Clements Markham - Knowledge (XXG)

997:. In 1862, the king had written to the British government requesting help to modernise his nation, and proposing the appointment of an ambassador, which the British had previously suggested. Unwilling to risk its monopoly of cotton in Egypt, the British government did not reply. The king reacted to this slight and other snubs by seizing and imprisoning the British consul and his staff, and ordered the arrest and whipping of a missionary who had insulted the king's mother. A belated reply to the king's letter resulted in the capture and incarceration of the deputation that brought it. After efforts at conciliation failed, the British decided to settle the matter by sending a military expedition. Because the geography of the country was so little known, it was decided that an experienced traveller with map-making skills should accompany the force, hence Markham's appointment. 1436: 285: 978: 4163: 4134: 4177: 4412: 920:, left England for Peru in December 1859, arriving in Lima late in January 1860. There was danger in their enterprise; Peru and Bolivia were on the verge of war, and Markham's party soon experienced the hostility of Peruvian interests anxious to protect their control over the cinchona trade. This limited his sphere of operations, and prevented him from obtaining specimens of the best quality. Later Markham overcame bureaucratic obstruction to obtain the necessary export licences. 1605: 931:. Although many of the Indian plantations failed to flourish and were soon destroyed by insects, others survived, and were augmented by species obtained by Spruce which were more suited to Indian conditions. Twenty years after the first plantations the annual cinchona bark crop from India was estimated at 490,000 pounds (220,000 kg). For his work in introducing cinchona to India, Markham received a grant of £3,000 (over £200,000 in 2008 terms) from the British Government. 542: 1514:(1913), Markham describes Scott as "among the most remarkable men of our time", and talks of the "beauty" of his character. As Scott lay dying "there was no thought for himself, only the earnest thought to give comfort and consolation to others." In one of the last letters written from his final camp, days from death, Scott wrote: "Tell Sir Clements I thought much of him, and never regretted his putting me in command of the 'Discovery'." 64: 1495:, to express disbelief about Shackleton's claimed latitudes, repeating these doubts to Scott. Historians have surmised that Scott was Markham's protégé, and that the old man resented polar glory going to someone else. Whatever his reason, Markham adopted a bitterness towards Shackleton which he retained for the rest of his life. He is said to have crossed out all favourable references to Shackleton in his own notes on the 1358: 893: 1012:, the king's mountain stronghold. Markham also acted as the party's naturalist, reporting on the species of wildlife encountered during the 400-mile (640 km) march southward from the coast. He accompanied Napier to the walls of Magdala, which was stormed on 10 April 1868. As the king's forces charged down the mountain to meet Napier's advancing troops Markham recorded: "The 1523: 1034: 4149: 1634:, Shackleton's first biographer and for many years the RGS librarian, referred to the dictatorial manner in which Markham had run the Society. In time, questions would be raised about the accuracy of some of his Hakluyt translations, and about the evidence of haste in the preparation of other publications. On a personal level he had made enemies as well as friends; 602: 1657:, had been passed to Scott, to the detriment of all future British expeditions. Mill's measured opinion, that Markham was "an enthusiast rather than a scholar", has been asserted as a fair summary of his strengths and weaknesses, and as the basis for his influence on the discipline of geography in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. He is commemorated by 1130: 1481: 797: 1392:. Markham accused Bruce of "mischievous rivalry", and of attempting to "cripple the National Expedition ... in order to get up a scheme for yourself". The Scottish expedition duly sailed, but Markham remained unforgiving towards it, and used his influence to ensure that its participants received no Polar Medals on their return. 1596:, where a window was dedicated to Scott and his companions; later that year he assisted at the unveiling of the Royal Navy's statue of Scott, in Waterloo Place, London. Markham read his last paper for the RGS on 10 June 1915, its title being "The History of the Gradual Development of the Groundwork of Geographical Science". 437:

was run primarily as a naval enterprise, under Scott's command. To do this he overcame hostility and opposition from much of the scientific community. In the years following the expedition he continued to champion Scott's career, to the extent of disregarding or disparaging the achievements of other contemporary explorers.

445:, of which he also became president in 1890. He received public and academic honours, and was recognised as a major influence on the discipline of geography, although it was acknowledged that much of his work was based on enthusiasm rather than scholarship. Among the geographical features bearing his name is Antarctica's 520:. Reportedly an apt pupil, he showed particular interest in geology and astronomy, and from an early age he wrote prolifically, an activity which filled much of his spare time. At Westminster, which he found "a wonderful and delightful place", he developed a particular interest in boating, often acting as 1417:

as "one of the most successful that ever ventured into the Polar regions, north or south," it was largely ignored by the government of the day. Markham was criticised in official quarters for privately sanctioning a second season in the Antarctic, contrary to the original plan, and then being unable

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The joint committee organising the British response to this resolution contained a difference of view. Murray and the Royal Society argued for a largely civilian expedition, directed and staffed by scientists, while Markham and most of the RGS contingent saw a National Antarctic Expedition as a means

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the exploration of the Antarctic Regions is the greatest piece of geographical exploration still to be undertaken. That, in view of the additions to knowledge in almost every branch of science which would result from such a scientific exploration, the Congress recommends that the scientific societies

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Towards the end of the voyage, Markham experienced growing doubts about a conventional naval career; he now desired above all to be an explorer and a geographer. On arrival in Portsmouth in July 1848 he informed his father of his wish to leave the navy, but was persuaded to stay. After a brief period

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The main achievement of Markham's RGS presidency was the revival at the end of the 19th century of British interest in Antarctic exploration, after a 50-year interval. He had strong and determined ideas about how the National Antarctic Expedition should be organised, and fought hard to ensure that it

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in search of Franklin, had appeared in 1853. After his retirement from the India office in 1877, writing became his chief source of income. In addition to papers and reports for the Royal Geographical Society and other learned bodies, Markham wrote histories, biographies and travel accounts, many as

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went further, calling Markham "that old fool and humbug". These protestations reflected Markham's protective attitude towards Scott; according to Bruce, "Scott was Markham's protégé, and Markham thought it necessary, in order to uphold Scott, that I should be obliterated". He added that "Scott and I

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rifles kept up a fire no Abyssinian troops could stand. They were mown down in lines ... the most heroic struggle could do nothing in the face of such vast inequality of arms." Markham added that although the king's misdeeds had been numerous and his cruelties horrible, he had finally died as a

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In April 1857, Markham married Minna Chichester, who accompanied him on the cinchona mission to Peru and India. Their only child, a daughter Mary Louise (known as May), was born in 1859. As part of his India Office duties Markham investigated and reported to the Indian government on the introduction

