364:. Once a huge inland sea (the Pale-Chadian Sea) whose only remnant is shallow Lake Chad, this vast depression extends west into Nigeria and Niger. The larger, northern portion of the basin is bounded within Chad by the Tibesti Mountains in the northwest, the Ennedi Plateau in the northeast, the Ouaddaï Highlands in the east along the border with Sudan, the Guéra Massif in central Chad, and the Mandara Mountains along Chad's southwestern border with Cameroon. The smaller, southern part of the basin falls almost exclusively in Chad. It is delimited in the north by the Guéra Massif, in the south by highlands 250 kilometers south of the border with Central African Republic, and in the southwest by the Mandara Mountains.
35:
1934:, the southern prefectures of Mayo-Kebbi, Tandjilé, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Moyen-Chari, and southern Salamat. Between April and October, the rainy season brings between 750 and 1,250 millimeters (29.5 and 49.2 in) of precipitation. Temperatures are high throughout the year. Daytime readings in Moundou, the major city in the southwest, range from 27 °C (80.6 °F) in the middle of the cool season in January to about 40 °C (104 °F) in the hot months of March, April, and May.
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456:, and Bahr Sara rivers of southeastern Chad, the Chari River is about 1,200 kilometers long. From its origins near the city of Sarh, the middle course of the Chari makes its way through swampy terrain; the lower Chari is joined by the Logone River near N'Djamena. The Chari's volume varies greatly, from 17 cubic meters per second during the dry season to 340 cubic meters per second during the wettest part of the year.
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part of the year. The central Sahel is characterized by drought-resistant grasses and small woods. Rainfall is more abundant there than in the
Saharan region. For example, N'Djamena records a maximum annual average rainfall of 580 millimeters (22.8 in), while OuaddaĂŻ Prefecture receives just a bit less.
1941:, or plains covered with a mixture of tropical or subtropical grasses and woodlands. The growth is lush during the rainy season but turns brown and dormant during the five-month dry season between November and March. Over a large part of the region, however, natural vegetation has yielded to agriculture.
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During the hot season, in April and May, maximum temperatures frequently rise above 40 °C (104 °F). In the southern part of the Sahel, rainfall is sufficient to permit crop production on unirrigated land, and millet and sorghum are grown. Agriculture is also common in the marshlands east of
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Southeast of Lake Chad, the regular contours of the terrain are broken by the Guéra Massif, which divides the basin into its northern and southern parts. South of the lake lie the floodplains of the Chari and Logone rivers, much of which are inundated during the rainy season. Farther south, the basin
238:
Located in north-central Africa, Chad stretches for about 1,800 kilometers from its northernmost point to its southern boundary. Except in the far northwest and south, where its borders converge, Chad's average width is about 800 kilometers. Its area of 1,284,000 square kilometers is roughly equal to
535:
In much of the north, the average daily maximum temperature is about 32 °C (89.6 °F) during
January, the coolest month of the year, and about 45 °C (113 °F) during May, the hottest month. On occasion, strong winds from the northeast produce violent sandstorms. In northern Biltine
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A carpet of green springs from the desert during this brief wet season, attracting herders from throughout the region who come to pasture their cattle and camels. Because very few wells and springs have water throughout the year, the herders leave with the end of the rains, turning over the land to
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The
Saharan region covers roughly the northern half of the country, including Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture along with the northern parts of Kanem, Batha, and Biltine prefectures. Much of this area receives only traces of rain during the entire year; at Faya-Largeau, for example, annual rainfall
510:
The Lake Chad Basin embraces a great range of tropical climates from north to south, although most of these climates tend to be dry. Apart from the far north, most regions are characterized by a cycle of alternating rainy and dry seasons. In any given year, the duration of each season is determined
459:
The Logone River is formed by tributaries flowing from
Cameroon and Central African Republic. Both shorter and smaller in volume than the Chari, it flows northeast for 960 kilometers; its volume ranges from five to eighty-five cubic meters per second. At N'Djamena the Logone empties into the Chari,
375:
North and northeast of Lake Chad, the basin extends for more than 800 kilometers, passing through regions characterized by great rolling dunes separated by very deep depressions. Although vegetation holds the dunes in place in the Kanem region, farther north they are bare and have a fluid, rippling
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Lake Chad also changes greatly in size from one year to another. In 1870 its maximum area was 28,000 square kilometers. The measurement dropped to 12,700 in 1908. In the 1940s and 1950s, the lake remained small, but it grew again to 26,000 square kilometers in 1963. The droughts of the late 1960s,
431:
Permanent streams do not exist in northern or central Chad. Following infrequent rains in the Ennedi
Plateau and OuaddaĂŻ Highlands, water may flow through depressions called enneris and wadis. Often the result of flash floods, such streams usually dry out within a few days as the remaining puddles
371:
and
