562:(HFS) in cat claustrum(s) has the capability to induce autonomic changes and induce “inactivation syndrome”. This syndrome is described as a decrease in awareness, indicating the relationship between the claustrum and consciousness. In humans this same effect can be observed. Stimulation of the left claustrum in humans has produced "a complete arrest of volitional behavior, unresponsiveness, and amnesia without negative motor symptoms, or mere aphasia" suggesting the involvement in consciousness. Furthermore, MRI studies have shown that increased signal intensity within the claustrum has been associated with status epilepticus – a condition in which epileptic seizures follow one another without recovery of consciousness between events. As well, increased signal intensity is associated with focal dyscognitive seizures, which are seizures that elicit impairment of awareness or consciousness without convulsions. The individual becomes unaware of his or her environment, and the seizure will manifest as a blank or empty stare for a window of time.
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schizophrenia established that the severity of delusions was associated with decreased grey matter volume of the left claustrum; postulating that correlations exist between the structure and positive symptoms seen in this psychiatric disorder. Further supporting this correlation between schizophrenia and the claustrum is that there is an increase in white matter volume entering the claustrum. Inverse correlations between grey matter volume and severity of hallucinations in the context of auditory hallucinations of schizophrenia has been supported. As well, to see the total loss of function of the claustrum, lesions to both claustrums on each hemisphere would need to occur.
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occur with high-order sensory areas involved in encoding objects and features. Input from the prefrontal cortex, for example, will define attention based upon higher-cognitive task-driven behaviour. Moreover, induction of electrical stimulation to the claustrum has been shown to cause inhibition of reading, a blank stare, and unresponsiveness. It has been reported that the claustrum has a basal frequency firing that is modulated to increase or decrease with directed attention. For example, projections to motor and oculomotor areas would assist with gaze movement to direct attention to new stimuli by increasing the firing frequency of claustral neurons.
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has been confirmed to be reciprocally connected to the prefrontal cortex, visual, auditory, sensory, and motor regions respectively. Connections to these modalities provide insight into the functionality of the claustrum. Here it is proposed that the claustrum functions in the gating of selective attention. Through this gating process the claustrum can selectively control input from these modalities to facilitate the process of “focusing”. It has also been suggested that it operates in the opposite context; that through divisive normalization the claustrum may implement resistance to certain input modalities to prevent “distraction”.
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different regions of the brain. The claustrum has regional specificity to it; information coming in from visual centers project to specific areas of grey matter neurons in the structure and the auditory cortex. Unexpected stimuli also activate the claustrum, effecting an immediate focusing or allocation of function. In lower mammals (e.g. rats), claustral regions receive input from somatosensory modalities, such as whiskers' motor control perspective because of its sensory and discriminatory use in these mammals.
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436:, cortically-projecting excitatory claustrum neurons were found to form synapses across the anteroposterior axis and were biased toward neurons that do not share projection targets, with the possible function of joining the activity of different afferent modules. Combined, these two circuits suggest that the claustrum is capable of performing local transformations of diverse input information from across the brain.
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the claustrum are ipsilateral (although there are still contralateral projections), and little evidence exists to describe its afferent or efferent connections with the brainstem and spinal cord. In summary, the cortical and subcortical connectivity of the claustrum implies that it is most involved with processing sensory information, as well as the physical and emotional state of an animal.
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compared to those that presented with lesions outside of the claustrum. For example, a patient that was subjected to electrode stimulation at the claustrum stopped reading, stared blankly and was unresponsive. Once the electrode was removed, the patient resumed reading and could not remember the events of being dazed.
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Functionally, the claustrum will integrate various cortical inputs through its connections into consciousness. Based upon its structure and connectivity, its function is suggested to be related to coordination of different brain functions; i.e. the conductor analogy. Consciousness functionally can be
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Salvinorin A, the active hallucinogenic compound found in Salvia
Divinorum, is capable of inducing loss of awareness. Consumption of salvinorin A can induce synesthesia, in which different sensory modalities are interpreted by different sensory cortices. (For example: seeing sounds, tasting colours.)