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service for attempting to prevent the flogging of a crewman. He had also become disenchanted by the idleness that had occupied long periods of his service. With some regret the elder Markham consented to his son's request, and after taking and passing the gunnery part of the examination for the rank

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Immediately on his return to England, Markham informed his father of his determination to leave the navy. One of the reasons for his disaffection was the severity of the corporal punishment that was constantly administered for what in his view were trivial offences. He had been in trouble during his

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voyage. When spring returned, a series of sledging expeditions was launched to search for further signs of the missing crews. Markham played a full part in these activities, which produced no further evidence of Franklin, but led to the mapping of hundreds of miles of previously uncharted coast. The

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In the view of Markham's critics, this represented the subordination of scientific work to naval adventure, although the "Instructions to the Commander", drawn up by Markham, give equal priorities to geographical and scientific work. The "science versus adventure" arguments were renewed when, after

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In a letter written many years later, Markham said that on the assumption of the presidency he had felt the need, after the dispute over women, to "restore the Society's good name" by the adoption of some great enterprise. He chose Antarctic exploration as the basis for this mission; there had been

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president of the society. This unexpected elevation was the result of a dispute within the Society over the question of women members, about which Markham had kept silent. When in July 1893, the issue was put to a special general meeting, the proposal to admit women was narrowly defeated despite an

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until 1886, subsequently becoming that society's president. As part of his work for this body, Markham was responsible for many translations from Spanish into English of rare accounts of travel, in particular those relating to Peru. In time scholars would express doubts about the quality of some of

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Markham remained in the city for several weeks, researching Inca history, describing in his journal the many buildings and ruins that he visited. During the course of an excursion to nearby towns and ruins he reached the area of San Miguel, La Mar, Ayacucho, where he first learned of the properties

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Although Markham was not the first choice as a replacement for Grant Duff—other notable figures were approached—he had kept out of the women members controversy and was broadly acceptable to the membership. Shortly after his accession to the presidency, in recognition of his services to geography

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The idea of introducing cinchona to India was first made in 1813, by W. Ainslie, and, years later, in 1839, John Forbes Royle suggested that it could be tried in the Nilgiris. The Indian government was spending £7000 a year around 1852 when Royle made a proposal to introduce cinchona to India. By

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Searches continued until the ships were laid up for the long Arctic winter. During this enforced rest there were lectures and classes for the crew, and various theatrical diversions in which Markham was able to display his "great histrionic talent". He did much reading, mainly Arctic history and

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following a recommendation from the expedition's principal private donor. He had given sympathy and support after Shackleton's early return from the expedition on grounds of ill health, and had backed the latter's unsuccessful application for a Royal Navy commission. Later, after Shackleton had

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struck a reef and required substantial repairs. Markham's extended absence from his India Office duties, together with his increasing involvement in a range of other interests, caused his superiors to request his resignation. Markham retired from his post in 1877, his 22 years of service

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On the orders of General Napier, Magdala was burnt to the ground, its native and foreign guns destroyed and the accumulated treasures in the fortress looted. The British troops then departed, and Markham was back in England in July 1868. For his services to this campaign Markham was appointed

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in Southern India. He was also involved in an ambitious plan for the transplanting of Brazilian rubber trees, claiming that he would "do for the india-rubber or caoutchouc-yielding trees what had already been done with such happy results for the cinchona trees." This scheme was not, however,

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s return, Markham announced his retirement from the RGS presidency. He was 75 years old; according to his biographer he felt that his active geographical life was now over. His 12 years in the presidency was the longest period on record. He remained a member of the RGS Council, a

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confided his intention to lead an expedition of his own, Markham supplied a generous testimonial, describing Shackleton as "well-fitted to have charge of men in an enterprise involving hardship and peril", and "admirably fitted for the leader of a Polar Expedition."

738: 761:, and discovered packing materials nearby which bore the name of "Goldner", Franklin's canned meat supplier. Together with other odds and ends of abandoned equipment, these fragments were the first traces of Franklin that anyone had found. A few days later, on 1588:. He returned to England, and assisted with the preparation of Scott's journals for publication. Scott's death was a heavy blow, but Markham continued to lead a busy life of writing and travelling. In 1915, he was present at the service in St Peter's Church, 1623:, who acknowledged the debt the country owed to Markham's life work of study and research; from the Royal Geographical Society and the other learned bodies with which Markham had been associated; from the Naval Commander-in-Chief at Devonport; and from 905:, and in 1859 he made proposals to his employers for a scheme for collecting cinchona trees from the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, and transplanting them to selected sites in India. Cinchona bark, a source of quinine, was the first known treatment for 1733:

purposes at £7,740 (2008 equivalent £376,000). He was survived by his wife Minna, to whom Albert Hastings Markham's 1917 biography of Sir Clements is dedicated. Markham's only child, May, avoided public life and devoted herself to church work in the

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in Papua New Guinea was named after him; Carsten Borchgrevink discovered and named Markham Island in the Ross Sea during his 1900 expedition, a gesture that was not, however, acknowledged by Markham. The name lives on in Lima, Peru, through

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It may be mentioned that Dr. Markham, the late Archbishop, was private tutor to both King George IV. and King William IV. ; hence the interest taken by His Majesty in the grandson of his old tutor, to whom he invariably showed great

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On 29 January 1916, while reading in bed by candlelight, Markham set fire to the bedclothes and was overcome by smoke. He died the following day. His last diary entry, a few days earlier, had recorded a visit from Peter Markham Scott.

1561:, Markham assisted with fundraising and served on the expedition's organising committee, arranging the deal which brought in Lieutenant "Teddy" Evans as second-in-command, in return for the abandonment of Evans's own expedition plans. 440:

All his life Markham was a constant traveller and a prolific writer, his works including histories, travel accounts and biographies. He authored many papers and reports for the RGS, and did much editing and translation work for the

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Murray's call for the resumption of Antarctic exploration was taken up again two years later, when the RGS acted as host to the sixth International Geographical Congress in August 1895. This Congress passed a unanimous resolution:

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referred to Markham as "a veteran in the service of mankind", and recalled that he had been "for sixty years the inspiration of English geographical science." However, Markham did not altogether avoid controversy. In 1912, when

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In the summer of 1852, freed from his naval obligations, Markham made plans for an extended visit to Peru. Supported by a gift from his father of £500 (more than £40,000 at 2008 values) to cover expenses, Markham sailed from

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of reviving naval glories, and wanted the expedition organised accordingly. Markham's tenacity finally won the day when in 1900 he secured the appointment of his protégé Robert Falcon Scott, by then a torpedo lieutenant on

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In May 1888, Markham resigned from his position as RGS Secretary, finding himself at odds with the Society's new policies which appeared to favour education over exploration. On his retirement he was awarded the Society's

