Climate change and birds - Knowledge (XXG)

881: 53: 322:, researchers show that size reduction is much more pronounced in smaller-brained birds compared to bigger-brained species. Reduction in body size is a general response to warming temperatures since birds with smaller bodies can dissipate heat easier, helping to cope with the heat-caused stress. Reduced body and brain sizes also lead to reduced cognitive and competitive ability, making the smaller-species birds easier targets for predators. In another study where researchers compared the brain sizes of 1,176 bird species, they found that species that spend more resources on their young have larger brains as adults. Bird species that feed their offspring after hatching have extended durations during which their young can develop their brain, producing more intelligent and larger-brained offspring. Changing environments due to 429:. In other words, just because many individuals in a species have altered their phenology, it does not mean that the change will necessarily help those individuals obtain greater reproductive success and perpetuate the change in behaviour in the next generation, since individual phenotypic changes may be mistimed. This is especially important with climate change, as its variable rate makes it harder to adjust the timing correctly, and it's possible for individuals across multiple generations to respond to such environmental cues in the same manner, but without an ultimate reproductive benefit. Some species which have increased their egg laying dates and advanced spring migration timelines have shown more positive population trends, like some 73: 912:) would either be all-but-lost from it or reduced to its eastern fringes by the end of the century, depending on the emission scenario. While the temperatures are not projected to become so high as to kill the birds outright, they would still be high enough to prevent them from sustaining sufficient body mass and energy for breeding. By 2022, breeding success of the Southern Yellow-billed Hornbills was already observed to collapse in the hottest, southern parts of the desert. It was predicted that those particular subpopulations would disappear by 2027. Similarly, it was found that two 495: 932: 344: 630: 201: 830: 44: 405:

decline in populations in species that have a greater mismatch or phenological asynchrony, compared to species with a lower sensitivity to the changing climate and therefore less need to adjust migratory patterns. If the timing of the highest availability of a bird species' main food source happens earlier than its migration timeline because of warmer weather, then it will likely miss the time for resource gathering.

6217: 6205: 445: 24: 6241: 6229: 416:. Different species can have different triggers for migration, and so the changes in migration patterns can also differ, but for many, there is a correlation between temperatures and otherwise unexplained variations in migration timing over the short term. In general, the earliest individuals are migrating earlier and the latest migrating at a similar time or later than before. 33: 64: 3666:

Foden, Wendy B.; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Stuart, Simon N.; Vié, Jean-Christophe; Akçakaya, H. Resit; Angulo, Ariadne; DeVantier, Lyndon M.; Gutsche, Alexander; Turak, Emre; Cao, Long; Donner, Simon D.; Katariya, Vineet; Bernard, Rodolphe; Holland, Robert A.; Hughes, Adrian F.; O’Hanlon, Susannah E.;

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vulnerable. At 2 °C (3.6 °F), this changes to 198 moderately vulnerable and 91 highly vulnerable. At 3 °C (5.4 °F), there are more highly vulnerable species (205) than moderately vulnerable species (140). Relative to 3 °C (5.4 °F), stabilizing the warming at 1.5 °C

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raised earlier in the season when caterpillar populations are at their peak are in better physiological condition than those raised later in the breeding season, which should act as an evolutionary driver. Yet, caterpillar numbers are affected by more than the climate, with the physical condition of

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In 2012, it was estimated that on average, every degree of warming results in between 100 and 500 land bird extinctions. For a warming of 3.5 °C (6.3 °F) by 2100, the same research estimated between 600 and 900 land bird extinctions, with 89% occurring in the tropical environments. A 2013

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has seen its range decrease in northern Africa but increase in southern Africa due to climate change. Climate change favors the development of forests over grasslands in southern Africa, which provides more trees for nesting. However, their increase in range and density in the south has been helped

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trees often being more important for their numbers, and consequently, for when it makes the most sense for great tit individuals to lay their eggs. Nevertheless, by 2021, it was observed that great tit phenology continued to advance even as the late spring warming, and thus the peak of caterpillar

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populations are also at risk, with a potential 16% loss of habitat by 2100 to gradual inundation alone, and a risk of both extreme storms and further human development of the shoreline. Ironically, inland piping plover populations may benefit from stronger floods powered by climate change, as the

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A 2023 paper concluded that under the high-warming SSP5–8.5 scenario, 51.79% of birds would lose at least some habitat by 2100 as the conditions become more arid, but only 5.25% would lose over half of their habitat due to an increase in dryness alone, while 1.29% could be expected to lose their

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but has now been reduced to once per twenty years by shoreline stabilization efforts to protect human property. Consequently, future flooding caused by climate change may be restoring a historical norm for the species, although there is a small risk of climate change either leading to excessive

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populations may be at a similar risk, with 80% of populations being at risk of extinction by 2100 with no mitigation. With Paris Agreement temperature goals in place, however, that number may decline to 31% under the 2 °C (3.6 °F) goal or 19% under the 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) goal.

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also tend to be more sensitive to phenological mismatch, due to the increasing inability to track changes in the breeding environment the further they migrate or to adjust when they can gather food and breed. There is more phenological mismatch occurring during the spring migration, leading to

1072:, bird community appeared to adjust after one year of operations. However, even the older wind farms were estimated to be responsible for losing less than 0.4 birds per gigawatt-hour (GWh) of electricity generated in 2009, compared to over 5 birds per GWh for fossil fueled power stations. 424:

provide a notable example, as an analysis of 60 years of data shows that every additional of early spring temperatures appears to bring their migrations 0.65 days closer. There has been some scientific debate as to whether such shifts represent an evolutionary adaptive change, or

924:, would lose 68-84% and >90% of their range by 2070. As their existing geographical range is already very limited, this means that it would likely end up too small to support a viable population even under the scenario of limited climate change, rendering these species 970:

in the world, published in 2014, found that extreme weather caused by climate change kills 7% of penguin chicks in an average year, accounting for up to 50% of all chick deaths in some years. Since 1987, the number of breeding pairs in the colony has reduced by 24%.

1044:, it has been estimated that between 140,000 and 500,000 birds die every year from collisions with wind turbines, which could increase to 1.4 million if the wind power capacity were increased six-fold. On average, collisions are the least frequent in the 123:

specimens with modern birds to track changes in appearance and body structure. Predictions of range shifts caused by the direct and indirect impacts of climate change on bird species are amongst the most important, as they are crucial for informing

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62% of its population size by 2100 under a high-warming scenario and 36% under an intermediate scenario, but may not suffer any losses under a low-warming scenario, in large part due to its evolutionary potential. However, if the future effects of

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Weeks, Brian C.; Willard, David E.; Zimova, Marketa; Ellis, Aspen A.; Witynski, Max L.; Hennen, Mary; Winger, Benjamin M.; Norris, Ryan (4 December 2019). "Shared morphological consequences of global warming in North American migratory birds".

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populations by 9%. Under the worst-case warming trajectory, king penguins will permanently lose at least two out of their current eight breeding sites, and 70% of the species (1.1 million pairs) will have to relocate to avoid disappearance.

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from 1800s with juveniles of the same species today had shown that these birds now complete the switch from their nesting feathers to adult feathers earlier in their lifecycle, and that females now do this earlier than males. Further,

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Jirinec, Vitek; Burner, Ryan C.; Amaral, Bruna R.; Bierregaard, Richard O.; Fernández-Arellano, Gilberto; Hernández-Palma, Angélica; Johnson, Erik I.; Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Powell, Luke L.; Rutt, Cameron L.; Wolfe, Jared D. (2021).

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In general, older wind farms tended to consider birds less in their placement, and this led to greater mortality rates than for wind farms installed after the development of improved guidelines. Newer research shows that in the

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numbers, changed much less since 2006. Thus, phenological mismatch for great tits is now substantially lower than before, signifying successful adaptation, but future warming is likely to increase the mismatch again. If the

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Kumara, Honnavalli N.; Babu, S.; Babu Rao, G.; Mahato, Santanu; Bhattacharya, Malyasri; Ranga Rao, Nitin Venkatesh; Tamiliniyan, D.; Parengal, Harif; Deepak, D.; Balakrishnan, Athira L.; Bilaskar, Mahesh (25 January 2022).

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Shipley, J. Ryan; Twining, Cornelia W.; Mathieu-Resuge, Margaux; Parmar, Tarn Preet; Kainz, Martin; Martin-Creuzburg, Dominik; Weber, Christine; Winkler, David W.; Graham, Catherine H.; Matthews, Blake (February 2022).

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highlands. It needs cooler temperatures that can only be found in the higher altitudes, yet unlike other species, it cannot keep shifting its range all the way up the mountains, as otherwise it suffers from excessive

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provide a notable example of the complexities of tracking phenology change. In 2006, population declines were observed due to a >10-day mismatch between their preferred breeding season and peak population spawn of

1037:. This may be a problem of visual acuity, as most birds have a poor frontal vision. Wind turbine collisions could potentially be reduced if towers were made more conspicuous to birds, or placed in better locations. 673:

have been observed to travel further from their parents' nests than before, in response to warming temperatures. Climate change had also been connected with the observed decline in numbers and range reduction of the

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end up particularly severe for the species during its nesting season, it may end up losing the majority of its population size even in the low-warming scenario, and 93% or >99% in the higher-warming scenarios.