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The dorsal claustrum has bi-directional connections with motor structures in the cortex. The relationship between the animal's movement and how neurons in the dorsocaudal claustrum behave are as follows: 70% of movement neurons are non-selective and can fire to do any push, pull or turn movements in
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Experiments in mice monitoring claustrocortical axonal activity to changing visual stimuli suggest the claustrum signals stimulus changes. Although claustrocortical input to visual cortical areas were engaged, the strongest responses measured were in higher-order regions of the cortex, this included
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Using an operant conditioning task combined with HFS of the claustrum resulted in significant behavioural changes of rats; this included modulated motor responses, inactivity and decreased responsiveness. (add
Koubessi ref) Beyond this, studies have also shown that the claustrum is active during REM
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Functionally, it is proposed that it segregates attention between these modalities. Attention itself has been considered as top-down processing or bottom-up processing; both fit contextually with what is observed in the claustrum structurally and functionally, supporting the notion that interactions
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Crick and Koch suggest that the claustrum has a role similar to that of a conductor within an orchestra as it attempts to co-ordinate the function of all connections. This “conductor” analogy can also be supported through connections between the claustral, sensory, and frontal regions. The claustrum
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In rats, motor whisker areas receive input from the ipsilateral claustrum but will then project to the contralateral claustrum. The sensory barrel cortex and primary visual cortex also receive input from the ipsilateral claustrum but send very few projection back to the claustrum. Studies therefore
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Sensory input is segregated based on modalities and there is a high preference for peripheral sensory information. In the cat, input is received from various visual cortical areas and projects back to the area. These loops are retinotopical, meaning that regions getting visual input are responsible
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changes, and precipitate an “inactivation syndrome” described as “decreased awareness". Recordings, primarily in cats and primates, show that claustral neurons respond to sensory stimuli and also respond during voluntary movements. Mapping from visual cortex to claustrum includes just a single map,
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However, a study in 2019, consisting of electrical stimulation of the claustrum, found no disruption of consciousness in any of the five patients that were subjected to the analysis. The tested patients reported subjective experiences in various sensory domains and exhibited reflexive movement, but
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and visual cortical regions. Altogether, these findings leave the claustrum as the most highly connected structure per regional volume in the brain and suggest that it may serve as a hub to coordinate activity of cerebral circuits. Even with this extensive connectivity, most projections to and from
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As mentioned, its name means “hidden or shut away” and was first identified in 1672, with more detailed descriptions coming later on during the 19th century. Although the regional neuroanatomical boundaries of the claustrum have been defined, there remains a lack of consensus in the literature when
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In the monkey, there are widespread connections of the claustrum with allocortical and neocortical regions. These connections project towards the frontal lobe, visual cortical regions, temporal cortex, parieto-occipital cortex and somatosensory areas amongst others. The subcortical areas receiving
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does not consider the claustrum to be a "switch" for consciousness, but merely for wakefulness. He claims that if the claustrum were truly a switch for consciousness, artificial activation of the claustrum would not result in the patient passing out, but instead the patient would continue behaving
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A 2019 study consisting of electrical stimulation of the claustrum found no disruption of consciousness in any of the five patients that were subjected to the analysis. The tested patients reported subjective experiences in various sensory domains and exhibited reflexive movement, but none of them
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Electrical stimulation in the dorsal claustrum of cats elicits excitatory responses within the visual cortex. The claustrum is situated anatomically at the confluence of a large number of white-matter tracts used to connect different parts of the cortex. This further suggests an integration center
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The claustrum has been shown to have widespread activity to numerous cortical components, all of which have been associated with having components of consciousness and sustained attention. This is because of widespread connectivity to fronto-parietal areas, cingulate cortex, and thalami. Sustained
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organization for each sensory modality as well as the dense connectivity it shares with frontal cortices. For example, there is a retinotopic organization within the visual processing area of the claustrum that mirrors that of visual association cortices and V1, in a similar (yet less complicated)
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A 2020 study involving artificial activation of the claustrum by optogenetic light stimulation silenced brain activity across the cortex, a phenomenon known as a "Down state," which can be seen when mice are sleeping or resting awake (quiet wakefulness). The authors state that 'The claustrum is a
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across different conditions. The team used a novel methodology called lesion network mapping to discover the origins of parkinsonism in 29 patients whose symptoms were not the result of
Parkinson's disease but rather attributed to a brain lesion – an abnormality or injury to the brain visible on
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In mice, parvalbumin fibres are highly interconnected by chemical and electrical synapses. They are additionally also highly interconnected with claustrocortical neurons – suggesting that these inhibitory interneurons strongly modulate their activity. These local networks suggest to synchronize
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In terms of somatosensation, cat claustrum receives dense inputs from primary somatosensory cortex (S1), but weaker inputs from secondary somatosensory cortex (S2). The inputs from S1 overlap with inputs from primary motor cortex (at least those from the forepaw representations of both). Rodent
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A single case-study showed that consciousness was disrupted when the area between the insula and claustrum was electrically stimulated; consciousness was regained when stimulation stopped. Patients that had a lesion in their left claustrum were more likely to experience a loss of consciousness
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A study of traumatic brain injuries in war veterans was undertaken to better understand the functional role of the claustrum. Damage to the claustrum was associated with the duration of one's loss of consciousness, but not its frequency. Lesion size was correlated with a longer duration of LOC
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The claustrum has the differential ability to select between task-relevant information and task-irrelevant information to provide directed attention. It contains the highest density of connecting white matter tracts in the cortex. This supports the notion of networking and coordination among
3398:
Niu, M.; Kasai, A.; Tanuma, M.; Seiriki, K.; Igarashi, H.; Kuwaki, T.; Nagayasu, K.; Miyaji, K.; Ueno, H.; Tanabe, W.; Seo, K.; Yokoyama, R.; Ohkubo, J.; Ago, Y.; Hayashida, M.; Inoue, K. I.; Takada, M.; Yamaguchi, S.; Nakazawa, T.; Kaneko, S.; Okuno, H.; Yamanaka, A.; Hashimoto, H. (2022).
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In a single-case study, consciousness was shown to be disrupted when there was stimulation to the extreme capsule of the brain – which is in close proximity to the claustrum – such that upon termination of stimulation, consciousness was regained. Another study looking at the symptomology of
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projections are the amygdala, caudate nucleus and hippocampus. It is unknown if there are cortical regions that do not receive input from the claustrum. Additionally, large or small types of aspiny neurons are reported in the monkey brain, which are classified as “local circuit neurons".
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The cat claustrum has 3 defined zones: (1) the anterior dorsal zone, which connects to the motor and somatosensory cortex, (2) the posterior dorsal zone that has connections to the visual cortex and (3) a third zone that is ventral to the visual one and connects to the auditory areas.
