635:, who was at that time Dean of its School of Law. Steele had been accused of being lenient with Choudhry by allowing him to retain his position as Dean. Some attributed the perceived leniency to a purported exchange for a Law School faculty appointment. University officials denied the allegations. Despite this allegation, Steele had no involvement in the Law School case until after a faculty vote on his appointment to the school had been completed (44 in favor; 0 opposed). Faculty appointments are not made by Deans, but by a review and vote of the faculty themselves — precluding the kind of trading of appointments for favors implied in the allegation. In light of these and other facts, university officials dismissed the allegations. Steele also stated his regrets about not preemptively removing leadership to create a less threatening environment for the complainant.
31:
278:, Steele's passion for reading novels led to an interest in how the individual faces the social world. After being fully immersed in the Civil Rights Movement and the issues of racial equality, rights, and the nature of prejudice as a child, Steele formed a desire to study the topics in a scientific manner. He was especially keen to discover their effects on social relationships and quality of life. Steele was inspired by African-American social psychologist
371:, where he was a professor of psychology for eighteen years, receiving the title of Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences in 1997. At Stanford, he also served as chair of the Department of Psychology (1997–2000), director of the Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity (2002–2005), and director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (2005–2009), among various other positions.
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Steele has demonstrated the far-reaching implications of stereotype threat by showing that it is more likely to undermine the performance of individuals highly invested in the domain being threatened and that stereotype threat can even lead to Black people having significant negative health outcomes.
584:
Steele has spearheaded many successful interventions aimed at reducing the negative effects of stereotype threat, including how to provide critical feedback effectively to a student under the effects of stereotype threat, inspired by the motivating style of feedback of his graduate school adviser,
258:
and two other siblings, as being deeply interested in social issues and the civil rights movement of the 1950s and '60s. Steele remembers his father taking him and his brother to marches and rallies whenever possible. His father pushed him to achieve security in the context of securing employment,
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546:
Steele is best known for his work on stereotype threat and its application to explain real-world problems such as the underperformance of female students in mathematics and science classes as well as Black students in academic contexts. Steele first began to explore the issues surrounding
614:
contingencies or the cues in an environment that signal particular stereotypes attached to an aspect of one's identity can have a drastic negative effect on a person's functioning and how the effects can explain racial and gender performance gaps in
622:
Steele also offers a host of strategies for reducing stereotype threat and enhancing minority student performance; he hopes that society's knowledge of stereotype threat will lead to understanding and accepting diverse groups' differences.
1343:
Sherman, D. A. K., Nelson, L. D., & Steele, C. M. (2000). Do messages about health risks threaten the self? Increasing the acceptance of threatening health messages via self-affirmation. ‘’Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin,
1415:
Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., Steele, C. M., & Brown, J. (1999). When White men can't do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. ‘’Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 35’’:
1079:
Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), ‘’Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology’’ (Vol. 21, pp. 261-302). San Diego, California: Academic
1667:
1334:
Cohen, G. L., Aronson, J., & Steele, C. M. (2000). When beliefs yield to evidence: Reducing biased evaluation by affirming the self. ‘’Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 26’’(9): 1151-1164.
1316:
Steele, C. M. & Josephs, R. A. (1988). Drinking your troubles away II: An attention-allocation model of alcohol’s effect on psychological stress. ‘’Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 97’’(2): 196-205.
508:. The perception that they may be evaluated negatively by their willingness to engage in negative behaviors threatens their self-image. However, affirming a value in a domain completely unrelated to
1687:
1539:
Markus, H. R., Steele, C. M., & Steele, D. M. (2002). Color blindness as a barrier to inclusion: Assimilation and nonimmigrant minorities. R. A. Shweder, M. Minow, & H. R. Markus (Eds.)
1452:
Cohen, G. L., Steele, C. M., & Ross, L. D. (1999). The mentor's dilemma: Providing critical feedback across the racial divide. "Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 25": 1302-1318.
