158:
101:
Substances in the body can be cleared by various organs, including the kidneys, liver, lungs, etc. Thus, total body clearance is equal to the sum clearance of the substance by each organ (e.g., renal clearance + hepatic clearance + pulmonary clearance = total body clearance). For many drugs, however,
847:
as plasma is filtered into Bowman's capsule, because the relative increases in concentrations of substance-protein and non-occupied protein are equal and therefore give no net binding or dissociation of substances from plasma proteins, thus giving a constant plasma concentration of free substance
842:
Most plasma substances have primarily their free concentrations regulated, which thus remains the same, so extensive protein binding increases total plasma concentration (free + protein-bound). This decreases clearance compared to what would have been the case if the substance did not bind to
855:
rather than filtration, extensive plasma protein binding may increase clearance by keeping concentration of free substance fairly constant throughout the capillary bed, inhibiting a decrease in clearance caused by decreased concentration of free substance through the capillary.
988:
90:, on the other hand, is a measurement of the amount of a substance removed from the body per unit time (e.g., mg/min, ÎĽg/min, etc.). While clearance and excretion of a substance are related, they are not the same thing. The concept of clearance was described by
1502:
2155:
843:
protein. However, the mass removal rate is the same, because it depends only on concentration of free substance, and is independent on plasma protein binding, even with the fact that plasma proteins increase in concentration in the distal
1710:
1599:
1963:
1842:
825:
195:, volumetric blood flow (to the dialysis machine and/or kidney) is only one of several factors that determine blood concentration and removal of a substance from the body. Other factors include the
86:
from which a substance would be completely removed per unit time. Usually, clearance is measured in L/h or mL/min. The quantity reflects the rate of drug elimination divided by plasma concentration.
303:
2333:
2261:
547:
1371:
882:
738:
2449:
1302:
1198:
1397:
1160:
1122:
1062:
2025:
2049:
412:
149:) per unit time or, in some cases, inter-compartmental clearances can be discussed when referring to redistribution between body compartments such as plasma, muscle, and fat.
1758:
351:
1622:
1253:
1230:
1085:
1030:
72:
670:
609:
579:
475:
635:
353:
is the mass generation rate of the substance - assumed to be a constant, i.e. not a function of time (equal to zero for exogenous (foreign) substances/drugs) or
827:. This means, for example, that an increase in total clearance results in a decrease in elimination rate half-life, provided distribution volume is constant.
2973:
82:
of drug elimination. This is the rate of elimination of a substance divided by its concentration. The parameter also indicates the theoretical volume of
165:
The clearance of a substance is the volume of plasma that contains the same amount of the substance as has been removed from the plasma per unit time.
1636:
1531:
3417:
3020:
2579:
95:
1872:
2802:
447:
There is an important relationship between clearance, elimination half-life and distribution volume. The elimination rate constant of a drug
187:. However, it does not refer to a real value; "the kidney does not completely remove a substance from the total renal plasma flow." From a
3509:
3474:
2492:
When the substance "C" is creatinine, an endogenous chemical that is excreted only by filtration, the clearance is an approximation of the
4203:
2850:
2693:
1768:
743:
4238:
4193:
4133:
3626:
3066:
3661:
431:
In steady-state, it is defined as the mass generation rate of a substance (which equals the mass removal rate) divided by its
4188:
3884:
3795:
3364:
2966:
238:
4113:
3738:
3283:
2385:
and an analysis of its composition with the aid of the following equation (which follows directly from the derivation of (
983:{\displaystyle \Delta m_{\text{body}}=(-{\dot {m}}_{\text{out}}+{\dot {m}}_{\text{in}}+{\dot {m}}_{\text{gen.}})\Delta t}
3666:
2291:
2219:
482:
3856:
3342:
3051:
1328:
675:
2688:. Cyril Arthur Keele, Neil Eric (12th ed.). London: English Language Book Society, and Oxford University Press.
2399:
839:, clearance is generally dependent on the total concentration (free + protein-bound) and not the free concentration.
207:
reabsorption rate, for the kidney. A physiologic interpretation of clearance (at steady-state) is that clearance is
2774:
Ritter J, Flower R, Henderson G, Rang H. Rang & Dale's
Pharmacology. 8th ed. London. Churchill Livingstone; 2015
3591:
3410:
3291:
3146:
3071:
3061:
2493:
852:
200:
3218:
2986:
4103:
3851:
3845:
3374:
3301:
3258:
3046:
2959:
2544:
2190:
196:
1497:{\displaystyle \Delta (C\cdot V)=\left(-K\cdot C+{\dot {m}}_{\text{in}}+{\dot {m}}_{\text{gen.}}\right)\Delta t}
4168:
3263:
3099:
1268:
1167:
2748:
Babb AL, Popovich RP, Christopher TG, Scribner BH (1971). "The genesis of the square meter-hour hypothesis".
