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407:, when they encountered a smaller unit of Confederate cavalry. Rockwell joined the Union cavalry in their pursuit of the Confederates. The engagement ended with a skirmish near Pelatier's Mill. Rockwell participated in a cavalry charge that resulted in the capture of thirteen Confederate troops. This was particularly dangerous, since Rockwell was a civilian and faced the prospect of being tried as a spy if he was captured by Confederate forces.
626:. He spent the next ten years working in the Pacific Northwest, making periodic trip to San Francisco where the Coastal Survey's west coast office was located. During this time, he surveyed and mapped much of the lower Columbia and the highlands on both sides of the river. Between 1879 and 1884, he charted the channel of the Columbia's major tributaries including the
489:. The commission protected Rockwell from spying charges if he was captured while scouting roads and terrain out in front of the Army. It also allowed him to command the troops he needed for survey projects. Rockwell was assigned to map the area around Knoxville, a task he completed in March 1864. He was then assigned to map specific areas between Knoxville and
493:. He completed those surveys and delivered the maps in May. For the next four months, there is no record of Rockwell's whereabouts. This seem to indicate he may have been on a secret mission, since it is unlikely that a valuable topographical engineer would have been left unused for such a long period of time with the war on-going.
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By 1892, Rockwell was well known within the
Portland community. His work on the Columbia and Willamette rivers had help make commercial transportation to and from the city safer. His art work was also widely admired. Friends who receive a paintings or drawings as a gift considered themselves very
237:. His parents were Edward Rockwell and Matilda du Plessis Salter Rockwell. His father was a successful lawyer and businessman. Rockwell moved to Cleveland with his family in 1852 when his father became treasurer of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad. In 1854, Rockwell entered Troy Academy in
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show and two more in the association's 1874 show. No records exist for the association's art shows in 1875 or 1876. In 1877, Rockwell exhibited four painting in the San
Francisco show. After retirement, Rockwell spent more time painting. In 1883, he began showing his work at the annual Portland
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style; however, his works always accurately reflected the details of the real landscapes he painted. It is estimated that
Rockwell produced about 500 finished works. Only 134 of his paintings are known today along with his sketchbooks that include several hundred more drawings. Except for three
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agreed and directed the
Coastal Survey Superintendent to identify engineers to undertake the task. Rockwell was one of six engineers selected for this unusual mission. He left for Colombia on December 11, 1865. The survey took about six months including a great deal of lost time caused by
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fortunate. After retiring from the
Coastal Survey, Rockwell opened an office in downtown Portland, taking work as a consulting engineer. In addition, his father had left him a significant estate which he invested. He served on the board of directors of three Portland banks including the
504:. During that campaign, Rockwell and another officer from the Coastal Survey scouted ahead of the army columns, exploring roads and sending maps back to senior commanders so they could plan the Army's marching routes. Rockwell also participated in General Sherman's march though the
611:. After their marriage, Cornelia traveled with Rockwell, staying as close a practical given the outdoor nature of his field work. She may have even joined him in some of his field camps. Rockwell spent the next several years in northern California working on surveys of the
280:. During the survey, Rockwell's supervisor was called away on another job, leaving Rockwell in charge of the survey team and support vessel. When winter ended the field work, Rockwell made careful hand-drawn maps of the harbor using the field data his team had collected.
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in 1892. Beginning in the late 1890s, Rockwell began displaying small watercolors, selling them for $ 10 and $ 20 to casual buyers. He also finished a number of large oil paintings during this period that were very popular in
Portland society circles. Rockwell died of
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Rockwell played an important part in the early history of
California and the Pacific Northwest. His survey parties mapped many prominent features along the Pacific coast. Shortly after Rockwell's death, his wife donated 36 volumes of topographic survey reports to the
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In 1873, Rockwell was married to
Cornelia Fleming Russell, whose uncle was Governor of Tennessee. The Russell family was not happy with the match because of Rockwell's Union Army service during the Civil War, so the couple married secretly on a ferry boat in
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in the Union Army. Because of his experience as a topographical engineer and cartographer, he was in great demand within the Army. As a result, he served in many theaters during the war. Shortly after the war began, he led a field survey of northern
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diplomatic wrangling as various
Colombian officials tried to reduce the team's compensation and divert the engineers into other projects. Rockwell and the other members of the team finished their work and returned to New York in June 1866.