1425:
Blascovich, J., Spencer, S. J., Quinn, D. M., & Steele, C. M. (2001). African
Americans and high blood pressure: The role of stereotype threat. ‘’Psychological Science, 13”(3): 225-229.
364:, where he was a professor of psychology for four years. During the last two years, he simultaneously held the position of research scientist at Michigan's Institute for Social Research.
1464:
Steele, D. M., Steele, C. M., Markus, H. R., Lewis, A. E., Green, F., & Davies, P. G. (2008). How identity safety improves student achievement. Manuscript submitted for publication.
512:
but important to one's self-concept: joining a valued cause, or accomplishing more at work, will counter the negative effects of the self-image threat and re-establish self-integrity.
1052:
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of
African-Americans. ‘’Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62’’(1), 26-37.
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at the university. He discovered that the dropout rate for Black students was much higher than for their white peers even though they were good students and had received excellent
1289:
Steele, C. M., Southwick, L. L., & Critchlow, B. (1981). Dissonance and alcohol: Drinking your troubles away. ‘‘Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 41’’(5): 831-846.
1307:
Steele, C. M., Critchlow, B., & Liu, T. J. (1985). Alcohol and social behavior II: The helpful drunkard. ‘’Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 48’’(1): 35-46.
1298:
Steele, C. M., & Southwick, L. (1985). Alcohol and social behavior I: The psychology of drunken excess. ‘’Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48’’(1): 18-34.
386:
194:
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The theories of stereotype threat can be applied for better understanding group differences in performance not only in intellectual situations but also in athletics.
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732:
913:
2020 The Legacy Award from the Society of Personality and Social Psychology. The Legacy Award honors figures whose career contributions have shaped the field.
433:
Although many people primarily associate Steele with his significant contributions in the development of stereotype threat research, the 14 years of his post-
1727:
1722:
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417:. Although separate and distinct, the three lines of research are linked by their shared focus on self-evaluation and how people cope with threats to their
585:
Ostrom, and how teacher practices can foster a feeling of identity safety. That would improve performance outcomes by elementary school minority students.
556:
631:
In July 2015, Steele was tasked by the University of California, Berkeley, with managing the investigation of alleged sexual harassment of an employee by
393:. He stepped down in April 2016 citing family reasons, shortly after a scandal erupted regarding the university's alleged disregard of sexual harassment.
1707:
1144:
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exist, and the mere knowledge of the stereotypes can be distracting enough to negatively affect performance in a domain related to the stereotype.
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Steele, C. M. & Liu, T. J. (1983). Dissonance processes as self-affirmation. ‘’Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45’’(1): 5-19.
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Steele, C. M. & Josephs, R. A. (1990). Alcohol myopia: Its prized and dangerous effects. ‘’American Psychologist, 45’’(8): 921-933.
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1509:"Berkeley Provost Got Law-School Appointment at Controversial Dean's Urging – The Ticker - Blogs - The Chronicle of Higher Education"
382:
for two years. He was responsible for faculty appointments, tenure recommendations, and overseeing financial planning and budgeting.
883:
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Steele, C. M. (2010). ‘’Whistling Vivaldi and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us’’. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
1009:
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Steele was born on January 1, 1946, to parents Ruth (a white social worker) and Shelby (an African-American truck driver) in
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30:
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focuses on the phenomenon of stereotype threat as it explains the trend of minority underperformance in higher education.
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rather than psychologically inconsistent ideas, and self-affirmational strategies can reduce dissonance as effectively as
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and its application to minority student academic performance. His earlier work dealt with research on the self (like
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Throughout his academic career, his work fell into three main domains of research under the broad subject area of
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1495:"UC officials defend Claude Steele's appointment to law school faculty amid controversy - The Daily Californian"
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After receiving his PhD, Steele got his first job as an assistant professor of psychology for two years at the
295:
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for two years. Before that, he had been a professor of psychology at various institutions for almost 40 years.