1129:
4243:
3919:
3681:
3676:
3586:
3504:
3369:
3104:
1091:
1037:
131:
119:
428:
that describes its removal rate from the body divided by its volume of distribution (or total body water).
142:, because the amount of drug eliminated per unit time changes with the concentration of drug in the blood.
4055:
3816:
3791:
3726:
3615:
3499:
2362:
2150:{\displaystyle C={\frac {\dot {m}}{K}}+\left(C_{o}-{\frac {\dot {m}}{K}}\right)e^{-{\frac {K\cdot t}{V}}}}
836:
360:
1984:
4163:
3955:
3757:
3434:
3403:
3306:
3225:
2564:
219:
115:
2652:
102:
clearance is solely a function of renal excretion. In these cases, clearance is almost synonymous with
380:
4198:
4060:
3970:
3811:
3691:
3459:
3331:
3311:
3296:
2951:
2606:
2584:
2549:
2373:
doubles the clearance halves and that if the serum creatinine quadruples the clearance is quartered.
2366:
184:
139:
4233:
4108:
3996:
3965:
3611:
3571:
3494:
3250:
3207:
3191:
3109:
3056:
2569:
1734:
1729:
1625:
848:
throughout the glomerulus, which also would have been the case without any plasma protein binding.
844:
4078:
4028:
3929:
3742:
3721:
3621:
3542:
3454:
3268:
3197:
327:
4073:
3934:
3924:
3752:
3746:
3581:
3326:
3321:
3235:
3094:
2939:
2910:"Estimation of biliary excretion of foreign compounds using properties of molecular structure"
2885:
2841:
2798:
2757:
2730:
2699:
2689:
2574:
2196:
1604:
1235:
1212:
1067:
1012:
223:
41:
2790:
640:
4118:
4006:
4001:
3801:
3771:
3557:
3537:
3519:
3347:
3089:
3015:
2982:
2929:
2921:
2875:
2831:
2559:
2370:
584:
554:
450:
75:
2820:"The current place of urea kinetic modelling with respect to different dialysis modalities"
614:
4158:
4033:
3861:
3821:
3806:
3514:
3464:
3025:
2361:. It states that (with a constant mass generation) the concentration and clearance vary
138:
because a constant amount of the drug is eliminated per unit time, but it is constant in
4148:
4128:
4047:
3889:
3631:
3576:
3156:
2934:
2909:
145:
Clearance can refer to the volume of plasma from which the substance is removed (i.e.,
157:
4227:
4153:
3640:
3547:
3338:
3176:
3166:
2880:
2863:
2718:
432:
425:
188:
135:
17:
4123:
4083:
3984:
3908:
3786:
3469:
3426:
3202:
3041:
2500:
clearance is less commonly used to precisely determine glomerular filtration rate.
1861:
871:
418:
of concentration with respect to time, i.e. the change in concentration with time.
227:
210:
91:
83:
31:
4208:
3695:
3671:
3379:
3244:
3230:
3141:
3136:
2836:
2819:
2187:
the initial concentration of the substance/drug (after it has distributed) or
1255:
is equal to the toxin intake plus the toxin generation minus the toxin removal.
110:. Each substance has a specific clearance that depends on how the substance is
4088:
4020:
3912:
3687:
3182:
3161:
3081:
2925:
415:
364:
192:
79:
2703:
3866:
3240:
199:, dialysate flow and dialysate recirculation flow for hemodialysis, and the
87:
2943:
2889:
2734:
2845:
2761:
2683:
1705:{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta (C\cdot V)}{\Delta t}}=-K\cdot C+{\dot {m}}}
1594:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}={\dot {m}}_{\text{in}}+{\dot {m}}_{\text{gen.}}}
3988:
3960:
3947:
3716:
3636:
2639:
2528:
must be obtained from the (full) solution of the differential equation (
1958:{\displaystyle C{\frac {dV}{dt}}+V{\frac {dC}{dt}}=-K\cdot C+{\dot {m}}}
3449:
3186:
204:
127:
123:
424:
Clearance of a substance is sometimes expressed as the inverse of the
174:
amount of liquid filtered out of the blood that gets processed by the
2497:
851:
In other sites than the kidneys, however, where clearance is made by
356:
t is dialysis time or time since injection of the substance/drug or
175:
169:
477:
is equivalent to total clearance divided by the distribution volume
2750:
Transactions of the
American Society for Artificial Internal Organs
2516:
for the steady-state condition. If the substance being cleared is
3384:
3151:
2995:
2382:
436:
156:
3841:
3734:
3730:
3532:
3316:
2641:(4th ed.). Baltimore MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2554:
2041:
The general solution of the above differential equation (1) is:
3399:
3395:
2955:
2797:(4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 32.
1981:
If one assumes that the volume change is not significant, i.e.