4214: 872:, cultivated in that vicinity. He finally left Cuzco on 18 May, accompanied by a party of six who, like him, were returning to Lima. Their journey took them southwards, descending the mountains to the city of 1638:, the geologist who served with both Scott and Shackleton, called Markham "a dangerous old man", while William Speirs Bruce wrote of Markham's "malicious opposition to the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition". 581:

was being fitted out for an extended voyage to the Pacific Ocean where Seymour was to assume command of the Pacific station. This tour of duty lasted for almost four years. The ship reached the Chilean port of

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vice-president, and he kept an active interest in Antarctic exploration, particularly in the two British expeditions which set out in the five years following his retirement. These were led respectively by

645:, which further diminished his interest in the service. However, early in 1850, he learned that a squadron of four ships was being assembled to undertake a new search for the lost Arctic expedition of Sir 1368:

Markham faced further problems in securing funding for the expedition. In 1898, after three years' effort, only a fraction of what was required had been promised. Meanwhile, the Anglo-Norwegian explorer

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were always good friends, in spite of Markham." Markham's writings on naval history have been criticised by modern scholars due to his nationalistic exaggeration of English sailors' achievements in the

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Markham had, through his various activities, come to know many influential people, and during the early 1870s used these connections to make the case for a Royal Naval Arctic expedition. Prime minister

734:. Markham, as the youngest member of the expedition and its only midshipman, had a limited role, but carefully noted every detail of expedition life in his journal. The ships sailed on 4 May 1850. 1108:. On 1 September 1875, they reached 82° 24', the highest northern latitude reached by any ship up to that date. In the following spring a sledging party led by Markham's cousin, Commander 1057:

consented, in the "spirit of maritime enterprise that has ever distinguished the English people". When the expedition was ready to sail, Markham was invited to accompany it as far as Greenland, on

4753: 1384:, the Scottish explorer who had written to Markham asking to join the National Antarctic Expedition. On receiving no confirmation of an appointment, Bruce obtained finance from the Scottish 1201:

these translations, finding them prepared in haste and lacking in rigour. Nevertheless, this work ran to 22 volumes in the society's publications. In 1873, Markham had been elected a

1377:, to finance a private Antarctic venture. Markham was furious, believing that funds were being diverted from his own project, and denounced Borchgrevink as "evasive, a liar and a fraud". 1177:(ninth edition) article entitled "Progress of Geographical Discovery". He also wrote popular histories. Within the RGS Markham was responsible for the revision of the Society's standard 4783: 1499:

expedition, and to have virtually ignored Shackleton's achievements in a 1912 address to the British Association. He was equally dismissive in his history of Antarctic exploration,

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In addition to his work in promoting the Nares Arctic expedition, Markham followed the work of other Arctic explorers, organising a reception in 1880, for the Swedish explorer

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until 1910. Markham continued to travel extensively in Europe, and in 1906 cruised with the Mediterranean squadron, where Scott was acting as flag captain to Rear Admiral

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at a salary of £90 per annum (around £6,000 in 2008). He found the work tedious, but after six months was able to transfer to the forerunner of what became, in 1857, the

379:(RGS) between 1863 and 1888, and later served as the Society's president for a further 12 years. In the latter capacity he was mainly responsible for organising the 598:. Markham's social connections assured him of a relatively comfortable time; he was frequently invited to dine with the admiral, whose wife and daughters were on board. 371: 53: 3878: 1160:. Release from the India Office provided Markham with more time for travel. He made regular trips to Europe, and in 1885, went to America, where he met with President 1530:

in 1913 and of which a photogravure was made by Emery Walker. It includes a statuette of a polar explorer on the table and a painting of a cinchona plant on the wall.

1141:. The Society soon became the centre of his geographical interests, and in 1863 he was appointed its honorary secretary, a position he was to hold for 25 years. 1008:, early in 1868. Markham was attached to the force's headquarters staff, with responsibility for general survey work and in particular the selection of the route to 617:, the main port on the Peruvian coast, giving Markham his first experience of a country that would figure prominently in his later career. During the next two years 4441: 757:, the known route taken by Franklin. Here the ships dispersed to search different areas for signs of the vanished expedition. On 23 August, Ommanney sighted a 490: 1286:, resigned his office. The 22 existing women members were allowed to remain, but no more were admitted until January 1913 when the RGS changed its policy. 884:

in Japan. On 23 June, the party reached Lima, where Markham learned of the death of his father. He departed for England, where he arrived on 17 September.

1473:: "... not only my most cordial wishes for your success will accompany you, but also a well-founded hope." When news of the expedition's achievement of a new 1075:

He wrote of this journey: "I never had a happier cruise ... a nobler set of fellows never sailed together." He returned to England on the support vessel

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area, significant explorations of this sector of Antarctica were carried out, along with an extensive scientific programme. Although it was reported by the

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A memoir of the Lady Ana de Osorio, countess of Chinchon and vice-queen of Peru (A. D. 1629–39) with a plea for the correct spelling of the Chinchona genus

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After the death of his father in 1853 Markham needed paid employment, and in December 1853 secured a junior clerkship in the Legacy Duty Office of the

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plants from their native Peruvian forests, and their transplantation in India. By this means, the Indian government acquired a home source from which

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throughout the world should urge, in whatever way seems to them most effective, that this work should be undertaken before the close of the century.

836:, he sailed for Callao, finally arriving there on 16 October. He set out for the Peruvian interior on 7 December 1852, heading across the 1581:, conqueror of the South Pole, was invited by RGS president Leonard Darwin to dine with the Society, Markham resigned his council seat in protest. 1401:, was built, and a mainly naval crew of officers and crewmen appointed, along with a scientific staff which was later described as "underpowered". 1216:

Markham maintained his interest in the navy, particularly in the training of its officers. He often visited the merchant officer training vessels,

629:, where Markham attempted to assist the nationalist rebels against their French governor. On 25 June 1846, Markham passed the examination for 2086:

He was the son of William Markham, of Becca Hall, Aberford, and the grandson of Dr. William Markham, who was Archbishop of York from 1777 to 1807.

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full-length books. He also translated many works from Spanish to English, and compiled a grammar and dictionary for the Quichua language of Peru.