298:). As such, the claustrum is thought to play a role in combining different information modalities, potentially to support consciousness itself. Another proposed function of the claustrum is to differentiate between relevant and irrelevant information so that the latter can be ignored.
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have been used to assess claustrum cell types, including electrophysiological, morphological, genetic, and connectomic approaches. While no clear consensus has yet been reached regarding the exact number of excitatory cell types, recent studies have suggested that cortically- and
358:, while isotopological reports have linked the claustrum with the prefrontal, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital cortices. Additional studies have also looked at the relationship of the claustrum to well-described subcortical white matter tracts. Structures such as the
691:(DMN), and the fronto-parietal task control network (FPTC). Psilocybin was found to significantly decrease functional connectivity of the right claustrum with the default mode network, and increase right claustrum connectivity with the fronto-parietal task control network.
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for the same region in the visual field as the area of the cortex that projects to the claustrum. The visual claustrum is a single map of the contralateral visual hemifield, receiving information based on motion in the visual field's periphery and has no real selectivity.
465:, similar to inhibitory neurons in the cortex. Finally, many studies show that the claustrum is best distinguished structurally by its prominent plexus of parvalbumin-positive fibers formed by parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory cell types. In recent studies, the use of
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role for these different modalities, such as sensory and motor. Gap junctions have been shown to exist between aspiny (lacking dendrite projections) interneurons of the claustrum – suggesting a role in its ability to synchronize these modalities as input is received.
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The claustrum is also seen to play a role in epilepsy; MRIs have found increased claustral signal intensity in people who have been diagnosed with epilepsy. In certain cases, seizures tend to appear to originate from the claustrum when they are involved in early
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In animals, through tract tracing, findings have shown that the claustrum has extensive connections throughout the cortex with sensory and motor regions along with the hippocampus. A variety of animal models have been used such as cats, rodents and monkeys.
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activity of claustrocortical projections to therefore influence brain rhythms and co-ordinated activity of different cortical brain regions. There are additional classes of inhibitory interneurons with local connections within the claustrocortical neurons.
1972:
Fernandez-Miranda JC, Pathak S, Engh J, Jarbo K, Verstynen T, Yeh FC, Wang Y, Mintz A, Boada F, Schneider W, Friedlander R (August 2012). "High-definition fiber tractography of the human brain: neuroanatomical validation and neurosurgical applications".
2713:
Erwin, Sarah R; Bristow, Brianna N; Sullivan, Kaitlin E; Kendrick, Rennie M; Marriott, Brian; Wang, Lihua; Clements, Jody; Lemire, Andrew L; Jackson, Jesse; Cembrowski, Mark S (2021-08-16). Mao, Tianyi; Westbrook, Gary L; Zhang, Li I (eds.).
321:. The neural networks that mediate sustained attention and consciousness send inputs to the claustrum, and one case report in humans suggests that electrical stimulation near the claustrum reversibly disrupted the patient's conscious state.
511:(fMRI) scan looks at oxygenated blood levels in the brain as a way of observing the activity of specific cortical areas. fMRI scans show dampened activity when anesthetized versus awake in rats, specifically claustrum connections to the
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is indicative of function, the visual, auditory and somatomotor regions within the claustrum share similar neurons with specific functional characteristics. For example, the portion of the claustrum that processes visual information
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brain imaging. The mapping of the 29 lesions – which were located in different regions of the brain – revealed that connectivity to the claustrum was the single most sensitive and specific marker of lesion-induced parkinsonism.
615:
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252:, to direct attention towards the most behaviorally relevant stimuli amongst the background noise. The claustrum is difficult to study given the limited number of individuals with claustral lesions and the poor resolution of
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Wang, Quanxin; Wang, Yun; Kuo, Hsien-Chi; Xie, Peng; Kuang, Xiuli; Hirokawa, Karla E.; Naeemi, Maitham; Yao, Shenqin; Mallory, Matt; Ouellette, Ben; Lesnar, Phil; Li, Yaoyao; Ye, Min; Chen, Chao; Xiong, Wei (2023-02-28).
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An early summary of reports from the 20th century emphasized cortical inputs and outputs. However, later work has suggested the claustrum has extensive connections to cortical and subcortical regions. More specifically,
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The claustrum, in order to facilitate consciousness, would need to integrate various sensory and motor modalities from various parts of the cortex. The anatomical connections of the claustrum have been observed using
519:(MD thalamus). The claustrum is connected with the contralateral hemisphere's claustrum with strong, functional connections. Connections with MD thalamus, mPFC, and surrounding and distant cortical areas also exist.
407:
This focus on the peripheral sensory system is not an isolated occurrence, as most sensory afferents entering the claustrum bring peripheral sensory information. Moreover, the claustrum possesses a distinct
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The claustrum is made up of various cell types that differ in size, shape and neurochemical composition. Excitatory cell types in the claustrum consist of two main classes which differentially project to
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subcortically-projecting claustrum neurons are likely distinct and vary along several metrics, such as their intrinsic electrophysiological profiles, afferent projections, and neuromodulatory profiles.
3648:
244:. It is considered to be the most densely connected structure in the brain, and thus hypothesized to allow for the integration of various cortical inputs such as vision, sound and touch, into
3569:
Smith JB, Chakrabarti S, Mowery TM, Alloway KD (2022). "Convergence of forepaw somatosensory and motor cortical projections in the striatum, claustrum, thalamus, and pontine nuclei of cats".
