135:
therefore rejected the request. In
February 1921, a compromise was reached on dual membership: the playing sections of gymnastics clubs could also take part in the championships of the sports associations. However, as the gymnasts had lost a third of their members since 1918, the gymnastics association soon wanted to abolish dual membership again. On 13 April 1922, it unilaterally terminated the agreement. The sports associations responded by excluding the games sections of gymnastics clubs from their competitions. It was most problematic for those sports that were represented to a greater extent in both gymnastics and sports clubs. Athletics were already being practised as
22:
107:'s so-called free and organised exercises replaced apparatus gymnastics. Gymnastics became unattractive for young people and they turned to sports modelled on the English model. Football in particular became a competitor. The acceptance of football in the military also contributed to this, where it became part of officer training in Germany from 1905.
241:. From this moment on, the football sections of the gymnastics clubs took part in a standardised German championship like all other football clubs. Some football departments of gymnastics clubs that had become independent as a result of the clean divorce returned to their parent clubs, such as SV Harburg to Harburger TB 1865.
163:
between gymnastics and other sports on the 1st of
September 1923. By the 1st of November, the gymnastics sections had to choose between membership of either the sports association or the gymnastics club. While the gymnastics association lost around 25,000 football-playing members as a result, most
134:
The conflict between gymnasts and athletes broke out again on 28 November 1920, when some sports associations called on the German
Gymnastics Association to agree to a professional association system. This would have reduced the German Gymnastics Association to a purely specialised association. It
296:
Some gymnastics clubs, however, offered the game themselves; the football section of Eimsbütteler TV, founded in 1906, became a member of the DFB, and its chairman August Bosse led the North German
Football Association from 1914 to 1924. Cf. Jankowski/Pistorius/Prüß (see below), especially p. 44
102:
One of the early points of contention between gymnasts and other athletes was the question of the nature of competition. In 1891, the German
Gymnastics Association openly condemned gymnastics for medals and prizes. As a result, individual competitions were initially replaced by team competitions
206:
since 1886: "Here, the German
Gymnastics Association was able to build up a veritable parallel world for more than a decade before the development was completely halted in 1935 by political intervention from outside," the swimming journalist Wolfgang Philipps explains in a study.
195:, which took part in German Football Association competitions. However, Harburger TB 1865 also continued to have a football department. Like the other 676 football departments remaining in the German Gymnastics Association, this took part in the gymnasts' football championship.
126:. In 1920, the German Gymnastics Association then allowed the football sections of its clubs to participate in the German Football Championships. This resulted in further mergers, which in many places led to "gymnastics and sports clubs" (TSV, TuS, TuSpo, TuRa, TSG or STG).
236:
were disbanded, the German
Imperial Sports Movement was finally dissolved on the 10th May. The German Reich Committee for Physical Exercise was finally dissolved on the 10th May and the individual professional associations were subordinated to the Reich Sports Leader
223:
in 1933, the synchronisation of the gymnastics and sports movement was also part of the political programme. While the
Workers' Sport Movement with the communist Combat Community for Red Sports and the social democratic
167:
The result was the separation of numerous clubs as early as 1923, but mostly in 1924. The playing sections such as football, handball and other team sports separated from the gymnasts and became independent. This is how
94:
and the German
Gymnastics Association. As a result, numerous gymnastics clubs split into pure gymnastics clubs on the one hand and other sports clubs such as football clubs on the other.
114:, there was a rapprochement between gymnasts and sportsmen. In the economic hardship of the immediate post-war period, there were even mergers, for example in Bielefeld between the
90:
in 1923 and 1924. Within the German Reich
Committee for Physical Exercise, it was no longer possible for clubs to be dual members of specialised sports associations such as the
215:
The conflict was officially settled in Berlin in 1930 with the conclusion of an agreement between the German Football Association, German Gymnastics Association and the
147:), and German gymnastics champions were better performers in some disciplines (sprint, multisport) than those in athletics. The separation therefore hurt both sides.