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By contrast, Markham remained on close personal terms with Scott and was godfather to the explorer's son, born 14 September 1909 and named

4309: 1389: 917: 856:. He then travelled on towards Cuzco, and after crossing a swinging bridge—the Apurimac Bridge—suspended 300 feet (91 m) above the raging 1534:

After his retirement from the RGS presidency, Markham led an active life as a writer and traveller. He wrote biographies of the English kings

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The next few years were filled with travel and writing. There were further cruises with the training squadron, and extended visits to the

765:, the party came across three graves, which proved to be those of members of Franklin's crew who had died between January and April 1846. 4047: 876:, a former Spanish colonial settlement with a mixture of native and European architecture. The city is overlooked by the conical volcano 4581: 4511: 4330: 4281: 2562: 1551: 555: 2152: 993:, as the expedition's geographer. This force was despatched by the British government as a response to actions taken by the Abyssinian 923:

Markham returned briefly to England before sailing to India, to select suitable sites for cinchona plantations there and in Burma (now

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A substantial private donation and a government grant finally allowed the National Antarctic Expedition to proceed. A new ship, the

633:, being placed third in a group of ten. The long periods spent in Chilean and Peruvian ports had also enabled him to learn Spanish. 1815: 1306:, calling for "an expedition to resolve the outstanding questions still posed in the south." In response to Murray the RGS and the 952:. Here, the work was interesting and rewarding, with sufficient time to allow him to travel and pursue his geographical interests. 3932: 2867: 1302:'s expedition fifty years previously. A new impetus was provided through a lecture given to the RGS in 1893, by the oceanographer 4623: 4344: 3463: 3291: 2158: 1664: 1224: 3643: 4518: 4372: 649:. Markham used his family's influence to secure a place in this venture, and in April 1850, was informed of his appointment to 3812: 1546:; he also kept up his editing and translating work. He continued to produce papers for the RGS, and remained president of the 1342:, as the expedition's overall commander. In doing so he thwarted an attempt to place the leadership in the hands of Professor 4546: 749:

After rounding the southernmost point of Greenland on 28 May, the squadron proceeded northwards until stopped by ice in

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latitude of 88°23' reached him, Markham publicly signified his intention to propose Shackleton for the RGS Patron's Medal.

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the return of the expedition, there was criticism over the accuracy and professionalism of some of its scientific results.

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in Brazil and the possibilities for cultivating this medicinal plant in India, and on the future of the pearl industry at

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Williams, Donovan (1962). "Clements Robert Markham and the Introduction of the Cinchona Tree into British India, 1861".

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The hunt for the missing ships began two years later. The relief squadron which Markham joined was commanded by Captain

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The news of the death of Scott and his returning polar party reached Markham in February 1913, while he was staying in

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classical literature, and thought about a possible return visit to Peru, a country which had captivated him during the

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It has been suggested that Markham's prejudices about polar travel, particularly his belief in the "nobility" of

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Antarctic Obsession: a personal narrative of the origins of the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904

1996: 1886: 4260: 1217: 586:, the headquarters of the Pacific station on 15 December 1844, after a cruise that incorporated visits to 470: 562:. The boy made a favourable impression on the admiral, and the meeting led to the offer of a cadetship in the 375:(20 July 1830 – 30 January 1916) was an English geographer, explorer and writer. He was secretary of the 4768: 4539: 4267: 3525: 3417: 2032: 1565: 1109: 994: 753:

on 25 June. They were held here until 18 August, when they were finally able to proceed west into

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Addison, Henry Robert; Oakes, Charles Henry; Lawson, William John; Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton (1905).

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and other tropical diseases. These plans were approved and Markham was placed in charge of the operation.

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Markham was a prolific writer and diarist; his first published work, an account of his voyage with HMS

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for what were described at the presentation ceremony as his "incomparable services to the Society".

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and the Mediterranean. In 1893, during the course of one of these journeys, Markham was elected

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In May 1844, Markham was introduced by his aunt, the Countess of Mansfield, to Rear Admiral Sir

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In 1867, Markham was selected to accompany Sir Robert Napier's military expeditionary force to

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overwhelming postal ballot in favour. In these circumstances the Society's President, Sir

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of Brazil. He briefly considered, but did not pursue, the idea of a parliamentary career.

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However, Markham had second thoughts, and was soon writing to the current RGS president,

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to raise funds for the expedition's relief in 1904. The cost for this had to be borne on

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of service in the Mediterranean Markham experienced months of inactivity while based at

4711: 4697: 4588: 4455: 4434: 4162: 4078: 3716: 3681: 3471: 1713: 1635: 1578: 1492: 1474: 1385: 1347: 1113: 945: 913: 853: 762: 742: 716: 693: 595: 587: 541: 482: 17: 1205:, and in subsequent years received several overseas honours, including the Portuguese 63: 4727: 4704: 4683: 4676: 4525: 4504: 4483: 2027: 1949: 1901: 1831: 1700: 1658: 1609: 1396: 1374: 1307: 1246: 671: 646: 583: 458: 446: 159: 4125: 1033: 892: 737: 4669: 4609: 4560: 4532: 4158: 3524: 2031: 1893: 1091: 1069: 1001: 949: 902: 750: 525: 513: 414: 234: 2182: 1522: 3749: 4690: 1987: 1709: 1539: 1507: 1165: 965: 478: 4168: 2167: 1971: 1654: 1406: 1274: 1133:

Clements Markham at the time of his election to the Royal Geographical Society

881: 705: 630: 567: 563: 509: 395: 391: 318: 300: 4154: 3548: 2626: 2042:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 734–735. 1679: 1666: 4662: 4497: 2557: 2000:(completed by F.H.H. Guillemard, 1921) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1718: 1554:. When, in 1909, Scott announced his plans for a new Antarctic venture, the 1535: 1373:

had obtained a sum of £40,000 (over £3 million in 2008) from publisher

814: 709: 3905: 3585:

Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage and Tragedy in the Extreme South

2406: 1310:

formed a joint committee, to campaign for a British Antarctic expedition.

601: 4143: 1620: 1410: 990: 877: 873: 865: 849: 805: 801: 638: 418: 1129: 2521: 1730: 1585: 1458:

Markham had agreed to Shackleton's appointment as third officer on the

1005: 924: 906: 869: 701: 697: 481:

connection led to David Markham's appointment, in 1827, as an honorary

422: 3662: 3385: 2458: 1439:

Markham initially supported—but later turned against—Ernest Shackleton

1237:, during which, on 1 March 1887, he had his first encounter with 4046:

Willcox, Merlin; Bodeker, Gerard; Rosoanaivo, Philippe, eds. (2004).

1630:

More critical assessments of Markham's life and work were to follow.

1589: 928: 829: 825: 783:

of lieutenant, Markham resigned from the service at the end of 1851.