303:-Savannah River field survey. His team completed the assigned field work by May, surveying 190 miles of coastline in less than six month. Once again, Rockwell was cited in Superintendent's annual report for his excellent field work.
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Today, Rockwell's artwork is well known in the
Pacific Northwest. Many of his landscape watercolors and oil paintings are based on sketches he made during his topographical survey expeditions. His paintings were done in the English
630:. His survey of the Willamette River was extremely detailed, including 17,782 hydrographic soundings. He also surveyed and mapped 50 miles of Oregon coastline south of Astoria along with other important coastal features including
560:. The Columbia was an important waterway and it had not been charted since 1852. Rockwell's soundings showed the river had change dramatically since it was first surveyed. He also discovered a new, deeper channel north of
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Rockwell spent most of 1862 finishing his maps of the South Carolina and Georgia coastline. His maps were important to the Union blockade because the new charts allowed the Navy to identify coastal hiding places used by
446:, who was responsible for defending the city, gladly accepted the offer. Rockwell was one of thirteen Coastal Survey engineers sent to map approaches to the city and help construct emergency fortifications. After the
217:. After retiring from the Coastal Survey, he became a successful investor and landscape painter. Today, Cleveland Rockwell's topographical maps are important historical documents and his art work is well known in the
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state. For the next four years, he continued to shift from California to the Pacific Northwest, working the winter and spring months in the south and then moving north in May or June and staying through the fall.
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area in southern California. However, shortly after his arrival he was sent back to San Francisco to take charge of a survey party whose leader had died suddenly. After finishing a survey of Point Sur in the
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coasts were canceled because of political tensions between southern states and the Federal Government. Rockwell spent that winter finishing his South Carolina coastal maps. After South Carolina fired on
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720:. His articles were always carefully written, detailed, and accurate. Rockwell normally included a number of drawings with his articles. This added significant visual appeal to his articles.
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Rockwell's service in the Coastal Survey began in July 1856, as a survey aid. He received a salary of $ 15 per month plus room and board. His first assignment was a field survey of parts of
261:. He then accepted a professional appointment to the United States Coastal Survey (later known as the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey), one of the oldest scientific bureaus in the
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by Cleveland Rockwell, Historic Coast & Geodetic Survey Collection, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1869.
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by Cleveland Rockwell, Historic Coast & Geodetic Survey Collection, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1869.
399:. During this period, Rockwell was also called upon to conduct reconnaissance of inland road networks to support Union war plans. In April, he was reconnoitering inland roads near
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In the winter of 1871, Rockwell returned to California to survey San Simeon Bay. Then when the weather in the Pacific Northwest improved, he move north to conduct a survey of
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662:, he returned to Portland in May 1890 to continue his Columbia River work. On June 1, 1892, Rockwell retired from the Coastal Survey after thirty-five years of service.
470:. At Fortress Monroe, he conducted a survey of the Sewall's Point prisoner compound adjacent to the fortress. Rockwell completed that assignment in less than a month.
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and surveyed a number of bays above and below the mouth of the Columbia. However, his work was handicapped by smoke from forest fires, coastal fog, and heavy rains.
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762:. The reports cover the Columbia River and other areas in Oregon and Washington. In addition, some of his hand-drawn maps still exist in the archives of the
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Long before he retired, Rockwell had begun writing about Oregon, especially the Columbia River. His works were published in a number of magazines including
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casual sketchbook portraits, all his known works are landscapes. His paintings and drawings are on display in at least seven west coast museums.
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388:. The new coastal charts helped the Union Navy increase its capture rate from one in ten blockade runners in 1861 to one in three by 1864.
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Rockwell's paintings and drawings are also sold at national auctions and by commercial galleries when individual works become available.
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requested the United States send a party of coastal engineers to examine a possible route for connecting Lake Santa Marta with the
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In the fall of 1864, Rockwell was assigned to survey work in New York Harbor. Then in early 1865, Rockwell joined Major General
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on April 12, 1861, his new charts of Charleston and Port Royal harbors and the South Carolina coastline became important to the
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Accurate maps were critical to the Union Army as well. In February 1863, Rockwell was assigned to work on a survey of the
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683:. Through his investments, Rockwell became moderately wealthy. His financial success gave him the freedom to travel,
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The Coastal Survey transferred Rockwell to the west coast is 1868. His first assignment was to survey a portion the
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Mechanics Fair and other local art exhibitions. He helped establish the Portland Art Club in 1885 and the
284:, Superintendent of the Coastal Survey, mentioned Rockwell's work in the bureau's 1857 report to Congress.
