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rough up to 300 m (984 ft), covered by multiple overlapping lava flows and debris fans that form an apron around the mountain. Lava flows are always built on top of debris flows as a result of the snow melt caused by the emission of heat just before an eruption. The flows are generally short, under 1 km (0.6 mi), and thin, less than 10 m (33 ft) thick, and are somewhat vegetated. Although Mount
Cleveland is the tallest mountain in the group, it is rarely completely snowed in because of its constant activity disrupts snowfall. A lack of extant erosion shows that Mount Cleveland is likely a
400:, thought to reside in the volcano. The volcano's name is a reference to its constant activity, and shows that it was likely highly active even in the distant past. Aleut oral tradition states that, at one time, the western and eastern halves of Chuginadak were separate islands, and that the isthmus joining them was created by volcanic activity sometime in prehistory. The "Islands of Four Mountains" name, the geographic group name for Cleveland and its neighbors, was given to the islands by Russian cartographers in the 19th century. Its current name, Mount Cleveland, was given to it by a
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twice in 2010. Of these, the most significant eruption was the 2001 eruption, which produced a 12 km (7 mi) high ash plume. This plume dispersed 120 to 150 km (75 to 93 mi) across Alaska, an unusual distance that allowed detailed satellite observations to be made. Nikolski and the surrounding region was the site of several hours of ashfall, represented in satellite imagery as areas of discolored snow. This eruption significantly disrupted air traffic in the area.
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There are no seismic or geophysical instruments on the mountain (the nearest are in
Nikolski), and some eruptions are first observed by pilots flying over the volcano. A field study was conducted in late 2001, and an automatic system based on thermal anomalies was implemented following eruptive events in 2005. In recent years the Alaska Volcano Observatory has made an effort to expand volcanic coverage westward along the Aleutian Arc.
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684:, which can damage sensitive electronic equipment on overflying planes. Many aircraft traveling over the North Pacific and over the Arctic come within the vicinity of such a plume; the only way to avoid damage is to reroute the flight, which delays arrival time and adds $ 5,500 to $ 6,000 in extra fuel costs. Cleveland has therefore been assessed by the
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monitors activity at Mount
Cleveland using satellite imagery. Cloud cover often obscures the volcano, which makes many events difficult to follow. In addition, the low resolution of the satellite imagery allows minor events, which do not make an impression on the satellite picture, to pass unnoticed.
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On June 19, 2012, a pilot reported an ash-producing explosion on Mount
Cleveland. Due to continuing seismic activity, the volcano was placed on the USGS Volcano Watch List in the orange or "watch" category the following day. AVO continues to keep Cleveland on the watch because of a persistent anomaly
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Mount
Cleveland erupted more recently in 1951, 1953, 1954 (possibly), 1975 (possibly), 1984 through 1987, 1989, 1994, and 1997. The volcano has received more focused attention in recent times due to its increased activity: it erupted in 2001, 2005, three times in 2006, 2007, three times in 2009, and
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extended 5 km (3 mi) from the summit, and an ash plume 6,000 m (19,685 ft) high was produced. Large boulders were reportedly ejected and carried out to sea by eruptive force. The eruption had the distinction of being the only confirmed direct volcanic fatality in Alaska; a small
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was observed in the 1980s and 1990s. Mount
Cleveland is a site of persistent steam emissions and thermal anomalies that represent constant background activity. During 2011, a summit lava dome formed, by continuous intrusion of magma at the summit. Late in 2011, nearly 6 explosions demolished the
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Mount
Cleveland is 8–8.5 km (5.0–5.3 mi) wide at its base and roughly 29 km (7 cu mi) in volume. The volcano's slope increases markedly with height, from 19° at its lower flanks to 35° near its summit. Like many other Aleutian volcanoes, Cleveland's flanks are especially
612:, and many are listed as "possible." In observed history, Mount Cleveland may have first erupted in 1744; the first confirmed eruption occurred in 1828. The volcano erupted again in 1836 (possibly), 1893, 1897 (possibly), 1929 (possibly), 1932, and 1938 (possibly).
