213:
placement as a C-clef on the bottom line. Thus there are nine possible distinct clefs when limiting their placement to the lines. All have been used historically: the G-clef on the two bottom lines, the F-clef on the three top lines, and the C-clef on the four bottom lines. The C-clef on the topmost line has also been used, but is equivalent to the F-clef on the third line, giving a total of ten historically attested clefs placed on the lines. In addition, the C-clef has been used on the third
62:
1022:
994:
1290:
1155:
649:
622:
795:
1030:
581:
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1070:
573:
409:
51:
944:
657:
849:
688:
1174:
3204:
630:
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417:
228:
952:
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279:
3194:
857:
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1524:
1369:
1590:
391:
831:
604:
356:
328:
305:
1147:
1108:
1359:
The neutral clef is sometimes used where non-percussion instruments play non-pitched extended techniques, such as hitting the body of a string instrument, or having a vocal choir clap, stamp, or snap. However, it is more common to write the rhythms using × noteheads on the instrument's normal staff,
1048:
A C-clef on the second line of the staff is called the mezzo-soprano clef, rarely used in modern
Western classical music. It was used in 17th century French orchestral music for the second viola or first tenor part ('taille') by such composers as Lully, and for mezzo-soprano voices in operatic roles,
439:
clef, with the G-clef placed on the second line. This is the most common clef in use and is generally the first clef learned by music students. For this reason, the terms "G-clef" and "treble clef" are often seen as synonymous. The treble clef was historically used to mark a treble, or pre-pubescent,
1228:
Tenor banjo is commonly notated in treble clef. However, notation varies between the written pitch sounding an octave lower (as in guitar music and called octave pitch in most tenor banjo methods) and music sounding at the written pitch (called actual pitch). An attempt has been made to use a treble
1398:
in place of ordinary notes. This TAB sign is not a clef — it does not indicate the placement of notes on a staff. The lines shown are not a music staff but rather represent the strings of the instrument (six lines would be used for guitar, four lines for the bass guitar, etc.), with numbers on the
1719:
Clef combinations played a role in the modal system toward the end of the 16th century, and it has been suggested certain clef combinations in the polyphonic music of 16th-century vocal polyphony are reserved for authentic (odd-numbered) modes, and others for plagal (even-numbered) modes, but the
212:
Theoretically, any clef may be placed on any line. With five lines on the staff and three clefs, there are fifteen possibilities for clef placement. Six of these are redundant because they result in an identical assignment of the notes—for example, a G-clef on the third line yields the same note
599:
A G-clef placed on the first line is called the French clef, or French violin clef. It was used in France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries for violin music and flute music. It places the notes in the same staff positions as the bass clef, but two octaves higher.
1336:
to the lines and spaces of the staff. With the exception of some common drum-kit and marching percussion layouts, the assignment of lines and spaces to instruments is not standardised, so a legend is required to show which instrument each line or space represents.
786:. Double bass, bass guitar, and contrabassoon sound an octave lower than the written pitch; some scores show an "8" beneath the clef for these instruments to differentiate from instruments that sound at the actual written pitch. (see "Octave clefs" below).
129:. Using different clefs for different instruments and voices allows each part to be written comfortably on a staff with a minimum of ledger lines. To this end, the G-clef is used for high parts, the C-clef for middle parts, and the F-clef for low parts.
1181:
588:
1604:
1598:
1220:
below it. This indicates that the pitches sound an octave lower. As the true tenor clef has fallen into disuse in vocal writings, this "octave-dropped" treble clef is often called the tenor clef. The same clef is sometimes used for the
1383:
1162:
959:
703:
664:
637:
1557:
The practice of using different shapes for the same clef persisted until very recent times. The F-clef was, until as late as the 1980s in some cases (such as hymnals), or in
British and French publications, written like this:
511:
are sometimes treated as transposing instruments, using the treble clef and sounding a major ninth lower, and are sometimes treated as concert-pitch instruments, using bass clef. The treble clef is also the upper staff of the
1305:
121:
on the fourth line). The C-clef is mostly encountered as alto clef (placing middle C on the third line) or tenor clef (middle C on the fourth line). A clef may be placed on a space instead of a line, but this is rare.
140:
A symmetry exists surrounding middle C regarding the F-, C- and G-clefs. C-clef defines middle C whereas G-clef and F-clef define the note at the interval of a fifth above middle C and below middle C, respectively.
1085:
1037:
864:
424:
1274:, the cor anglais was written in bass clef an octave lower than sounding. The unmodified bass clef is so common that performers of instruments whose ranges lie below the staff simply learn to read ledger lines.
714:
The only F-clef still in use is the bass clef, with the clef placed on the fourth line. Since it is the only F-clef commonly encountered, the terms "F-clef" and "bass clef" are often regarded as synonymous.
1535:
up to 1600, unusual clefs were occasionally used for parts with extremely high or low tessituras. For very low bass parts, the Γ clef is found on the middle, fourth, or fifth lines of the staff (e.g., in
2482:
Viel feiner lieblicher
Stucklein, spanischer, welscher, englischer, frantzösischer Composition und Tentz, uber drey hundert, mit sechsen, fünffen, und vieren, auff alle Instrument ... zusamen bracht
1698:
a double treble clef. Many pieces, particularly those from before the 21st century, use an unaltered treble clef, with the expectation the tenors will still sing an octave lower than notated.