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sleep, alongside other structures such as the dentate gyrus. These have associative roles in spatial memory, suggesting that some form of memory consolidation takes place in these areas.
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coordinator of global slow-wave activity, and it is so exciting that we are getting closer to linking specific brain connections and actions with the ultimate puzzle of consciousness.'
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indicate distinct patterning of connectivity of claustrum with different cortical areas. These suggest, rather than a diffuse role, they play specialized roles in cortical processing.
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Through interhemispheric connections, the claustrum is believed to play a role in synchronizing activity in widely separated, but functionally related, parts of the brain (e.g.
2114:
Markowitsch HJ, Irle E, Bang-Olsen R, Flindt-Egebak P (June 1984). "Claustral efferents to the cat's limbic cortex studied with retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques".
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structure (comprising roughly 0.25% of the cerebral cortex) located deep to the insular cortex and extreme capsule, and superficial to the external capsule and basal ganglia.
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This supports the idea of intrathalamic segregation and conduction (attention). The claustrum has Kappa Opioid
Receptors to which Salvinorin A binds, eliciting this effect.
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The claustrum is made up of various cell types differing in size, shape and neurochemical composition. Five cell types exist, and a majority of these cells resemble
3624:
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Silva G, Jacob S, Melo C, Alves D, Costa D (June 2018). "Claustrum sign in a child with refractory status epilepticus after febrile illness: why does it happen?".
168:
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Meletti S, Slonkova J, Mareckova I, Monti G, Specchio N, Hon P, Giovannini G, Marcian V, Chiari A, Krupa P, Pietrafusa N, Berankova D, Bar M (October 2015).
1100:
Chau A, Salazar AM, Krueger F, Cristofori I, Grafman J (November 2015). "The effect of claustrum lesions on human consciousness and recovery of function".
2264:
Shelton, Andrew; Oliver, David; Grimstvedt, Joachim; Lazarte, Ivan; Kapoor, Ishaan; Clifford, Kentros; Witter, Menno; Butt, Simon; Packer, Adam (2022).
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as findings show an increase in positive symptoms, such as delusions, when the grey matter volume of the left claustrum and right insula is decreased.
1832:
Edelstein LR, Denaro FJ (September 2004). "The claustrum: a historical review of its anatomy, physiology, cytochemistry and functional significance".
3266:
1638:
Koubeissi MZ, Bartolomei F, Beltagy A, Picard F (August 2014). "Electrical stimulation of a small brain area reversibly disrupts consciousness".
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Nikolenko VN, Rizaeva NA, Beeraka NM, Oganesyan MV, Kudryashova VA, Dubovets AA, Borminskaya ID, Bulygin KV, Sinelnikov MY, Aliev G (July 2021).
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divided into two components: (i) wakefulness, which is arousal and alertness; (ii) content of consciousness, which is the processing of content.
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none of them displayed loss of consciousness, thus questioning the claustrum's ability to disrupt consciousness when stimulated electrically.
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defining its precise margins, though a meeting in 2019 of experts has posited a framework by which to refer to the structures across species.
1948:
1923:
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Buchanan KJ, Johnson JI (May 2011). "Diversity of spatial relationships of the claustrum and insula in branches of the mammalian radiation".
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Damage to the claustrum may mimic various common diseases or mental disorders; delayed development of the structure appears to be linked to
3292:"Psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the claustrum with brain networks that support perception, memory, and attention"
3171:
Cascella NG, Gerner GJ, Fieldstone SC, Sawa A, Schretlen DJ (December 2011). "The insula-claustrum region and delusions in schizophrenia".
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420:-expressing interneurons suppress the activity of nearby projection neurons. Local interneurons themselves are connected through both
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Qadir, Houman; Stewart, Brent W.; VanRyzin, Jonathan W.; Wu, Qiong; Chen, Shuo; Seminowicz, David A.; Mathur, Brian N. (2022-12-20).
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normally, and later report that they experienced no sensations during the period of time when their claustrum was being stimulated.
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brain regions. Inhibitory neurons represent only 10%-15% of the neurons within the claustrum and consist of three types, expressing
2159:"Functional specificity of claustrum connections in the rat: interhemispheric communication between specific parts of motor cortex"
2992:
Gabor, Andrew J.; Peele, Talmage L. (November 1964). "Alterations of behavior following stimulation of the claustrum of the cat".
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project to the claustrum from frontal, pericentral, parietal and occipital regions. Reciprocal connections also exist with motor,
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displayed loss of consciousness, thus questioning the claustrum's ability to disrupt consciousness when stimulated electrically.
175:
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Zingg B, Hintiryan H, Gou L, Song MY, Bay M, Bienkowski MS, Foster NN, Yamashita S, Bowman I, Toga AW, Dong HW (February 2014).
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which includes V1 and three other visual areas. Cells in the V1 are part of layer 6, and are different to cells that go to the
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1040:"The relationship between the claustrum and endopiriform nucleus: A perspective towards consensus on cross-species homology"
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Barrett, Frederick S.; Krimmel, Samuel R.; Griffiths, Roland R.; Seminowicz, David A.; Mathur, Brian N. (September 2020).