1837:{\displaystyle {\frac {d(C\cdot V)}{dt}}=-K\cdot C+{\dot {m}}}
161:
Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney
820:{\displaystyle Cl_{tot}={\dfrac {\ln 2\cdot V_{d}}{t_{1/2}}}}
2381:
Renal clearance can be measured with a timed collection of
373:
C is the concentration or (in the United States often )
2357:) makes clear the relationship between mass removal and
298:{\displaystyle V{\frac {dC}{dt}}=-K\cdot C+{\dot {m}}}
2402:
2294:
2222:
2052:
1987:
1875:
1771:
1737:
1639:
1607:
1534:
1400:
1331:
1271:
1238:
1215:
1170:
1132:
1094:
1070:
1040:
1015:
885:
770:
746:
696:
678:
643:
617:
587:
557:
551:(note the usage of Cl and not Κ, not to confuse with
503:
485:
453:
383:
330:
241:
44:
4181:
4141:
4097:
4046:
4019:
3983:
3946:
3907:
3898:
3834:
3779:
3770:
3709:
3654:
3603:
3565:
3556:
3487:
3442:
3433:
3357:
3282:
3217:
3175:
3129:
3122:
3080:
3034:
3003:
2993:
1209:
The change in the mass of a toxin within the body (
1064:the change in mass of the toxin in the body during
2443:
2365:with one another. If applied to creatinine (i.e.
2327:
2255:
2183:is the concentration at the beginning of dialysis
2149:
2019:
1957:
1836:
1752:
1704:
1616:
1593:
1496:
1365:
1296:
1247:
1224:
1192:
1154:
1116:
1079:
1056:
1024:
982:
819:
732:
664:
629:
603:
573:
541:
469:
406:
345:
297:
66:
2328:{\displaystyle K={\frac {\dot {m}}{C_{\infty }}}}
2256:{\displaystyle C_{\infty }={\frac {\dot {m}}{K}}}
2207:The solution to the above differential equation (
542:{\displaystyle K_{el}={\dfrac {Cl_{tot}}{V_{d}}}}
2488:is the plasma concentration (in the USA often )
1366:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{\text{out}}=K\cdot C}
733:{\displaystyle K_{el}={\dfrac {\ln 2}{t_{1/2}}}}
2478:is the urine concentration (in the USA often )
2444:{\displaystyle K={\frac {C_{U}\cdot Q}{C_{B}}}}
443:Clearance, half-life and volume of distribution
114:by the nephron. Clearance is a function of 1)
3411:
2967:
2862:Gotch FA, Sargent JA, Keen ML (August 2000).
209:a ratio of the mass generation and blood (or
8:
2369:), it follows from the equation that if the
2481:Q is the urine flow (volume/time) (often )
377:From the above definitions it follows that
4178:
4138:
4043:
4016:
3980:
3943:
3904:
3831:
3776:
3706:
3651:
3600:
3562:
3484:
3439:
3418:
3404:
3396:
3126:
3000:
2974:
2960:
2952:
2719:"The development of the clearance concept"
2933:
2879:
2835:
2520:at a constant plasma concentration (i.e.
2433:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2317:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2127:
2123:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2061:
2059:
2051:
1991:
1986:
1944:
1943:
1905:
1879:
1874:
1823:
1822:
1772:
1770:
1736:
1691:
1690:
1640:
1638:
1606:
1585:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1552:
1551:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1477:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1444:
1443:
1399:
1345:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1276:
1270:
1237:
1214:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1146:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1108:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1069:
1048:
1039:
1014:
965:
954:
953:
943:
932:
931:
921:
910:
909:
893:
884:
804:
800:
789:
769:
754:
745:
717:
713:
695:
683:
677:
652:
648:
642:
616:
592:
586:
562:
556:
530:
513:
502:
490:
484:
458:
452:
384:
382:
332:
331:
329:
284:
283:
245:
240:
226:and is used to model kidney function and
52:
43:
2908:Sharifi M, Ghafourian T (January 2014).
2784:
2782:
2780:
1297:{\displaystyle m_{\text{body}}=C\cdot V}
1193:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{\text{gen.}}}
835:For substances that exhibit substantial
2672:Kaplan Step1 Pharmacology 2010, page 14
2597:
1155:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{\text{out}}}
2580:Table of medication secreted in kidney
2211:) at time infinity (steady state) is:
1117:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}_{\text{in}}}
1057:{\displaystyle \Delta m_{\text{body}}}
637:divided by elimination rate half-life
168:When referring to the function of the
96:University of Edinburgh Medical School
2824:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
2037:Solution to the differential equation
1760:one obtains a differential equation:
1204:In words, the above equation states:
7:
2632:
2630:
2393:
2285:
2213:
2043:
1866:
1762:
1630:
1391:
1322:
1262:
876:
232:
181:the amount of blood cleaned per time
172:, clearance is considered to be the
2020:{\displaystyle C{\frac {dV}{dt}}=0}
421:It is derived from a mass balance.