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Bateman, Brooke L.; Taylor, Lotem; Wilsey, Chad; Wu, Joanna; LeBaron, Geoffrey S.; Langham, Gary (2 July 2020). "North American birds require mitigation and adaptation to reduce vulnerability to climate change".

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Visser, Marcel E.; Holleman, Leonard J. M.; Gienapp, Phillip (February 2006). "Shifts in caterpillar biomass phenology due to climate change and its impact on the breeding biology of an insectivorous bird".

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will retain some of its habitat past 2099, one-third of colonies along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) will be in decline by 2060. Those colonies are believed to represent about 20% of the entire species.

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Cristofari, Robin; Liu, Xiaoming; Bonadonna, Francesco; Cherel, Yves; Pistorius, Pierre; Maho, Yvon Le; Raybaud, Virginie; Stenseth, Nils Christian; Le Bohec, Céline; Trucchi, Emiliano (26 February 2018).

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availability is the highest. However, many prey items differ in energetic and nutritional content and are responding to climate change at different rates than bird life stages. Some common species like

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might impact the ability of birds to obtain enough food to sustain their own brains and provide for their young, resulting in reduced brain sizes. Larger-brained and more intelligent birds, such as the

212:(bottom) juveniles compared with modern-day birds. Nesting feathers are replaced with adult plumage earlier, and females now complete the shift earlier than males, while in the past it was the opposite. 478:

is fulfilled and the warming peaks at 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) or 2 °C (3.6 °F), then the mismatch will peak around 2050 and then decline again as the species will continue to adapt. Under

5941: 698:. Their overall habitat is likely to shrink dramatically to about 16% of its present extent, with all the former high-suitability areas lost. In addition to moving polewards, bird species near the 52: 295:

area, birds have decreased in mass (an indicator of size) by up to 2% per decade, and increased in wing length by up to 1% per decade, with links to temperature and precipitation shifts. These

119:. The research includes tracking the changes in species' life cycles over decades in response to the changing world, evaluating the role of differing evolutionary pressures and even comparing 6117: 187:

goal) to around 3.5 °C (6.3 °F) (4.5 °C (8.1 °F) from the preindustrial) by the end of the century with very high and continually increasing greenhouse gas emissions.

1535:"The sensitivity of breeding songbirds to changes in seasonal timing is linked to population change but cannot be directly attributed to the effects of trophic asynchrony on productivity" 849:

entire habitat. These figures go down to 38.65%, 2.02% and 0.95% under the "intermediate" SSP2-4.5 scenario and to 22.83%, 0.70% and 0.49% under the high-mitigation SSP1-2.6.

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Albright, Thomas P.; Mutiibwa, Denis; Gerson, Alexander. R.; Krabbe Smith, Eric; Talbot, William A.; O’Neill, Jacqueline J.; McKechnie, Andrew E.; Wolf, Blair O. (February 13, 2017).

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species who can be caught in a smoke-filled area right as they are migrating. In 2020, "hundreds of thousands and possibly even up to a million birds have died across at least five

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Bateman, Brooke L.; Taylor, Lotem; Wilsey, Chad; Wu, Joanna; LeBaron, Geoffrey S.; Langham, Gary (2 July 2020). "Risk to North American birds from climate change-related threats".

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region, where about 2.92 birds collide with a turbine every year, are higher in the West and East of the country (4.72 and 6.86 birds per turbine annually) and are the highest in

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López-Idiáquez, David; Teplitsky, Céline; Grégoire, Arnaud; Fargevieille, Amélie; del Rey, María; de Franceschi, Christophe; Charmantier, Anne; Doutrelant, Claire (1 July 2022).

1429:"Climate Change and Birds: Adaptation, Mitigation & Impacts on Avian Populations. A report on the BOU's Annual Conference held at the University of Leicester, 6–8 April 2010" 5394: 5220: 706:, 66–73% of 1,091 species are expected to move upwards or northwards in response to climate change. Around 60% will see their ranges shrink, with the rest gaining in range. 314:

Rising temperatures due to global warming have also been shown to decrease the size of many migratory birds. In a first study to identify a direct link between cognition and

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by electrical power lines. Electrical infrastructure provides additional nesting and perching sites, which may have increased the overall prevalence of the species. And in

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Zeigler, Sara L.; Catlin, Daniel H.; Brown, Mary Bomberger; Fraser, James D.; Dinan, Lauren R.; Hunt, Kelsi L.; Jorgensen, Joel G.; Karpanty, Sarah M. (11 January 2017).

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are predicted to lose about 86% of their birds if the warming reaches 4.5 °C (8.1 °F). In 2019, it was also estimated that multiple bird species endemic to

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would lose 77–92% of its area by 2080 under the high-warming scenario and 68–74% under the intermediate scenario, which is particularly concerning due to the lack of

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was engulfed in flames. While most bird species can survive the immediate destruction of their habitat by flying away, they can still be heavily affected by wildfire

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Franks, Samantha E.; Pearce-Higgins, James W.; Atkinson, Sian; Bell, James R.; Botham, Marc S.; Brereton, Tom M.; Harrington, Richard; Leech, David I. (2017-11-20).

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can compensate for a mismatch between their breeding time and population sizes of their preferred prey (caterpillars) by feeding their offspring alternatives like

4294:; Iles, David; Labrousse, Sara; Landrum, Laura; Garnier, Jimmy; Caswell, Hal; Weimerskirch, Henri; LaRue, Michelle; Ji, Rubao; Barbraud, Christophe (March 2020). 2570:

Kaliński, Adam; Bańbura, Mirosława; Glądalski, Michał; Markowski, Marcin; Skwarska, Joanna; Wawrzyniak, Jarosław; Zieliński, Piotr; Bańbura, Jerzy (2019-07-08).

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showed that the length of birds' lower leg bones (an indicator of body sizes) shortened by an average of 2.4% and their wings lengthened by 1.3%. In the central

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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taken, warming may increase from present levels by less than 0.4 °C (0.72 °F) with rapid and comprehensive mitigation (the 1.5 °C (2.7 °F)

359:. Events such as reproduction and migration are energetically expensive, and often only occur during a brief period throughout the annual cycle when seasonal 5136: 718: 441:

are one of a few species where the pressure to migrate earlier (forwards shift of 9.3 days over 27 years) was confirmed to have a heritable component to it.

733:, which are known to have higher daily nest mortalities if their environment rained consecutively for more than two days, compared with no rain at all. The 5020: 845:

of threatened species, and 1,715–4,039 (17–41%) bird species are not currently threatened but could become threatened due to climate change in the future.

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Le Bohec, C.; Durant, J. M.; Gauthier-Clerc, M.; Stenseth, N. C.; Park, Y.-H.; Pradel, R.; Gremillet, D.; Gendner, J.-P.; Le Maho, Y. (11 February 2008).

5279: 5237: 558: 3377:"Effects of severe weather on reproduction for sympatric songbirds in an alpine environment: Interactions of climate extremes influence nesting success" 1266:"The impact of two extreme weather events and other causes of death on Carnaby's Black Cockatoo: a promise of things to come for a threatened species?" 6158: 5274: 4859: 2926:"Unprecedented Migratory Bird Die-Off: A Citizen-Based Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Mass Mortality Events in the Western United States" 5489: 5210: 4928: 4705: 486:, average phenological mismatch will once again be at 10 days by the end of the century or even reach the near-unprecedented 15 days, respectively. 355:, which is a phenomenon where the timing of one aspect of a species' yearly cycle ceases to align with another, impairing the species' evolutionary 5845: 5634: 2845: 72: 4802: 637:

which are predicted to have species move into them on net (blue) or lose them (red) at 3 °C (5.4 °F) of warming from the preindustrial.

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Pattinson, Nicholas B.; van de Ven, Tanja M. F. N.; Finnie, Mike J.; Nupen, Lisa J.; McKechnie, Andrew E.; Cunningham, Susan J. (May 19, 2022).

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scenario or a similar scenario from earlier modelling, but would persist under the "intermediate" RCP4.5. For the 604 bird species in mainland

2572:"Physiological condition of nestling great tits (Parus major) declines with the date of brood initiation: a long term study of first clutches" 6153: 5291: 617: 6175: 5131: 5126: 4382: 4099:

Bladon, Andrew J.; Donald, Paul F.; Collar, Nigel J.; Denge, Jarso; Dadacha, Galgalo; Wondafrash, Mengistu; Green, Rhys E. (May 19, 2021).

