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new possibilities. For example: 1. Most important is the incredible flexibility that comes from the ability to change the physical structure and behavior of a solution by changing the software that controls modules. 2. The ability to self-repair by automatically replacing a broken module will make SRCMR solution incredibly resilient. 3. Reducing the environmental footprint by reusing the same modules in many different solutions. Self-reconfiguring modular robotics enjoys a vibrant and active research community.
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of Wu et al. The piezoelectric elements are shunted to ground over synthetic inductors. Around the resonance frequency of the LC circuit formed by the piezoelectric and the inductors, the piezoelectric elements exhibit near zero stiffness, thus effectively disconnecting the stubs from the plate. This is considered an example of programmable mechanical metamaterial.
257:
A further example of programmable -mechanical- metamaterial is presented by
Bergamini et al. Here, a pass band within the phononic bandgap is introduced, by exploiting variable stiffness of piezoelectric elements linking aluminum stubs to the aluminum plate to create a phononic crystal as in the work
261:
In 2021, Chen et al. demonstrated a mechanical metamaterial whose unit cells can each store a binary digit analogous to a bit inside a hard disk drive. Similarly, these mechanical unit cells are programmed through the interaction between two electromagnetic coils in the
Maxwell configuration, and an
329:
Self-reconfiguring modular robotics involves a group of basic robot modules working together to dynamically form shapes and create behaviours suitable for many tasks, similar to programmable matter. SRCMR aims to offer significant improvement to many kinds of objects or systems by introducing many
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They allow creating controllable permanent magnets where the magnetic effect can be maintained without requiring a continuous supply of electrical energy. For these reasons, electropermanent magnets are essential components of the research studies aiming to build programmable magnets that can give
161:
There are many proposed implementations of programmable matter. Scale is one key differentiator between different forms of programmable matter. At one end of the spectrum, reconfigurable modular robotics pursues a form of programmable matter where the individual units are in the centimeter size
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produced by the electromagnet is used to change the magnetization of the permanent magnet. The permanent magnet consists of magnetically hard and soft materials, of which only the soft material can have its magnetization changed. When the magnetically soft and hard materials have opposite
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is a form of programmable matter. A second school of thought is that the individual units of the ensemble can compute and the result of their computation is a change in the ensemble's physical properties. An example of this more ambitious form of programmable matter is claytronics.
88:, and self-replicating machine technology have advanced, the use of the term programmable matter has changed to reflect the fact that it is possible to build an ensemble of elements which can be "programmed" to change their physical properties in reality, not just in
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113:
Information
Science and Technology group (ISAT) examined the potential of programmable matter. This resulted in the 2005–2006 study "Realizing Programmable Matter", which laid out a multi-year program for the research and development of programmable matter.
41:, conductivity, optical properties, etc.) in a programmable fashion, based upon user input or autonomous sensing. Programmable matter is thus linked to the concept of a material which inherently has the ability to perform information processing.
459:, to change their color, shape, etc. Such bioinspired approaches to materials production has been demonstrated, using self-assembling bacterial biofilm materials that can be programmed for specific functions, such as substrate adhesion,
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An active area of research is in molecules that can change their shape, as well as other properties, in response to external stimuli. These molecules can be used individually or en masse to form new kinds of materials. For example,
201:
Shape-changing and locomotion of solid objects are possible with solid-liquid phase change pumping. This approach allows deforming objects into any intended shape with sub-millimetre resolution and freely changing their topology.
185:, which combine the structural aspects of a composite with the affordances offered by tight integration of sensors, actuators, computation, and communication, while foregoing reconfiguration by particle motion.
61:
that is composed of fine-grained compute nodes distributed throughout space which communicate using only nearest neighbor interactions. In this context, programmable matter refers to compute models similar to
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A 'simple' programmable matter where the programmable element is external to the material itself. Magnetized non-Newtonian fluid, forming support columns which resist impacts and sudden pressure.
99:
and G. Snyder coined the term "quantum wellstone" (or simply "wellstone") to describe this hypothetical but plausible form of programmable matter. McCarthy has used the term in his fiction.
246:
that can be controlled to react in ways that do not occur in nature. One example developed by David Smith and then by John Pendry and David Schuri is of a material that can have its
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In one school of thought, the programming could be external to the material and might be achieved by the "application of light, voltage, electric or magnetic fields, etc." (
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There are many conceptions of programmable matter, and thus many discrete avenues of research using the name. Below are some specific examples of programmable matter.