974:(rarely, and mostly in German scores; otherwise the alto clef is used) and for upper ranges of bass-clef instruments such as the bassoon, cello, euphonium, double bass, and
251:. Of these, the treble and bass clefs are by far the most common. The tenor clef is used for the upper register of several instruments that usually use bass clef (including
1566:
In printed music from the 16th and 17th centuries, the C clef often assumed a ladder-like form, in which the two horizontal rungs surround the staff line indicated as C:
1628:
C clefs (along with G, F, Γ, D, and A clefs) were formerly used to notate vocal music. Nominally, the soprano voice parts were written in first- or second-line C clef (
2528:
A Dictionary of
Musical Information: Containing also a Vocabulary of Musical Terms, and a List of Modern Musical Works Published in the United States From 1640 To 1875
2260:
675:
When the F-clef is placed on the third line, it is called the baritone clef. Baritone clef was used for the left hand of keyboard music (particularly in France; see
2489:
990:
but its use has been largely supplanted either with an octave version of the treble clef or with bass clef when tenor and bass parts are written on a single staff.
2310:
2159:
1705:
This may be reduced to two staffs, the soprano and alto sharing a staff with a treble clef, and the tenor and bass sharing a staff marked with the bass clef.
91:. Placing a clef on a staff assigns a particular pitch to one of the five lines or four spaces, which defines the pitches on the remaining lines and spaces.
1197:) and for the tenor voice have used treble clef, although they sound an octave lower. To avoid ambiguity, modified clefs are sometimes used, especially in
133:
can be an exception to this—the same clef is generally used for all instruments in a family, regardless of their sounding pitch. For example, even the low
1255:
An F-clef can also be notated with an octave marker. While the F-clef notated to sound an octave lower can be used for contrabass instruments such as the
2637:
679:) and for baritone parts in vocal music. A C-clef on the fifth line creates a staff with identical notes to the baritone clef, but this variant is rare.
110:, a C-clef fixes middle C, and a G-clef fixes the G above middle C. In modern music notation, the G-clef is most frequently seen as treble clef (placing
1573:
2256:
1727:
since it will move the pitches roughly in parallel to the written part. Key signatures and accidentals need to be accounted for when this is done.
1096:
A C-clef on the first line of the staff is called the soprano clef. It was used for the right hand of keyboard music (particularly in France – see
3240:
1201:
writing. Using a C-clef on the third space places the notes identically, but this notation is much less common as it is easily confused with the
1263:, and the F-clef notated to sound an octave higher can be used for the bass recorder, these uses are extremely rare. In Italian scores up to
1356:
If the neutral clef is used for a single percussion instrument the staff may only have one line, although other configurations are used.
1425:(key-letters), in Gregorian chant notation. Over time the shapes of these letters became stylised, leading to their current versions.
2581:
2573:
2463:
2455:
935:
needed, since much of the alto range is between treble and bass clef. Alto parts are now commonly written in treble clef instead.
3103:
2589:
1407:
Before the advent of clefs, the reference line of a staff was simply labeled with the name of the note it was intended to bear:
564:
voices. Tenor voice parts sound an octave lower and are often written using an octave clef (see below) or a double-treble clef.
1773:
2630:
1428:
Many other clefs were used, particularly in the early period of chant notation, keyed to many different notes, from the low
1338:
1241:
492:
1540:’s Requiem and in a mid-16th-century dance book published by the Hessen brothers); for very high parts, the high-D clef (
1021:
125:
The use of different clefs makes it possible to write music for all instruments and voices, regardless of differences in
1058:
1053:. Mezzo-soprano clef was also used for certain flute parts during renaissance, especially when doubling vocal lines. In
774:
voice is notated in bass clef if the tenor and bass are written on the same staff. Bass clef is the bottom clef in the
383:
This section shows a complete list of the clefs, along with a list of instruments and voice parts notated with them. A
3233:
3138:
3002:
2498:
1104:
parts along with the alto clef. It was used for the second violin part ('haute-contre') in 17th century French music.
227:
1229:
clef with a diagonal line through the upper half of the clef to indicate octave pitch, but this is not always used.
271:
at the octave is generally written at the transposed pitch, but is sometimes seen written at concert pitch using an
1966:
It is perhaps also useful to note that, for the treble clef, the four spaces between the five clef lines spell out
811:
3538:
3207:
3098:
3073:
2864:
2623:
2157:
Curtis, Alan (1989-04-01). "La Poppea
Impasticciata or, Who Wrote the Music to La Poppea Impasticciata (1643)?".
1752:
111:
648:
3108:
3058:
2947:
2854:
2609:
1756:
1738:
983:
1005:, has a ladder-like shape. This C-clef places the C on the third space of the staff, and is equivalent to the
1583:
The C-clef was formerly written in a more angular way, sometimes still used, or, more often, as a simplified
621:
3197:
3068:
1069:
912:
794:
3226:
2747:
2337:
Kurtzman, J. G. (1994). "Tones, Modes, Clefs, and Pitch in Roman Cyclic
Magnificats of the 16th Century".
2045:
1333:
268:
130:
27:
1554:) were used to represent the notes written on the fourth and top lines of the treble clef, respectively.