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Bladon, Andrew J.; Donald, Paul F.; Collar, Nigel J.; Denge, Jarso; Dadacha, Galgalo; Wondafrash, Mengistu; Green, Rhys E. (May 19, 2021).

861: 479: 3426:"How do species respond to climate change along an elevation gradient? A case study of the grey-headed robin (Heteromyias albispecularis)" 2686:"Recent natural variability in global warming weakened phenological mismatch and selection on seasonal timing in great tits (Parus major)" 4407:

Strycker, Noah; Wethington, Michael; Borowicz, Alex; Forrest, Steve; Witharana, Chandi; Hart, Tom; Lynch, Heather J. (10 November 2020).

3669:"Identifying the World's Most Climate Change Vulnerable Species: A Systematic Trait-Based Assessment of all Birds, Amphibians and Corals" 1168:

Strycker, Noah; Wethington, Michael; Borowicz, Alex; Forrest, Steve; Witharana, Chandi; Hart, Tom; Lynch, Heather J. (10 November 2020).

5656: 5434: 5252: 5184: 5174: 5157: 5064: 4871: 3981:"Chronic, sublethal effects of high temperatures will cause severe declines in southern African arid-zone birds during the 21st century" 1086: 822: 129: 6267: 6085: 5946: 5903: 5399: 2075:"Brainy birds may fare better under climate change: Study is first to directly link cognitive power to a physical response to warming" 2048:"Brainy birds may fare better under climate change: Study is first to directly link cognitive power to a physical response to warming" 139: 1650: 1236: 6012: 5888: 5705: 4908: 4352: 3141: 2819: 804:. While one reason is their geographic distance, the other is because for non-migratory species, they can only become reality with 4072: 2074: 1310:"Current breeding distributions and predicted range shifts under climate change in two subspecies of Black-tailed Godwits in Asia" 6245: 5883: 5863: 5810: 5762: 4824: 1845: 669:

of many birds is expected to shift as the result, as "climate change forces species to move, adapt or die." For instance, young

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Besides an ongoing increase in temperature and shifts in precipitation patterns, climate change also increases the frequency of

6002: 5953: 5379: 5341: 5286: 4756: 3631:Şekercioğlu, Çağan H.; Primack, Richard B.; Wormworth, Janice (April 2012). "The effects of climate change on tropical birds". 905: 596: 808:, as otherwise they wouldn't be able to cross the natural barriers to the newly suitable habitats and would instead be simply 6070: 5354: 5111: 3773:

Liao, Wei; Timm, Oliver Elison; Zhang, Chunxi; Atkinson, Carter T.; LaPointe, Dennis A.; Samuel, Michael D. (June 25, 2015).

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Martin, Kathy; Wilson, Scott; MacDonald, Elizabeth C.; Camfield, Alaine F.; Martin, Michaela; Trefry, Sarah A. (2017-07-01).

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Zhu, Bing-Run; Verhoeven, Mo A.; Velasco, Nicolas; Sanchez-Aguilar, Lisa; Zhang, Zhengwang; Piersma, Theunis (18 June 2022).

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Some of the bird species known to have already experienced substantial impacts of climate change. Clockwise from the left:

6180: 5715: 5247: 6163: 5835: 5364: 5359: 5264: 5141: 4698: 3473:"Evolutionary potential mitigates extinction risk under climate change in the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher" 3044:"Effects of climate change and anthropogenic modification on a disturbance-dependent species in a large riverine system" 939: 758:. These restrictions on available range make it particularly vulnerable to future climate change. On the other hand, in 581:

states", primarily of migratory species. This "unprecedented" event was connected to wildfire smoke the following year.

389: 3230:"Spatial heterogeneity in the effects of climate and density-dependence on dispersal in a house sparrow metapopulation" 5374: 5227: 5189: 3934:"The implications of the United Nations Paris Agreement on climate change for globally significant biodiversity areas" 1720:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. 3726:

Liu, Xiaoping; Guo, Renyun; Xu, Xiaocong; Shi, Qian; Li, Xia; Yu, Haipeng; Ren, Yu; Huang, Jianping (April 3, 2023).

2871: 2347:"Variable shifts in spring and autumn migration phenology in North American songbirds associated with climate change" 530:

seem to adjust to ongoing warming, but have been observed to lose more offspring during the extreme drought months.

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Visser, Marcel E.; Lindner, Melanie; Gienapp, Phillip; Lonng, Matthew C.; Jenouvrier, Stephanie (24 November 2021).

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habitat in the area, while its ability to shift habitat inland may be constrained by future shoreline development.

4634:"Response of waterbird abundance and flight behavior to a coastal wind farm on the East Asian-Australasian Flyway" 2102:

Saalfeld, Sarah T.; Hill, Brooke L.; Hunter, Christine M.; Frost, Charles J.; Lanctot, Richard B. (27 July 2021).

6287: 6102: 5777: 5752: 5725: 5687: 5604: 5422: 5269: 5232: 4982: 4751: 4746: 4741: 996: 992: 889: 877:(2.7 °F) represents a reduction in extinction risk for 76% of those species, and 38% stop being vulnerable. 284:

had shown that those contrasting colors became less bright and intense in just the period between 2005 and 2019.

176: 159: 143: 135: 6112: 6107: 6038: 5878: 5384: 5349: 5242: 5010: 4839: 4775: 4736: 801: 365: 6097: 2735:"Extreme events are more likely to affect the breeding success of lesser kestrels than average climate change" 6277: 6221: 6143: 6053: 5795: 5767: 5447: 5084: 4691: 838:

study estimated that 608–851 bird species (6–9%) are highly vulnerable to climate change while being on the

483: 180: 172: 3425: 2306:"Individual Variability in Migration Timing Can Explain Long-Term, Population-Level Advances in a Songbird" 2221:"Phenological mismatch and ontogenetic diet shifts interactively affect offspring condition in a passerine" 1713: 5820: 5640: 5582: 5499: 5484: 5369: 5015: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 2733:

Marcelino, J.; Silva, J. P.; Gameiro, J.; Silva, A.; Rego, F. C.; Moreira, F.; Catry, I. (29 April 2020).

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Conradie, Shannon R.; Woodborne, Stephan M.; Cunningham, Susan J.; McKechnie, Andrew E. (June 24, 2019).

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Convertino, Matteo; Bockelie, Adam; Kiker, Gregory A; Muñoz-Carpena, Rafael; Linkov, Igor (2012-10-30).

1091: 999:. However, mitigation strategies may have more complex unintended outcomes. Some provide co-benefits as 901: 426: 352: 168: 3168:"Mapping evaporative water loss in desert passerines reveals an expanding threat of lethal dehydration" 2304:

Fraser, Kevin C.; Shave, Amanda; de Greef, Evelien; Siegrist, Joseph; Garroway, Colin J. (2019-09-06).

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McClure, Christopher J. W.; Rolek, Brian W.; McDonald, Kenneth; Hill, Geoffrey E. (January 16, 2012).

931: 6272: 6048: 5926: 5617: 5587: 5162: 5089: 4645: 4588: 4485: 4420: 4310: 4231: 4171: 4112: 3992: 3945: 3873: 3838: 3786: 3739: 3680: 3640: 3595: 3535: 3437: 3290: 3179: 3104: 3055: 2996: 2937: 2746: 2650: 2583: 2520: 2358: 2232: 2175: 2115: 1996: 1939: 1687: 1600: 1484: 1370: 1181: 1142: 917: 666: 381: 296: 3524:"The future of suitable habitats of an endangered Neotropical grassland bird: A path to extinction?" 3043: 6065: 5840: 5074: 5069: 2792:

Jones, Matthew; Smith, Adam; Betts, Richard; Canadell, Josep; Prentice, Collin; Le Quéré, Corrine.

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Moiron, Maria; Teplitsky, Céline; Haest, Birgen; Charmantier, Anne; Bouwhuis, Sandra (3 May 2023).

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are already known to suffer from sand temperatures increasing and at times getting too hot, while

5893: 5825: 5742: 5592: 5557: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5079: 4669: 4454: 4334: 4247: 3961: 3889: 3810: 3755: 3728:"Future Increase in Aridity Drives Abrupt Biodiversity Loss Among Terrestrial Vertebrate Species" 3522:

Meireles, Ricardo C.; Lopes, Leonardo E.; Brito, Gustavo R.; Solar, Ricardo (February 14, 2023).

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Climate change has already altered the appearance of some birds by facilitating changes to their

209: 2402:"Climate change and timing of avian breeding and migration: evolutionary versus plastic changes" 1928:"Morphological consequences of climate change for resident birds in intact Amazonian rainforest" 1471:

Horton, Kyle G.; Morris, Sara R.; Van Doren, Benjamin M.; Covino, Kristen M. (19 January 2023).