626: 614: 399: 4139: 2513: 1480: 796: 1510:

in the old man's honour. In his tribute to Scott in the preface to

1196:

In parallel with his RGS duties Markham served as secretary of the

429:'s Abyssinian expeditionary force, and was present in 1868, at the 3566:

The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration, Vol 2: from Franklin to Scott

1603: 1521: 1479: 1434: 1356: 1256: 1128: 1032: 976: 891: 845: 837: 795: 758: 736: 600: 540: 489:. Markham's mother Catherine, née Milner, was the daughter of Sir 466: 841: 642: 4196: 852:, to study the local culture and increase his knowledge of the 848:. On the way, Markham paused for nearly a month in the town of 3787:. Vol. 3. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. 1972. p. 611. 3452:. Vol. 3. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. 1972. p. 611. 1298:

no significant Antarctic exploration by any country since Sir

896:

Cinchona plant (photographed in 2002 at a Hawaiian plantation)

512:, Essex. A year later, Clements began his schooling, first at 36: 1152:, and monitoring the progress of the American expeditions of 1090:

Meanwhile, the main expedition, under the command of Captain

820:

Markham travelled by a roundabout route, proceeding first to

425:

could be extracted. Markham also served as geographer to Sir

1487:, who remained Markham's protégé throughout his polar career 1958:

Major James Rennel and the Rise of Modern English Geography

1137:

In November 1854, Markham had been elected a Fellow of the

1405:

sailed on 5 August 1901, after an inspection by King

566:. Accordingly, on 28 June 1844, Markham travelled to 461:, now in North Yorkshire, the second son of the Reverend 700:

Oceans. The expedition was last seen on 29 July, by

3019:, 10 September 1904, reported in Jones, p. 68. 3834:

Diary of a Journey to Abyssinia 1868 by William Simpson

1809:

Contribution Toward a Grammar and Dictionary of Quichua

1716:, was named by Scott for Lady Markham. The plant genus 1466:

He expressed strong support for Shackleton's 1907–1909

1261:

Markham as President of the Royal Geographical Society

774:

expedition returned to England in early October 1851.

3925:"RGS Additional Papers: election of women as Fellows" 2860:"RGS Additional Papers: election of women as Fellows" 1249:, an event that was noted and remembered by Markham. 1048:

in the Arctic; both ships had auxiliary steam engines

383:

of 1901–1904, and for launching the polar career of

4654: 4419: 4231: 4101:

I May Be Some Time. Ice and the English Imagination

346: 342: 324: 314: 306: 296: 291: 279: 256: 248: 227: 216: 206: 183: 166: 142: 137: 121: 109: 77: 34: 4754:Fellows of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society 4077: 3715: 2151: 2104:The Life of Sir Clements R. Markham, K.C.B., F.R.S 2082:The Life of Sir Clements R. Markham, K.C.B., F.R.S 912:Markham and his team, which included the botanist 94:29 May 1893 – 22 May 1905 4187:Clements Markham Proposal for an Antarctic Manual 3906:"Purchasing Power of British Pounds 1264 to 2007" 2407:"Purchasing Power of British Pounds 1264 to 2007" 1906:(1883) London, Low Marston Searle & Rivington 1863:Narrative of the mission of George Bogle to Tibet 1185:in a much livelier format. Markham conducted the 1082:, although the homeward voyage was delayed after 916:and his future brother-in-law, the New Zealander 469:of Stillingfleet. The family were descendants of 4076:Markham, Clements (1986). Holland, Clive (ed.). 1189:from 1872 to 1878, when it became merged in the 1148:after the latter's successful navigation of the 741:A modern photograph of the graves discovered at 1919:Life of Robert Fairfax of Steeton, Vice-admiral 1903:A narrative of the life of Admiral John Markham 1722:was named after Markham by the German botanist 1327: 901:coincidence Markham was a civil servant in the 656:, one of the squadron's two principal vessels. 413:. Later, Markham served as a geographer to the 3568:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing. 2710: 2708: 2706: 1564:Markham was awarded honorary degrees from the 4784:People educated at Westminster School, London 4208: 1241:, who was serving as a midshipman aboard HMS 1191:Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 1183:Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 712:and waiting for the chance to sail westward. 674:had left England in May 1845 with two ships, 8: 4794:Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society 3877:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3418:"Revision of the natural order Bignoniaceae" 2319: 2317: 2315: 2162:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 417:, and was responsible for the collection of 264:Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal 4031:. Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland. 3663:"Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa" 3256: 3254: 2459:"Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa" 4774:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath 4215: 4201: 4193: 4161: 4132: 3851:Poser, Charles M. and Bruyn, G.W. (1999). 3483: 3481: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 2949: 2947: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2595: 2593: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 1542:, and of his old naval friend Admiral Sir 1526:Markham in old age. Originally painted by 609:After a few weeks' respite in Valparaiso, 62: 31: 3608:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3547:. Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from 3235: 3233: 3214: 3212: 3210: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2625:. Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from 2383: 2381: 2331: 2329: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 1895:The War between Peru and Chile, 1879–1882 1292:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath 1245:. Scott was victorious in a race between 1094:, had proceeded north with the two ships 828:and New York, before taking a steamer to 605:Markham as a naval cadet in 1844, aged 14 270:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath 4049:Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria 3754:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2558:"Bowen, Charles Christopher – Biography" 2542: 2540: 2022: 2020: 2018: 1887:The Voyages of William Baffin, 1612–1622 1572:. In conferring this latter degree, the 1314:National Antarctic Expedition, 1895–1904 3507:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3168:L. Huxley (ed) Vol I, p. 604. 2682: 2680: 2224: 2222: 2159:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2014: 1968:(1896) London, Adam & Charles Black 1847:General Sketch of the History of Persia 1619:The family received tributes from King 3870: 3706:Scott's Last Expedition, Volume I 3422:Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 2194: 2192: 1817:A History of the Abyssinian Expedition 1390:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 3688:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3503:"Clements Robert Markham (1830–1916)" 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2153:"Clements Robert Markham (1830–1916)" 1738:. According to the family's entry in 621:cruised in the Pacific, visiting the 500:In 1838, David Markham was appointed 457:Markham was born on 20 July 1830, at 381:British National Antarctic Expedition 7: 3526:"Markham, Sir Clements Robert" 2033:"Markham, Sir Clements Robert" 1984:(1909) London, Smith, Elder & Co 1976:(1906) London, Smith, Elder & Co 1946:(1892) London, George Philip and Son 1938:(1889) London, George Philip and Son 1935:The Life of John Davis the Navigator 1855:The Threshold of the Unknown Regions 935:Civil servant, geographer, traveller 449:, named after him by Scott in 1902. 3785:Burke's Landed Gentry, 18th edition 3740:The Life of Sir Clements R. Markham 3722:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3450:Burke's Landed Gentry, 18th edition 2563:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 1973:Richard III: his life and character 1708:, a private co-educational school. 1294:, and became Sir Clements Markham. 398:, during which time he went to the 4178:Works by or about Clements Markham 4052:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 3836:. Los Angeles: Tsehai Publishers. 3623:Fisher, Margery and James (1957). 3605:Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber 3195:A. Markham, pp. 344, 351–352. 1922:(1885) London, MacMillan & Co, 1712:, a promontory extending into the 1503:, published posthumously in 1921. 1181:, and for relaunching the journal 1023:Companion of the Order of the Bath 25: 4012:. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. 3955:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 3854:An Illustrated History of Malaria 3509:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 3159:L. Huxley (ed) Vol I, p. vi. 2568:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2344:Described by Clements Markham in 1779:His books include the following: 4734:19th-century English translators 4410: 4147: 3857:. London: Parthenon Publishing. 3832:Pankhurst, Richard, ed. (2003). 3709:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1981:The Story of Minorca and Majorca 1954:(1892) Chicago, Charles H Sergel 1943:The Life of Christopher Columbus 1825:A Life of the Great Lord Fairfax 1812:(1864) London, Trubner & Co, 1729:Markham's estate was valued for 409:in one of the many searches for 283: 4779:People educated at Cheam School 3990:"Shackleton Testimonial letter" 3100:"Shackleton Testimonial letter" 1965:The paladins of Edwin the Great 1960:(1895) London, Cassell & Co 1866:(1877) London, Trubner & Co 1842:(1874) London, Trubner & Co 1834:(1871) London, Trubner & Co 1796:(1856) London, Chapman and Hall 1788:(1852) London, Chapman and Hall 1029:Second Arctic voyage, 1875–1876 985:, Abyssinian campaign commander 196: 4789:Portuguese–English translators 4084:. Norfolk, UK: Erskine Press. 3994:Scott Polar Research Institute 3974:. London: Chatham Publishing. 3890:. London: Constable & Co. 3817:. London: Ashgate Publishing. 3764:International School directory 3279:Maura, Juan Francisco (2016). 3141:Riffenburgh, pp. 300–301. 3104:Scott Polar Research Institute 2941:Crane, pp. 92–93, 97–101. 2546:Poser & Bruyn, p. 93. 2055:"MARKHAM, Sir Clements Robert" 1890:(1881) London, Hakluyt Society 1871:A Memoir of the Indian Surveys 1832:Ollanta: an ancient Ynca drama 840:towards his goal, the ancient 660:First Arctic voyage, 1850–1851 594:, and a stormy passage in the 390:Markham began his career as a 27:British geographer (1830–1916) 1: 4130:Biodiversity Heritage Library 4103:. London: Faber & Faber. 3797:Australian Antarctic Division 3760:"Markham College, Lima, Peru" 3703:Huxley, Leonard, ed. (1913). 