163:
428:, allowing for widespread and synchronous inhibition of local claustrum circuitry. In recent studies of the claustrum in
404:) is comprised by a majority of binocular cells that have "elongated receptive fields and no orientation selectivity".
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Bayer, S.A.; Altman, J. (January 1991). "Development of the endopiriform nucleus and the claustrum in the rat brain".
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2208:"Interhemispheric claustral circuits coordinate sensory and motor cortical areas that regulate exploratory behaviors"
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313:. Due to the claustrum's widespread connectivity to these areas, it is suggested that it may play a role in both
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Shapleske J, Rossell SL, Chitnis XA, Suckling J, Simmons A, Bullmore ET, Woodruff PW, David AS (December 2002).
1166:"New Breakthroughs in Understanding the Role of Functional Interactions between the Neocortex and the Claustrum"
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1419:"Interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity of the claustrum in the awake and anesthetized states"
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1312:"The mystery of claustral neural circuits and recent updates on its role in neurodegenerative pathology"
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Within the claustrum, local connectivity is dominated by feed-forward disynaptic inhibition wherein
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Sherk H, LeVay S (1981). "Visual claustrum: topography and receptive field properties in the cat".
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the forelimb; the rest were more discerning and did only one of the three movements listed above.
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Inputs to the claustrum are organized by modality, which include prefrontal, visual, auditory and
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Graf, Martin; Nair, Aditya; Wong, Kelly L. L.; Tang, Yanxia; Augustine, George J. (2020-07-01).
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can be a pyramidal, fusiform or circular. The principal cell type found in the claustrum is the
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Grasby K, Talk A (March 2013). "The anterior claustrum and spatial reversal learning in rats".
2658:"Identification of Mouse Claustral Neuron Types Based on Their Intrinsic Electrical Properties"
2266:"Single neurons and networks in the claustrum integrate input from widespread cortical sources"
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3401:"Claustrum mediates bidirectional and reversible control of stress-induced anxiety responses"
2018:"Synaptic organization of claustral and geniculate afferents to the visual cortex of the cat"
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2541:"Regional and cell-type-specific afferent and efferent projections of the mouse claustrum"
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attention is from the connections to the cingulate cortex, temporal cortex, and thalamus.
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Smith JB, Alloway KD, Hof PR, Orman R, Reser DH, Watakabe A, Watson GDR (February 2019).
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claustrum does not receive input from S1 or S2, and is primarily driven by motor cortex.
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2775:"A functional logic for neurotransmitter corelease in the cholinergic forebrain pathway"
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1729:"Comparative organization of the claustrum: what does structure tell us about function?"
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935:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
4126:
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3916:
3889:
3833:
3433:
3400:
3375:
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3096:
3071:
2949:
Narikiyo, et al. (2020). "The claustrum coordinates cortical slow-wave activity".
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2017:
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272:
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3598:
3451:"'Switching off' certain brain cells may boost stress, anxiety response, study finds"
3308:
3252:
3005:
2978:
2932:
2915:
2473:
2285:
2127:
1876:
1697:
1021:
687:. Psilocybin appears to affect the functional connectivity of the claustrum with the
663:
605:
470:
392:
355:
318:
302:
295:
3200:
3154:
3121:"A computational morphometric MRI study of schizophrenia: effects of hallucinations"
3056:
2867:
2143:
2002:
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1617:
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107:
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3926:
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2851:
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858:
the anterior cingulate cortex which is densely innervated by claustral projection.
704:
425:
276:
253:
2422:"Claustrum: a case for directional, excitatory, intrinsic connectivity in the rat"
2363:
Kim, Juhyun; Matney, Chanel J.; Roth, Richard H.; Brown, Solange P. (2016-01-20).
3512:
3184:
3087:
2716:"Spatially patterned excitatory neuron subtypes and projections of the claustrum"
2616:
2556:
2505:
1986:
1113:
402:
primarily synthesizing afferent fibers concerned with our peripheral visual field
132:
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636:
454:
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330:
213:
201:
3582:
2489:"GABAergic interneurons in the neocortex: From cellular properties to circuits"
2082:
1601:
1328:
1164:
Brown SP, Mathur BN, Olsen SR, Luppi PH, Bickford ME, Citri A (November 2017).
473:
have additionally been used as effective methods of identifying the claustrum.
3072:"Claustrum damage and refractory status epilepticus following febrile illness"
3040:
2962:
2906:
2773:
Nair, Aditya; Teo, Yue Yang; Augustine, George J.; Graf, Martin (2023-07-11).
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1004:
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684:
413:
manner to the retinotopic conservation within the lateral geniculate nucleus.
114:
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822:
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20:
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1994:
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3475:
Olson CR, Graybiel AM (1980). "Sensory maps in the claustrum of the cat".
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217:
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126:
44:
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Marriott, Brian A.; Do, Alison D.; Zahacy, Ryan; Jackson, Jesse (2021).
391:
processing areas. In the same way that the morphology of neurons in the
3709:
1277:
717:
421:
229:
2323:
1941:
The claustrum : structural, functional, and clinical neuroscience
1539:
1055:
579:
events. No consequences were shown to attenuate cognitive processing.
181:
3496:
3267:"Claustrum Nostrum: No On/Off Switch for Consciousness – Skywritings"
2882:
1487:
601:
197:
85:
1588:
Goll Y, Atlan G, Citri A (August 2015). "Attention: the claustrum".