Djourab regions in the north-central and northeastern parts of the country, respectively. This oddity arises because the great stationary dunes (ergs) of the Kanem region create a dam, preventing lake waters from flowing to the basin's lowest point. At various times in the past, and as late as
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In the northern Sahel, thorny shrubs and acacia trees grow wild, while date palms, cereals, and garden crops are raised in scattered oases. Outside these settlements, nomads tend their flocks during the rainy season, moving southward as forage and surface water disappear with the onset of the dry
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During the rainy season, winds from the southwest push the moister maritime system north over the
African continent where it meets and slips under the continental mass along a front called the "intertropical convergence zone". At the height of the rainy season, the front may reach as far as Kanem
451:
and their tributaries, which flow from the southeast into Lake Chad. Both river systems rise in the highlands of
Central African Republic and Cameroon, regions that receive more than 1,250 millimeters of rainfall annually. Fed by rivers of Central African Republic, as well as by the Bahr Salamat,
151:
zone averages less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rainfall annually. The sparse human population is largely nomadic, with some livestock, mostly small ruminants and camels. The central
Sahelian zone receives between 200 and 700 mm (7.9 and 27.6 in) rainfall and has vegetation ranging
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The semiarid sahelian zone, or Sahel, forms a belt about 500 kilometers (311 mi) wide that runs from Lac and Chari-Baguirmi prefectures eastward through Guéra, Ouaddaï, and northern
Salamat prefectures to the Sudanese frontier. The climate in this transition zone between the desert and the
467:
is located in the sahelian zone, a region just south of the Sahara Desert. The Chari River contributes 95 percent of Lake Chad's water, an average annual volume of 40 billion cubic meters, 95% of which is lost to evaporation. The size of the lake is determined by rains in the southern highlands
206:, Lake Chad currently covers only 1350 square kilometers, down from 25,000 square kilometers in 1963. The Chari and Logone Rivers, both of which originate in the Central African Republic and flow northward, provide most of the surface water entering Lake Chad. Chad is also next to Niger.
376:
character. From its low point in the Djourab, the basin then rises to the plateaus and peaks of the Tibesti Mountains in the north. The summit of this formation—as well as the highest point in the Sahara Desert—is Emi Koussi, a dormant volcano that reaches 3,414 meters above sea level.
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is the second largest lake in west Africa and is one of the most important wetlands on the continent. Home to 120 species of fish and at least that many species of birds, the lake has shrunk dramatically in the last four decades due to increased water usage from an
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383:, whose limestone bed rises in steps etched by erosion. East of the lake, the basin rises gradually to the OuaddaĂŻ Highlands, which mark Chad's eastern border and also divide the Chad and Nile watersheds. These highland areas are part of the
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floor slopes upward, forming a series of low sand and clay plateaus, called koros, which eventually climb to 615 meters above sea level. South of the Chadian border, the koros divide the Lake Chad Basin from the Ubangi-Zaire river system.
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Prefecture. By the middle of the dry season, the intertropical convergence zone moves south of Chad, taking the rain with it. This weather system contributes to the formation of three major regions of climate and vegetation.
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and the combined rivers flow together for thirty kilometers through a large delta and into Lake Chad. At the end of the rainy season in the fall, the river overflows its banks and creates a huge floodplain in the delta.
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averages less than 12 millimeters (0.47 in), and there are nearly 3800 hours of sunshine. Scattered small oases and occasional wells provide water for a few date palms or small plots of millet and garden crops.
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bordering the basin and by temperatures in the Sahel. Fluctuations in both cause the lake to change dramatically in size, from 9,800 square kilometers in the dry season to 25,500 at the end of the rainy season.
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the 1870s, the Bahr el Ghazal Depression, which extends from the northeastern part of the lake to the Djourab, acted as an overflow canal; since independence, climatic conditions have made overflows impossible.
128:. Most of its ethnically and linguistically diverse population lives in the south, with densities ranging from 54 persons per square kilometer in the Logone River basin to 0.1 persons in the northern B.E.T. (
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Prefecture, a region called the Mortcha plays a major role in animal husbandry. Dry for eight months of the year, it receives 350 millimeters (13.8 in) or more of rain, mostly during July and August.
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early 1970s, and mid-1980s caused Lake Chad to shrink once again, however. The only other lakes of importance in Chad are Lake Fitri, in Batha Prefecture, and Lake Iro, in the marshy southeast.
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seep into the sandy clay soil. The most important of these streams is the Batha, which in the rainy season carries water west from the Ouaddaï Highlands and the Guéra Massif to Lake Fitri.