3543:
3179:
3043:
2742:
2398:
2339:
2204:
2107:
1268:
572:
408:
20:
943:
3497:
2874:
2672:
820:
34:
1289:
993:
848:
687:
3113:
3093:
2396:
Parrott, Andrew (1984). "Transposition in
Monteverdi's Vespers of 1610: an "Aberration" Defended".
1724:
1680:
In more modern publications, four-part music on parallel staffs is usually written more simply as:
1318:
1054:
875:
A C-clef on the third line of the staff is called the alto or viola clef. It is currently used for
783:
521:
61:
1776:. Although much of the list was established by 1999, general provision of these symbols in common
1436:, the G on the bottom line of the bass clef) to the G above middle C (written with a small letter
1154:
3386:
3312:
3284:
2765:
2221:
2184:
2054:
2031:
1765:
1050:
767:
807:
106:. Placing these clefs on a line fixes a reference note to that line—an F-clef fixes the F below
1663:
Until the 19th century, the most common arrangement for vocal music used the following clefs:
278:
46:
Diagram of treble, alto and bass clefs with identical-sounding musical notes aligned vertically
3477:
3418:
3159:
2907:
2577:
2569:
2509:
2459:
2451:
2176:
1346:
1264:
1249:
803:
723:
540:) are written in the tenor clef, but very high pitches may be notated in the treble clef. The
2425:
Wiering, F. (1992). "The Waning of the Modal Ages: Polyphonic
Modality in Italy, 1542–1619".
3391:
3332:
3269:
3253:
3118:
2922:
2897:
2849:
2722:
2646:
2540:
2523:
2407:
2348:
2319:
2213:
2168:
1595:
In modern
Gregorian chant notation the C clef is written (on a four-line staff) in the form
1537:
1097:
1029:
900:
880:
802:
When the F-clef is placed on the fifth line, it is called the sub-bass clef. It was used by
676:
580:
80:
1332:
clef is not a true clef like the F, C, and G clefs. Rather, it assigns different unpitched
3337:
3012:
3007:
2892:
2859:
2775:
1222:
2564:. Boston: Alleyn and Bacon. Second edition, Boston: Alleyn and Bacon, 1969, reprinted as
758:
when their parts are written at concert pitch, and sometimes for the lowest notes of the
3218:
1723:
Reading music as if it were in a different clef from the one indicated can be an aid in
656:
3451:
3423:
3327:
3261:
3169:
3143:
2882:
2737:
2443:
2308:
Powers, Harold S. (1981). "Tonal Types and Modal
Categories in Renaissance Polyphony".
1532:
1173:
975:
971:
888:
436:
50:
1620:
978:. Treble clef may also be used for the upper extremes of these bass-clef instruments.
629:
3532:
3413:
3344:
3322:
3249:
3174:
3033:
2952:
2824:
2780:
2717:
2697:
2654:
2494:
1777:
1550:
1517:
1260:
1237:
884:
751:
735:
731:
549:
508:
384:
220:
The ten clefs placed on lines (two are equivalent) have different names based on the
88:
2323:
1077:
3517:
3441:
3381:
3364:
3088:
3078:
3053:
2964:
2927:
2829:
2817:
2807:
2770:
2757:
2707:
2557:
2504:
979:
896:
416:
84:
1568:
1232:
To indicate that notes sound an octave higher than written, a treble clef with an
970:
A C-clef on the fourth line of the staff is called tenor clef. It is used for the
951:
544:
also may use the treble clef for very high notes. The treble clef is used for the
1580:
and positioned to make it equivalent to an octave G clef) into the 20th century.
3512:
3467:
3396:
3302:
3279:
3164:
3038:
3017:
2994:
2979:
2792:
2727:
2702:
2677:
2352:
1375:
1350:
1282:
1256:
987:
932:
904:
899:
voice and sometimes called the countertenor clef. A vestige of this survives in
856:
775:
759:
695:
529:
513:
468:
456:
2474:
1624:
Vocal music can be contracted into two staffs, using the treble and bass clefs.
830:
603:
390:
3492:
3482:
3294:
3063:
2937:
2802:
2797:
2411:
2132:
2008:
1769:
907:
in his symphonies. It occasionally appears in keyboard music (for example, in
815:
480:
464:
2516:
Kidson, Frank. 1909. "The Evolution of Clef Signatures" (second article). In
2180:
2072:
1113:
The line indicating C (going from the center of a clef) is marked in orange.
387:
after the name of a clef indicates that the clef is no longer in common use.
3502:
3487:
3403:
3369:
3349:
3317:
3133:
3123:
3083:
3048:
2932:
2692:
2587:
Smits van Waesberghe, Jos. 1951. "The Musical Notation of Guido of Arezzo".
1714:
1395:
1294:
1248:
above (sounding two octaves above the standard treble clef) is used for the
916:
755:
557:
504:
484:
460:
221:
134:
126:
2217:
1379:
C major scale, guitar tablature and staff notation (suboctave is assumed).
2604:
2238:
There was a vogue in 20th-century Oliver Ditson Co. editions, for example
1603:
1597:
1523:
42:
3446:
3408:
3359:
3274:
2984:
2969:
2812:
2787:
1527:
Early forms of the G clef—the third combines the G and D clefs vertically
1298:
763:
739:
537:
488:
343:
260:
145:
107:
54:
2058:
1560:
117:
on the second line of the staff), and the F-clef as bass clef (placing F
3307:
2959:
2942:
2917:
2902:
2887:
2844:
2687:
2470:
2225:
1746:
1614:
1589:
1504:
was often written in addition to another clef letter to indicate that B
1342:
1146:
892:
747:
727:
545:
533:
496:
472:
256:
2188:
1609:
The flourish at the top of the G-clef probably derives from a cursive
1368:
1111:
The same line on the staff in different clefs means different pitches.