2601:"The mouse claustrum synaptically connects cortical network motifs"
1264:
Braak H, Braak E (1982). "Neuronal types in the claustrum of man".
1466:
Stevens CF (June 2005). "Consciousness: Crick and the claustrum".
739:
221:
78:
2365:"Synaptic Organization of the Neuronal Circuits of the Claustrum"
1213:
Smith JB, Watson G, Liang Z, Liu Y, Zhang N, Alloway KD (2020).
703:
has identified lesions in the claustrum as the likely origin of
477:
429:
3637:
1417:
Smith JB, Liang Z, Watson GD, Alloway KD, Zhang N (July 2017).
2487:
Tremblay, Robin; Lee, Soohyun; Rudy, Bernardo (20 July 2016).
752:
433:
248:. Other hypotheses suggest that the claustrum plays a role in
196:(Latin, meaning "to close" or "to shut") is a thin sheet of
1522:
Torgerson CM, Irimia A, Goh SY, Van Horn JD (March 2015).
2883:"A claustrum in reptiles and its role in slow-wave sleep"
3616:
Stained brain slice images which include the "Claustrum"
812:(HFS) of the claustrum can alter motor activity, induce
240:
respectively. Blood to the claustrum is supplied by the
773:
716:
In mice, suppression of claustrum appears to attenuate
263:
found in the cortex. Within the claustrum, there is no
3351:"Localizing parkinsonism based on focal brain lesions"
1906:
Sherk, Helen (2014). "Physiology of the
Claustrum".
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2994:
Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
1939:Smythies JR, Edelstein LR, Ramachandran VS (2014).
768:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
679:receptors, meaning it is significantly affected by
162:
150:
138:
125:
113:
101:
96:
84:
74:
69:
28:
1215:"A Role for the Claustrum in Salience Processing?"
699:A team of investigators led by neuroscientists at
1727:Baizer JS, Sherwood CC, Noonan M, Hof PR (2014).
1827:
1825:
1517:
1515:
1513:
3349:Joutsa J, Horn A, Hsu J, Fox MD (August 2018).
3219:"Electrical stimulation of the human claustrum"
3217:Bickel, Stephan; Parvizi, Josef (August 2019).
3166:
3164:
2944:
2942:
2779:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1305:
1303:
3649:
3212:
3210:
1524:"The DTI connectivity of the human claustrum"
8:
1412:
1410:
1408:
924:
922:
920:
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62:of human cerebrum. (Anterior is at the top.)
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526:Additional studies point to involvement in
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3634:
1861:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1095:
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1085:
1083:
675:The claustrum expresses a high density of
53:
47:. The claustrum is indicated by the arrow.
34:
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3374:
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3307:
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1240:
1230:
1189:
1063:
1003:
954:
796:Learn how and when to remove this message
780:, without removing the technical details.
2067:"Neural networks of the mouse neocortex"
1159:
931:"What is the function of the claustrum?"
610:
64:The claustrum is indicated by the arrow.
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
892:
2157:Smith JB, Alloway KD (December 2010).
350:studies show extensive connections to
208:and subcortical regions including the
179:
25:
2594:
2592:
2426:The Journal of Physiological Sciences
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
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2255:
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1679:
1677:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
778:make it understandable to non-experts
509:functional magnetic resonance imaging
7:
978:Smith JB, Lee AK, Jackson J (2020).
701:Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
305:include the fronto-parietal cortex,
604:. The claustrum may be involved in
329:The claustrum is a small bilateral
279:neuron, which is a large cell with
3629:Neuroscience Information Framework
2034:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-12-03564.1986
1916:10.1016/B978-0-12-404566-8.00005-2
14:
2212:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
1784:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
1733:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
469:(MBP) and retrogradely traveling
3309:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116980
2312:Journal of Comparative Neurology
1877:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06022.x
757:
176:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
2881:Norimoto, et al. (2020).
2852:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.014
2381:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3643-15.2016
2175:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4438-10.2010
1834:Cellular and Molecular Biology
1423:Brain Structure & Function
1182:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1837-17.2017
929:Crick FC, Koch C (June 2005).
1:
3912:Anterior perforated substance
3271:generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk
2206:Smith JB, Alloway KD (2014).
1863:. 1225 Suppl 1 (S1): E30-63.
463:vasoactive intestinal peptide
3571:Brain Structure and Function
3185:10.1016/j.schres.2011.08.004
3088:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001996
3006:10.1016/0013-4694(64)90181-6
2617:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111860
2557:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112118
2506:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.033
2128:10.1016/0306-4522(84)90062-9
1987:10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182592faa
1698:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90236-h
1114:10.1016/j.concog.2015.06.017
637:kainic acid induced seizures
224:. It is located between the
3236:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.03.051
2674:10.1523/ENEURO.0216-20.2020
2163:The Journal of Neuroscience
2022:The Journal of Neuroscience
1652:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.05.027
1170:The Journal of Neuroscience
1102:Consciousness and Cognition
4173:
3907:Anterior olfactory nucleus
3583:10.1007/s00429-021-02405-6
2420:Orman, Rena (2015-11-01).