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438:, the Coastal Survey's Superintendent, Alexander Bache, offered to provide engineers to help the city of
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In the spring of 1890, Rockwell was called back to California to participate in a major survey of the
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and along the main channel were repositioned, making the passage into and out of the river safer.
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During the winter of 1868 and the spring of 1869, Rockwell and his assistant surveyed and mapped
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508:. In April 1865, Rockwell was released from the Army and he returned to the Coastal Survey.
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1354:(Vol. 66, No. 391), Harper and Brothers, New York, New York, December 1882, pp.3-15.
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249:. He studied cartography and related subjects at Troy before transferring to the
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Photo Library: Cleveland Rockwell
619:. He also fixed the location of numerous mountain peaks in northern California.
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1097:(Volume 1), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, September 9, 1998.
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1013:(Volume 1), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, September 9, 1998.
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295:. The following year, he helped survey the South Carolina shoreline near the
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1321:, Mason and Company Publishers, Syracuse, New York, 1890, pp. 409, 411-412.
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646:, filling his sketchbooks with scenes from his travels along the coast.
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638:, and several coastal rivers. In April and May 1884, Rockwell visited
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1026:, Vintage Books, Random House, New York, New York, 1986. pp. 116-120.
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Harper's Magazine: "The Columbia River" by Cleveland Rockwell, 1882
564:. On the basis of Rockwell's survey, most of the buoys around the
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The 1861 the coastal survey projects along the South Carolina and
1449:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, pp. 126-151.
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as they planned their blockade of southern ports. His charts of
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193:. He spent his professional career as a survey engineer in the
1372:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 75-79.
1243:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 37-38.
1230:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 33-34.
1126:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 17-18.
1113:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 15-16.
1073:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 12-13.
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In 1879, Rockwell moved his family home from San Francisco to
1084:"The Coastal Survey and Naval Operation During the Civil War"
1000:"The Coastal Survey and Naval Operation During the Civil War"
989:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 9-11.
971:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, pp. 6-7.
860:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, pp. 1-2.
1042:"The Coastal Survey and Army Operation During the Civil War"
376:. The survey was completed in July 1861, just prior to the
1462:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 73.
1385:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 68.
1337:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 61.
1304:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 57.
1291:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 55.
1278:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 53.
1217:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 29.
1168:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 28.
1155:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 25.
1139:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 23.
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During the American Civil War, Rockwell was appointed as a
919:, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon, 1972, p. 5.
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Rockwell was an accomplished artist, skilled at landscape
173:(November 24, 1837 – March 22, 1907) was an American
552:. In July 1868, Rockwell and his assistant were sent to
209:. He also surveyed areas in South America. During the
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United States Coastal Survey Topographic Survey T-1122b
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United States Coastal Survey Topographic Survey T-1122a
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to help the Union Army site defensive positions around
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Watercolor painting of Mount Rainier, Washington, 1891
1265:, Oregon Histicical Society, Portland, Oregon, 2002.
735:. In 1873, he exhibited two of his painting in the
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Rockwell's map of Point Conception, California, 1869
1204:, College of the Siskiyous, Weed, California, 2001.
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The Civil War a Narrative Fort Sumter to Perryville
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1460:Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907
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1302:Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907
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1137:Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907
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1111:Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907
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987:Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907
969:Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907
917:Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907
858:Cleveland Rockwell Scientist and Artist 1837–1907
749:in Portland on March 22, 1907, at the age of 69.
764:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
395:in North Carolina, serving under Major General
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327:to replace the channel markers destroyed by
1082:Theberge, Albert E. (Captain, NOAA Corps),
1040:Theberge, Albert E. (Captain, NOAA Corps),
998:Theberge, Albert E. (Captain, NOAA Corps),
229:Rockwell was born on November 24, 1837, in
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331:forces prior to his naval bombardment of
287:In 1858, Rockwell worked on a survey of
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422:In June 1863, when Confederate General
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442:expand its defenses. Major General
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556:to survey and map the mouth of the
893:"Biography for Cleveland Rockwell"
473:Rockwell's next assignment was in
251:University of the City of New York
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516:In August 1865, the President of
1503:"Dealers for Cleveland Rockwell"
1395:"Donates Books to State Library"
1191:“Cleveland Rockwell (1837-1907)”
483:Corps of Topographical Engineers
247:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
1427:"Point Conception, California"
1411:"Point Conception, California"
1319:The History of Portland Oregon
1259:"Gill-Netters at Rooster Rock"
949:The Cleveland Rockwell Website
790:Columbia River Maritime Museum
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1561:Artists from Portland, Oregon
1352:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
938:"The Artist of the Northwest"
737:San Francisco Art Association
1507:AskART The Artists' Bluebook
1487:AskART The Artists' Bluebook
1401:, Bend, Oregon, May 7, 1907.