220:
454:
219:. From 1931, the German Gymnastics Association no longer organised its own football and athletics championships. Under the government of the
143:
coming from England with English weights and measures was not yet widespread. Athletes always competed at mountain gymnastics festivals (
371:
459:
390:
Fußball im Norden. 100 years of the North German Football Association. History - Chronicle - Names - Dates - Facts - Figures
103:(club versus club). Finally, the competition was completely abolished at the German Gymnastics Festival. At the same time,
238:
225:
216:
91:
198:
While the separation was not very successful for football from a gymnastics perspective, things were much better for
203:
469:
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188:
359:
229:
83:
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Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Leibesübungen in Deutschland. Der Kampf zwischen Turnen und Sport
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Schriftenreihe des Niedersächsischen Instituts für Sportgeschichte e. V. - Wissenschaftliche Reihe
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Schriftenreihe des Niedersächsischen Instituts für Sportgeschichte e. V. – Wissenschaftliche Reihe
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32:
306:
181:
233:
123:
115:
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Die Reinliche Scheidung. Versuch einer Trennung von Turnen und Sport in den Jahren 1921–1924
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Für einen humanen Sport. Gesammelte Beiträge zum Sportethos und zur Geschichte des Sports
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football sections remained affiliated to the German Football Association.
155:
After the sports associations rejected the compromise of founding a joint
187:
In some cases, there were also dual structures. For example, some of the
437:
100 Years of the German Championship. The History of Football in Germany
315:
100 Years of the German Championship. The history of football in Germany
341:. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2003, ISBN 3-89533-410-3, pp. 122-128
87:
317:. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2003, ISBN 3-89533-410-3, pp. 78-86.
403:
Sportliche Parallelwelten: Turnerschwimmen in der Weimarer Republik.
339:
100 Jahre Deutsche Meisterschaft. The history of football in Germany
439:, Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstatt. ISBN 3-89533-410-3, pp. 190-198.
270:
Sportliche Parallelwelten: Turnerschwimmen in der Weimarer Republik
86:
along with other modern sports and gymnastics, which took place in
392:. AGON Sportverlag, Kassel 2005, ISBN 3-89784-270-X, p. 44 ff.
228:
was first broken up and then the denominational associations:
15:
46:
36:
184:, for example, left the gymnastics club completely.
180:, founded in 1910, became independent. In contrast,
130:Conflict about the professional association system
388:Bernd Jankowski, Harald Pistorius, Jens R. Prüß:
356:Die Geschichte der Bergturnfeste in Niedersachsen
335:"Reinliche Scheidung", Inflation und Fußballboom'
372:Niedersächsisches Institut für Sportgeschichte
159:, the Turnerschaft unilaterally announced the
8:
364:Beiträge zur Sportgeschichte Niedersachsens.
98:Relationship between gymnastics and football
172:, which separated from TuS 1877 Schalke or
82:) is the organisational separation between
407:Geschichte des Turnens in Norddeutschland
374:, vol. 13). Hoya: NISH 1999, pp. 127-135.
274:Geschichte des Turnens in Norddeutschland
289:
157:German Federation for Physical Exercise
433:Die Umgestaltung des deutschen Sports.
413:, vol. 25), p. 143 - 169, here p. 144.
272:. In: Christian Becker u. a. (Hrsg.):
384:
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325:
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217:German Sports Authority for Athletics
202:, which had also been organised by a
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422:Cf. Jankowski/Pistorius/Prüß, p. 189
405:In: Christian Becker et al. (ed.):
116:1st Bielefeld Football Club Arminia
14:
20:
176:, when the football section of
455:History of football in Germany
1:
370:(⇐ Publication series of the
258:. Schorndorf 1995, S. 98–109.
139:in gymnastics clubs when the
239:Hans von Tschammer und Osten
226:Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund
311:Turnen, Fußball, Vaterland.
265:. Phil. Diss. Leipzig 1924.
92:German Football Association
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178:Hamburg-St. Pauli TV 1862
191:footballers founded the
409:, Münster et al. 2017 (
35:, as no other articles
280:, Bd. 25), S. 143–169.
276:. Münster u. a. 2017 (
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460:History of gymnastics
254:. In: Ders. (Hrsg.):
211:End of the separation
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