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overgrowth if they are flooded regularly, ideally once in four years, which occurred before the

300: 4633: 4101:"Climatic change and extinction risk of two globally threatened Ethiopian endemic bird species" 1359:"Climatic change and extinction risk of two globally threatened Ethiopian endemic bird species" 1003:

to thin forest fire fuels may increase bird habitat. Certain cropping strategies for renewable

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Climate change can make nesting conditions intolerable for various bird species. For instance,

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which suffered a large decrease in population after just two extreme weather events - a severe

343: 6127: 5790: 5535: 5301: 5094: 5057: 4844: 4798: 4661: 4614: 4511: 4446: 4326: 4199: 4140: 4020: 3933: 3802: 3708: 3613: 3561: 3504: 3398: 3316: 3259: 3207: 3122: 3093:"Plasticity of Least Tern and Piping Plover nesting behaviors in response to sand temperature" 3024: 2965: 2774: 2715: 2619: 2601: 2544: 2536: 2492: 2441: 2423: 2374: 2327: 2258: 2250: 2193: 2143: 2024: 1965: 1899: 1793: 1785: 1628: 1589:"Feather moult and bird appearance are correlated with global warming over the last 200 years" 1564: 1556: 1502: 1450: 1398: 1339: 1287: 1207: 1101: 1000: 980: 972: 734: 629: 356: 292: 200: 86: 1983:

del Mar Delgado, Maria; Bettega, Chiara; Martens, Jochen; Päckert, Martin (6 November 2019).

1473:"Six decades of North American bird banding records reveal plasticity in migration phenology" 709:

Besides rising temperatures, climate change can also impact birds' ranges through changes in

6170: 5737: 5720: 5661: 5552: 5316: 5040: 4913: 4849: 4653: 4604: 4596: 4501: 4493: 4436: 4428: 4318: 4239: 4189: 4179: 4130: 4120: 4051: 4010: 4000: 3953: 3881: 3846: 3794: 3747: 3698: 3688: 3648: 3603: 3551: 3543: 3494: 3484: 3445: 3388: 3355: 3306: 3298: 3249: 3241: 3197: 3187: 3112: 3071: 3063: 3014: 3004: 2955: 2945: 2764: 2754: 2705: 2697: 2658: 2609: 2591: 2528: 2482: 2472: 2431: 2413: 2366: 2317: 2240: 2183: 2133: 2123: 2014: 2004: 1955: 1947: 1889: 1881: 1777: 1695: 1618: 1608: 1546: 1492: 1440: 1388: 1378: 1329: 1321: 1277: 1197: 1189: 1150: 1020: 1008: 829: 726: 600: 562: 466: 90: 3727: 2985:"Shorebird patches as fingerprints of fractal coastline fluctuations due to climate change" 6122: 6043: 6007: 5936: 5910: 5898: 5815: 5747: 5622: 5479: 5101: 5052: 5030: 4040:"Collapse of Breeding Success in Desert-Dwelling Hornbills Evident Within a Single Decade" 3091:

Andes, Alicia K.; Sherfy, Mark H.; Shaffer, Terry L.; Ellis-Felege, Susan N. (July 2020).

2639:"Spatial variation in avian phenological response to climate change linked to tree health" 2104:"Warming Arctic summers unlikely to increase productivity of shorebirds through renesting" 976: 960: 909: 897: 893: 788: 675: 554: 503: 475: 227: 184: 4649: 4592: 4551:"Wind turbines and solar panels can hurt birds and bats. A Missouri group hopes to help" 4489: 4424: 4314: 4235: 4175: 4116: 3996: 3949: 3877: 3842: 3790: 3774: 3743: 3684: 3644: 3599: 3539: 3499: 3472: 3441: 3294: 3183: 3108: 3059: 3000: 2941: 2750: 2654: 2587: 2524: 2487: 2460: 2362: 2277: 2236: 2179: 2119: 2000: 1943: 1820: 1691: 1604: 1488: 1374: 1185: 1146: 6282: 6075: 5931: 5873: 5868: 5710: 5599: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5179: 5116: 4854: 4834: 4793: 4714: 4609: 4576: 4506: 4473: 4441: 4408: 4291: 4194: 4159: 4135: 4100: 4015: 3980: 3907: 3703: 3668: 3556: 3523: 3471:

Forester, Brenna R; Day, Casey C; Ruegg, Kristen; Landguth, Erin L (February 4, 2023).

3311: 3278: 3254: 3229: 3202: 3167: 2960: 2925: 2902: 2769: 2734: 2710: 2685: 2614: 2571: 2436: 2401: 2219:

Samplonius, Jelmer M.; Kappers, Elena F.; Brands, Stef; Both, Christiaan (2016-06-23).

2138: 2103: 2019: 1984: 1960: 1927: 1755: 1623: 1588: 1393: 1358: 1334: 1309: 1202: 1169: 951: 714: 588: 570: 527: 413: 401: 332: 323: 319: 164: 155: 116: 2346: 833:

Increase in extinction risk for US bird species under two different levels of warming.

6261: 6148: 6080: 5805: 5627: 5612: 5547: 5442: 4673: 4458: 4338: 4296:"The Paris Agreement objectives will likely halt future declines of emperor penguins" 3965: 3893: 3759: 3449: 3228:

Pärn, Henrik; Ringsby, Thor Harald; Jensen, Henrik; Sæther, Bernt-Erik (2012-01-07).

2670: 2370: 2205: 1911: 1805: 1514: 1445: 1428: 1219: 1041: 868:, 2020 research concluded that under 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) warming, 207 would be 865: 857: 797: 780: 759: 755: 710: 679: 670: 654: 634: 604: 574: 434: 421: 369: 278: 254: 167:

has raised the temperature of the Earth by about 1.1 °C (2.0 °F) since the

82: 4251: 4219: 3814: 3457: 3410: 3328: 2556: 2386: 1064:, annual fatalities per turbine are at 0.26 per year, which includes both birds and 1029:

are known for being dangerous to birds, and have been found to harm species such as

6033: 5830: 5474: 5464: 5121: 5005: 4918: 3775:"Will a warmer and wetter future cause extinction of native Hawaiian forest birds?" 3117: 3092: 1106: 1096: 1045: 1034: 955: 935: 444: 417: 220: 3584:"Electric crows: powerlines, climate change and the emergence of a native invader" 4409:"A global population assessment of the Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)" 4125: 3693: 3652: 3342:

Deomurari, Arpit; Sharma, Ajay; Ghose, Dipankar; Singh, Randeep (10 March 2023).

1699: 1383: 1170:"A global population assessment of the Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)" 1154: 1131:"Effect of sea-level rise on piping plover (Charadrius melodus) breeding habitat" 800:, projected range shifts have been described as "unbelievable" by the experts of 779:

Human actions often interact with the effects of climate change. For example, in

6060: 5577: 5569: 4829: 3932:

Warren, R.; Price, J.; VanDerWal, J.; Cornelius, S.; Sohl, H. (March 14, 2018).

3424:

Li, Jin; Hilbert, David W.; Parker, Trevor; Williams, Stephen (8 January 2009).

1012: 809: 784: 730: 662: 592: 506:

events, and those can be particularly damaging to species caught in their path.

457: 438: 347:

Differences in an Arctic shorebird phenology between a normal and a hotter year.

4657: 4600: 4432: 4383:"For Already Vulnerable Penguins, Study Finds Climate Change Is Another Danger" 4376: 4374: 3667:

Garnett, Stephen T.; Şekercioğlu, Çagan H.; Mace, Georgina M. (June 12, 2013).

2759: 2662: 2596: 2128: 2009: 1651:"Climate Change Could Cause Shifts in Bird Ranges That Seem Unbelievable Today" 1613: 1237:"Nearly Half of the Cassia Crossbill's Population Could Be Lost After Wildfire" 1193: 115:. Like other animal groups, birds are affected by anthropogenic (human-caused) 23: 6092: 5469: 5106: 4474:"Projected asymmetric response of Adélie penguins to Antarctic climate change" 4243: 3957: 2532: 2188: 2163: 1049: 750: 746: 738: 695: 650: 613: 608: 538: 519: 452: 269: 246: 223: 43: 4056: 4039: 3617: 3489: 3402: 3142:"In a Hotter World, Desert Birds Will Face a Much Higher Risk of Dehydration" 3028: 2605: 2540: 2477: 2427: 2378: 2331: 2254: 1789: 1560: 1454: 1291: 1019:

birds, but there's little research due to the limited uptake of this form of

591:, both due to the gradual degradation from the ongoing trend, and the sudden 5047: 4184: 4005: 3192: 2793: 2322: 2305: 2245: 2220: 1846:"North American Birds Are Shrinking, Likely a Result of the Warming Climate" 1678:

Sovacool, B. K. (2013). "The avian benefits of wind energy: A 2009 update".

1497: 1472: 1061: 1026: 792: 742: 642: 584: 511: 430: 409: 385: 377: 315: 308: 238: 4665: 4632:

Bai, Mei-Ling; Chih, Wen-Chieh; Lee, Pei-Fen; Lien, Yu-Yi (11 March 2021).

