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563:(first used in 487 BC), whereby a vote by at least 6,000 citizens would exile a citizen for ten years. The initial and intended purpose was to vote for a citizen deemed to be a threat to the democracy, most likely anyone who seemed to have ambitions to set himself up as tyrant. However, soon after, any citizen judged to have too much power in the city tended to be targeted for exile (e.g.,
523:– the random selection of citizens to fill government positions rather than kinship or heredity. It is also speculated that, in another move to lower the barriers of kinship and heredity when it comes to participation in Athenian society, Cleisthenes made it so foreign residents of Athens were eligible to become legally privileged. In addition, he reorganized the
1740:
56:
535:– law courts) was reorganized and had from 201–5001 jurors selected each day, up to 500 from each tribe. It was the role of the Boule to propose laws to the assembly of voters, who convened in Athens around forty times a year for this purpose. The bills proposed could be rejected, passed, or returned for amendments by the assembly.
692:, then he would make alliance with them; but if not, his command was that they should begone. The envoys consulted together and consented to give what was asked, in their desire to make the alliance. So they returned to their own country, and were then greatly blamed for what they had done.
391:. Consequently, Cleisthenes left Athens as an exile, and Isagoras was unrivalled in power within the city. Isagoras set about dispossessing hundreds of Athenians of their homes and exiling them on the pretext that they too were cursed. He also attempted to dissolve the
460:
in the first place, he changed the political organization from the four traditional tribes, which were based on family relations, and which formed the basis of the upper-class
Athenian political power network, into ten tribes according to their area of residence (their
399:, remaining besieged there for two days. On the third day they fled the city and were banished. Cleisthenes was subsequently recalled, along with hundreds of exiles, and he assumed leadership of Athens. Promptly after his instatement as leader, he commissioned a
567:
in 485–84 BC). Under this system, the exiled man's property was maintained, but he was not physically in the city where he could possibly create a new tyranny. One later ancient author records that
Cleisthenes himself was the first person to be ostracized.
660:. The Persians threatened to attack Athens if they did not accept Hippias. Nevertheless, the Athenians preferred to remain democratic despite the danger from the Achaemenid Empire, and the ambassadors were disavowed and censured upon their return to Athens.
664:
After that, the
Athenians sent to bring back Cleisthenes and the seven hundred households banished by Cleomenes; then they despatched envoys to Sardis, desiring to make an alliance with the Persians; for they knew that they had provoked the
702:
There is a possibility that the
Achaemenid ruler now saw the Athenians as subjects who had solemnly promised submission through the gift of "Earth and Water", and that subsequent actions by the Athenians, such as their intervention in the
395:(βουλή), a council of Athenian citizens appointed to run the daily affairs of the city. However, the council resisted, and the Athenian people declared their support of the council. Isagoras and his partisans were forced to flee to the
647:
reports that
Artaphernes had no previous knowledge of the Athenians, and his initial reaction was "Who are these people?" Artaphernes asked the Athenians for "Water and Earth", a symbol of submission, if they wanted help from the
685:, viceroy of Sardis, asked them, "What men are you, and where dwell you, who desire alliance with the Persians?" Being informed by the envoys, he gave them an answer whereof the substance was, that if the Athenians gave king
499:
system in order to balance the central unifying force that a tyranny has with the democratic concept of having the people (instead of a single person) at the peak of political power. Another by-product of the
814:
Langer, William L. (1968) The Early Period, to c. 500 B.C. An
Encyclopedia of World History (Fourth Edition pp. 66). Printed in the United States of America: Houghton Mifflin Company. Accessed: January 30,
467:), which would form the basis of a new democratic power structure. It is thought that there may have been 139 demes (though this is still a matter of debate), each organized into three groups called
351:
to help him free Athens from tyranny. Cleisthenes' plea for assistance was accepted by the Oracle as his family had previously helped rebuild the sanctuary when it was destroyed by fire.
1794:
323:. Unlike his grandfather who was a tyrant, he adopted politically democratic concepts. When Pisistratus took power in Athens as a tyrant, he exiled his political opponents and the
531:, so that it had 500 members, 50 from each tribe. He also introduced the bouleutic oath, "To advise according to the laws what was best for the people". The court system (
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Plutarch. Plutarch's Lives. with an
English Translation by. Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1916. 4.