2083:10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.023
1602:10.1016/j.tins.2015.05.006
1329:10.1186/s12993-021-00181-1
819:lateral geniculate nucleus
810:high-frequency stimulation
560:High frequency stimulation
364:occipitofrontal fasciculus
18:
3672:and associated structures
3138:10.1093/cercor/12.12.1331
3041:10.1007/s13760-017-0820-9
2963:10.1038/s41593-020-0625-7
2916:21.11116/0000-0008-09DB-8
2907:10.1038/s41586-020-1993-6
2439:10.1007/s12576-015-0391-6
2278:10.1101/2022.05.06.490864
2016:LeVay S (December 1986).
1780:"The claustrum in review"
1435:10.1007/s00429-016-1323-9
1363:"The claustrum in review"
1219:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
1005:10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.069
681:serotonergic psychedelics
570:Lesions and consciousness
232:medially, encased by the
174:
52:
33:
3996:Nucleus of diagonal band
3029:Acta Neurologica Belgica
2225:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00093
1797:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00048
1746:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00117
1380:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00048
1232:10.3389/fnana.2019.00064
513:medial prefrontal cortex
505:diffusion tensor imaging
267:of cell types as in the
19:Not to be confused with
3945:Lateral olfactory stria
3548:10.1126/science.7209525
3223:Epilepsy & Behavior
2799:10.1073/pnas.2218830120
2369:Journal of Neuroscience
1640:Epilepsy & Behavior
1590:Trends in Neurosciences
301:Cortical components of
204:, that connects to the
4014:Diagonal band of Broca
3940:Medial olfactory stria
3876:Subthalamic fasciculus
3854:Pallidothalamic tracts
3625:NIF Search - Claustrum
3425:10.1126/sciadv.abi6375
3173:Schizophrenia Research
1266:Anatomy and Embryology
947:10.1098/rstb.2005.1661
745:
744:Anatomy of a cat brain
626:
476:Several approaches in
242:middle cerebral artery
91:Middle cerebral artery
16:Structure in the brain
4038:Hippocampal formation
3984:Substantia innominata
3869:Lenticular fasciculus
743:
625:with claustrum damage
621:New-onset refractory
620:
591:Clinical significance
3367:10.1093/brain/awy161
1910:. pp. 177–191.
689:default mode network
517:mediodorsal thalamus
467:myelin basic protein
348:electrophysiological
265:laminar organization
4132:Schaffer collateral
4043:Hippocampus anatomy
3859:Thalamic fasciculus
3540:1981Sci...212...87S
3489:1980Natur.288..479O
3417:2022SciA....8I6375N
2951:Nature Neuroscience
2899:2020Natur.578..413N
2791:2023PNAS..12018830N
2785:(28): e2218830120.
2733:10.7554/eLife.68967
1869:2011NYASA1225E..30B
1528:Human Brain Mapping
1480:2005Natur.435.1040S
1367:Front Syst Neurosci
1225:(64): R1401–R1406.
1176:(45): 10877–10881.
996:2020CBio...30R1401S
990:(23): R1401–R1406.
728:stress-resistance.
661:cognitive scientist
426:electrical synapses
368:uncinate fasciculus
250:salience processing
4060:Hippocampus proper
3734:Olfactory tubercle
1943:. Academic Press.
1778:Mathur BN (2014).
1361:Mathur BN (2014).
1278:10.1007/BF00305558
821:; these cells use
746:
712:Anxiety and stress
627:
623:status epilepticus
555:Empirical evidence
528:spatial navigation
498:Potential function
292:frontal eye fields
228:laterally and the
60:Transverse section
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4027:
4026:
3960:
3959:
3952:Olfactory trigone
3884:
3883:
3864:Ansa lenticularis
3798:Centrum semiovale
3784:
3783:
3729:Nucleus accumbens
3620:BrainMaps project
3483:(5790): 479–481.
2893:(7795): 413–418.
2324:10.1002/cne.25043
1950:978-0-12-404566-8
1925:978-0-12-404566-8
1540:10.1002/hbm.22667
1316:Behav Brain Funct
1056:10.1002/cne.24537
881:Lentiform nucleus
806:
805:
798:
618:
261:pyramidal neurons
238:external capsules
190:
189:
185:
4164:
4048:
4019:Stria terminalis
3972:
3895:
3841:External capsule
3805:Internal capsule
3724:Ventral striatum
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3497:10.1038/288479a0
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3411:(11): eabi6375.
3405:Science Advances
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3361:(8): 2445–2456.
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2318:(7): 1607–1627.
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2227:
2203:
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2196:
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2169:(50): 16832–44.
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1488:10.1038/4351040a
1474:(7045): 1040–1.
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1429:(5): 2041–2058.
1414:
1403:
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1007:
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958:
941:(1458): 1271–9.
926:
827:neurotransmitter
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619:
182:edit on Wikidata
57:
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3989:Nucleus basalis
3967:basal forebrain
3956:
3935:Olfactory tract
3921:
3880:
3846:Extreme capsule
3825:Optic radiation
3780:
3759:
3743:Globus pallidus
3715:Caudate nucleus
3705:Dorsal striatum
3673:
3662:
3612:
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3606:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3534:(4490): 87–89.
3525:
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3162:
3131:(12): 1331–41.
3125:Cerebral Cortex
3118:
3117:
3113:
3082:(14): 1224–32.
3069:
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2077:(5): 1096–111.
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2028:(12): 3564–75.