4204:Minimum bactericidal concentration
2685:Samson Wright's applied physiology
2655:. Pharmacology2000.com. 2006-12-27
2318:
2228:
1738:
1663:
1643:
1608:
1488:
1401:
1239:
1216:
1071:
1041:
1016:
974:
886:
25:
2614:clinpharmacol.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz
1389:Equation A1 can be rewritten as:
4194:Minimum inhibitory concentration
2881:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.07602.x
831:Effect of plasma protein binding
407:{\displaystyle {\frac {dC}{dt}}}
218:Its definition follows from the
4134:WHO list of essential medicines
3627:Non-specific effect of vaccines
2795:Basic clinical pharmacokinetics
126:, and 3) reabsorption from the
4189:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
3365:Fractional excretion of sodium
2377:Measurement of renal clearance
1790:
1778:
1744:
1658:
1646:
1416:
1404:
971:
902:
183:because it has the units of a
1:
4114:Functional analog (chemistry)
2653:"Pharmacokinetics objectives"
2387:
2353:
1753:{\displaystyle \Delta t\to 0}
3667:Hill equation (biochemistry)
2637:Rowland M, Tozer TM (2011).
2508:
1200:is the toxin generation rate
3343:Effective renal plasma flow
3187:Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
2530:
2029:
866:
853:membrane transport proteins
134:. Clearance is variable in
78:parameter representing the
27:Pharmacokinetic measurement
4260:
4182:Antimicrobial pharmacology
3662:Dose–response relationship
3592:Desensitization (medicine)
3292:Glomerular filtration rate
3284:Assessment and measurement
3147:Atrial natriuretic peptide
2494:glomerular filtration rate
1864:this can be rewritten as:
346:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}}
201:glomerular filtration rate
4104:Coinduction (anesthetics)
3375:Tubuloglomerular feedback
3302:Augmented renal clearance
3259:Bicarbonate buffer system
2983:Physiology of the kidneys
2926:10.1208/s12248-013-9541-z
2837:10.1093/ndt/13.suppl_6.10
2545:Augmented renal clearance
2027:, the result is Equation
1162:is the toxin removal rate
197:mass transfer coefficient
4169:Multiple drug resistance
4142:Tolerance and resistance
3510:Physiological antagonist
3264:Respiratory compensation
3021:Clearance of medications
2791:"Plasma protein binding"
2607:"Non-Linear Elimination"
1617:{\displaystyle \Delta t}
1248:{\displaystyle \Delta t}
1225:{\displaystyle \Delta m}
1124:is the toxin intake rate
1080:{\displaystyle \Delta t}
1025:{\displaystyle \Delta t}
118:, 2) secretion from the
67:{\displaystyle Cl_{tot}}
4239:Pharmacokinetic metrics
3920:Neuropsychopharmacology
3682:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
3677:Del Castillo Katz model
3604:Other effects of ligand
3587:Receptor (biochemistry)
3505:Irreversible antagonist
3370:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
3105:Countercurrent exchange
2682:Wright, Samson (1972).
2283:) can be rewritten as:
665:{\displaystyle t_{1/2}}
370:K is the clearance or
132:peritubular capillaries
120:peritubular capillaries
4056:Classical pharmacology
3817:Plasma protein binding
3792:Volume of distribution
3500:Competitive antagonist
2506:- the above equation (
2445:
2329:
2257:
2151:
2021:
1959:
1838:
1754:
1706:
1618:
1595:
1498:
1367:
1298:
1249:
1226:
1194:
1156:
1118:
1081:
1058:
1026:
984:
860:Derivation of equation
837:plasma protein binding
821:
734:
666:
631:
611:is also equivalent to
605:
604:{\displaystyle K_{el}}
575:
574:{\displaystyle K_{el}}
543:
471:
470:{\displaystyle K_{el}}
408:
361:volume of distribution
347:
299:
162:
108:renal plasma clearance
68:
4164:Antibiotic resistance
3956:Clinical pharmacology
3475:Physiological agonist
3435:Ligand (biochemistry)
3307:Renal clearance ratio
3226:Darrow Yannet diagram
2864:"Whither goest Kt/V?"
2723:Journal of Nephrology
2565:Renal clearance ratio
2446:
2330:
2258:
2203:Steady-state solution
2152:
2022:
1960:
1839:
1755:
1707:
1619:
1596:
1528:terms together, i.e.