1095:The Coastal Survey 1807-1867
1053:The Coastal Survey 1807-1867
1011:The Coastal Survey 1807-1867
897:AskART The Artists' Bluebook
819:Oakland Museum of California
414:Captain Cleveland Rockwell,
1483:"Cleveland Salter Rockwell"
272:and several islands in the
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1263:The Oregon History Project
141:Sherman's March to the Sea
1571:Pacific Northwest artists
953:www.clevelandrockwell.com
829:Oregon Historical Society
585:Santa Barbara, California
428:Army of Northern Virginia
171:Cleveland Salter Rockwell
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1315:"Financial Institutions"
899:, Scottsdale, Arizona,
742:Portland Art Association
401:New Bern, North Carolina
378:First Battle of Bull Run
32:Cleveland Rockwell, 1885
1509:, Scottsdale, Arizona,
1489:, Scottsdale, Arizona,
542:San Francisco Peninsula
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1313:Scott, H.W. (editor),
837:in Seattle, Washington
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109:Years of service
20:Cleveland S. Rockwell
1513:, November 21, 2009.
1493:, November 21, 2009.
1348:"The Columbia River"
1202:Mount Shasta Project
955:, November 22, 2009.
951:, Braarud Fine Art,
903:, November 21, 2009.
766:in Washington, D.C.
760:Oregon State Library
485:and assigned to the
448:Battle of Gettysburg
121:Captain of Engineers
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831:in Portland, Oregon
705:The Pacific Monthly
589:Cape Disappointment
444:Napoleon J. T. Dana
257:, where he studied
1196:2010-05-27 at the
1089:2009-08-27 at the
1047:2009-06-27 at the
1005:2009-08-27 at the
943:2011-07-08 at the
835:Seattle Art Museum
792:in Astoria, Oregon
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526:Secretary of State
498:William T. Sherman
460:Benjamin F. Butler
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317:United States Navy
282:Alexander D. Bache
263:Federal Government
211:American Civil War
145:Carolinas Campaign
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717:Harper's Magazine
609:San Francisco Bay
529:William H. Seward
468:Norfolk, Virginia
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179:cartographer
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159:cartographer
137:Battles/wars
63:(1907-03-22)
1556:1907 deaths
1551:1837 births
729:watercolors
651:Los Angeles
596:Puget Sound
393:Neuse River
333:Fort Walker
329:Confederate
313:Fort Sumter
112:1863 – 1864
1545:Categories
845:References
711:West Shore
666:Later life
600:Washington
546:California
374:Washington
301:Port Royal
276:including
274:East River
231:Youngstown
225:Early life
215:Union Army
157:engineer,
103:Union Army
85:Allegiance
44:1837-11-24
784:Anchorage
747:pneumonia
506:Carolinas
479:Tennessee
475:Knoxville
1194:Archived
1087:Archived
1045:Archived
1003:Archived
941:Archived
786:, Alaska
772:romantic
658:area of
518:Colombia
432:Maryland
426:led the
354:Virginia
243:New York
199:Atlantic
187:investor
97:Service/
823:Oakland
810:Calgary
800:Seattle
725:drawing
656:Big Sur
405:cavalry
345:captain
308:Georgia
203:Pacific
814:Canada
753:Legacy
731:, and
714:, and
687:, and
644:Alaska
554:Oregon
418:, 1864
366:Vienna
189:, and
161:, and
99:branch
75:Buried
70:, U.S.
53:, U.S.
583:near
466:near
456:Maine
430:into
360:from
91:Union
689:fish
685:hunt
642:and
615:and
434:and
239:Troy
235:Ohio
201:and
143:and
127:Unit
117:Rank
58:Died
38:Born
821:in
808:in
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544:in
524:.
416:GAR
364:to
291:in
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42:(
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