4618: 4515: 4450: 4330: 4220:"Climate-driven range shifts of the king penguin in a fragmented ecosystem" 4203: 4144: 4024: 3806: 3712: 3565: 3508: 3320: 3263: 3245: 3211: 3126: 2969: 2778: 2719: 2701: 2623: 2548: 2496: 2445: 2345:

VAN BUSKIRK, JOSH; MULVIHILL, ROBERT S.; LEBERMAN, ROBERT C. (March 2009).

2262: 2197: 2164:"Climate change shifts the timing of nutritional flux from aquatic insects" 2147: 2028: 1969: 1951: 1903: 1797: 1632: 1568: 1506: 1402: 1343: 1265: 1211: 392:, leading to events like the 2016 starvation-caused die-off of around 9000 3009: 2984: 2461:"Micro-evolutionary response of spring migration timing in a wild seabird" 1894: 32: 4077: 4073:"Colorful Bird Famously Featured in 'The Lion King' Nearly Going Extinct" 3751: 3393: 3376: 2950: 2637:

Cole, Ella F.; Regan, Charlotte E.; Sheldon, Ben C. (27 September 2021).

2282: 975:

are also known to be in decline, mainly due to corresponding declines of

913: 842: 699: 683: 542: 534: 515: 274: 261: 242: 4577:"Responses of birds and mammals to long-established wind farms in India" 4266:"Antarctica's king penguins 'could disappear' by the end of the century" 3019: 2924:

Yang, Di; Yang, Anni; Yang, Jue; Xu, Rongting; Qiu, Han (8 March 2021).

498:

Projections of extreme weather under different levels of global warming.

5025: 3076: 2820:"Explainer: How climate change is affecting wildfires around the world" 1004: 947: 772: 722: 304: 288: 234: 4497: 4322: 3798: 3608: 3583: 3547: 3360: 3343: 3067: 2418: 1885: 1717: 1551: 1534: 1325: 1129:

Seavey, Jennifer R.; Gilmer, Ben; McGarigal, Kevin M. (January 2011).

412:

have been observed over the past 50 years, such as the lengthening of

142:

is estimated to be much less threatening to birds than the continuing

6028: 3885: 3850: 3344:"Projected Shifts in Bird Distribution in India under Climate Change" 1282: 853: 658: 578: 523: 461: 397: 393: 373: 281: 265: 120: 3302: 1756:"Long-Term Decrease in Coloration: A Consequence of Climate Change?" 331:, may therefore be able to better cope with the challenges posed by 2872:"The Southwest Is Facing an 'Unprecedented' Migratory Bird Die-Off" 1781: 1772: 1011:

compared to traditional agricultural practices. On the other hand,

954:

temperatures increase by 0.26 °C (0.47 °F), this reduces

299:

trends may demonstrate an example of evolutionary change following

5035: 1057: 1016: 930: 879: 828: 703: 628: 566: 493: 443: 342: 250: 199: 138:

options can also have varying impacts on birds. However, even the

63: 4683: 595:

and other extreme events. Later in the century, sea level on the

545:. Wildfires can destroy the habitats of certain birds: after the 533:

Climate change is known to increase the risk and the severity of

3582:

Cunningham, S. J.; Madden, C. F.; Barnard, P.; Amar, A. (2016).

839: 687: 646: 360: 230: 216: 5979: 5684: 5420: 4980: 4892: 4773: 4725: 4687: 995:

benefits most bird species in the long run by limiting harmful

4534: 4160:"King penguin population threatened by Southern Ocean warming" 1065: 550: 470: 5942:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

6118:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

1052:

where 7.85 birds collide with each turbine every year.

856:

would be threatened with extinction due to the spread of

311:

became both smaller and darker over the past 100 years.

4353:"Penguins suffering from climate change, scientists say" 2400:

Charmantier, Anne; Gienapp, Phillip (12 November 2013).

1264:

Saunders, Denis A.; Mawson, Peter; Dawson, Rick (2011).

950:. As early as in 2008, it was estimated that every time 277:

are defined by blue and yellow feathers, but a study in

3234:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2898:"Mass Bird Die-Off Linked to Wildfires and Toxic Gases" 3279:"Climate change and the decline of a once common bird" 852:

In 2015, it was projected that native forest birds in

5959:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4472:

Cimino MA, Lynch HJ, Saba VS, Oliver MJ (June 2016).

702:

shift to the cooler climate of higher elevations. In

437:, but this only provides indirect evidence. To date, 1985:"Ecotypic changes of alpine birds to climate change" 351:

For many species, climate change already results in

6136: 6021: 5990: 5919: 5854: 5776: 5698: 5649: 5566: 5523: 5433: 5340: 5203: 5150: 4993: 4817: 4786: 682:species. Range shifts are generally increasing in 621:flooding or drying the area under some scenarios. 1731:"Change in bird coloration due to climate change" 1587:Kiat, Y.; Vortman, Y.; Sapir, N. (10 June 2019). 6159:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2794:"Climate Change Increases the Risk of Wildfires" 4164:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2097: 2095: 1673: 1671: 1644: 1642: 988:Effects of climate change mitigation activities 537:in many parts of the world, where it dries out 1259: 1257: 946:Climate change is particularly threatening to 557:coast are considered at high risk. During the 4904:History of climate change policy and politics 4699: 678:, a formerly common yet currently vulnerable 612:open sand shoals they nest in can only avoid 460:, their preferred food source. Consequently, 111:Significant work has gone into analyzing the 8: 1466: 1464: 1231: 1229: 1124: 1122: 1068:. When a coastal wind farm was built on the 719:effects of climate change on the water cycle 694:, which are expected to shift closer to the 384:. Mismatch is a more acute issue for Arctic 5021:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 1582: 1580: 1578: 823:Extinction risk from climate change § Birds 713:. For instance, increased rainfall in some 6240: 6228: 5987: 5976: 5695: 5681: 5430: 5417: 4990: 4977: 4889: 4783: 4770: 4722: 4706: 4692: 4684: 587:habitats are often negatively affected by 559:2020 Western United States wildfire season 5786:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 4929:United Nations Climate Change conferences 4608: 4505: 4440: 4193: 4183: 4134: 4124: 4055: 4014: 4004: 3702: 3692: 3607: 3555: 3498: 3488: 3392: 3359: 3310: 3253: 3201: 3191: 3116: 3075: 3018: 3008: 2959: 2949: 2846:"The Bleak Future of Australian Wildlife" 2768: 2758: 2709: 2613: 2595: 2486: 2476: 2435: 2417: 2321: 2244: 2187: 2137: 2127: 2018: 2008: 1959: 1893: 1771: 1622: 1612: 1550: 1496: 1444: 1392: 1382: 1333: 1303: 1301: 1281: 1201: 966:A 27-year study of the largest colony of 884:A Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill female. 872:vulnerable to extinction and 47 would be 5490:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 1821:"Birds 'shrinking' as the climate warms" 522:between October 2009 and March 2010. In 5846:National Adaptation Programme of Action 5635:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 4638:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 1118: 5495:Economics of climate change mitigation 5458:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 4809:Scientific consensus on climate change 3908:"Survival By Degrees: About the Study" 2278:"Climate change link to puffin deaths" 2042: 2040: 2038: 6154:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3577: 3575: 3223: 3221: 2069: 2067: 618:European colonization of the Americas 599:may advance high enough that a large 561:, one of the only two strongholds of 7: 6176:Representative Concentration Pathway 5127:Tipping points in the climate system 4803:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 4381:Fountain, Henry (January 29, 2014). 3140:Meghan Bartels (February 13, 2017). 2870:Kevin Johnson (September 16, 2020). 1528: 1526: 1524: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1412: 5947:Nationally determined contributions 5657:Individual action on climate change 4872:World energy supply and consumption 4071:Kitanovska, Simona (May 19, 2022). 2896:Joshua Rapp Learn (26 March 2021). 1087:Effects of climate change on biomes 569:. This is a particular concern for 130:extinction risk from climate change 6086:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 4044:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2690:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2310:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 1819:Vlamis, Kelsey (4 December 2019). 979:. And it was estimated that while 717:is consistent with predictions of 547:2019–20 Australian bushfire season 140:environmental impact of wind power 113:effects of climate change on birds 14: 6013:Satellite temperature measurement 5618:forestry for carbon sequestration 4909:History of climate change science 3866:Conservation Science and Practice 3831:Conservation Science and Practice 665:on unprecedentedly hot days. The 649:, and the coastal populations of 603:could flood up to 95% of current 380:but avoiding a major decrease in 6239: 6227: 6216: 6215: 6203: 5864:Climate Change Performance Index 3450:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01737.x 2371:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01751.x 1446:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01062.x 906:Southern Yellow-billed Hornbills 890:Miombo Woodlands of South Africa 821:This section is an excerpt from 482:and RCP8.5, the two more severe 71: 62: 51: 42: 31: 22: 6003:Instrumental temperature record 5954:Sustainable Development Goal 13 1649:Kenn Kaufman (March 21, 2018). 597:East Coast of the United States 253:, and a strong yet lightweight 6071:Climate variability and change 5112:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 3118:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102579 1070:East Asian-Australasian Flyway 764:southwestern willow flycatcher 749:and another population in the 1: 6181:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 5716:Climate emergency declaration 4549:Shepherd, Abby (2022-08-01). 2818:Dunne, Daisy (14 July 2020). 741:of the wet tropics region in 510:is a species in southwestern 408:In response, changes in bird 237:, toothless beaked jaws, the 6164:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 5390:Middle East and North Africa 4126:10.1371/journal.pone.0249633 3694:10.1371/journal.pone.0065427 3653:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.10.019 2276:Helen Briggs (30 May 2019). 1700:10.1016/j.renene.2012.01.074 1384:10.1371/journal.pone.0249633 1270:Pacific Conservation Biology 1155:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.017 940:climate change in Antarctica 390:climate change in the Arctic 3588:Diversity and Distributions 128:work, required to minimize 6304: 5998:Global surface temperature 5889:Popular culture depictions 5801:Ecosystem-based adaptation 5531:Carbon capture and storage 5453:Carbon offsets and credits 4658:10.1007/s10661-021-08985-4 4601:10.1038/s41598-022-05159-1 4433:10.1038/s41598-020-76479-3 3097:Journal of Thermal Biology 2760:10.1038/s41598-020-64087-0 2663:10.1038/s41558-021-01140-4 2597:10.1038/s41598-019-46263-z 2129:10.1038/s41598-021-94788-z 2010:10.1038/s41598-019-52483-0 1614:10.1038/s41467-019-10452-1 1194:10.1038/s41598-020-76479-3 1007:may also increase overall 820: 661:birds can outright die of 541:and reduces the extent of 490:Extreme disturbance events 171:. As the extent of future 153: 6268:Effects of climate change 6210:Climate change portal 6197: 6103:Extreme event attribution 5986: 5975: 5726:School Strike for Climate 5694: 5680: 5605:Climate-smart agriculture 5429: 5416: 4989: 4976: 4899: 4888: 4782: 4769: 4752:Climate change adaptation 4747:Climate change mitigation 4742:Effects of climate change 4732: 4721: 4244:10.1038/s41558-018-0084-2 3958:10.1007/s10584-018-2158-6 2533:10.1007/s00442-005-0299-6 2406:Evolutionary Applications 2225:Journal of Animal Ecology 2189:10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.057 1477:Journal of Animal Ecology 1427:Senapathi, Deepa (2010). 997:effects of climate change 993:Climate change mitigation 160:Effects of climate change 144:effects of climate change 136:Climate change mitigation 6113:Global warming potential 5920:International agreements 5567:Preserving and enhancing 5011:Arctic methane emissions 4933:Years in climate change 4840:Greenhouse gas emissions 4737:Causes of climate change 4057:10.3389/fevo.2022.842264 2844:Ed Yong (Jan 14, 2020). 1714:Summary for Policymakers 802:National Audubon Society 508:Carnaby's Black Cockatoo 484:climate change scenarios 396:and other shorebirds in 388:due to the high rate of 173:greenhouse gas emissions 95:Carnaby's Black Cockatoo 6144:Climate change scenario 5796:Disaster risk reduction 5448:Carbon emission trading 5258:U.S. insurance industry 5238:Civilizational collapse 5085:sea surface temperature 4290:Jenouvrier, Stéphanie; 4185:10.1073/pnas.0712031105 4006:10.1073/pnas.1821312116 3633:Biological Conservation 3193:10.1073/pnas.1613625114 2323:10.3389/fevo.2019.00324 2246:10.1111/1365-2656.12554 1760:The American Naturalist 1498:10.1111/1365-2656.13887 1135:Biological Conservation 860:under the high-warming 448:A great tit individual. 249:rate, a four-chambered 181:climate change scenario 6137:Research and modelling 5821:Nature-based solutions 5641:Nature-based solutions 5583:Carbon dioxide removal 5500:Fossil fuel divestment 5485:Climate risk insurance 5395:Small island countries 5016:Arctic sea ice decline 3490:10.1093/jhered/esac067 3246:10.1098/rspb.2011.0673 2702:10.1098/rspb.2021.1337 2478:10.1093/evlett/qrad014 1952:10.1126/sciadv.abk1743 943: 902:Southern Pied Babblers 885: 834: 791:for this species. The 638: 553:subpopulations on the 499: 449: 348: 268:specimens of juvenile 213: 6098:Earth's energy budget 5981:Background and theory 5869:Climate crisis (term) 5541:Fossil fuel phase-out 5435:Economics and finance 5400:by individual country 5342:By country and region 5317:Security and conflict 5312:Psychological impacts 5001:Abrupt climate change 4924:Charles David Keeling 4757:By country and region 4303:Global Change Biology 4224:Nature Climate Change 3779:Global Change Biology 3528:Ecology and Evolution 3430:Global Change Biology 3283:Ecology and Evolution 3010:10.1186/2192-1709-1-9 2643:Nature Climate Change 2351:Global Change Biology 1593:Nature Communications 1539:Global Change Biology 1314:Global Change Biology 1092:Bird migration perils 934: 883: 832: 812:from their old ones. 721:. This includes some 632: 497: 447: 427:phenotypic plasticity 376:, leading to reduced 353:phenological mismatch 346: 203: 169:Industrial Revolution 154:Further information: 5927:Glasgow Climate Pact 5588:Carbon sequestration 5163:Mass mortality event 3752:10.1029/2022EF003162 3738:(4): e2022EF003162. 3394:10.1642/AUK-16-271.1 2989:Ecological Processes 2951:10.1029/2021GH000395 2936:(4): e2021GH000395. 