57:
represented on (from left to right) treble, alto, tenor and bass clefs
3507:
2974:
2912:
2839:
2667:
2662:
1772:
for twelve different clef symbols as part of a repertoire called the
1720:
precise implications have been the subject of much scholarly debate.
1194:
908:
500:
476:
444:
1394:
For guitars and other fretted instruments, it is possible to notate
2615:
2172:
1107:
3376:
3128:
2834:
2732:
2712:
1619:
1522:
1374:
1288:
1212:
Such a modified treble clef is most often found in tenor parts in
1198:
1193:
Starting in the 18th century, music for some instruments (such as
1172:
1153:
1145:
1106:
1076:
1028:
992:
950:
924:
876:
855:
771:
719:
694:
655:
628:
579:
561:
541:
525:
448:
415:
264:
252:
2547:, revised by Bruno Giner and Armelle Choquard. Paris: Max Eschig.
3353:
1577:
1213:
1101:
1002:
928:
779:
743:
553:
517:
452:
355:
327:
304:
3222:
2619:
1648:) and the bass voice in third-, fourth- or fifth-line F clef (
1780:
remains rather limited. The clef symbols provided are these:
1516:
was to be used throughout a piece; this is the origin of the
1189:(this is one octave higher than the treble clef without an 8)
94:
The three clef symbols used in modern music notation are the
1367:
1360:
with a comment to indicate the appropriate rhythmic action.
1281:
1068:
1020:
997:
Male chorus arrangement showing use of ladder-shaped C-clef.
942:
847:
829:
793:
686:
647:
620:
602:
571:
407:
389:
354:
326:
303:
277:
226:
2043:
Greer, Amy (2003). "In Praise of Those Grass-Eating Cows".
1225:. This can also be indicated with two overlapping G-clefs.
2381:
Smith, A. (1982). "Über modus und Transposition um 1600".
827:
It is the same as the treble clef, but two octaves lower.
16:
Musical symbol used to indicate the pitch of written notes
372:
on the line that passes between the two dots of the clef
2253:
Hymns of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1100:), in vocal music for sopranos, and sometimes for high
1001:
Another tenor clef variant, formerly used in music for
349:
on the line that passes through the centre of the clef
2073:"Dolmetsch Online – Music Theory Online – Other Clefs"
1244:, and other high woodwind parts. A treble clef with a
2032:
Every Good Boy Does Fine – What does EGBDF stand for?
1444:
symbols for the note just below middle C: round for B
1150:
Three types of suboctave treble clef showing middle C
321:
on the line that passes through the curl of the clef
235:
In modern music, only four clefs are used regularly:
87:
are represented by the lines and spaces on a musical
3460:
3434:
3293:
3260:
3152:
3026:
2993:
2873:
2756:
2653:
33:"Clé" redirects here. For other uses of "Cle", see
1640:), the alto or tenor voices in third-line C clef (
1456:. In order of frequency of use, these clefs were:
986:'s Op. 11). It was used by the tenor part in
524:. Most high parts for bass-clef instruments (e.g.
263:), while the alto is most prominently used by the
2242:selected by Smallman & Matthews (Boston 1933)
2202:Thomas, Bernard (1975). "The Renaissance Flute".
2490:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2255:for many of the men's arrangements, i.e. Hymns
1572:; this form survived in some printed editions (
1216:settings, using a treble clef with the numeral
982:parts were also written in this clef (see e.g.
931:parts in choral music to reduce the number of
3234:
2631:
2480:Hessen, Paul, and Bartholomeus Hessen. 1555.
2427:Ruggiero Giovannelli: Palestrina and Velletri
2366:Hermelink, S. (1956). "Zur Chiavettenfrage".
2311:Journal of the American Musicological Society
2160:Journal of the American Musicological Society
2096:Moore 1876, 176; Dolmetsch Organisation 2011.
1349:instruments are noted in treble clef or on a
443:Instruments that use the treble clef include
8:
2507:. 1908. "The Evolution of Clef Signatures."
2450:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
74:
2562:Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice
2383:Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis
1420:
3241:
3227:
3219:
3193:
2638:
2624:
2616:
2550:Morris, R. O., and Howard Ferguson. 1931.
2477:Dolmetsch Online (Accessed 23 March 2012).
1684:Soprano = treble clef (second-line G clef)
1667:Soprano = soprano clef (first-line C clef)
1644:), the tenor voice in fourth-line C clef (
1440:). These included two different lowercase
1236:positioned above the clef may be used for
1419:. These were the most common 'clefs', or
1399:lines showing which fret should be used.
2520:50, no. 793 (1 March), pp. 159–160.
1759: instead of the intended characters.
285:
267:. Music for instruments and voices that
60:
49:
41:
2513:49, no. 785 (1 July), pp. 443–444.