140:
530:
His research on self-affirmation and its effects demonstrated the power of self-affirmation to reduce biased
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279:
294:, which led to doing behavioral research. Steele conducted early experimental research at Hiram College in
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950:
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693:
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144:
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In 2011, he left Columbia and returned to Stanford, where he served as the I. James Quillen Dean for the
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Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.
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520:
470:
330:
318:
299:
77:
1372:
Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance.
238:, summarizing years of research on stereotype threat and the underperformance of minority students in
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875:
763:
616:
516:
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489:. Developed in the 1980s, self-affirmational processes referred to the ability to reduce threats to
892:
2010 Elizabeth Hurlock Beckman Award for mentoring students whose work has had an effect on society
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Self-affirmation theory was originally formulated as an alternative motivational explanation for
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228:
136:
1277:"UC Berkeley provost resigns after criticism of handling of sexual harassment and budget issues"
1180:"Claude M. Steele: Award for Distinguished Senior Career Contributions to the Public Interest".
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406:
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APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients
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Krapp, K. M. (1999). Notable black American scientists. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Research.
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647:. Claude and his late wife Dorothy had been known to collaborate on projects dedicated to
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1385:
Lesinski, J. (1997). Claude Mason Steele. Contemporary Black Biography. Encyclopedia.com.
822:
2002 Senior Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest,
555:, when his membership on a university committee called for him to tackle the problem of
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2012 The SPSP Service to the Field Award on Behalf of Personality and Social Psychology
782:
632:
535:
482:
458:
450:
1034:
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1214:
Strumolo, A. L. (1997). Shelby Steele. Contemporary Black Biography. Encyclopedia.com
796:
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260:
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70:
302:) and social psychology (studying how African-American dialect among kids maintains
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1145:"Steele, C. (interviewee) - Interview of Claude Steele (Interview Audio Recordingà"
660:
494:
454:
422:
303:
534:, lead to positive health behaviors, and even improve the academic performance of
1541:
Engaging Cultural Differences: The Multicultural Challenge in Liberal Democracies
603:
series of books exploring timely issues from the voices of modern intellectuals.
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816:
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567:
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Stereotype threat refers to the threat felt in particular situations in which
490:
465:, leads to more extreme social responses, increases helping behavior, reduces
418:
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use on social behavior, Steele was formulating a theory about the effects of
648:
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use and addiction. He was interested in the role of alcohol and drug use in
434:
389:. In March 2014, he became the executive vice chancellor and provost of the
1201:
904:
2016 Scientific Impact Award, The Society of Experimental Social Psychology
1631:
1356:"Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention"
1010:"Claude Steele steps down as campus executive vice chancellor and provost"
725:
2002-2005 Director, Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity,
1063:
Self-image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources
259:
but Claude construed achievement as success in education. He enrolled at
58:
469:
when it is combined with a distracting activity, and enhances important
563:
scores. That led him to form a hypothesis involving stereotype threat.
509:
501:
466:
54:
1553:
1527:"A letter to the community from Claude Steele - The Daily Californian"
322:
287:
819:
Memorial Award, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
686:
1973-1987 Assistant Professor to associate professor of psychology,
989:
457:
processes and social behavior. Among his major findings was that
200:
Formerly he was the executive vice chancellor and provost at the
193:, where he is the I. James Quillen Endowed Dean, Emeritus at the
1065:. ‘’Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64,’’:885-896.
264:
799:
Fellow Award for Distinguished Scientific Career Contribution,
282:
TV appearance discussing the psychological implications of the
1353:
Cohen, G. L., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., & Master, A. (2006).
597:
Whistling Vivaldi and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us
560:
236:
Whistling Vivaldi and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us
197:, and Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences, Emeritus.