314:
3 eruption in 1944 produced the arc's only known volcanic fatality. Most recently Mount
Cleveland has erupted three times in 2009, twice in 2010, once in 2011 and in 2016 and 2017. The volcano's remoteness limits opportunities for its study, and the
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and two prominent peaks that have been heavily eroded, partly by glaciers. Known as the Tana volcanic complex, the two features measure 1,170 m (3,839 ft) and 1,093 m (3,586 ft) in elevation. A sample of
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formed between the subducting and overriding plates lowers the melting point enough to allow magma to form. The melted material then rises to the surface and forms a volcano—in this case, the
Aleutian Arc.
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Little is known about
Cleveland's early eruptive history as its remoteness makes it a difficult area to investigate, and discrepancies in names have caused confusion between events there and those on nearby
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relies heavily on satellites for monitoring. The volcano is primarily hazardous to aircraft; many of the flights over the north Pacific approach the vicinity of the volcano, and
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411:. Like the other volcanoes in the Four Islands group, which were named after prominent American politicians at the time, Mount Cleveland was named after then-president
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was stationed on the volcano at the time, and one Sergeant Fred W. Purchase left his post early in the eruption to take a walk and never returned, probably killed by
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478:, a broad and uneven bell-shaped landmass, and is the highest of the four volcanic islands. The island is completely uninhabited; the nearest settlement is
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636:. At approximately 10:20, a boat sent to search for Purchase witnessed the end of the eruption. The island was abandoned for the remainder of the war.
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volcano, forming within the last 10,000 years. All known events have occurred at Mount Cleveland's summit vent, but there are at least five small
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1667:"An Assessment of Volcanic Threat and Monitoring Capabilities in the United States: Framework for the National Volcano Early Warning System"
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299:. Aleutian natives named the island after their fire goddess, Chuginadak, who they believed inhabited the volcano. In 1894 a team from the
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at the summit. AVO suspects it could be dome growth. Other minor ash producing explosions occurred on June 26, July 12, and August 19.
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James J. Simpson, Gary L. Hufford, D. Pieri, R. Servranckx, Jared S. Berg, C. Bauer; Berg; Hufford; Bauer; Pieri; Servranckx (2002).
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One of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc, Cleveland has erupted at least 22 times in the last 230 years. A
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295:. Mt. Cleveland is 5,675 ft (1,730 m) high, and one of the most active of the 75 or more volcanoes in the larger
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The volcano erupted several times in 2014 and 2015, and a single explosion was detected by the AVO on April 16, 2016.
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On May 4, 2013, the volcano began a low-level eruption, with a plume of ash observed at 15,000 feet (4,600 m).
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Dean, K. G.; Dehn, J.; Papp, K. R.; Smith, S.; Izbekov, P.; Peterson, R.; Kearney, C.; Steffke, A. (15 July 2004).
770:
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1601:"2005 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory"
1302:"Chronological Multisensor Assessment for Mount Cleveland, Alaska from 2000 to 2004 focusing on the 2001 eruption"
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T. P. Miller; R. G. McGimsey; D. H. Richter; J. R. Riehle; C. J. Nye; M. E. Yount & J. A. Dumoulin (1998).
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1189:"The geology, Geochemistry, and Petrology of the recent Magmatic Phase of the Central and Western Aleutian Arc"
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as "a volcano with a high aviation threat score and no real-time ground based monitoring at the present time".
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volcanic domes on the lower flanks. At times Cleveland has had a summit lava dome. The volcano has no
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339:, a long volcanic chain extending off the coast of Alaska. Containing over 75 volcanoes, this
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visited the island and gave Mount Cleveland its current name, after then-president
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The eastern half of Chuginadak, to which Mount Cleveland is connected by a narrow
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1092:"Integrated satellite observations of the 2001 eruption of Mt. Cleveland, Alaska"
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Mount Cleveland is located 490 km (304 mi) from the western end of the
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879:"The 2001 Eruption of Mount Cleveland, Alaska: Case Study of an Aviation Hazard"
595:. Hot springs were reportedly found on the volcano in the 1800s, and persistent
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In total the volcano has erupted at least 22 times in the last 230 years.
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1542:"Cleveland Volcano explosions put air travel on alert: Who could be affected?"