2251:This notation is also used in the 1985
2024:
1959:
1757:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1673:Tenor = tenor clef (fourth-line C clef)
814:for low notes on the bass viol, and by
2552:Preparatory Exercises in Score-Reading
2545:Manuel pratique pour l'étude des clefs
1587:-shape when writing the clef by hand:
231:The ten possible clefs placed on lines
1701:Bass = bass clef (fourth-line F clef)
1676:Bass = bass clef (fourth-line F clef)
1500:. In later medieval music, the round
7:
1670:Alto = alto clef (third-line C clef)
435:The only G-clef still in use is the
1764:For use with computer systems, the
1033:C major scale, mezzo-soprano clef.
770:voices also use bass clef, and the
584:C major scale, French violin clef.
2554:. London: Oxford University Press.
2289:Hiley 2001; P. and B. Hessen 1555.
1878:MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF OTTAVA BASSA
1822:MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF OTTAVA BASSA
14:
2484:. Breslau: Crispin Scharffenberg.
1864:MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF OTTAVA ALTA
1808:MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF OTTAVA ALTA
1177:C major scale, "sopranino" clef.
1006:
895:. It is also associated with the
272:
148:for learning the clef lines are:
3203:
3202:
3192:
2603:
2487:Hiley, David. 2001. "Clef (i)".
2368:Musikwissenschaftlicher Kongress
1737:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1567:
1559:
1250:garklein (sopranissimo) recorder
660:C major scale, baritone C-clef.
633:C major scale, baritone F-clef.
236:
224:for which they are best suited.
2469:Dolmetsch Organisation. 2011. "
2324:10.1525/jams.1981.34.3.03a00030
1934:MUSICAL SYMBOL GREGORIAN F CLEF
1920:MUSICAL SYMBOL GREGORIAN C CLEF
1745:This section contains uncommon
1613:for "sol", the name for "G" in
1206:
1158:C major scale, suboctave clef.
248:
65:Three clefs aligned to middle C
1339:Pitched percussion instruments
1242:soprano and sopranino recorder
1202:
927:). It was originally used for
244:
240:
1:
2568:, New York: Taplinger, 1979.
2280:Smits van Wasberghe 1951, 33.
1345:are notated in bass clef and
1081:C major scale, soprano clef.
217:, i.e. not on a line at all.
1948:MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN C CLEF
1690:Tenor = treble clef with an
1010:
810:to write low bass parts, by
420:C major scale, treble clef.
103:
99:
95:
3003:History of music publishing
1496:, and the round and square
955:C major scale, tenor clef.
903:'s use of the clef for the
724:double bass and bass guitar
3560:
1906:MUSICAL SYMBOL DRUM CLEF-2
1892:MUSICAL SYMBOL DRUM CLEF-1
1725:transposing music at sight
1712:
860:C major scale, alto clef.
812:Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe
718:Bass clef is used for the
699:C major scale, bass clef.
32:
25:
18:
3208:Category:Musical notation
3188:
3074:Numbered musical notation
2865:Scientific pitch notation
2493:, 2nd edition, edited by
2353:10.1093/earlyj/xxii.4.641
1636:) or second-line G clef (
3250:Musical range or compass
2855:Helmholtz pitch notation
2530:. Boston: Oliver Ditson.
2448:Anatomy of the Orchestra
984:Giovanni Battista Vitali
26:Not to be confused with
3198:List of musical symbols
3069:Nashville Number System
2475:Music Dictionary Online
2412:10.1093/earlyj/12.4.490
2007:Suitable fonts include
1774:"Musical Symbols" block
1578:four-part men's harmony
1544:), and the even higher
1341:do not use this clef —
131:Transposing instruments
83:used to indicate which
2748:Transposing instrument
2046:American Music Teacher
1625:
1528:
1421:
1391:
1372:
1334:percussion instruments
1313:
1286:
1190:
1170:
1151:
1133:
1093:
1074:
1045:
1026:
1007:sub-octave treble clef
998:
967:
948:
872:
853:
835:
799:
711:
692:
672:
653:
645:
626:
608:
596:
577:
432:
413:
395:
359:
331:
308:
283:
232:
208:Placement on the staff
75:
66:
58:
47:
1850:MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF
1836:MUSICAL SYMBOL C CLEF
1794:MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF
1623:
1526:
1378:
1371:
1292:
1285:
1176:
1157:
1149:
1110:
1080:
1072:
1032:
1024:
996:
954:
946:
859:
851:
833:
797:
698:
690:
659:
651:
632:
624:
606:
583:
575:
419:
411:
393:
358:
330:
307:
281:
230:
137:read in treble clef.
64:
53:
45:
21:Clef (disambiguation)
2612:at Wikimedia Commons
2501:. London: Macmillan.
2298:Kidson 1908, 443-44.
2218:10.1093/earlyj/3.1.2
2112:Music Theory Academy
784:keyboard instruments
522:keyboard instruments
35:Cle (disambiguation)
19:For other uses, see
3094:Percussion notation
1548:clef (e.g., in the
1319:Percussion Notation
3498:Organ registration
3387:Tenore contraltino
2471:Counter-tenor clef
2370:. Vienna: 264–271.
2271:Del Mar 1981, 143.
2106:Ben (2020-01-30).