1499:
1368:
1299:
1250:
1227:
1195:
1157:
1119:
1082:
1059:
1027:
985:
822:
735:
667:
632:
630:{\displaystyle \ln 2}
606:
576:
544:
472:
409:
348:
300:
220:differential equation
160:
116:glomerular filtration
69:
4061:Reverse pharmacology
3971:Pharmacoepidemiology
3812:Biological half-life
3692:Ligand binding assay
3566:Activity at receptor
3460:Irreversible agonist
3332:Hemodialysis product
3312:Urea reduction ratio
3297:Creatinine clearance
3137:Antidiuretic hormone
2987:acid–base physiology
2868:Kidney International
2605:Ma, Guangda (2020).
2585:Urea reduction ratio
2550:Creatinine clearance
2400:
2367:creatinine clearance
2351:The above equation (
2292:
2279:The above equation (
2220:
2050:
1985:
1873:
1769:
1735:
1637:
1605:
1532:
1398:
1329:
1269:
1236:
1213:
1168:
1130:
1092:
1068:
1038:
1013:
883:
744:
676:
641:
615:
585:
555:
483:
451:
381:
328:
239:
185:volumetric flow rate
140:first-order kinetics
94:, a graduate of the
42:
18:Clearance (medicine)
4109:Combination therapy
3997:Pharmacoinformatics
3966:Medicinal chemistry
3572:Mechanism of action
3208:Transcellular fluid
3192:Extracellular fluid
3110:Filtration fraction
2874:(Suppl 76): S3-18.
2570:Sieving coefficient
2471:K is the clearance
2195:is the base of the
1728:If one applies the
1626:difference equation
1232:) during some time
1032:is a period of time
136:zero-order kinetics
4079:Immunopharmacology
4029:Pharmacotoxicology
3930:Psychopharmacology
3722:Intrinsic activity
3622:Pleiotropy (drugs)
3543:Agonist-antagonist
3455:Endogenous agonist
3269:Renal compensation
3198:Interstitial fluid
2789:Winter ME (2003).
2717:Seldin DW (2004).
2441:
2325:
2253:
2147:
2017:
1955:
1834:
1750:
1702:
1614:
1591:
1494:
1363:
1294:
1245:
1222:
1190:
1152:
1114:
1077:
1054:
1022:
980:
870:is derived from a
817:
815:
730:
728:
662:
627:
601:
571:
539:
537:
467:
404:
343:
295:
230:machine function:
163:
64:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4177:
4176:
4074:Photopharmacology
4069:
4068:
4042:
4041:
4015:
4014:
3979:
3978:
3942:
3941:
3935:Electrophysiology
3925:Neuropharmacology
3880:
3879:
3830:
3829:
3766:
3765:
3753:Therapeutic index
3705:
3704:
3650:
3649:
3599:
3598:
3528:
3527:
3483:
3482:
3393:
3392:
3327:Dialysis adequacy
3322:Standardized Kt/V
3278:
3277:
3236:Davenport diagram
3219:Acid–base balance
3118:
3117:
3095:Renal plasma flow
2830:(Suppl 6): 10–4.
2818:Gotch FA (1998).
2804:978-0-7817-4147-7
2575:Standardized Kt/V
2524:at steady-state)
2465:
2464:
2439:
2349:
2348:
2323:
2311:
2277:
2276:
2251:
2246:
2197:natural logarithm
2171:
2170:
2143:
2112:
2107:
2074:
2069:
2009:
1979:
1978:
1952:
1923:
1897:
1858:
1857:
1831:
1802:
1726:
1725:
1699:
1670:
1588:
1582:
1566:
1560:
1544:
1520:If one lumps the
1518:
1517:
1480:
1474:
1458:
1452:
1387:
1386:
1348:
1342:
1318:
1317:
1279:
1187:
1181:
1149:
1143:
1111:
1105:
1051:
1004:
1003:
968:
962:
946:
940:
924:
918:
896:
814:
727:
536:
402:
340:
319:
318:
292:
263:
224:exponential decay
16:(Redirected from
4251:
4179:
4139:
4119:Polypharmacology
4044:
4017:
4007:Pharmacogenomics
4002:Pharmacogenetics
3981:
3944:
3905:
3832:
3802:Rate of infusion
3777:
3772:Pharmacokinetics
3707:
3652:
3601:
3563:
3558:Pharmacodynamics
3538:Neurotransmitter
3520:Enzyme inhibitor
3485:
3440:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3348:Extraction ratio
3251:Winters' formula
3127:
3090:Renal blood flow
3016:Pharmacokinetics
3001:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2937:
2914:The AAPS Journal
2894:
2893:
2883:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2786:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2560:Pharmacokinetics
2459:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2394:
2371:serum creatinine
2343:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2304:
2302:
2286:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2214:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2128:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2044:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1867:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1773:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1641:
1631:
1624:the result is a
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1392:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1323:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
998:
989:
987:
986:
981:
970:
969:
966:
964:
963:
955:
948:
947:
944:
942:
941:
933:
926:
925:
922:
920:
919:
911:
898:
897:
894:
877:
845:renal glomerulus
826:
824:
823:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
795:
794:
793:
771:
765:
764:
739:
737:
736:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
708:
697:
691:
690:
671:
669:
668:
663:
661:
660:
656:
636:
634:
633:
628:
610:
608:
607:
602:
600:
599:
580:
578:
577:
572:
570:
569:
548:
546:
545:
540:
538:
535:
534:
525:
524:
523:
504:
498:
497:
476:
474:
473:
468:
466:
465:
413:
411:
410:
405:
403:
401:
393:
385:
352:
350:
349:
344:
342:
341:
333:
313:
304:
302:
301:
296:
294:
293:
285:
264:
262:
254:
246:
233:
191:perspective and
73:
71:
70:
65:
63:
62:
21:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4213:
4173:
4159:Drug resistance
4137:
4093:
4065:
4038:
4034:Neurotoxicology
4011:
3975:
3938:
3900:
3894:
3876:
3826:
3822:Bioavailability
3807:Onset of action
3762:
3701:
3646:
3595:
3552:
3524:
3515:Inverse agonist
3479:
3465:Partial agonist
3429:
3424:
3394:
3389:
3353:
3274:
3213:
3171:
3123:Other functions
3114:
3100:Ultrafiltration
3076:
3030:
3026:Urine flow rate
2989:
2980:
2950:
2907:
2903:
2901:Further reading
2898:
2897:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2696:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2540:
2487:
2477:
2457:
2429:
2412:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2341:
2313:
2290:
2289:
2269:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2205:
2182:
2163:
2129:
2119:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2001:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1971:
1915:
1907:
1889:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1850:
1794:
1774:
1767:
1766:
1733:
1732:
1718:
1662:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1603:
1602:
1601:and divides by
1572:
1550:
1530:
1529:
1510:
1464:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1396:
1395:
1379:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1310:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1234:
1233:
1211:
1210:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1066:
1065:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1011:
1010:
996:
952:
930:
908:
889:
881:
880:
862:
833:
796:
785:
772:
750:
742:
741:
709:
698:
679:
674:
673:
644:
639:
638:
613:
612:
588:
583:
582:
558:
553:
552:
526:
509:
505:
486:
481:
480:
454:
449:
448:
445:
394:
386:
379:
378:
326:
325:
311:
255:
247:
237:
236:
222:that describes
213:) concentration
193:physiologically
155:
104:renal clearance
76:pharmacokinetic
48:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4244:Temporal rates
4241:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4199:Bacteriostatic
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Drug tolerance
4145:
4143:
4136:
4131:
4129:Lists of drugs
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4048:Drug discovery
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3890:Bioequivalence
3887:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3838:
3836:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3632:Adverse effect
3629:
3624:
3619:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3577:Mode of action
3574:
3569:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3167:Prostaglandins
3164:
3159:
3157:Erythropoietin
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2948:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2854:
2810:
2803:
2776:
2767:
2740:
2709:
2694:
2674:
2665:
2644:
2626:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2378:
2375:
2347:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2275:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2180:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2038:
2035:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1613:
1610:
1581:
1578:
1571:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1516:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1451:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1341:
1338:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1275:
1258:
1257:
1244:
1241:
1221:
1218:
1202:
1201:
1180:
1177:
1163:
1142:
1139:
1125:
1104:
1101:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1021:
1018:
1002:
1001:
992:
990:
979:
976:
973:
961:
958:
951:
939:
936:
929:
917:
914:
907:
904:
901:
892:
888:
861:
858:
832:
829:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
788:
784:
781:
778:
775:
768:
763:
760:
757:
753:
749:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
704:
701:
694:
689:
686:
682:
659:
655:
651:
647:
626:
623:
620:
598:
595:
591:
568:
565:
561:
533:
529:
522:
519:
516:
512:
508:
501:
496:
493:
489:
464:
461:
457:
444:
441:
400:
397:
392:
389:
375:
374:
371:
368:
357:
354:
339:
336:
317:
316:
307:
305:
291:
288:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
261:
258:
253:
250:
244:
154:
151:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4256:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:Tachyphylaxis
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3642:
3641:Neurotoxicity
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:Selectivity (
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3548:Pharmacophore
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:PAH clearance
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:Fluid balance
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Oligopeptides
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2729:(1): 166–71.