796:
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1003:"The North American Tapestry of Time and Terrain: Features: Aleutian Islands"
116:
103:
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1938:
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has been recovered from Concord Point, the easternmost point on the island.
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495:
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1034:"Magmatic, Eruptive, and Tectonic Processes in the Aleutian Arc, Alaska"
608:. Even today, not all possible events are confirmed as eruptions by the
2378:
1453:
United States Coast Pilot: Alaska. Part II. Yakutat Bay to Arctic Ocean
1006:
510:
503:
367:
364:
393:(the name currently given to the island as a whole), referring to the
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541:. Astronauts were the first to observe the eruption, and alerted the
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55:
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The biggest threat posed by an eruption from Mount Cleveland is its
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built it layer by layer into a convex shape. It lies southeast of
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arising from Mount Cleveland on May 23, 2006, as seen from the
1742:
The 126 most prominent summits of the United States of America
819:"Historically Active Volcanoes in Alaska – A Quick Reference"
912:
10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0691:TFEOMC>2.0.CO;2
404:
expedition in 1894, when it was originally observed by the
1480:"Activity at Cleveland Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska"
817:
K .L. Wallace; R. G. McGimpsy & T. P. Miller (2000).
1339:"Catalog of the Historically Active Volcanoes of Alaska"
370:. One of these compounds is water; its addition to the
615:
The first notable eruption from Mount Cleveland was a
27:
Nearly symmetrical stratovolcano on Chuginadak island
600:
dome. In June 2012, another small dome was observed.
1634:"20th Anniversary of the Alaska Volcano Observatory"
1384:
Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada
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864:
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858:
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454:. Like all stratovolcanoes, Mount Cleveland grew as
44:
The nearly symmetrical face of Mount Cleveland, 1994
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668:from the summit of Mount Cleveland, 15 August 2008
623:that occurred between June 10 and June 13, 1944.
1599:R. G. McGimsey; C. A. Neal; J. P. Dixon (2007).
3648:Landforms of Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska
1505:
1503:
1501:
1381:C. A. Wood & J. Kienle (27 November 1992).
982:"MIT team solves longstanding volcanic mystery"
1430:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1263:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1100:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
431:, centered on Mount Cleveland. Dark lines are
3144:
2406:
1726:
1151:
1149:
549:Eruptions from Mount Cleveland are generally
8:
3332:Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887
939:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
474:. Mount Cleveland forms the western half of
327:sensitive electronic equipment and sensors.
151:
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1069:
1067:
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486:, about 75 km (47 mi) eastward.
359:, certain elements and compounds with low
29:
797:"Alaska & Hawaii P1500s - the Ultras"
439:Mount Cleveland is an almost symmetrical
3663:Volcanoes of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
3209:New York Institute for Special Education
1162:United States Geological Survey Bulletin
1458:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
743:
402:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
301:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
1376:
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1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1247:
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932:
767:"Cleveland description and statistics"
733:List of volcanoes in the United States
1225:"How Volcanoes Work: Stratovolcanoes"
1041:Southern California Earthquake Center
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
7:
3638:Stratovolcanoes of the United States
3322:Dependent and Disability Pension Act
3295:Presidential Succession Act of 1886
557:in nature, characterized by short
25:
3643:Volcanoes of the Aleutian Islands
3441:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
3357:Indian Appropriations Act of 1889
2977:Bering Straits Native Corporation
2972:Arctic Slope Regional Corporation
1540:Sappenfield, Mark (May 5, 2013).
1450:H. C. Graves (16 February 1916).
1158:"Geographic dictionary of Alaska"
1009:. 26 January 2011. Archived from
3604:
3603:
3244:
3237:
3112:
2526:
1166:United States Geological Service
1125:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2003.12.013
960:United States Geological Service
728:List of mountain peaks of Alaska
712:
698:
513:, consists of several low-lying
150:
143:
38:
3305:Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
1678:United States Geological Survey
896:American Meteorological Society
830:United States Geological Survey
686:United States Geological Survey
3404:Democratic National Convention
3377:Democratic National Convention
3310:Interstate Commerce Commission
3273:Democratic National Convention
3175:President of the United States
3002:Bristol Bay Native Corporation
1032:J. Power; et al. (2000).