1766:Unicode Consortium
1687:Alto = treble clef
1634:mezzo-soprano clef
1626:
1601:and the F clef as
1529:
1450:, and square for B
1392:
1373:
1314:
1287:
1191:
1171:
1152:
1134:
1120:mezzo-soprano clef
1094:
1075:
1051:Claudio Monteverdi
1046:
1027:
1025:Mezzo-soprano clef
1017:Mezzo-soprano clef
999:
968:
949:
873:
854:
836:
800:
712:
693:
673:
654:
646:
627:
609:
597:
578:
568:French violin clef
433:
414:
396:
360:
332:
309:
284:
233:
67:
59:
48:
3526:
3525:
3216:
3215:
3160:Mensural notation
2608:Media related to
2590:Musica Disciplina
2541:Dandelot, Georges
2524:Moore, John Weeks
2518:The Musical Times
2510:The Musical Times
2077:www.dolmetsch.com
1753:rendering support
1533:polyphonic period
1347:mallet percussion
1293:Simple quadruple
1265:Gioachino Rossini
1055:Azerbaijani music
804:Johannes Ockeghem
750:. It is used for
376:
375:
3551:
3539:Musical notation
3461:Related articles
3392:Tenore di grazia
3243:
3236:
3229:
3220:
3206:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3059:Graphic notation
2723:Rehearsal letter
2647:Musical notation
2640:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2607:
2566:A Crescendo Book
2431:
2430:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2137:Dolmetsch Online
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1741:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1574:see this example
1571:
1563:
1538:Pierre de La Rue
1515:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1424:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1098:Bauyn manuscript
1092:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1061:uses this clef.
1044:
1043:
1042:
1040:
966:
965:
964:
962:
901:Sergei Prokofiev
871:
870:
869:
867:
821:Musical Offering
710:
709:
708:
706:
677:Bauyn manuscript
671:
670:
669:
667:
644:
643:
642:
640:
595:
594:
593:
591:
431:
430:
429:
427:
379:Individual clefs
286:
78:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3456:
3430:
3338:Soprano sfogato
3289:
3256:
3247:
3217:
3212:
3184:
3148:
3022:
3013:Music publisher
3008:Music engraving
2989:
2869:
2860:Letter notation
2752:
2649:
2644:
2600:
2537:
2535:Further reading
2444:Del Mar, Norman
2440:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2250:
2246:
2240:Master Choruses
2237:
2233:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1751:Without proper
1742:
1733:
1717:
1711:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1422:litterae clavis
1415:, or sometimes
1405:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1366:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1280:
1223:octave mandolin
1182:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1112:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1067:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1019:
960:
958:
957:
956:
941:
865:
863:
862:
861:
846:
841:
808:Heinrich Schütz
792:
704:
702:
701:
700:
685:
665:
663:
662:
661:
638:
636:
635:
634:
619:
614:
589:
587:
586:
585:
570:
425:
423:
422:
421:
406:
401:
381:
369:
341:
318:
210:
120:
115:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3424:Basso profondo
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3262:Vocal register
3258:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Time signature
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2599:
2598:External links
2596:
2595:
2594:
2585:
2555:
2548:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2514:
2502:
2485:
2478:
2467:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2406:(4): 490–516.
2388:
2373:
2358:
2347:(4): 641–664.
2329:
2318:(3): 428–470.
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2244:
2231:
2194:
2173:10.2307/831417
2149:
2131:Blood, Brian.
2123:
2098:
2089:
2064:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2000:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1936:
1922:
1908:
1894:
1880:
1866:
1852:
1838:
1824:
1810:
1796:
1778:computer fonts
1755:, you may see
1743:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1713:Main article:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1688:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1404:
1401:
1365:
1362:
1317:Main Article:
1279:
1276:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1102:viola da gamba
1066:
1063:
1018:
1015:
976:tenor trombone
972:viola da gamba
940:
937:
913:Organ Chorales
889:viola da gamba
845:
842:
840:
837:
791:
788:
684:
681:
618:
615:
613:
610:
569:
566:
405:
402:
400:
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377:
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361:
351:
350:
347:
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336:
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323:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
300:
299:
298:Note Location
296:
293:
290:
209:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
177:
118:
113:
81:musical symbol
73:(from French:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3556:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:Bass-baritone
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Mezzo-soprano
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3209:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3180:Transcription
3178:
3176:
3175:Sight-reading
3173:
3171:
3170:Perfect pitch
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Ancient Greek
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Chord diagram
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Braille music
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:Other systems
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2758:Musical notes
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Transposition
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Key signature
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2582:0-8008-5453-5
2579:
2575:
2574:0-8008-5459-4
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:Read, Gardner
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2505:Kidson, Frank
2503:
2500:
2496:
2495:Stanley Sadie
2492:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:0-520-05062-2
2461:
2457:
2456:0-520-04500-9
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2138:
2134:
2133:"Other Clefs"
2127:
2124:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1963:
1960:
1953:
1937:
1923:
1909:
1895:
1881:
1867:
1853:
1839:
1825:
1811:
1797:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:sub-bass clef
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1576:, written in
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:Mulliner Book
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1518:key signature
1510:rather than B
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1261:contrabassoon
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:penny whistle
1235:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1185:
1175:
1166:
1156:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1129:baritone clef
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
963:
953:
945:
938:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:alto trombone
882:
881:viola d'amore
878:
868:
858:
850:
843:
838:
832:
828:
825:
823:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
798:Sub-bass clef
796:
790:Sub-bass clef
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:baritone horn
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:bass recorder
733:
732:contrabassoon
729:
725:
721:
716:
707:
697:
689:
682:
680:
678:
668:
658:
652:Baritone clef
650:
641:
631:
625:Baritone clef
623:
617:Baritone clef
616:
611:
605:
601:
592:
582:
574:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:mezzo-soprano
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
509:baritone horn
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
438:
428:
418:
410:
403:
398:
392:
388:
386:
378:
371:
365:
362:
357:
353:
352:
348:
345:
337:
334:
329:
325:
324:
320:
314:
311:
306:
302:
301:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
229:
225:
223:
218:
216:
207:
201:(treble clef)
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
147:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
123:
116:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
77:
72:
63:
56:
52:
44:
40:
36:
29:
22:
3544:Bass (sound)
3518:Vocal weight
3472:
3382:Haute-contre
3365:Countertenor
3079:Klavarskribo
3054:Figured bass
2928:Appoggiatura
2875:Articulation
2682:
2673:Abbreviation
2588:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2544:
2527:
2517:
2508:
2499:John Tyrrell
2488:
2481:
2447:
2426:
2420:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2234:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2167:(1): 23–54.