291:
intervened in 508 and 506 BC, but could not stop
Cleisthenes and his Athenian supporters. Through Cleisthenes' reforms, the people of Athens endowed their city with
1533:
Cleisthenes the
Athenian: An Essay on the Representation of Space and Time in Greek Political Thought from the End of the Sixth Century to the Death of Plato
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After this victory, Cleisthenes began to reform the government of Athens. In order to forestall strife between the traditional clans, which had led to the
516:. This and the other aforementioned reforms had an additional effect in that they worked to include (wealthy, male) foreign citizens in Athenian society.
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268:. He was also credited with increasing the power of the Athenian citizens' assembly and for reducing the power of the nobility over Athenian politics.
1651:
Larsen, Jakob A. O. (1948). "Cleisthenes and the
Development of the Theory of Democracy at Athens". In Konvitz, Milton R.; Murphy, Arthur E. (eds.).
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Cleisthenes the Athenian: An Essay on the Representation of Space and Time in Greek Thought from the End of the Sixth Century to the Death of Plato
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assassinated Hipparchus, causing Hippias to further harden his attitude towards the people of Athens. This led Cleisthenes to ask the
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system was that it split up and weakened his political adversaries. Cleisthenes also abolished patronymics in favour of
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and Cleisthenes were rivals for power, but Isagoras won the upper hand by appealing to the Spartan king
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institutions—equal rights for all citizens (though only free men were citizens)—and established
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R. Po-chia Hsia, Julius Caesar, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith,
591:. Cleisthenes' life after his reforms is unknown as no ancient texts mention him thereafter.
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656:". Artaphernes also advised the Athenians that they should receive back the Athenian tyrant
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Historians estimate that Cleisthenes was born around 570 BC. Cleisthenes was the uncle of
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From Solon to Socrates Greek History and Civilization During the 6th and 5th Centuries BC
244:), was an ancient Athenian lawgiver credited with reforming the constitution of ancient
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David Ames Curtis: Translator's Foreword to Pierre Vidal-Maquet and Pierre Lévêque's
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The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History, Volume I: To 1740
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to the Persians in 507 BC, at the time Cleisthenes was leading Athenian politics.
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Ober, Josiah (2007). "I Besieged That Man, Democracy's Revolutionary Start".
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king. The Athenian ambassadors apparently accepted to comply, and to give "
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to which one belongs), thus increasing Athenians' sense of belonging to a
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A History of the Athenian Constitution to the End of the Fifth Century BC
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Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE
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Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE
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The Greek Commonwealth: Politics and Economics in Fifth Century Athens
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315:' maternal grandfather, Megacles. Cleisthenes came from the family of
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Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
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In 510 BC, Spartan troops helped the Athenians overthrow the tyrant
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http://kaloskaisophos.org/rt/rtdac/rtdactf/rtdactfcleisthenes.html
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1481:. P.J. Rhodes trans. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin.
283:, king of Sparta, put in place a pro-Spartan oligarchy headed by
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to help him expel Cleisthenes. He did so on the pretext of the
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1059:"Lucian, De parasito sive artem esse parasiticam, section 48"
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The New York Times (30 October 2007) . John W. Wright (ed.).
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divided among three regions in each trittyes (a city region,
221:
1332:"Cleisthenes of Athens | Biography & Facts | Britannica"
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and Agariste making him the maternal grandson of the tyrant
188:
182:
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Cadoux, Theodore John; Rhodes, P.J (2014). "Cleisthenes".
875:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 238–242.
191:
1653:
Essays in Political Theory Presented to George H. Sabine
1354:
1352:
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The origins and development of ancient Greek democracy
1599:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
784:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 105–106.
770:(Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 44.
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in 472/471 BC. These were the particular ostraca used.
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Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
495:). D.M Lewis argues that Cleisthenes established the
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Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians, Chapter 22
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Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians, Chapter 21
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Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians, Chapter 20
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Modern bust of Cleisthenes, known as "the father of
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1361:LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book V: Chapters 55‑96
1768:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 479–481.