1:
3476:Grover Cleveland High School
3214:1881 Buffalo mayoral election
3032:The 13th Regional Corporation
1547:The Christian Science Monitor
1511:"Cleveland reported activity"
954:J. Power (18 December 2007).
3658:21st-century volcanic events
3219:1882 New York state election
1352:. p. 65. Archived from
1300:Steven J. Smith (May 2005).
1198:. p. 41. Archived from
591:growth, and the ejection of
387:name for Mount Cleveland is
323:released from eruptions can
70:5,675 ft (1,730 m)
60:5,675 ft (1,730 m)
3421:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
3204:Grover Cleveland Birthplace
1608:Professional Paper 20075269
980:D. Chandler (5 June 2009).
832:. p. 2. Archived from
539:International Space Station
3684:
3394:1892 presidential election
3367:1888 presidential election
3263:1884 presidential election
3012:Chugach Alaska Corporation
1705:Alaska Volcano Observatory
1701:Cleveland eruption updates
1674:Open File Report 2005-1164
1645:Alaska Volcano Observatory
1612:Alaska Volcano Observatory
1569:"Restless Mount Cleveland"
1515:Alaska Volcano Observatory
1389:Cambridge University Press
1350:Alaska Volcano Observatory
1309:Alaska Volcano Observatory
1229:San Diego State University
771:Alaska Volcano Observatory
674:Alaska Volcano Observatory
617:Volcanic Explosivity Index
610:Alaska Volcano Observatory
543:Alaska Volcano Observatory
450:, a volcanic group in the
317:Alaska Volcano Observatory
267:) is a nearly symmetrical
18:Cleveland Volcano (Alaska)
3653:Islands of Four Mountains
3575:
3456:National Democratic Party
3446:Venezuelan crisis of 1895
3285:Wedding to Frances Folsom
3235:
3166:
3108:
2982:NANA Regional Corporation
2524:
2432:
2289:Mount Cleveland (Montana)
1748:
564:sometimes accompanied by
448:Islands of Four Mountains
429:Islands of Four Mountains
277:Islands of Four Mountains
137:
37:
3668:Holocene stratovolcanoes
3554:Richard Falley Cleveland
3502:Mount Cleveland (Alaska)
3426:Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act
3362:Federal judges appointed
2159:Mount Cleveland (Alaska)
2124:Mount Jefferson (Oregon)
2104:Mount Jefferson (Nevada)
1425:Global Volcanism Program
1258:Global Volcanism Program
1203:(Unpublished manuscript)
2997:Cook Inlet Region, Inc.
1346:Open-File Report 98-582
887:Weather and Forecasting
419:Geography and structure
275:, which is part of the
84:US most prominent peaks
3497:Cleveland, Mississippi
3177:(1885–1889, 1893–1897)
1573:NASA Earth Observatory
1484:NASA Earth Observatory
669:
546:
436:
271:on the western end of
3090:Prince of Wales–Hyder
3007:The Aleut Corporation
2654:Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
1839:San Gorgonio Mountain
1196:University of Wyoming
826:Fact Sheet FS 0118-00
664:
533:
426:
3536:Richard F. Cleveland
3451:Enabling Act of 1889
3317:Tenure of Office Act
3186:Governor of New York
3022:Koniag, Incorporated
3017:Sealaska Corporation
2879:Fairbanks North Star
2324:Abercrombie Mountain
2149:Great Sitkin Volcano
1359:on 23 September 2015
1318:on 23 September 2015
1187:J. D. Myers (1994).
839:on 23 September 2015
777:on 15 September 2022
628:detachment from the
353:North American Plate
158:Mount Cleveland
3588:←Benjamin Harrison→
3581:← Chester A. Arthur
3568:(great-grandfather)
3411:Second inauguration
3300:Electoral Count Act
3095:Southeast Fairbanks
3027:Ahtna, Incorporated
2987:Calista Corporation
2964:Native corporations
1929:White Mountain Peak
1117:2004JVGR..135...51D
904:2002WtFor..17..691S
456:explosive eruptions
197:USGS Samalga Island
117:52.8222°N 169.945°W
113: /
3595:William McKinley →
3566:Richard Falley Jr.