3627:. London: James Barrie Books. 3487:A. Markham, pp. 366–370. 3348:Australian Antarctic Division 3239:A. Markham, pp. 361–365. 3218:A. Markham, pp. 356–360. 3177:A. Markham, pp. 341–345. 3071:A. Markham, pp. 347–348. 3046:A. Markham, pp. 339–341. 2822:A. Markham, pp. 267–268. 2786:A. Markham, pp. 238–239. 2768:A. Markham, pp. 233–237. 2700:A. Markham, pp. 210–213. 2674:A. Markham, pp. 202–204. 2656:A. Markham, pp. 165–166. 2587:A. Markham, pp. 172–182. 2482:A. Markham, pp. 159–163. 2439:A. Markham, pp. 147–152. 2430:A. Markham, pp. 132–137. 2387:A. Markham, pp. 127–131. 2335:A. Markham, pp. 119–123. 2282:A. Markham, pp. 108–109. 1750:Markham was portrayed by the 1388:family and organised his own 1125:Honorary secretary, 1863–1888 4759:Fellows of the Royal Society 4189:at Dartmouth College Library 4010:New Guinea: The Last Unknown 3972:The Voyages of the Discovery 3523:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). 2183:UK public library membership 1850:(1874) London, Longman Green 1087:entitling him to a pension. 956:of Peruvian cotton into the 613:sailed again, this time for 570:to join Seymour's flagship, 252:Explorer, geographer, writer 4799:Spanish–English translators 4146:(public domain audiobooks) 3737:Markham, Albert H. (1917). 3501:Baigent, Elizabeth (2006). 3382:Markham College, Lima, Peru 3290:(788): 4–25. Archived from 3288:Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 2599:Willcox et al., p. 29. 2534:Willcox et al., p. 21. 2375:A. Markham, pp. 49–51. 2255:A. Markham, pp. 97–99. 2246:A. Markham, pp. 64–69. 2237:A. Markham, pp. 38–47. 2228:A. Markham, pp. 28–35. 2216:A. Markham, pp. 17–26. 2207:A. Markham, pp. 12–15. 2150:Baigent, Elizabeth (2006). 2100:"Childhood and school-days" 2078:"Childhood and school-days" 1203:Fellow of the Royal Society 1000:Napier's troops arrived at 888:Cinchona mission, 1859–1861 880:, which Markham likened to 491:William Milner, 4th Baronet 360:Sir Clements Robert Markham 4815: 4225:Royal Geographical Society 4099:Spufford, Francis (1997). 3748:Markham, Clements (1921). 3640:Royal Geographical Society 3416:Seemann, Berthold (1863). 2741:Pankhurst, pp. 20–21. 2714:Pankhurst, pp. 11–14. 2198:A. Markham, pp. 5–11. 1992:(1912) London, John Murray 1882:(1880) London, John Murray 1804:(1862) London, John Murray 1380:He was equally hostile to 1317: 1139:Royal Geographical Society 1120:Royal Geographical Society 704:in the northern waters of 666:Franklin's lost expedition 663: 411:Franklin's lost expedition 377:Royal Geographical Society 81:Royal Geographical Society 4408: 4169:Works by Clements Markham 4155:Works by Clements Markham 4140:Works by Clements Markham 4126:Works by Clements Markham 3587:. London: HarperCollins. 3248:Riffenburgh, p. 293. 3132:Riffenburgh, p. 301. 3062:Riffenburgh, p. 282. 1930:(1888) London, Samson Low 1898:(1882) London, Samson Low 1874:(1878) London, W.H. Allen 1858:(1875) London, Samson Low 1801:Travels in Peru and India 1757:in the BBC TV miniseries 1171:He was the author of the 353: 133: 87: 73: 61: 3438:A. Markham, p. 342. 3260:Speak, pp. 130–131. 3037:Crane, pp. 278–379. 2998:Speak, pp. 127–131. 2971:Crane, pp. 392–394. 2962:Savours, pp. 16–17. 2849:A. Markham, p. 286. 2750:A. Markham, p. 222. 2665:A. Markham, p. 169. 2647:A. Markham, p. 202. 2608:A. Markham, p. 193. 2494:The Geographical Journal 2448:A. Markham, p. 158. 2357:Coleman, pp. 63–68. 2323:Coleman, pp. 54–58. 2309:A. Markham, p. 119. 2300:Coleman, pp. 51–52. 2264:A. Markham, p. 106. 1828:(1870) London, Macmillan 1820:(1869) London, Macmillan 792:First journey, 1852–1853 4540:James Marshall-Cornwall 3886:Preston, Diana (1997). 3532:Encyclopædia Britannica 3519:(subscription required) 3315:Jones, pp. 58, 72. 3089:Fisher, pp. 79–80. 2732:A. Markham, p. 20. 2106:. London: John Murray. 2098:Markham, A. H. (1917). 2084:. London: John Murray. 2076:Markham, A. H. (1917). 2039:Encyclopædia Britannica 1793:Cuzco ... and Lima 1566:University of Cambridge 1512:Scott's Last Expedition 1443:A few months after the 1174:Encyclopædia Britannica 1146:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld 1110:Albert Hastings Markham 940:India Office, 1857–1867 463:David Frederick Markham 211:David Frederick Markham 147:Clements Robert Markham 18:Clements Robert Markham 4008:Souter, Gavin (1963). 3743:. London: John Murray. 3686:Scott of the Antarctic 3564:Coleman, E.C. (2007). 3367:E. Huxley, p. 25. 2989:Speak, pp. 71–75. 2980:E. Huxley, p. 35. 2953:Jones, pp. 62–64. 2932:Jones, pp. 57–59. 2888:Jones, pp. 51–56. 2813:Jones, pp. 33–36. 2723:Pankhurst, p. 16. 2168:10.1093/ref:odnb/34880 1914:(1885) London, Cassell 1612: 1531: 1488: 1440: 1420:His Majesty's Treasury 1365: 1332: 1262: 1134: 1049: 986: 897: 809: 746: 606: 551: 550:, Markham's first ship 537:Naval cadet, 1844–1850 477:and royal tutor; this 4027:Speak, Peter (2003). 3970:Savours, Ann (2001). 3811:Moore, Grace (2004). 3602:Dean, Warren (1987). 3583:Crane, David (2005). 3406:Preston, p. 141. 2906:Coleman, p. 239. 2804:Coleman, p. 216. 2795:Coleman, p. 209. 2777:Coleman, p. 206. 2759:Coleman, p. 195. 1740:Burke's Landed Gentry 1724:Berthold Carl Seemann 1607: 1525: 1483: 1438: 1360: 1290:Markham was promoted 1260: 1187:Geographical Magazine 1132: 1036: 980: 895: 832:. After crossing the 799: 740: 604: 560:Lord of the Admiralty 544: 4477:David George Hogarth 4463:Francis Younghusband 4029:William Speirs Bruce 3888:A First Rate Tragedy 3751:The Lands of Silence 3718:The Last Great Quest 3633:"Gold Medal Winners" 3378:"Welcome to Markham" 3297:on 28 September 2019 3123:Fisher, p. 243. 2366:Coleman, p. 73. 2346:The Lands of Silence 2291:Coleman, p. 19. 2273:Coleman, p. 51. 1997:The Lands of Silence 1785:Franklin's Footsteps 1696:expedition in 1902. 1643:Robert Rudmose-Brown 1501:The Lands of Silence 1431:Shackleton and Scott 1382:William Speirs Bruce 1371:Carsten Borchgrevink 1320:Discovery Expedition 1253:President, 1893–1905 1112:, achieved a record 973:Abyssinia, 1867–1868 822:Halifax, Nova Scotia 116:Sir Mountstuart Duff 4289:William J. Hamilton 4261:William R. Hamilton 3770:on 21 February 2010 3714:Jones, Max (2003). 3388:on 14 December 2007 3333:Souter, p. 77. 3324:Crane, p. 213. 3269:Speak, p. 123. 3227:Jones, p. 122. 3186:Crane, p. 401. 3150:Crane, p. 387. 3080:Fisher, p. 23. 3007:Crane, p. 279. 2506:1962GeogJ.128..431W 2348:, pp. 255–260. 1951:The History of Peru 1676: / 1608:Bust of Markham by 1594:Stratford-upon-Avon 1570:University of Leeds 1508:Peter Markham Scott 1485:Robert Falcon Scott 1344:John Walter Gregory 1239:Robert Falcon Scott 1179:Hints to Travellers 960:, on the growth of 868:plant, a source of 824:, then overland to 817:on 20 August. 688:, in search of the 385:Robert Falcon Scott 160:Stillingfleet, York 4764:Historians of Peru 4568:Gilbert Laithwaite 4491:William Goodenough 4449:Douglas Freshfield 4338:Roderick Murchison 4324:Roderick Murchison 4303:Roderick Murchison 4275:Roderick Murchison 4223:Presidents of the 3814:Dickens and Empire 3783:"Markham family". 3448:"Markham family". 3204:Jones, p. 92. 3028:Jones, p. 72. 2918:Crane, p. 75. 2897:Jones, p. 57. 2840:Jones, p. 38. 2831:Crane, p. 82. 2556:Lineham, Peter J. 1927:The Fighting Veres 1746:Portrayal in media 1742:she died in 1926. 1736:East End of London 1680:82.850°S 161.350°E 1648:Age of Discoveries 1641:Bruce's colleague 1613: 1610:F. W. Pomeroy 1544:Leopold McClintock 1532: 1489: 1441: 1366: 1263: 1150:North-East Passage 1135: 1050: 987: 898: 810: 747: 607: 552: 518:Westminster School 475:Archbishop of York 307:Service years 240:Westminster School 221:Sir Albert Markham 4749:English explorers 4721: 4720: 4603:Michael John Wise 4582:Edward Shackleton 4554:Raymond Priestley 4359:Rutherford Alcock 4317:Frederick Beechey 4173:Project Gutenberg 3949:Riffenburgh, Beau 3649:on 9 October 2009 3464:"Geoffrey Chater" 2686:Dean, p. 12. 2181:(Subscription or 1989:The Incas of Peru 1453:Ernest Shackleton 1211:Order of the Rose 1116:at 83° 20'. 