1451:
662:
367:, "clan"), he was responsible for overthrowing
1531:Lévêque, Pierre; Vidal-Naquet, Pierre (1996).
1390:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–85.
1258:"Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, chapter 22"
1169:"The Enfranchisement of Aliens by Cleisthenes"
1017:The Oxford companion to classical civilization
331:. A few years later, Pisistratus' successors,
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1103:
1101:
739:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 628.
8:
1635:The Emergence of Greek Democracy, 800–400 BC
319:He was the son of Agariste and grandson of
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1781:
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950:The Greeks:Crucible of Civilization (2000)
379:. After the collapse of Hippias' tyranny,
54:
38:
1751:BBC – History – The Democratic Experiment
1664:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
1505:Democracy 2500?: Questions and Challenges
1246:Democracy 2500?: Questions and Challenges
1212:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1173:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
836:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1409:
1407:
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339:, again exiled Cleisthenes. In 514 BC,
1655:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1284:"Philochorus: Translation of Fragments"
716:
1514:Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece
1294:from the original on 17 September 2010
1122:"The Trittyes in Cleisthenes' Reforms"
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1007:
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444:at the time of Cleisthenes. Effigy of
1503:Morris I.; Raaflaub K., eds. (1998).
825:
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559:Cleisthenes also may have introduced
428:Reformations and governance of Athens
7:
1683:Greek and Roman voting and elections
359:With help from the Spartans and the
1000:from the original on 8 August 2017.
677:and spoke as they had been bidden,
1727:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1687:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Pr.
1516:. University of California Press.
607:, the Athenians made the gift of "
25:
1618:. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis.
595:Attempt to obtain Persian support
571:Cleisthenes called these reforms
527:, created with 400 members under
448:, with owl and ΑΘΕ, initials of "
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869:Hayek, Friedrich A. von (1960).
673:to war. When the envoys came to
260:clan. He was the younger son of
169:
27:6th-century BC Athenian lawgiver
1756:Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911).
910:American Journal of Archaeology
508:(a name given according to the
1595:Democracy and classical Greece
1420:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
424:, whom Hippias had executed.
238:
231:
1633:Forrest, William G. (1966).
1576:Resources in other libraries
1507:. Kendal/Hunt Publishing Co.
1321:Aelian, Varia historia 13.24
547:Most famously, Cleisthenes'
32:Cleisthenes (disambiguation)
1120:Bradeen, Donald W. (1955).
984:"The Athenian Constitution"
906:"Cleisthenes and Ostracism"
872:The constitution of liberty
577:("equality vis à vis law",
311:' mother, Agariste, and of
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1646:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1614:Ehrenberg, Victor (2010).
422:Harmodius and Aristogeiton
341:Harmodius and Aristogeiton
222:
29:
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1660:O'Neil, James L. (1995).
1642:Hignett, Charles (1952).
1571:Resources in your library
1479:The Athenian Constitution
1206:Oliver, James H. (1960).
585:meaning law), instead of
539:Introduction of ostracism
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2072:6th-century BC Athenians
1721:Zimmern, Alfred (1911).
1679:Staveley, E. S. (1972).
1637:. New York: McGraw–Hill.
1282:of Athens, Philochorus.
1208:"Reforms of Cleisthenes"
904:Robinson, C. A. (1952).
832:"Cleisthenes and Attica"
489:; and an inland region,
452:". Circa 510-500/490 BC.
433:Political reorganization
1765:Encyclopædia Britannica
1469:. See original text in
982:Garvin, Edward (2013).
780:Smith, William (1867).
1702:Thorley, John (1996).
1461:Frederic George Kenyon
1244:Morris & Raaflaub
1167:Kagan, Donald (1963).
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1906:Demetrius of Phalerum
1706:. London: Routledge.
1591:Davies, J.K. (1993).
1454:Athenian Constitution
1414:Waters, Matt (2014).
1384:Waters, Matt (2014).
1262:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1063:www.perseus.tufts.edu
991:University of Alberta
830:Lewis, D. M. (1963).