3280:First inauguration
2909:Lake and Peninsula
2189:Sierra Blanca Peak
2099:Sovereign Mountain
1809:Shishaldin Volcano
1789:Mount Marcus Baker
1521:on 3 November 2023
1391:. pp. 25–26.
956:"Alaska Volcanoes"
670:
630:Eleventh Air Force
621:Vulcanian eruption
597:fumarolic activity
547:
460:effusive eruptions
437:
351:plunges under the
331:Geological setting
50:Highest point
3618:
3617:
3542:Francis Cleveland
3518:Frances Cleveland
3480:Buffalo, New York
3342:Berlin Conference
3327:Hatch Act of 1887
3126:
3125:
3119:Alaska portal
2914:Matanuska‑Susitna
2899:Ketchikan Gateway
2388:
2387:
2239:Flat Top Mountain
2214:North Schell Peak
2009:Mount San Antonio
1784:Mount Saint Elias
1769:Mount Fairweather
1398:978-0-521-43811-7
1205:on 4 January 2023
1156:M. Baker (1906).
1134:on 3 October 2011
577:pyroclastic flows
476:Chuginadak Island
470:and northeast of
343:occurs above the
273:Chuginadak Island
265:Cleveland Volcano
258:
257:
178:Chuginadak Island
122:52.8222; -169.945
16:(Redirected from
3675:
3633:Active volcanoes
3607:
3606:
3530:Esther Cleveland
3384:Murchison letter
3248:
3241:
3229:Westland Mansion
3189:
3178:
3160:Grover Cleveland
3153:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3115:
2924:Northwest Arctic
2709:pop. over 25,000
2681:Seward Peninsula
2639:Alaska Peninsula
2634:Aleutian Islands
2530:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2274:Mount Timpanogos
2269:Carlisle Volcano
2094:Makushin Volcano
2044:Mount Washington
2034:Pogromni Volcano
1974:Mount Chiginagak
1854:Mount Veniaminof
1834:San Jacinto Peak
1735:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1671:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1605:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1517:. Archived from
1507:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1486:. 3 January 2010
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1311:. Archived from
1306:
1297:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1127:. Archived from
1096:
1087:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1043:. Archived from
1038:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1013:on 19 April 2013
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
951:
945:
944:
938:
930:
928:
926:
883:
874:
849:
848:
846:
844:
838:
823:
814:
808:
807:
805:
804:
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
773:. Archived from
763:
722:
720:Volcanoes portal
717:
716:
708:
703:
702:
701:
593:breadcrust bombs
526:Eruptive history
413:Grover Cleveland
305:Grover Cleveland
289:Aleutian Islands
154:
153:
147:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
42:
30:
21:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3571:
3550:(granddaughter)
3506:
3460:
3337:Texas Seed Bill
3249:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3192:
3181:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3127:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3036:
2958:
2894:Kenai Peninsula
2845:
2739:pop. over 2,000
2738:
2730:
2708:
2700:
2671:Kenai Peninsula
2612:
2598:Rural dentistry
2531:
2522:
2440:
2428:
2419:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2369:Korovin Volcano
2339:Chiricahua Peak
2234:Veniaminof Peak
2114:Isanotski Peaks
1899:Mount Tom White
1874:Iliamna Volcano
1844:Charleston Peak
1814:Redoubt Volcano
1774:Mount Blackburn
1744:
1739:
1697:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1050:on Sep 27, 2011
1047:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1001:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
979:
978:
974:
964:
962:
953:
952:
948:
931:
924:
922:
881:
876:
875:
852:
842:
840:
836:
821:
816:
815:
811:
802:
800:
795:
794:
790:
780:
778:
765:
764:
745:
741:
718:
711:
704:
699:
697:
694:
666:Steam emissions
659:
528:
421:
381:
363:, from various
345:subduction zone
333:
263:(also known as
261:Mount Cleveland
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
155:
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
89:
45:
33:Mount Cleveland
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3681:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3560:Rose Cleveland
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3524:Ruth Cleveland
3521:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3472:Cleveland Park
3468:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3436:Pullman Strike
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Foreign policy
3287:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3179:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:Aleutians West
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Doyon, Limited
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Aleutians East
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2736:Smaller cities
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2706:Largest cities
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Inside Passage
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Climate change
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2513:Transportation
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:Mount Wrangell
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Tanaga Volcano
2086:
2081:
2079:Mount Natazhat
2076:
2071:
2069:Humphreys Peak
2066:
2061:
2059:Mount Mitchell
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:Telescope Peak
2021:
2016:
2014:Kichatna Spire
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:Sacajawea Peak
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Mount Hesperus
1956:
1954:Mount Vsevidof
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1849:Pavlof Volcano
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1695:External links
1693:
1691:
1690:
1658:
1625:
1586:
1560:
1532:
1497:
1471:
1442:
1411:
1397:
1370:
1329:
1275:
1241:
1216:
1179:
1145:
1109:Elsevier B. V.