2164:
2158:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:
2126:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:
2101:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2076:
2067:
2053:(1): 22–25.
2050:
2044:
2038:
2027:
2003:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1768:has created
1763:
1744:
1722:
1718:
1709:Further uses
1704:
1695:
1691:
1679:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:soprano clef
1629:
1627:
1610:
1608:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1565:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1530:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1393:
1358:
1355:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1295:drum pattern
1278:Neutral clef
1271:William Tell
1270:
1269:Overture to
1254:
1245:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1211:
1192:
1142:Octave clefs
1117:soprano clef
1095:
1073:Soprano clef
1065:Soprano clef
1047:
1000:
980:Tenor violin
969:
933:ledger lines
920:
897:countertenor
874:
826:
819:
801:
717:
713:
674:
598:
442:
440:voice part.
434:
382:
282:Common clefs
234:
219:
214:
211:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
143:
139:
124:
93:
79:'key') is a
70:
68:
39:
3513:Vocal range
3468:Chest voice
3397:Heldentenor
3303:Boy soprano
3165:Music stand
3039:Chord chart
3018:Scorewriter
2995:Sheet music
2793:Dotted note
2728:Repeat sign
2703:Ledger line
2399:Early Music
2340:Early Music
2212:(1): 2–10.
2205:Early Music
2108:"Alto Clef"
2082:1 September
1770:code points
1749:characters.
1638:treble clef
1351:grand staff
1257:double bass
1207:tenor clefs
1137:Other clefs
1049:notably by
1009:. See also
1003:male chorus
988:vocal music
905:cor anglais
776:grand staff
576:French clef
530:double bass
514:grand staff
457:cor anglais
412:Treble clef
404:Treble clef
273:octave clef
237:treble clef
176:(bass clef)
144:Two common
3533:Categories
3493:Pedal tone
3483:Head voice
3313:Coloratura
3295:Voice type
3139:Shakuhachi
3114:Ekphonetic
3099:Simplified
3064:Lead sheet
2938:Grace note
2803:Note value
2798:Grace note
2766:Accidental
2438:References
2429:: 389–419.
2117:2024-03-22
1731:In Unicode
1646:tenor clef
1330:percussion
1297:on a rock
1126:tenor clef
947:Tenor clef
939:Tenor clef
816:J. S. Bach
481:vibraphone
465:saxophones
385:dagger (†)
249:tenor clef
135:saxophones
3503:Tessitura
3488:Passaggio
3478:Extension
3404:Baritenor
3370:Sopranist
3350:Contralto
3318:Soubrette
3285:Vocal fry
3134:Swaralipi
3124:Kunkunshi
3084:Tablature
3049:Eye music
2933:Glissando
2908:Fingering
2693:Dal segno
2576:(cloth),
2458:(cloth);
2181:0003-0139
2019:Citations
1945:𝇞
1931:𝇑
1917:𝇐
1903:𝄦
1889:𝄥
1875:𝄤
1861:𝄣
1847:𝄢
1833:𝄡
1819:𝄠
1805:𝄟
1791:𝄞
1715:Chiavette
1642:alto clef
1396:tablature
1364:Tablature
1123:alto clef
917:John Cage
852:Alto clef
844:Alto clef
756:euphonium
691:Bass clef
683:Bass clef
558:contralto
516:used for
505:Euphonium
485:xylophone
461:clarinets
269:transpose
245:alto clef
241:bass clef
222:tessitura
146:mnemonics
3447:Sub-bass
3409:Baritone
3360:Castrato
3333:Dramatic
3275:Falsetto
3254:register
3144:Znamenny
2985:Tonguing
2970:Staccato
2923:Ornament
2898:Dynamics
2850:Interval
2813:Notehead
2788:Cue note
2593:5:15–53.
2560:(1964).
2543:. 1999.
2526:. 1876.
2446:. 1981.