1055:Benjamin Disraeli 958:Madras Presidency 834:isthmus of Panama 808:in the background 787:Peruvian journeys 730:was captained by 726:. Markham's ship 690:Northwest Passage 495:Nun Appleton Hall 357: 356: 347:Austin expedition 177:London, Middlesex 128:Sir George Goldie 79:President of the 16:(Redirected from 4806: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4414: 4413: 4403: 4401:Clements Markham 4396: 4394:M. E. Grant Duff 4389: 4387:Richard Strachey 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4268:George Greenough 4263: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4194: 4182:Internet Archive 4165: 4151: 4150: 4136: 4114: 4095: 4083: 4063: 4042: 4023: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3985: 3966: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3931:. Archived from 3920: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3882: 3876: 3868: 3847: 3828: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3793:"Markham Island" 3788: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3766:. Archived from 3755: 3744: 3733: 3721: 3710: 3699: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3648: 3642:. Archived from 3637: 3628: 3619: 3598: 3579: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3551:on 29 March 2009 3536: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3488: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3474:on 1 March 2016. 3470:. Archived from 3460: 3454: 3453: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3384:. Archived from 3374: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3344:"Markham Island" 3340: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3296: 3285: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2919: 2916: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2866:. Archived from 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2701: 2698: 2687: 2684: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2629:on 29 March 2009 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2403: 2388: 2385: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2324: 2321: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2155: 2147: 2112: 2111: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2035: 2024: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1685:-82.850; 161.350 1681: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1632:Hugh Robert Mill 1600:Death and legacy 1449: 1300:James Clark Ross 1284:M. E. Grant Duff 1162:Grover Cleveland 1158:George W. DeLong 732:Erasmus Ommanney 623:Sandwich Islands 592:Falkland Islands 524:in races on the 374: 292:Military service 287: 200: 198: 189:Minna Chichester 173: 156: 154: 138:Personal details 124: 112: 105: 103: 99: 92: 82: 66: 56: 41:Clements Markham 32: 21: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4650: 4643: 4638:George Jellicoe 4636: 4631:Crispin Tickell 4629: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4512:Philip Chetwode 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4470:Lawrence Dundas 4468: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4345:Henry Rawlinson 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4310:Francis Egerton 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4227: 4221: 4148: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4098: 4092: 4075: 4071: 4069:Further reading 4066: 4060: 4045: 4039: 4026: 4020: 4007: 3998: 3996: 3988: 3982: 3969: 3963: 3947: 3938: 3936: 3923: 3914: 3912: 3904: 3898: 3885: 3869: 3865: 3850: 3844: 3831: 3825: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3771: 3758: 3747: 3736: 3730: 3713: 3702: 3696: 3682:Huxley, Elspeth 3680: 3671: 3669: 3661: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3616: 3601: 3595: 3582: 3576: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3545:Agridept.gov.lk 3539: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3283: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2704: 2699: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2623:Agridept.gov.lk 2617: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2514:10.2307/1792039 2491: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2405: 2404: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2180: 2172: 2170: 2149: 2148: 2115: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2026: 2025: 2016: 2012: 2007: 1911:The Sea Fathers 1769: 1755:Geoffrey Chater 1752:character actor 1748: 1706:Markham College 1684: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1625:Fridtjof Nansen 1602: 1548:Hakluyt Society 1520: 1447: 1433: 1428: 1322: 1316: 1268:Founder's Medal 1255: 1207:Order of Christ 1198:Hakluyt Society 1154:Adolphus Greely 1127: 1122: 1072:in Baffin Bay. 1031: 975: 942: 937: 890: 794: 789: 755:Lancaster Sound 708:, moored to an 668: 662: 539: 534: 516:, and later at 506:Great Horkesley 471:William Markham 455: 443:Hakluyt Society 431:fall of Magdala 362: 275: 244: 202: 199: 1857) 194: 190: 175: 171: 170:30 January 1916 158: 152: 150: 149: 148: 122: 110: 101: 97: 95: 93: 88: 80: 69: 68:Markham in 1905 57: 44: 42: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4812: 4810: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4769:Incan scholars 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4726: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4712:Nigel Clifford 4708: 4701: 4698:Nicholas Crane 4694: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4589:Duncan Cumming 4585: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4456:Thomas Holdich 4452: 4445: 4438: 4435:Leonard Darwin 4431: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4331:Bingham Baring 4327: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4240:F. 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Robinson 4235: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4152: 4137: 4121: 4120:External links 4118: 4116: 4115: 4109: 4096: 4090: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4058: 4043: 4037: 4024: 4018: 4005: 3986: 3980: 3967: 3961: 3945: 3935:on 25 May 2024 3921: 3910:MeasuringWorth 3902: 3896: 3883: 3863: 3848: 3842: 3829: 3823: 3808: 3789: 3780: 3756: 3745: 3734: 3728: 3711: 3700: 3694: 3678: 3659: 3629: 3620: 3614: 3599: 3593: 3580: 3574: 3561: 3537: 3520: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3477: 3455: 3440: 3431: 3408: 3399: 3369: 3360: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3271: 3262: 3250: 3241: 3229: 3220: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2943: 2934: 2920: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2870:on 25 May 2024 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2702: 2688: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2610: 2601: 2589: 2580: 2548: 2536: 2527: 2500:(4): 431–442. 2484: 2475: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2411:MeasuringWorth 2389: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2337: 2325: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2188: 2113: 2090: 2068: 2045: 2030:, ed. (1911). 2028:Chisholm, Hugh 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1985: 1977: 1969: 1961: 1955: 1947: 1939: 1931: 1923: 1915: 1907: 1899: 1891: 1883: 1875: 1867: 1859: 1851: 1843: 1835: 1829: 1821: 1813: 1805: 1797: 1789: 1768: 1765: 1747: 1744: 1714:Ross Ice Shelf 1636:Frank Debenham 1601: 1598: 1579:Roald Amundsen 1552:George Egerton 1519: 1516: 1493:Leonard Darwin 1475:Farthest South 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1386:Coats baronets 1364:moored in 1902 1348:British Museum 1318:Main article: 1315: 1312: 1254: 1251: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1114:Farthest North 1030: 1027: 1014:Snider–Enfield 974: 971: 946:Inland Revenue 941: 938: 936: 933: 914:Richard Spruce 889: 886: 858:Apurímac River 854:Quechua people 793: 790: 788: 785: 763:Beechey Island 743:Beechey Island 717:Horatio Austin 664:Main article: 661: 658: 625:, Mexico, and 596:Southern Ocean 588:Rio de Janeiro 556:George Seymour 538: 535: 533: 530: 454: 451: 355: 354: 351: 350: 344: 340: 339: 326: 322: 321: 316: 312: 311: 308: 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1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1375:George Newnes 1372: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1308:Royal Society 1305: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1131: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 995:King Theodore 992: 984: 983:Robert Napier 979: 972: 970: 967: 963: 959: 953: 951: 947: 939: 934: 932: 930: 926: 921: 919: 918:Charles Bowen 915: 910: 908: 904: 894: 887: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 807: 804:, Peru, with 803: 800:Old print of 798: 791: 786: 784: 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