1061:
1024:
994:
972:
946:
850:
809:
799:. PeakList.org
788:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
730:
724:
723:
709:
693:
690:
658:
655:
573:lava fountains
527:
524:
515:volcanic cones
472:Herbert Island
468:Mount Carlisle
420:
417:
380:
377:
361:boiling points
332:
329:
256:
255:
252:
246:
245:
239:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
199:
198:
195:
189:
188:
175:
171:
170:
163:
157:
156:
149:
148:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
97:
91:
90:
88:
87:
80:
78:
72:
71:
68:
62:
61:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3680:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3621:
3611:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3548:Philippa Foot
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Panic of 1893
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:22nd and 24th
3169:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3107:
3101:
3100:Yukon–Koyukuk
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Hoonah–Angoon
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Kodiak Island
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2696:Tanana Valley
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Mat‑Su Valley
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Mount Augusta
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Mount Gareloi
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Mount Deborah
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:Mount Steller
2247:
2245:
2244:Bearhole Peak
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Mount Foresta
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Snowshoe Peak
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Mount Russell
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Mount Seattle
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:McDonald Peak
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:Hanagita Peak
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Mount Igikpak
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Mount Douglas
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Mount Neacola
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:Mount Crillon
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Mount Foraker
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Mount Kimball
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Mount Sanford
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Mount Olympus
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Mount Hubbard
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:Mount Torbert
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Mount Whitney
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Mount Rainier
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1575:. 4 June 2010
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1460:. p. 217
1459:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1377:
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1371:
1355:
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1347:
1340:
1333:
1330:
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1303:
1296:
1294:
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1290:
1288:
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1264:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1248:
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1226:
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1197:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
983:
976:
973:
961:
957:
950:
947:
942:
936:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:
880:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
835:
831:
827:
820:
813:
810:
798:
792:
789:
776:
772:
768:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
744:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
715:
710:
707:
706:Alaska portal
696:
691:
689:
687:
683:
678:
675:
667:
663:
656:
654:
651:
648:
645:
641:
637:
635:
631:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
601:
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594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:
563:
560:
556:
552:
544:
540:
536:
532:
525:
523:
521:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:stratovolcano
442:
434:
430:
425:
418:
416:
414:
410:
409:
403:
399:
396:
392:
391:
386:
378:
376:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Pacific Plate
346:
342:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:just west of
278:
274:
270:
269:stratovolcano
266:
262:
254:May 17, 2017
253:
251:
250:Last eruption
247:
244:
240:
238:
234:
229:
226:
225:Stratovolcano
223:
221:
220:Mountain type
217:
214:
211:
209:
205:
200:
196:
194:
190:
187:
186:United States
183:
179:
176:
172:
146:
136:
131:
126:
98:
96:
92:
85:
82:
81:
79:
77:
73:
69:
67:
63:
59:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3620:
3602:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3501:
3465:Public image
3431:Coxey's Army
3255:Presidencies
3110:
3065:Copper River
3042:Census Areas
2686:Southcentral
2588:Homelessness
2563:Demographics
2434:
2329:Mount Lemmon
2279:Bashful Peak
2264:Mount Miller
2254:Mount Stuart
2219:Hayford Peak
2174:South Sister
2158:
2129:Isthmus Peak
2119:Deseret Peak
2019:De Long Peak
1999:Mount Graham
1949:Gannett Peak
1919:Mount Griggs
1909:Glacier Peak
1904:Wheeler Peak
1819:Mount Elbert
1804:Mount Shasta
1681:. Retrieved
1673:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1640:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1614:. p. 93
1607:
1577:. Retrieved
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1545:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:the original
1488:. Retrieved
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1452:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1423:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1383:
1361:. Retrieved
1354:the original
1345:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1266:. Retrieved
1256:
1232:. Retrieved
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1200:the original
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1161:
1136:. Retrieved
1129:the original
1104:
1098:
1052:. Retrieved
1045:the original
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1011:the original
997:
985:. Retrieved
975:
963:. Retrieved
949:
935:cite journal
923:. Retrieved
891:
885:
841:. Retrieved
834:the original
825:
812:
801:. Retrieved
791:
779:. Retrieved
775:the original
679:
671:
652:
649:
646:
642:
638:
614:
602:
548:
508:
488:
484:Umnak Island
452:Aleutian Arc
438:
407:
398:fire goddess
389:
388:
382:
372:mantle wedge
341:volcanic arc
337:Aleutian Arc
334:
321:volcanic ash
309:
297:Aleutian Arc
281:Umnak Island
264:
260:
259:
243:Aleutian Arc
3485:Los Angeles
3389:Gray Gables
3188:(1883–1885)
2954:Unorganized
2919:North Slope
2869:Bristol Bay
2644:North Slope
2593:LGBT rights
2486:Delegations
2474:Earthquakes
2374:Miller Peak
2359:Copper Peak
2319:Necons Peak
2309:Lassen Peak
2299:Tetlin Peak
2284:Ibapah Peak
2259:Blanca Peak
2134:Frosty Peak
2109:Mount Ellen
2064:Truuli Peak
2029:Mount Peale
1979:Grand Teton
1859:Mount Adams
1824:Mount Baker
1779:Mount Hayes
1683:9 September
1651:9 September
1618:7 September
1579:5 September
1525:5 September
1490:5 September
1464:11 December
1435:29 December
1404:6 September
1363:7 September
1322:9 September
1253:"Cleveland"
1234:11 December
1209:9 September
1138:6 September
1017:27 February
925:6 September
898:: 691–704.
843:9 September
781:4 September
672:Today, the
587:emissions,
555:strombolian
383:The native
285:Fox Islands
208:Age of rock
120: /
108:169°56′42″W
95:Coordinates
3627:Categories
3532:(daughter)
3526:(daughter)
3070:Dillingham
2929:Petersburg
2801:Petersburg
2791:North Pole
2756:Dillingham
2481:Government
2364:Mount Bear
2349:Mount Eddy
2344:Stony Peak
2204:Mount Nebo
2194:Pikes Peak
2179:Devils Paw
2154:Puʻu Kukui
2144:Crazy Peak
2139:Pilot Peak
2074:Borah Peak
2054:Snow Tower
2039:Dewey Peak
1994:Kings Peak
1969:Mount Drum
1964:Mount Bona
1944:Cloud Peak
1889:Mount Hood
1884:Mount Cook
1869:Mount Isto
1168:: 183, 186
803:2013-01-06
739:References
657:Monitoring
625:Lava flows
562:ash clouds
390:Chuginadak
347:where the
105:52°49′20″N
66:Prominence
3352:Dawes Act
3347:Scott Act
2864:Anchorage
2841:Utqiaġvik
2771:Ketchikan
2721:Fairbanks
2716:Anchorage
2691:Southeast
2649:Southwest
2578:Elections
2573:Education
2464:Geography
2439:(capital)
2294:Kawaikini
2229:Star Peak
1939:Mauna Loa
1799:Haleakalā
1759:Mauna Kea
1111:: 51–73.