918:White-tailed Swallow 766:is expected to lose 382:reproductive success 204:Museum specimens of 6066:Climate sensitivity 5841:The Adaptation Fund 5297:Infectious diseases 5204:Social and economic 4650:2021EMnAs.193..181B 4593:2022NatSR..12.1339K 4490:2016NatSR...628785C 4425:2020NatSR..1019474S 4315:2020GCBio..26.1170J 4236:2018NatCC...8..245C 4176:2008PNAS..105.2493L 4117:2021PLoSO..1649633B 3997:2019PNAS..11614065C 3991:(28): 14065–14070. 3950:2018ClCh..147..395W 3878:2020ConSP...2E.243B 3843:2020ConSP...2E.242B 3791:2015GCBio..21.4342L 3744:2023EaFut..1103162L 3685:2013PLoSO...865427F 3645:2012BCons.148....1S 3600:2016DivDi..22...17C 3540:2023EcoEv..13E9802M 3477:Journal of Heredity 3442:2009GCBio..15..255L 3295:2012EcoEv...2..370M 3184:2017PNAS..114.2283A 3109:2020JTBio..9102579A 3060:2017Ecosp...8E1653Z 3001:2012EcoPr...1....9C 2942:2021GHeal...5..395Y 2751:2020NatSR..10.7207M 2655:2021NatCC..11..872C 2588:2019NatSR...9.9843K 2525:2006Oecol.147..164V 2363:2009GCBio..15..760V 2237:2016JAnEc..85.1255S 2180:2022CBio...32E1342S 2174:(6): 1342–1349.e3. 2120:2021NatSR..1115277S 2001:2019NatSR...916082D 1944:2021SciA....7.1743J 1692:2013REne...49...19S 1605:2019NatCo..10.2540K 1489:2023JAnEc..92..738H 1375:2021PLoSO..1649633B 1186:2020NatSR..1019474S 1147:2011BCons.144..393S 1031:white-tailed eagles 1015:systems may affect 968:Magellanic penguins 926:extinct in the wild 922:Ethiopian Bush-crow 692:Black-tailed godwit 577:states and in four 329:New Caledonian crow 233:, characterized by 206:Collared flycatcher 126:animal conservation 103:Ethiopian Bush-crow 99:Black-tailed godwit 5637:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 5609:Forest management 5593:Direct air capture 5558:Sustainable energy 5515:Net zero emissions 5510:Low-carbon economy 5505:Green Climate Fund 5292:Indigenous peoples 5195:Plant biodiversity 4983:Effects and issues 4581:Scientific Reports 4478:Scientific Reports 4413:Scientific Reports 4387:The New York Times 4359:. January 30, 2014 2739:Scientific Reports 2576:Scientific Reports 2108:Scientific Reports 1989:Scientific Reports 1174:Scientific Reports 1082:Assisted migration 973:Chinstrap penguins 944: 938:are threatened by 886: 835: 806:assisted migration 639: 500: 450: 349: 264:. A comparison of 214: 210:Eurasian blackbird 177:mitigation actions 87:chinstrap penguins 6255: 6254: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6128:Radiative forcing 5971: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5791:Adaptive capacity 5676: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5536:Energy transition 5412: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5132:Tropical cyclones 5058:Urban heat island 4972: 4971: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4845:Carbon accounting 4799:Greenhouse effect 4765: 4764: 4498:10.1038/srep28785 4323:10.1111/gcb.14864 3799:10.1111/gcb.13005 3785:(12): 4342–4352. 3609:10.1111/ddi.12381 3548:10.1002/ece3.9802 3483:(12): 4342–4352. 3361:10.3390/d15030404 3289:(12): 4342–4352. 3240:(1726): 144–152. 3068:10.1002/ecs2.1653 2465:Evolution Letters 2419:10.1111/eva.12126 1886:10.1111/ele.13434 1852:. 4 December 2019 1552:10.1111/gcb.13960 1326:10.1111/gcb.16308 1320:(18): 5416–5426. 1102:Bird conservation 1001:forest management 737:is restricted to 735:Grey-headed robin 727:savannah sparrows 467:primary producers 414:spring migrations 226:constituting the 6295: 6288:Birds and humans 6243: 6242: 6231: 6230: 6219: 6218: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6171:Paleoclimatology 5988: 5977: 5738:Ecological grief 5721:Climate movement 5696: 5682: 5662:Plant-based diet 5553:Renewable energy 5431: 5418: 5253:Economic impacts 5185:Invasive species 5041:Coastal flooding 4991: 4978: 4914:Svante Arrhenius 4890: 4860:from agriculture 4850:Carbon footprint 4835:Greenhouse gases 4784: 4771: 4723: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4685: 4678: 4677: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4444: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4309:(3): 1170–1184. 4300: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4197: 4187: 4170:(7): 2493–2497. 4155: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4128: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4018: 4008: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3944:(3–4): 395–409. 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3886:10.1111/csp2.243 3861: 3855: 3854: 3851:10.1111/csp2.242 3825: 3819: 3818: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3706: 3696: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3611: 3579: 3570: 3569: 3559: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3492: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3396: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3314: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3257: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3205: 3195: 3178:(9): 2283–2288. 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3120: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3022: 3012: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2953: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2772: 2762: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2713: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2599: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2490: 2480: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2439: 2421: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2325: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2248: 2231:(5): 1255–1264. 2216: 2210: 2209: 2191: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2141: 2131: 2099: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2044: 2033: 2032: 2022: 2012: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1938:(46): eabk1743. 1932:Science Advances 1922: 1916: 1915: 1897: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1775: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1727: 1721: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1680:Renewable Energy 1675: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1626: 1616: 1584: 1573: 1572: 1554: 1530: 1519: 1518: 1500: 1468: 1459: 1458: 1448: 1424: 1407: 1406: 1396: 1386: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1337: 1305: 1296: 1295: 1285: 1283:10.1071/pc110141 1261: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1233: 1224: 1223: 1205: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1126: 1021:renewable energy 1009:species richness 910:Southern Fiscals 783:grasslands, the 686:, like with two 563:Cassia Crossbill 400:. Long-distance 196:Physical changes 91:Cassia Crossbill 75: 66: 55: 46: 35: 26: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6204: 6202: 6185: 6132: 6123:Orbital forcing 6017: 5982: 5963: 5937:Paris Agreement 5915: 5911:Warming stripes 5850: 5816:Managed retreat 5811:Loss and damage 5772: 5706:Business action 5690: 5668: 5645: 5568: 5562: 5519: 5480:Climate finance 5425: 5404: 5336: 5199: 5175:Extinction risk 5151:Flora and fauna 5146: 5107:Permafrost thaw 5102:Ozone depletion 5031:Extreme weather 4985: 4968: 4895: 4876: 4813: 4778: 4761: 4728: 4717: 4712: 4682: 4681: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4530:"Wind Turbines" 4528: 4527: 4523: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4298: 4292:Holland, Marika 4289: 4288: 4284: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4111:(5): e0249633. 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4037: 4036: 4032: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3938:Climatic Change 3931: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3303:10.1002/ece3.95 3276: 3275: 3271: 3227: 3226: 3219: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3041: 3040: 3036: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2649:(10): 872–878. 2636: 2635: 2631: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2168:Current Biology 2160: 2159: 2155: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2084: 2082: 2081:. 21 March 2023 2073: 2072: 2065: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2036: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1874:Ecology Letters 1870: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1739: 1737: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1711: 1707: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1586: 1585: 1576: 1532: 1531: 1522: 1470: 1469: 1462: 1426: 1425: 1410: 1369:(5): e0249633. 1356: 1355: 1351: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1246: 1244: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1115: 1078: 990: 985: 984: 981:Adélie penguins 977:Antarctic krill 961:Emperor penguin 898:Kalahari Desert 894:southern Africa 826: 818: 789:protected areas 715:alpine climates 676:rusty blackbird 627: 555:New South Wales 528:lesser kestrels 504:extreme weather 492: 476:Paris Agreement 402:migrating birds 366:pied flycatcher 341: 301:Bergmann's rule 219:are a group of 198: 193: 185:Paris Agreement 179:determines the 162: 152: 109: 108: 107: 106: 78: 77: 76: 68: 67: 58: 57: 56: 48: 47: 38: 37: 36: 28: 27: 12: 11: 5: 6301: 6299: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6278:Bird migration 6275: 6270: 6260: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6078: 6076:Cloud feedback 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5934: 5932:Kyoto Protocol 5929: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5886: 5884:Media coverage 5881: 5876: 5874:Climate spiral 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5763:Public opinion 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5718: 5713: 5711:Climate action 5708: 5702: 5700: 5692: 5691: 5685: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5623:REDD and REDD+ 5620: 5615: 5607: 5602: 5600:Carbon farming 5597: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5332:Water security 5329: 5327:Water scarcity 5324: 5322:Urban flooding 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5180:Forest dieback 5177: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5117:Sea level rise 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5090:stratification 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4855:Carbon leakage 4852: 4847: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4796: 4794:Climate system 4790: 4788: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4719: 4718: 4715:Climate change 4713: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4679: 4624: 4566: 4541: 4521: 4464: 4399: 4370: 4344: 4282: 4257: 4230:(3): 245–251. 