2059:43547681
1940:U+01D1DE
1926:U+01D1D1
1912:U+01D1D0
1898:U+01D126
1884:U+01D125
1870:U+01D124
1856:U+01D123
1842:U+01D122
1828:U+01D121
1814:U+01D120
1800:U+01D11F
1786:U+01D11E
1650:baritone
1513:♮
1507:♭
1453:♮
1447:♭
1299:drum kit
764:Baritone
740:trombone
538:trombone
493:recorder
489:mandolin
344:Middle C
261:trombone
108:middle C
55:Middle C
3308:Soprano
3270:Whistle
3153:Related
3119:Gamelan
3109:Chinese
3089:Parsons
2960:Portato
2943:Mordent
2918:Marcato
2903:Fermata
2893:Damping
2888:Caesura
2845:Tremolo
2776:natural
2688:Da capo
2385:: 9–43.
2261:325–337
2226:3125300
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1747:Unicode
1615:solfege
1531:In the
1403:History
1343:timpani
1326:neutral
1011:History
893:mandola
839:C-clefs
818:in his
748:timpani
728:bassoon
612:F-clefs
546:soprano
534:bassoon
497:bagpipe
473:trumpet
399:G-clefs
363:F-clef
335:C-clef
312:G-clef
257:bassoon
3508:Timbre
3452:Treble
3328:Spinto
2975:Tenuto
2913:Legato
2883:Accent
2840:Tuplet
2584:(pbk).
2580:
2572:
2473:". In
2462:
2454:
2224:
2189:831417
2187:
2179:
2142:May 9,
2057:
2011:Music.
1942:
1928:
1914:
1900:
1886:
1872:
1858:
1844:
1830:
1816:
1802:
1788:
1694:below
1199:choral
1195:guitar
1057:, the
909:Brahms
891:, and
834:C-clef
746:, and
607:F-clef
536:, and
501:guitar
477:cornet
463:, all
459:, all
445:violin
437:treble
394:G-clef
259:, and
247:, and
104:C-clef
102:, and
100:F-clef
96:G-clef
3435:Sound
3377:Tenor
3323:Lyric
3280:Modal
3129:Neume
2953:Trill
2948:Slide
2835:Tacet
2825:Pitch
2781:sharp
2733:Tempo
2718:Scale
2713:Ossia
2655:Staff
2610:Clefs
2222:JSTOR
2185:JSTOR
2055:JSTOR
1954:Notes
1656:, or
1434:gamma
925:piano
921:Dream
877:viola
772:tenor
720:cello
562:tenor
542:viola
526:cello
449:flute
295:Note
292:Name
289:Clef
265:viola
253:cello
215:space
183:very
174:lways
127:range
89:staff
85:notes
28:cleft
3473:Clef
3442:Bass
3419:Bass
3354:Alto
3252:and
2965:Slur
2830:Rest
2818:stem
2808:beam
2771:flat
2708:Mode
2683:Clef
2578:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2497:and
2460:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2259:and
2177:ISSN
2144:2023
2084:2016
2009:Noto
1654:bass
1385:Play
1324:The
1307:Play
1259:and
1214:SATB
1205:and
1203:alto
1183:Play
1164:Play
1087:Play
1039:Play
961:Play
929:alto
923:for
915:and
866:Play
806:and
782:and
780:harp
778:for
768:bass
766:and
760:horn
744:tuba
730:and
705:Play
666:Play
639:Play
590:Play
560:and
554:alto
520:and
518:harp
507:and
499:and
469:horn
453:oboe
426:Play
195:oes
187:ood
170:ine
162:oys
158:ood
76:clef
71:clef
2980:Tie
2678:Bar
2408:doi
2349:doi
2320:doi
2257:323
2214:doi
2169:doi
1660:).
1632:or
1328:or
1267:'s
1059:tar
919:'s
911:'s
754:or
199:ine
191:oy
3535::
2668:15
2402:.
2345:22
2343:.
2316:34
2314:.
2220:.
2208:.
2183:.
2175:.
2165:42
2163:.
2135:.
2110:.
2075:.
2051:53
2049:.
1696:or
1652:,
1617:.
1546:ff
1520:.
1492:,
1488:,
1484:,
1480:,
1476:,
1472:,
1468:,
1464:,
1460:,
1411:,
1353:.
1301:.
1252:.
1246:15
1240:,
1209:.
1013:.
887:,
883:,
879:,
824:.
762:.
742:,
738:,
734:,
726:,
722:,
556:,
552:,
548:,
532:,
528:,
503:.
495:,
491:,
487:,
483:,
479:,
475:,
471:,
467:,
455:,
451:,
447:,
346:)
275:.
255:,
243:,
239:,
166:o
98:,
69:A
3356:)
3352:(
3242:e
3235:t
3228:v
2663:8
2639:e
2632:t
2625:v
2466:.
2414:.
2410::
2404:7
2355:.
2351::
2326:.
2322::
2228:.
2216::
2210:3
2191:.
2171::
2146:.
2120:.
2086:.
2061:.
1998:.
1994:E
1990:–
1986:C
1982:–
1978:A
1974:–
1970:F
1692:8
1611:S
1585:K
1542:d
1502:b
1498:b
1494:B
1490:Γ
1486:e
1482:g
1478:a
1474:D
1470:C
1466:f
1462:c
1458:F
1442:b
1438:g
1432:(
1430:Γ
1417:G
1413:C
1409:F
1234:8
1218:8
368:3
366:F
342:(
340:4
338:C
317:4
315:G
197:F
193:D
189:B
185:G
181:E
172:A
168:F
164:D
160:B
156:G
119:3
114:4
112:G
37:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