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2695:0-19-263321-X
2691:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2483:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1747:
1741:
1731:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1611:
1579:
1576:
1569:
1557:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1491:
1484:
1471:
1468:
1461:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1339:
1336:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1242:
1219:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1178:
1175:
1164:
1140:
1137:
1126:
1102:
1099:
1088:
1074:
1045:
1034:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1000:
993:
991:
977:
959:
956:
949:
937:
934:
927:
915:
912:
905:
899:
890:
879:
878:
875:
873:
869:
868:
859:
857:
854:
849:
846:
840:
838:
830:
828:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
766:
761:
758:
755:
751:
747:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
702:
699:
692:
687:
684:
680:
657:
653:
649:
645:
624:
621:
618:
596:
593:
589:
566:
563:
559:
549:
531:
527:
520:
517:
514:
510:
506:
499:
494:
491:
487:
478:
462:
459:
455:
442:
440:
438:
434:
433:concentration
429:
427:
426:time constant
422:
419:
417:
414:is the first
398:
395:
390:
387:
372:
369:
366:
362:
358:
355:
337:
334:
324:
323:
322:
315:
308:
306:
289:
286:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
259:
256:
251:
248:
242:
235:
234:
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
212:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:mass transfer
186:
182:
178:
177:
171:
166:
159:
152:
150:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
37:
33:
19:
4124:Chemotherapy
4084:Cell biology
3985:Biochemistry
3909:Neuroscience
3870:
3857:Distribution
3787:Loading dose
3470:Superagonist
3427:Pharmacology
3042:Solvent drag
3035:Reabsorption
3010:
2920:(1): 65–78.
2917:
2913:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2794:
2770:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2684:
2677:
2668:
2657:. Retrieved
2647:
2638:
2619:18 September
2617:. Retrieved
2613:
2600:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2491:
2466:
2455:
2386:
2380:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2339:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2208:
2206:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2161:
2040:
2028:
1980:
1969:
1862:product rule
1859:
1848:
1727:
1716:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1508:
1388:
1377:
1319:
1308:
1259:
1208:
1203:
1005:
994:
872:mass balance
865:
863:
850:
841:
834:
550:
479:
446:
430:
423:
420:
376:
320:
309:
228:hemodialysis
217:
208:
180:
173:
167:
164:
146:
144:
130:back to the
111:
107:
103:
100:
92:Thomas Addis
35:
32:pharmacology
29:
4209:Bactericide
3885:Compartment
3696:Patch clamp
3672:Schild plot
3380:Natriuresis
3245:Delta ratio
3231:Base excess
3142:Aldosterone
2512:) is valid
4234:Nephrology
4228:Categories
4089:Physiology
4021:Toxicology
3913:psychology
3862:Metabolism
3852:Absorption
3846:Liberation
3688:Organ bath
3616:Functional
3495:Antagonist
3488:Inhibitory
3443:Excitatory
3255:Buffering
3183:Body water
3162:Calcitriol
3082:Filtration
2659:2013-05-06
2592:References
1860:Using the
416:derivative
365:body water
153:Definition
80:efficiency
3871:Clearance
3867:Excretion
3686:Methods (
3241:Anion gap
3011:Clearance
3004:Secretion
2994:Creating
2851:Full Text
2756:: 81–91.
2704:396722036
2423:⋅
2363:inversely
2359:clearance
2319:∞
2309:˙
2244:˙
2229:∞
2134:⋅
2125:−
2105:˙
2095:−
2067:˙
1950:˙
1935:⋅
1929:−
1829:˙
1814:⋅
1808:−
1785:⋅
1745:→
1739:Δ
1697:˙
1682:⋅
1676:−
1664:Δ
1653:⋅
1644:Δ
1609:Δ
1580:˙
1558:˙
1542:˙
1489:Δ
1472:˙
1450:˙
1434:⋅
1428:−
1411:⋅
1402:Δ
1358:⋅
1340:˙
1289:⋅
1240:Δ
1217:Δ
1179:˙
1141:˙
1103:˙
1072:Δ
1042:Δ
1017:Δ
975:Δ
960:˙
938:˙
916:˙
906:−
887:Δ
864:Equation
783:⋅
777:
703:
622:
363:or total
359:V is the
338:˙
290:˙
275:⋅
269:−
88:Excretion
36:clearance
3989:genetics
3961:Pharmacy
3948:Medicine
3758:Affinity
3717:Efficacy
3655:Analysis
3637:Toxicity
3130:Hormones
3052:Chloride
2944:24202722
2890:10936795
2735:15151274
2538:See also
740:. Thus,
203:and the
3899:Related
3842:(L)ADME
3796:Initial
3780:Metrics
3727:Potency
3710:Metrics
3612:Binding
3582:Binding
3450:Agonist
3072:Protein
3062:Glucose
2935:3889537
2846:9719197
2762:5158139
2467:Where:
2173:Where:
1006:where:
581:). But
435:in the
321:Where:
205:tubular
176:kidneys
147:cleared
128:nephron
124:nephron
122:to the
112:handled
74:) is a
3901:fields
3203:Plasma
3047:Sodium
2942:
2932:
2888:
2844:
2801:
2760:
2733:
2702:
2692:
2498:Inulin
1260:Since
211:plasma
170:kidney
84:plasma
4098:Other
3835:LADME
3385:Urine
3358:Other
3152:Renin
2996:urine
2610:(PDF)
2383:urine
1730:limit
437:blood
3987:and
3911:and
3747:TD50
3743:LD50
3739:ED50
3735:IC50
3731:EC50
3533:Drug
3317:Kt/V
3057:Urea
2985:and
2940:PMID
2886:PMID
2842:PMID
2799:ISBN
2758:PMID
2731:PMID
2700:OCLC
2690:ISBN
2621:2023
2555:Kt/V
2514:only
2504:Note
2391:)):
1587:gen.