4209: 4150: 4091: 4063: 4030: 3971: 3924: 3899: 3856: 3820: 3765: 3732:Earth's Future 3718: 3658: 3623: 3571: 3514: 3463: 3436:(1): 255–267. 3416: 3387:(3): 696–709. 3367: 3334: 3269: 3217: 3158: 3132: 3083: 3034: 2975: 2916: 2888: 2862: 2836: 2810: 2784: 2725: 2696:(1): 164–172. 2676: 2629: 2562: 2519:(1): 164–172. 2502: 2451: 2392: 2357:(3): 760–771. 2337: 2296: 2268: 2211: 2153: 2091: 2063: 2034: 1975: 1917: 1895:2027.42/153188 1880:(2): 316–325. 1863: 1837: 1811: 1782:10.1086/719655 1746: 1722: 1705: 1667: 1638: 1574: 1545:(3): 957–971. 1520: 1483:(3): 738–750. 1460: 1439:(4): 869–872. 1408: 1349: 1297: 1276:(2): 141–148. 1253: 1225: 1160: 1141:(1): 393–401. 1117: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1074: 989: 986: 952:Southern Ocean 916:bird species, 827: 819: 817: 814: 781:South American 690:subspecies of 680:North American 671:house sparrows 655:piping plovers 626: 623: 589:sea level rise 571:migratory bird 491: 488: 370:flying insects 340: 337: 333:climate change 324:climate change 320:climate change 197: 194: 192: 189: 165:Climate change 156:Climate change 151: 148: 117:climate change 80: 79: 70: 69: 61: 60: 59: 50: 49: 41: 40: 39: 30: 29: 21: 20: 19: 18: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6300: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6248: 6247: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6200: 6199: 6196: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6149:Climate model 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6081:Cloud forcing 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5974: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5856:Communication 5853: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5836:Vulnerability 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806:Flood control 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5628:reforestation 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5613:afforestation 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548:Nuclear power 5546: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:Carbon budget 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5280:Mental health 5278: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5221:United States 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5075:deoxygenation 5073: 5071: 5070:acidification 5068: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4891: 4887: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4865:from wetlands 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4825:Deforestation 4823: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4567: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 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3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3679:(6): e65427. 3678: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3159: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054:(1): e01653. 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 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Retrieved 4554: 4544: 4533: 4524: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4419:(1): 19474. 4416: 4412: 4402: 4390:. Retrieved 4386: 4361:. Retrieved 4357:The Guardian 4356: 4347: 4306: 4302: 4285: 4274:. Retrieved 4272:. 2018-02-26 4270:the Guardian 4269: 4260: 4227: 4223: 4212: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4082:. Retrieved 4076: 4066: 4047: 4043: 4033: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3915:. Retrieved 3911: 3902: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3676: 3672: 3661: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3594:(1): 17–29. 3591: 3587: 3534:(2): e9802. 3531: 3527: 3517: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3384: 3380: 3370: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3237: 3233: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3149:. Retrieved 3145: 3135: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3020:1721.1/76705 2992: 2988: 2978: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2907:. Retrieved 2901: 2891: 2879:. Retrieved 2875: 2865: 2853:. Retrieved 2850:The Atlantic 2849: 2839: 2827:. Retrieved 2824:Carbon Brief 2823: 2813: 2801:. Retrieved 2798:ScienceBrief 2797: 2787: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2412:(1): 15–28. 2409: 2405: 2395: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2287:. Retrieved 2281: 2271: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2171: 2167: 2156: 2114:(1): 15277. 2111: 2107: 2083:. Retrieved 2079:ScienceDaily 2078: 2055:. Retrieved 2052:ScienceDaily 2051: 1995:(1): 16082. 1992: 1988: 1978: 1935: 1931: 1920: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1854:. Retrieved 1849: 1840: 1828:. Retrieved 1824: 1814: 1766:(1): 32–47. 1763: 1759: 1749: 1738:. Retrieved 1735:ScienceDaily 1734: 1725: 1712:IPCC, 2021: 1708: 1683: 1679: 1658:. Retrieved 1654: 1596: 1592: 1542: 1538: 1480: 1476: 1436: 1432: 1366: 1362: 1352: 1317: 1313: 1273: 1269: 1245:. Retrieved 1243:. 2020-10-14 1240: 1180:(1): 19474. 1177: 1173: 1163: 1138: 1134: 1107:Season creep 1097:Bird fallout 1054: 1046:Great Plains 1039: 1025: 991: 956:king penguin 945: 887: 873: 869: 851: 847: 836: 778: 767: 731:horned larks 708: 640: 593:storm surges 583: 532: 501: 458:caterpillars 451: 439:Common terns 433:breeding in 407: 350: 313: 286: 259: 243:hard-shelled 221:warm-blooded 215: 163: 134: 112: 110: 15: 6273:Ornithology 6061:Carbon sink 6039:atmospheric 5904:video games 5578:Blue carbon 5211:Agriculture 5190:Marine life 5137:Water cycle 5095:temperature 4830:Fossil fuel 4587:(1): 1339. 4084:January 23, 3872:(8): e243. 3837:(8): e242. 3639:(1): 1–18. 3077:10919/89387 2829:17 February 2803:16 February 2745:(1): 7207. 2582:(1): 9843. 1599:(1): 2540. 1013:tidal power 785:campo miner 739:rainforests 663:dehydration 651:least terns 309:snowfinches 287:A study in 224:vertebrates 6262:Categories 6093:Cryosphere 6054:permafrost 5826:Resilience 5778:Adaptation 5753:Litigation 5743:Governance 5688:adaptation 5470:Carbon tax 5423:Mitigation 5360:Antarctica 5248:Disability 4644:(4): 181. 4560:2022-09-24 4555:The Beacon 4392:30 January 4363:30 January 4276:2022-05-18 3354:(3): 404. 3103:: 102579. 2085:2023-03-23 2057:2023-04-02 1856:5 December 1830:5 December 1773:2211.13673 1740:2022-08-04 1247:2020-10-26 1113:References 1050:California 1027:Wind farms 870:moderately 816:Extinction 810:extirpated 751:New Guinea 747:Queensland 696:North Pole 643:shorebirds 614:vegetation 609:Gulf Coast 539:vegetation 520:hail storm 462:fledglings 453:Great tits 431:passerines 386:shorebirds 316:phenotypic 270:passerines 208:(top) and 6108:Feedbacks 5879:Education 5380:Caribbean 5375:Australia 5302:Migration 5265:Fisheries 5216:Livestock 5142:Wildfires 5048:Heat wave 4674:232173283 4484:: 28785. 4459:226304009 4339:207964725 3966:158490978 3894:225387919 3760:257934225 3618:1472-4642 3403:1938-4254 3348:Diversity 3048:Ecosphere 3029:2192-1709 2930:GeoHealth 2671:237947627 2606:2045-2322 2541:0029-8549 2513:Oecologia 2428:1752-4571 2379:1354-1013 2332:2296-701X 2255:0021-8790 2206:246830106 1912:208620935 1806:247102554 1790:0003-0147 1686:: 19–24. 1561:1354-1013 1515:255973200 1455:1474-919X 1292:2204-4604 1220:226304009 1062:Karnataka 1060:state of 914:Ethiopian 793:pied crow 743:Australia 700:mountains 633:Areas of 601:hurricane 585:Shorebird 535:wildfires 512:Australia 410:phenology 378:body mass 339:Phenology 303:. Across 275:blue tits 247:metabolic 6234:Glossary 6222:Category 6044:biologic 5758:Politics 5650:Personal 5355:Americas 5228:Children 4994:Physical 4787:Overview 4727:Overview 4666:33694006 4619:35079039 4516:27352849 4451:33173126 4331:31696584 4252:53793443 4204:18268328 4145:34010302 4105:PLOS ONE 4078:Newsweek 4025:31235571 3815:21055807 3807:26111019 3713:23950785 3673:PLOS ONE 3566:36818528 3509:36738446 3500:10287148 3458:84822516 3411:89912283 3329:17474939 3321:22423330 3264:21613299 3212:28193891 3127:32716890 2995:(1): 9. 2970:33855250 2779:32350294 2720:34814747 2624:31285462 2557:27648066 2549:16328547 2497:38370547 2488:10872114 2471:: 8–17. 2446:24454545 2387:84920348 2283:BBC News 2263:27263989 2198:35172126 2148:34315998 2029:31695069 1970:34767440 1904:31800170 1825:BBC News 1798:35737990 1633:31182713 1569:29152888 1507:36655993 1403:34010302 1363:PLOS ONE 1344:35716047 1212:33173126 1076:See also 948:penguins 843:Red List 768:at least 684:latitude 645:nest in 543:snowpack 516:heatwave 262:feathers 255:skeleton 235:feathers 6049:oceanic 5899:fiction 5748:Justice 5699:Society 5307:Poverty 5026:Drought 4894:History 4818:Sources 4646:Bibcode 4610:8789773 4589:Bibcode 4507:4926113 4486:Bibcode 4442:7655846 4421:Bibcode 4311:Bibcode 4232:Bibcode 4195:2268164 4172:Bibcode 4136:8133463 4113:Bibcode 4016:6628835 3993:Bibcode 3946:Bibcode 3917:25 June 3912:Audubon 3874:Bibcode 3839:Bibcode 3787:Bibcode 3740:Bibcode 3704:3680427 3681:Bibcode 3641:Bibcode 3596:Bibcode 3557:9926175 3536:Bibcode 3438:Bibcode 3381:The Auk 3312:3298949 3291:Bibcode 3255:3223649 3203:5338552 3180:Bibcode 3151:25 June 3146:Audubon 3105:Bibcode 3056:Bibcode 2997:Bibcode 2961:8029984 2938:Bibcode 2909:25 June 2881:25 June 2876:Audubon 2770:7190627 2747:Bibcode 2711:8611334 2651:Bibcode 2615:6614424 2584:Bibcode 2521:Bibcode 2437:3894895 2359:Bibcode 2289:25 June 2233:Bibcode 2176:Bibcode 2139:8316457 2116:Bibcode 2020:6834662 1997:Bibcode 1961:8589309 1940:Bibcode 1850:Audubon 1688:Bibcode 1660:25 June 1655:Audubon 1624:6557852 1601:Bibcode 1485:Bibcode 1394:8133463 1371:Bibcode 1335:9544271 1241:Audubon 1203:7655846 1182:Bibcode 1143:Bibcode 1040:In the 1005:biomass 773:drought 723:habitat 579:Mexican 394:puffins 374:spiders 357:fitness 305:Eurasia 289:Chicago 191:Effects 6029:Albedo 6022:Theory 5733:Denial 5524:Energy 5385:Europe 5365:Arctic 5350:Africa 5275:Health 5270:Gender 5233:Cities 5158:Biomes 5065:Oceans 5053:Marine 4776:Causes 4672: 4664: 4617: 4607: 4514: 4504: 4457: 4449: 4439: 4337: 4329: 4250: 4202: 4192: 4143: 4133: 4023: 4013: 3964: 3892: 3813: 3805: 3758: 3711: 3701: 3616: 3564: 3554: 3507: 3497: 3456: 3409: 3401: 3327: 3319: 3309: 3262: 3252: 3210: 3200: 3125: 3027: 2968: 2958: 2855:Feb 8, 2777: 2767: 2718: 2708: 2669: 2622: 2612: 2604: 2555: 2547: 2539: 2495: 2485: 2444: 2434: 2426: 2385: 2377: 2330: 2261: 2253: 2204: 2196: 2146: 2136: 2027: 2017: 1968: 1958: 1910: 1902: 1804: 1796: 1788: 1716:. 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