1587:"Recipients: Office of the Provost - Northwestern University"
910:
2017 Fellow, American Academy of Political and Social Science
698:
1989-1991 Research Scientist, Institute for Social Research,
889:
2010 Honorary Doctor of Science from Northwestern University
493:
by stepping back and affirming a value that is important to
500:
Steele often uses the example of smokers who are told that
172:
1610:
969:
1668:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1397:"Thin Ice: Stereotype Threat and Black College Students"
719:
1997-2009 Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences,
254:. Claude recalls his family, including his twin brother
1543:. (pp. 453-472). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
1075:
1073:
1071:
1061:
Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Lynch, M. (1993).
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
789:, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
710:
1996-1997 President, Western Psychological Association
16:
American social psychologist and professor (born 1946)
1088:
1086:
1688:
Stanford University Department of Psychology faculty
655:
and minority student achievement. His twin brother,
1460:
1458:
519:theory that threats to the self led to a change in
461:, the cognitive impairment by alcohol use, reduces
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37:
21:
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1100:
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828:2003 Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award,
792:1998 Elected to the National Academy of Education
749:2014–2016 Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost,
317:, earning an M.A. in 1969 and a Ph.D. in 1971 at
847:2007 Distinguished Scientific Impact Award, the
387:Stanford University Graduate School of Education
195:Stanford University Graduate School of Education
990:"Department of Psychology, Stanford University"
1374:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
557:academic underachievement of minority students
321:, with a minor in statistical psychology. His
1693:Stanford Graduate School of Education faculty
1235:"Provost Steele accepts position at Stanford"
946:John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
907:2017 Fellow, American Institutes for Research
811:Society for Personality and Social Psychology
733:Society for Personality and Social Psychology
680:1971-1973 Assistant Professor of Psychology,
374:In 2009, he left Stanford to become the 21st
8:
227:) as well as the role of self-regulation in
713:1997-2000 Chair, Department of Psychology,
306:), where he worked under the mentorship of
895:2011 Elected to The National Science Board
762:1994-1995 Cattell Faculty Fellowship, the
595:In 2010, Steele published his first book,
29:
18:
1554:"Hoover Institution, Stanford University"
970:"Stanford University School of Education"
849:Society of Experimental Social Psychology
675:Teaching and administrative appointments
961:
333:, focused on attitude measurement and
777:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
745:Stanford Graduate School of Education
437:academic career that he spent at the
7:
1718:20th-century African-American people
1713:21st-century African-American people
1363:. ‘’Science, 313’’(5791): 1307-1310.
1120:"Claude Steele has Scores to Settle"
1118:Watters, Ethan (17 September 1995).
1728:21st-century American psychologists
1723:20th-century American psychologists
866:Received honorary doctorates from:
704:1991-2009 Professor of Psychology,
692:1987-1991 Professor of Psychology,
1275:Watanabe, Teresa (15 April 2016).
856:American Psychological Association
830:American Psychological Association
824:American Psychological Association
751:University of California, Berkeley
663:writer and a senior fellow at the
610:In his book, Steele discusses how
391:University of California, Berkeley
298:(looking at behavioral motives in
202:University of California, Berkeley
129:University of California, Berkeley
14:
1708:People from Cook County, Illinois
1395:Steele, Claude M. (August 1999).
884:University of Maryland, Baltimore
215:He is best known for his work on
1630:
898:2011 Alexander George Book Award
1233:Greenbaum, L. (June 13, 2011).
940:Social Science Research Council
844:Medal for Distinguished Service
313:In graduate school, he studied
234:In 2010, he released his book,
1698:University of Michigan faculty
1678:African-American psychologists
1188:(11): 909–911. November 2003.