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321:Cleisthenes of Sicyon
266:Cleisthenes of Sicyon
95:525 – 524 BC
18:Cleisthenes of Athens
1747:at Wikimedia Commons
519:He also established
483:; a coastal region,
248:and setting it on a
30:For other uses, see
2077:Ancient legislators
1759:"Cleisthenes"
1535:. Humanities Press.
619:sent an embassy to
2087:Athenian democracy
1704:Athenian democracy
1477:Aristotle (1984).
1336:www.britannica.com
858:– via JSTOR.
635:in the capital of
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1552:Library resources
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746:978-0-312-37659-8
627:, and Achaemenid
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2082:Alcmaeonidae
2021:Themistocles
1941:Eratosthenes
1880:
1861:Callistratus
1846:Aristogeiton
1763:
1723:
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1566:Online books
1556:
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419:tyrannicides
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361:Alcmaeonidae
358:
325:Alcmaeonidae
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277:Peisistratus
270:
227:
164:
163:
153:Alcmaeonidae
113:Succeeded by
90:
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2031:Thrasybulus
2011:Pisistratus
1921:Demosthenes
1881:Cleisthenes
1871:Chremonides
1806:politicians
1745:Cleisthenes
1557:Cleisthenes
1450:Aristotle.
1341:29 November
1298:29 November
1267:29 November
1091:Aristotle,
1068:29 November
959:Herodotus,
798:|work=
679:Artaphrenes
621:Artaphernes
377:Pisistratus
281:Cleomenes I
252:footing in
165:Cleisthenes
101:Preceded by
43:Cleisthenes
2066:Categories
2051:Xanthippus
2036:Thucydides
2026:Theramenes
1961:Hypereides
1956:Hyperbolus
1911:Demochares
1851:Aristophon
1826:Alcibiades
1465:Wikisource
1439:References
752:31 January
650:Achaemenid
633:Asia Minor
588:demokratia
565:Xanthippus
533:Dikasteria
506:demonymics
333:Hipparchus
313:Alcibiades
258:Alcmaeonid
250:democratic
235: 570
228:Clisthenes
223:Κλεισθένης
49:Κλεισθένης
2046:Timotheus
1986:Moerocles
1981:Miltiades
1936:Ephialtes
1931:Echedemos
1866:Charmides
1841:Aristides
1831:Andocides
1821:Agyrrhius
1816:Aeschines
1224:0018-2311
1185:0018-2311
1146:0065-9711
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961:Histories
930:0002-9114
848:0018-2311
842:(1): 25.
800:ignored (
790:cite book
711:Citations
683:Hystaspes
671:Cleomenes
645:Herodotus
605:Herodotus
561:ostracism
549:ostracism
521:sortition
406:from the
397:Acropolis
303:Biography
297:ostracism
289:Cleomenes
275:, son of
213:-thin-eez
149:Relations
144:c. 508 BC
136:c. 570 BC
118:Miltiades
91:In office
2041:Timoleon
2001:Philinus
1996:Pericles
1976:Lysicles
1971:Lycurgus
1916:Democles
1886:Cleophon
1856:Autocles
1836:Archinus
1292:Archived
1093:Politics
995:Archived
695:—
625:Darius I
574:isonomia
492:mesogeia
470:trittyes
408:sculptor
404:memorial
381:Isagoras
349:Spartans
309:Pericles
293:isonomic
285:Isagoras
262:Megacles
2006:Phocion
1946:Eubulus
1901:Demades
1896:Critias
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1193:4434774
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681:son of
658:Hippias
486:paralia
458:tyranny
411:Antenor
375:son of
369:Hippias
337:Hippias
273:Hippias
106:Hippias
1991:Nicias
1966:Laches
1951:Hagnon
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675:Sardis
641:Sparta
637:Sardis
629:Satrap
617:Athens
450:Athens
446:Athena
415:lovers
401:bronze
373:tyrant
371:, the
329:archon
254:508 BC
246:Athens
226:), or
83:Athens
2016:Solon
1926:Draco
1891:Cleon
1876:Cimon
1228:JSTOR
1189:JSTOR
1150:JSTOR
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583:nomos
529:Solon
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365:genos
218:Greek
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1070:2021
1032:OCLC
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877:ISBN
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802:help
754:2017
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