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or mechanisms. The catoms will be sub-millimeter computers that will eventually have the ability to move around, communicate with other computers, change color, and
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range. At the nanoscale end of the spectrum, there are a tremendous number of different bases for programmable matter, ranging from shape changing molecules to
880:
Bergamini, Andrea; Delpero, Tommaso; De Simoni, Luca; Di Lillo, Luigi; Ruzzene, Massimo; Ermanni, Paolo (2014). "Phononic
Crystal with Adaptive Connectivity".
70:. The CAM-8 architecture is an example hardware realization of this model. This function is also known as "digital referenced areas" (DRA) in some forms of
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These include materials that can change their properties based on some input, but do not have the ability to do complex computation by themselves.
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In the early 1990s, there was a significant amount of work in reconfigurable modular robotics with a philosophy similar to programmable matter.
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Cellular automata are a useful concept to abstract some of the concepts of discrete units interacting to give a desired overall behavior.
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tuned so that it can have a different index of refraction at different points in the material. If tuned properly, this could result in an
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embedded magnetorheological elastomer. Different binary states are associated with different stress-strain response of the material.
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166:. Quantum dots are in fact often referred to as artificial atoms. In the micrometer to sub-millimeter range examples include
92:. Thus, programmable matter has come to mean "any bulk substance which can be programmed to change its physical properties."
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Kaya, Kerem; Kravchenko, Alexander; Scarpellini, Claudia; Iseri, Emre; Kragic, Danica; van der
Wijngaart, Wouter (2023).
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The physical properties of several complex fluids can be modified by applying a current or voltage, as is the case with
1042:"Electropermanent Magnets: Programmable Magnets with Zero Static Power Consumption Enable Smallest Modular Robots Yet"
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to refer to an ensemble of fine-grained computing elements arranged in space. Their paper describes a computing
1288:"Engineering efficient and massively parallel 3D self-reconfiguration using sandboxing, scaffolding and coating"
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Chen, Tian; Pauly, Mark; Reis M., Pedro (2021). "A reprogrammable mechanical metamaterial with stable memory".
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magnetizations the magnet has no net field, and when they are aligned the magnet displays magnetic behaviour.
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to investigate the underlying hardware and software mechanisms necessary to realize programmable matter.
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In 2007, programmable matter was the subject of a DARPA research solicitation and subsequent program.
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Hacking Matter: Levitating Chairs, Quantum
Mirages, and the Infinite Weirdness of Programmable Atoms
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Synthetic biology is a field that aims to engineer cells with "novel biological functions." Such
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Yim, Mark; Shen, Wei-Min; Salemi, Behnam; Rus, Daniela; Moll, Mark; Lipson, Hod; Klavins, Eric;
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has funded several research programs coordinated by Julien
Bourgeois and Benoit Piranda at the
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1315:"Datom: A Deformable modular robot for building self-reconfigurable programmable matter"
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632:"CAM8: a Parallel, Uniform, Scalable Architecture for Cellular Automata Experimentation"
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933:"Evidence of complete band gap and resonances in a plate with periodic stubbed surface"
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In the summer of 1998, in a discussion on artificial atoms and programmable matter,
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850:"Programmable Matter with Free and High-Resolution Transfiguration and Locomotion"
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http://www.geocities.com/charles_c_22191/temporarypreviewfile.html?1205202563050
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705:"Hardware and software for creating programmable matter – ProgrammableMatter"
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793:"Materials that couple sensing, actuation, computation, and communication"
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Quantum wells can hold one or more electrons. Those electrons behave like
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In 2002, Seth
Goldstein and Todd Mowry started the claytronics project at
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which has the ability to change its physical properties (shape, density,
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Matter which can change its physical properties in a programmable fashion
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1099:"Programmable biofilm-based materials from engineered curli nanofibres"
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Wu, Tsung-Tsong; Huang, Zi-Gui; Tsai, Tzu-Chin; Wu, Tzung-Chen (2008).
1319:
15th
International Symposium on Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems
956:
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Thalamy, Pierre; Piranda, Benoit; Bourgeois, Julien (December 2021).
1201:
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34:
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Goldstein, Seth Copen; Campbell, Jason; Mowry, Todd C. (June 2005).
803:(6228). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
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1087:, pp. 43–52) An overview of recent work and challenges
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Programmable matter is a term originally coined in 1991 by
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365:connect to other catoms to form different shapes.
181:An important sub-group of programmable matter are
447:are usually used to create larger systems (e.g.,
1345:"DARPA (US Military) Programmable Matter Thrust"
1084:
451:) which can be "programmed" utilizing synthetic
565:"Programmable matter: concepts and realization"
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8:
686:DARPA Strategic Thrusts: Programmable Matter
1313:Piranda, Benoit; Bourgeois, Julien (2021).