2015:
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1207:
1163:
1162:
1137:
1099:
1098:
1081:
1037:
1036:
1029:
984:Current Biology
980:"The claustrum"
977:
976:
972:
928:
927:
894:
889:
877:
864:
847:
802:
791:
785:
782:
774:help improve it
771:
762:
758:
751:
734:
714:
697:
673:
645:
632:
611:
598:
593:
572:
557:
540:
532:slow-wave sleep
515:(mPFC) and the
500:
487:
442:
385:
352:thalamic nuclei
343:
327:
269:cortical layers
206:cerebral cortex
200:and supporting
186:
65:
63:
48:
41:Coronal section
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4127:Perforant path
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4092:Fascia dentata
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3917:Olfactory bulb
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3890:Rhinencephalon
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:Corona radiata
3830:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3820:Posterior limb
3817:
3812:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3611:
3610:External links
3608:
3605:
3604:
3577:(1): 361–379.
3561:
3518:
3467:
3448:News article:
3390:
3341:
3282:
3258:
3206:
3179:(1–3): 77–81.
3160:
3111:
3062:
3035:(2): 303–305.
3019:
3000:(5): 513–519.
2984:
2957:(6): 741–753.
2938:
2873:
2840:Brain Research
2830:
2765:
2705:
2648:
2611:(12): 111860.
2588:
2530:
2499:(2): 260–292.
2479:
2432:(6): 533–544.
2412:
2375:(3): 773–784.
2355:
2291:
2249:
2198:
2149:
2106:
2057:
2008:
1964:
1949:
1931:
1924:
1898:
1851:
1840:(6): 675–702.
1821:
1770:
1719:
1692:(2): 391–412.
1673:
1623:
1563:
1509:
1458:
1404:
1353:
1299:
1256:
1205:
1135:
1079:
1050:(2): 476–499.
1027:
970:
891:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
876:
873:
863:
860:
846:
843:
804:
803:
765:
763:
756:
750:
747:
733:
730:
713:
710:
696:
693:
672:
669:
644:
641:
631:
628:
597:
594:
592:
589:
571:
568:
556:
553:
539:
536:
499:
496:
486:
483:
441:
438:
384:
381:
360:corona radiata
342:
339:
326:
323:
246:one experience
226:insular cortex
188:
187:
178:
172:
171:
166:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
130:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
67:
66:
58:
50:
49:
39:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4169:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:Dentate gyrus
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3963:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:Anterior limb
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Basal ganglia
3676:
3671:
3667:
3666:basal ganglia
3659:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3468:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:(2): 112118.
2550:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:(2): 409–25.
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:(2): 430–53.
1980:
1976:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:The Claustrum
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:(8): 486–95.
1595:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:(3): 827–38.
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:(4): 447–60.
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:J Comp Neurol
1041:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
971:
966:
962:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
893:
886:
882:
879:
878:
874:
872:
868:
861:
859:
855:
851:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
828:
824:
820:
815:
811:
800:
797:
789:
779:
775:
769:
766:This section
764:
755:
754:
748:
742:
738:
732:Other animals
731:
729:
727:
724:and increase
723:
719:
711:
709:
706:
702:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
668:
665:
664:Stevan Harnad
662:
657:
653:
649:
643:Consciousness
642:
640:
638:
629:
624:
609:
607:
606:schizophrenia
603:
596:Schizophrenia
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
569:
567:
563:
561:
554:
552:
548:
544:
537:
535:
533:
529:
524:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
497:
495:
491:
484:
482:
479:
474:
472:
471:cholera toxin
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
411:
405:
403:
398:
394:
393:Rexed laminae
390:
382:
380:
377:
373:
372:somatosensory
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:basal ganglia
353:
349:
340:
338:
334:
332:
324:
322:
320:
319:consciousness
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:consciousness
299:
297:
296:visual cortex
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
183:
177:
173:
170:
167:
165:
161:
158:
155:
153:
149:
146:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
104:
100:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
68:
61:
56:
51:
46:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
4109:White matter
4006:White matter
3927:White matter
3852:
3790:White matter
3775:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3454:
3408:
3404:
3393:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3274:. Retrieved
3270:
3261:
3226:
3222:
3176:
3172:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3032:
3028:
3022:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2954:
2950:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2723:
2719:
2708:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2608:
2605:Cell Reports
2604:
2548:
2545:Cell Reports
2544:
2533:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2315:
2311:
2269:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2119:
2116:Neuroscience
2115:
2109:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1978:
1975:Neurosurgery
1974:
1967:
1940:
1934:
1907:
1901:
1860:
1854:
1837:
1833:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1689:
1686:Neuroscience
1685:
1643:
1639:
1593:
1589:
1531:
1527:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1426:
1422:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1319:
1315:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1173:
1169:
1105:
1101:
1047:
1043:
987:
983:
973:
938:
934:
869:
865:
856:
852:
848:
839:
835:
831:
807:
792:
783:
767:
735:
715:
705:parkinsonism
698:
695:Parkinsonism
674:
658:
654:
650:
646:
633:
599:
585:
581:
577:
573:
564:
558:
549:
545:
541:
525:
521:
501:
492:
488:
475:
459:somatostatin
443:
415:
406:
401:
386:
383:Microanatomy
344:
335:
328:
300:
289:
277:Golgi type I
258:
254:neuroimaging
193:
191:
145:A14.1.09.421
133:birnlex_1522
4052:Grey matter
4033:Archicortex
3976:Grey matter
3899:Grey matter
3688:Grey matter
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