682:ash plume
634:mudslides
589:lava dome
559:explosive
551:vulcanian
535:Ash plume
433:ash flows
379:Etymology
357:volatiles
231:Volcanic
133:Geography
56:Elevation
3609:Category
3562:(sister)
3556:(father)
3399:Campaign
3372:Campaign
3268:Campaign
3224:Mugwumps
3080:Kusilvak
2944:Wrangell
2851:Boroughs
2836:Wrangell
2821:Unalaska
2816:Soldotna
2781:Kotzebue
2666:Interior
2624:The Bush
2603:Politics
2583:Gun laws
2548:Cannabis
2543:Abortion
2518:Wildlife
2304:Arc Dome
987:12 March
920:55021370
692:See also
619:(VEI) 3
606:Carlisle
520:rhyolite
496:andesite
492:Holocene
480:Nikolski
441:andesite
368:minerals
241:Central
213:Holocene
193:Topo map
174:Location
3060:Chugach
2949:Yakutat
2939:Skagway
2831:Wasilla
2751:Cordova
2617:Regions
2568:Economy
2536:Society
2508:Symbols
2493:History
2469:Geology
2459:Climate
2379:Kamakou
1172:29 June
1113:Bibcode
1107:(1–2).
1054:29 June
1007:USA.gov
965:19 July
900:Bibcode
511:isthmus
504:caldera
446:in the
408:Concord
365:hydrous
287:of the
283:in the
202:Geology
76:Listing
3520:(wife)
3511:Family
3490:Queens
3055:Bethel
2889:Juneau
2884:Haines
2874:Denali
2826:Valdez
2806:Seward
2796:Palmer
2776:Kodiak
2746:Bethel
2726:Juneau
2629:Arctic
2608:Sports
2503:People
2446:Topics
2436:Juneau
2426:Alaska
1754:Denali
1647:. 2008
1420:"Tana"
1395:
1268:4 June
1164:(29).
918:
500:dacite
464:lahars
462:, and
325:damage
293:Alaska
182:Alaska
164:Alaska
3544:(son)
3538:(son)
2934:Sitka
2811:Sitka
2766:Kenai
2761:Homer
2558:Crime
2498:Music
2454:Index
2422:State
1670:(PDF)
1641:Flyer
1637:(PDF)
1604:(PDF)
1553:5 May
1357:(PDF)
1342:(PDF)
1316:(PDF)
1305:(PDF)
1192:(PDF)
1132:(PDF)
1095:(PDF)
1048:(PDF)
1037:(PDF)
916:S2CID
894:(4).
882:(PDF)
837:(PDF)
822:(PDF)
585:steam
569:flows
395:Aleut
385:Aleut
3197:Life
3183:28th
3085:Nome
2786:Nome
1685:2010
1653:2010
1620:2010
1581:2010
1555:2013
1527:2010
1492:2010
1466:2010
1437:2010
1406:2010
1393:ISBN
1365:2010
1324:2010
1270:2020
1236:2010
1211:2010
1174:2011
1140:2010
1056:2011
1019:2011
989:2011
967:2011
941:link
927:2010
845:2010
783:2010
583:and
553:and
427:The
406:USS
237:belt
86:82nd
2424:of
1121:doi
1105:135
908:doi
581:ash
566:a'a
498:to
482:on
312:VEI
291:of
233:arc
3629::
1703:.
1676:.
1672:.
1643:.
1639:.
1610:.
1606:.
1589:^
1571:.
1544:.
1513:.
1500:^
1482:.
1456:.
1428:.
1422:.
1387:.
1373:^
1348:.
1344:.
1307:.
1278:^
1261:.
1255:.
1244:^
1227:.
1194:.
1160:.
1148:^
1119:.
1103:.
1097:.
1064:^
1039:.
1005:.
958:.
937:}}
933:{{
914:.
906:.
892:17
890:.
884:.
853:^
828:.
824:.
769:.
746:^
579:,
575:,
571:,
506:.
458:,
415:.
307:.
184:,
180:,
3152:e
3145:t
3138:v
2414:e
2407:t
2400:v
1734:e
1727:t
1720:v
1707:.
1687:.
1655:.
1622:.
1583:.
1557:.
1529:.
1494:.
1468:.
1439:.
1408:.
1367:.
1326:.
1272:.
1238:.
1213:.
1176:.
1142:.
1123::
1115::
1058:.
1021:.
991:.
969:.
943:)
929:.
910::
902::
847:.
806:.
785:.
545:.
435:.
235:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
