity
556:Afterlife of Mary Queen of Scots
499:Letters of King James VI & I
990:(Edinburgh, 1835), pp. 110-111.
563:, vol. 4 (London, 1852), p. 390
70:the Scottish Queen's keeper at
1056:Calendar State Papers Scotland
976:Calendar State Papers Scotland
921:Calendar State Papers Scotland
908:Calendar State Papers Scotland
870:Calendar State Papers Scotland
643:(Sheffield, 1880), pp. 398–399
527:Calendar State Papers Scotland
511:Calendar State Papers Scotland
386:Stevenson, Joseph, S.J., ed.,
1:
1095:French expatriates in England
1080:Court of Mary, Queen of Scots
965:10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
697:10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
463:10.1080/09699082.2023.2266059
426:10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
147:in French, and in Spanish, a
1042:(1883), pp. xii, xvii, from
804:(London: HMSO, 1974), p. 29.
419:, (8 Feb 2023), p. 91 fn.350
21:Claude Nau de la Boisseliere
1029:(Edinburgh, 1883), lii-lvi.
844:(Paris: Plon, 1876), p. 479
1111:
1090:16th-century French people
678:(Sheffield, 1880), p. 399.
262:Nau and another secretary
872:, vol. 9, p. 242 no. 238.
299:alphabets and cipher keys
54:Nau was presented by the
539:William Barclay Turnbull
474:William Barclay Turnbull
1003:(London, 1964), p. 142.
881:William Joseph Walter,
760:Sophie Crawford Lomas,
561:Lettres de Marie Stuart
545:(London, 1845), p. 251.
480:(London, 1845), p. 345.
457:, 30:4 (2023), p. 354.
411:Lettres de Marie Stuart
1001:An Elizabethan Problem
859:(London, 1907), p. 182
839:Régis de Chantelauze,
543:Letters of Mary Stuart
478:Letters of Mary Stuart
444:(Paris, 2005), p. 109.
327:In 1605, Nau wrote to
64:Elizabeth I of England
1046:, Cotton Titus C.xii.
958:(2023), p. 65 fn. 244
790:, 3, pp. 212–213, 215
605:(Yale, 2019), p. 131.
191:, Provost Marshal of
112:Archbishop of Glasgow
84:Archbishop of Glasgow
939:(Yale, 2024), p. 89.
935:& Pete Langman,
800:Sheila R. Richards,
674:John Daniel Leader,
638:John Daniel Leader,
601:Elizabeth Goldring,
588:John Daniel Leader,
359:burning of Edinburgh
244:Elizabeth Pierrepont
173:James VI of Scotland
145:une boîte à portrait
58:, Mary's nephew, to
25:Mary, Queen of Scots
788:Sadler State Papers
748:Sadler State Papers
662:(Routledge, 2024):
367:History of Scotland
252:Dominique Bourgoing
60:Henry III of France
1038:Joseph Stevenson,
1025:Joseph Stevenson,
1012:Joseph Stevenson,
707:James Dennistoun,
310:Francis Walsingham
297:that Nau kept the
276:Francis Walsingham
193:Berwick upon Tweed
124:Philip II of Spain
102:Sheffield portrait
68:Earl of Shrewsbury
390:(Edinburgh, 1883)
312:sent news to the
306:Anthony Babington
266:were arrested at
189:Nicolas Errington
128:Nicholas Hilliard
76:Augustine Raullet
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340:Joseph Stevenson
295:Thomas Phelippes
248:Henry Pierrepont
213:Bess of Hardwick
116:Sheffield Castle
72:Sheffield Castle
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380:Further reading
355:Falkland Palace
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287:Tower of London
283:Jérôme Pasquier
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205:Falkland Palace
185:Stirling Castle
169:
122:, a brother of
120:John of Austria
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49:Albert Fontenay
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826:William Boyd,
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813:William Boyd,
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773:Conyers Read,
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436:Katy Gibbons,
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329:James VI and I
314:Scottish Court
291:Babington Plot
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225:Tutbury Castle
221:Master of Gray
181:Bishop of Ross
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161:Adam Blackwood
157:wars in France
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80:James Beaton
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1075:1605 deaths
999:Leo Hicks,
956:Cryptologia
750:, 3, p. 209
689:Cryptologia
417:Cryptologia
363:John Lesley
217:association
177:John Lesley
96:Ralph Lygon
88:John Lesley
1069:Categories
397:References
374:De Origine
289:about the
238:Pierrepont
45:beau frere
17:Claude Nau
94:, and to
268:Chartley
645:citing
153:caxilla
47:, and
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