934:American Philosophical Society
862:American Philosophical Society
801:American Psychological Society
481:While studying the effects of
378:and chief academic officer at
1:
1658:American social psychologists
924:American Academy of Education
204:. He also served as the 21st
1149:National Academy of Sciences
929:National Academy of Sciences
854:2007 Presidential Citation,
836:National Academy of Sciences
769:1995 Dean's Teaching Award,
267:, where he earned a B.A. in
185:(born January 1, 1946) is a
1194:10.1037/0003-066X.58.11.909
851:. (For “Threat in the Air”)
325:work, with faculty adviser
1749:
353:for 14 years and received
189:and emeritus professor at
1574:American Psychologist, 52
842:Columbia Teachers College
504:will lead to significant
360:In 1987, he moved to the
162:
100:
28:
1643:Article on irasilver.org
1611:"National Science Board"
688:University of Washington
506:negative health outcomes
439:University of Washington
351:University of Washington
296:physiological psychology
246:Education and early life
141:University of Washington
1255:"Stanford News Release"
349:. He then moved to the
1703:Education school deans
1615:National Science Board
1440:National Science Board
1151:. 2004. Archived from
951:National Science Board
880:University of Michigan
700:University of Michigan
694:University of Michigan
553:University of Michigan
362:University of Michigan
304:ethnic/racial identity
145:University of Michigan
1279:– via LA Times.
1182:American Psychologist
868:University of Chicago
737:2009-2011 Provost of
731:2002-2003 President,
367:In 1991, he moved to
319:Ohio State University
300:Siamese fighting fish
78:Ohio State University
1639:at Wikimedia Commons
1591:www.northwestern.edu
1475:"Issues of Our Time"
944:Board of Directors,
876:Princeton University
860:2008 Elected to the
834:2003 Elected to the
775:1996 Elected to the
764:James McKeen Cattell
617:academic performance
517:cognitive dissonance
463:cognitive dissonance
771:Stanford University
739:Columbia University
727:Stanford University
721:Stanford University
715:Stanford University
706:Stanford University
669:Stanford University
572:collective identity
443:addictive behaviors
429:Addictive behaviors
415:addictive behaviors
380:Columbia University
369:Stanford University
308:social psychologist
229:addictive behaviors
210:Columbia University
191:Stanford University
187:social psychologist
183:Claude Mason Steele
133:Columbia University
125:Stanford University
1344:26’’(9):1046-1058.
1240:Columbia Spectator
1124:The New York Times
682:University of Utah
665:Hoover Institution
601:Issues of Our Time
570:relevant to one's
347:University of Utah
137:University of Utah
1635:Media related to
1257:. 13 January 2014
787:Social Psychology
757:Awards and honors
605:Whistling Vivaldi
599:, as part of the
590:Whistling Vivaldi
549:stereotype threat
542:Stereotype threat
447:social psychology
407:stereotype threat
403:social psychology
315:social psychology
310:, Ralph Cebulla.
252:Chicago, Illinois
217:stereotype threat
180:
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102:Scientific career
91:Stereotype threat
82:
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1515:. 18 March 2016.
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1497:. 18 March 2016.
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743:2011-2014 Dean,
653:American society
643:Steele lives in
487:self-affirmation
477:Self-affirmation
471:self-evaluations
441:were focused on
411:self-affirmation
240:higher education
225:self-affirmation
176:
175:
173:Official website
152:Doctoral advisor
95:self-affirmation
80:
73:
51:
47:
45:
33:
23:Claude M. Steele
19:
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1031:"Claude Steele"
1029:
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1024:
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1012:. 15 April 2016
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872:Yale University
807:Donald Campbell
759:
677:
641:
629:
593:
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525:attitude change
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1652:Categories
1596:2024-05-09
1559:2011-11-13
1480:2011-11-13
1261:2014-05-22
1159:2011-11-13
1016:2016-04-15
995:2011-11-07
975:2011-11-07
957:References
817:Kurt Lewin
645:California
538:students.
491:self-image
419:self-image
331:Ohio State
327:Tom Ostrom
269:psychology
263:in Hiram,
221:self-image
112:Psychology
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785:Prize in
649:prejudice
532:attitudes
521:attitudes
357:in 1985.
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108:Fields
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