1526:gen.
1524:and
1479:gen.
1320:and
1278:body
1186:gen.
1050:body
967:gen.
895:body
3844:: (
2930:PMC
2922:doi
2876:doi
2832:doi
2534:).
2522:not
2518:not
2388:10b
2354:10b
2342:10b
2281:10a
2270:10a
1347:out
1148:out
923:out
367:or
179:or
106:or
30:In
4230::
3745:,
3741:,
3737:,
3733:,
3694:,
3690:,
3614:,
3185::
2938:.
2928:.
2918:16
2916:.
2912:.
2884:.
2872:76
2870:.
2866:.
2840:.
2828:13
2826:.
2822:.
2793:.
2779:^
2754:17
2752:.
2727:17
2725:.
2721:.
2698:.
2629:^
2612:.
2509:11
2496:.
2458:11
2185:or
2033::
1628::
1565:in
1522:in
1457:in
1110:in
945:in
874::
774:ln
700:ln
672:,
619:ln
439:.
215:.
98:.
34:,
3873:)
3869:(
3848:)
3798:)
3794:(
3749:)
3729:(
3698:)
3643:)
3639:(
3618:)
3419:e
3412:t
3405:v
3350:)
3341:(
3247:)
3243:(
3210:)
3196:(
2975:e
2968:t
2961:v
2946:.
2924::
2892:.
2878::
2848:.
2834::
2807:.
2764:.
2737:.
2706:.
2662:.
2623:.
2531:9
2526:K
2486:B
2484:C
2476:U
2474:C
2460:)
2456:(
2435:B
2431:C
2426:Q
2418:U
2414:C
2407:=
2404:K
2344:)
2340:(
2315:C
2306:m
2299:=
2296:K
2272:)
2268:(
2249:K
2241:m
2234:=
2225:C
2209:9
2192:e
2181:o
2178:C
2166:)
2164:9
2162:(
2141:V
2137:t
2131:K
2121:e
2116:)
2110:K
2102:m
2090:o
2086:C
2081:(
2077:+
2072:K
2064:m
2057:=
2054:C
2030:1
2015:0
2012:=
2006:t
2003:d
1998:V
1995:d
1989:C
1974:)
1972:8
1970:(
1947:m
1941:+
1938:C
1932:K
1926:=
1920:t
1917:d
1912:C
1909:d
1903:V
1900:+
1894:t
1891:d
1886:V
1883:d
1877:C
1853:)
1851:7
1849:(
1826:m
1820:+
1817:C
1811:K
1805:=
1799:t
1796:d
1791:)
1788:V
1782:C
1779:(
1776:d
1748:0
1742:t
1721:)
1719:6
1717:(
1694:m
1688:+
1685:C
1679:K
1673:=
1667:t
1659:)
1656:V
1650:C
1647:(
1612:t
1577:m
1570:+
1555:m
1548:=
1539:m
1513:)
1511:5
1509:(
1492:t
1485:)
1469:m
1462:+
1447:m
1440:+
1437:C
1431:K
1424:(
1420:=
1417:)
1414:V
1408:C
1405:(
1382:)
1380:4
1378:(
1361:C
1355:K
1352:=
1337:m
1313:)
1311:3
1309:(
1292:V
1286:C
1283:=
1274:m
1243:t
1220:m
1176:m
1138:m
1100:m
1075:t
1046:m
1020:t
999:)
997:2
995:(
978:t
972:)
957:m
950:+
935:m
928:+
913:m
903:(
900:=
891:m
867:1
810:2
806:/
802:1
798:t
791:d
787:V
780:2
767:=
762:t
759:o
756:t
752:l
748:C
723:2
719:/
715:1
711:t
706:2
693:=
688:l
685:e
681:K
658:2
654:/
650:1
646:t
625:2
597:l
594:e
590:K
567:l
564:e
560:K
532:d
528:V
521:t
518:o
515:t
511:l
507:C
500:=
495:l
492:e
488:K
463:l
460:e
456:K
399:t
396:d
391:C
388:d
335:m
314:)
312:1
310:(
287:m
281:+
278:C
272:K
266:=
260:t
257:d
252:C
249:d
243:V
60:t
57:o
54:t
50:l
46:C
38:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