1255:"Modular Self-Reconfigurable Robot Systems"
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791:McEvoy, M. A.; Correll, N. (2015-03-20).
769:. Stoddart.chem.ucla.edu. Archived from
463:templating, and protein immobilization.
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289:An electropermanent magnet is a type of
150:
1259:IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine
548:
1651:Differential technological development
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1033:
652:
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357:) designed to form much larger scale
7:
1357:"The Programmable Matter Consortium"
602:Rothman, D.H.; Zaleski, S. (2004) .
338:Claytronics is an emerging field of
1740:Future-oriented technology analysis
319:Self-reconfiguring modular robotics
197:"Solid-liquid phase-change pumping"
1499:High-temperature superconductivity
310:rise to self-building structures.
170:-based units, cells created using
25:
767:"UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry"
397:which, like real atoms, can form
1794:
1611:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
487:
473:
325:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
1292:Robotics and Autonomous Systems
1504:High-temperature superfluidity
1097:Nguyen, Peter (Sep 17, 2014).
610:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
1767:Technology in science fiction
854:Advanced Functional Materials
734:"Mark Yim - GRASP Lab @ Penn"
669:"DARPA research solicitation"
606:Lattice Gas Cellular Automata
242:Metamaterials are artificial
589:10.1016/0167-2789(91)90296-L
1305:10.1016/j.robot.2021.103875
1849:
1772:Technology readiness level
1708:Technological unemployment
1000:10.1038/s41586-020-03123-5
691:December 12, 2010, at the
408:
386:
372:
342:concerning reconfigurable
322:
293:which consists of both an
282:
235:
217:
104:Carnegie Mellon University
1790:
1755:Technological singularity
1715:Technological convergence
1531:Multi-function structures
1234:. New York: Basic Books.
1185:"Programmable Matter FAQ"
314:Robotics-based approaches
1546:Molecular nanotechnology
1509:Linear acetylenic carbon
1062:Hardesty, Larry (2012).
533:Universal Turing machine
279:Electropermanent magnets
266:Shape-changing molecules
72:self-replicating machine
1720:Technological evolution
1693:Exploratory engineering
1271:10.1109/MRA.2007.339623
937:Applied Physics Letters
810:10.1126/science.1261689
457:genetic toggle switches
285:Electropermanent magnet
120:From 2016 to 2022, the
1730:Technology forecasting
1725:Technological paradigm
1698:Proactionary principle
1226:McCarthy, Wil (2003).
1183:McCarthy, Wil (2006).
1040:Deyle, Travis (2010).
894:10.1002/adma.201305280
863:10.1002/adfm.202307105
738:www.robotics.upenn.edu
440:
155:liquid crystal display
146:
1656:Disruptive innovation
1519:Metamaterial cloaking
1395:Emerging technologies
1152:"Programmable Matter"
1103:Nature Communications
1064:"Self-sculpting sand"
418:
144:
1703:Technological change
1646:Collingridge dilemma
528:Ubiquitous computing
297:and a dual material
68:lattice gas automata
1760:Technology scouting
1735:Accelerating change
1606:Powered exoskeleton
1563:Programmable matter
1441:Smart manufacturing
1436:Molecular assembler
1416:3D microfabrication
1349:Afcea International
1251:Chirikjian, Gregory
1168:10.1109/MC.2005.198
1115:2014NatCo...5.4945N
992:2021Natur.589..386C
949:2008ApPhL..93k1902W
744:on 16 November 2005
581:1991PhyD...47..263T
248:index of refraction
31:Programmable matter
1777:Technology roadmap
1479:Conductive polymer
1124:10.1038/ncomms5945
882:Advanced Materials
441:
425:biological machine
252:invisibility cloak
153:). For example, a
147:
126:FEMTO-ST Institute
1833:Synthetic biology
1810:
1809:
1629:
1628:
1578:Synthetic diamond
1474:Artificial muscle
1456:Materials science
1241:978-0-465-04428-3
986:(7842): 386–390.
957:10.1063/1.2970992
675:on July 15, 2009.
495:Technology portal
411:Synthetic biology
405:Synthetic biology
375:Cellular automata
369:Cellular automata
363:electrostatically
273:J Fraser Stoddart
183:robotic materials
172:synthetic biology
142:
64:cellular automata
16:(Redirected from
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1745:Horizon scanning
1661:Ephemeralization
1621:Uncrewed vehicle
1541:Carbon nanotubes
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1359:. 20 April 2022.
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575:(1–2): 263–272.
561:Margolus, Norman
557:Toffoli, Tommaso
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429:protein dynamics
395:artificial atoms
299:permanent magnet
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1469:Amorphous metal
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1351:. 26 May 2009.
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