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system. Although much of Chad's distinctiveness comes from this diversity of influences, since independence the diversity has also been an obstacle to the creation of a national identity.
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in the east complete the image of a gradually sloping basin, which descends towards Lake Chad. There are also central highlands in the Guera region rising to 1,500 m (4,921 ft).
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This astronaut photograph features one of the largest of a series of ten mostly fresh water lakes in the Ounianga Basin in the heart of the Sahara Desert of northeastern Chad.
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On 22 June, the temperature reached 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) in Faya, breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location. Similar temperature rises were also reported in
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Lake Chad, located in the southwestern part of the basin at an altitude of 282 meters, surprisingly does not mark the basin's lowest point; instead, this is found in the
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the antelopes, gazelles, and ostriches that can survive with little groundwater. Northern Chad averages over 3500 hours of sunlight per year, the south somewhat less.
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and deciduous forests for vegetation. Rainfall in the Guinea zone, located in Chad's southwestern tip, ranges between 1,000 and 1,200 mm (39.4 and 47.2 in).
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to thorny, open savanna. The southern zone, often referred to as the Sudan zone, receives between 700 and 1,000 mm (27.6 and 39.4 in), with woodland
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Lake Chad and near swamps or wells. Many farmers in the region combine subsistence agriculture with the raising of cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry.
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and the Red Sea region - and Central or Equatorial Africa, some of whose people have retained classical African religions while others have adopted
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largely by the positions of two great air masses—a maritime mass over the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest and a much drier continental mass.
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3374:*Note: technically Chad does not have an easternmost point, the easternmost section of the border being formed by the 24° of longitude
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Although Chadian society is economically, socially, and culturally fragmented, the country's geography is unified by the
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southern sudanian zone is divided into a rainy season (from June to September) and a dry period (from October to May).
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The country's topography is generally flat, with the elevation gradually rising as one moves north and east away from
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The second noteworthy characteristic is that the country borders on very different parts of the African continent:
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314:. These vast distances from the sea have had a profound impact on Chad's historical and contemporary development.
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333:, with its diverse religions and cultures and its history of highly developed states and regional economies.
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in a 2001 satellite image. On the top, the changes from 1973 to 1997 are shown, with the lake shrinking.
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inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and
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Easternmost point - the northern section of the Chad-Sudan border, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti region *
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120:, measuring 1,284,000 square kilometers (495,755 sq mi), nearly twice the size of
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Chad exhibits two striking geographical characteristics. First, the country is landlocked.
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144:, is cosmopolitan in nature, with a current population in excess of 700,000 people.
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Source 2: NOAA (sun, humidity, temperatures), Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)
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141:
3327:, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.
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The seventh largest lake in the world (and the fourth largest in Africa),
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132:) desert region, which itself is larger than France. The capital city of
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT000120
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4057:"Deflation in the dustiest place on Earth: The Bodélé Depression, Chad"
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290:, the capital, is located more than 1,100 kilometers northeast of the
171:, a mountain that rises 3,100 m (10,171 ft) in the northern
4000:"NOAA: June 2010 the globe's 4th consecutive warmest month on record"
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Bristow, Charlie S.; Drake, Nick; Armitage, Simon (1 April 2009).
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Desertification in the Sahelian and Sudanian Zones of West Africa
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Climate data for N'Djamena (1961-1990, extremes 1904-present)
28:
3432:. Gale virtual reference library. Thomson Gale. p. 390.
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Northernmost point - an unnamed location on the border with
298:, a major city in the east, lies 2,650 kilometers from the
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Westernmost point - unnamed location west of the town of
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Southernmost point - unnamed location on the border with
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
3429:
Countries of the World & Their Leaders Yearbook 08
2897:
On 26 July the heat reached near-record levels over
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3796:. World Meteorological Organization. Archived from
4063:. Contemporary research in aeolian geomorphology.
2405:Source 2: NOAA (sun, humidity and precipitation)
3703:"World Weather Information Service–Faya-Largeau"
3978:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3931:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3824:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3729:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3013:US: slightly more than three times the size of
147:Chad has four climatic zones. The northernmost
124:and slightly more than three times the size of
5175:
4751:
4225:
3952:"World Weather Information Service – Moundou"
3007:Canada: slightly less than twice the size of
348:, and whose economies were part of the great
116:in the world and is located in North Central
8:
3794:"World Weather Information Service–Ndjamena"
4199:title=Field Listing: Geographic Coordinates
3291:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2947:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2894:, which began to enter a famine situation.
527:A sandstorm at Abéché airport, Chad (2005).
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4006:. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog. Archived from
3905:"World Weather Information Service – Sarh"
2412:
1944:
1243:
547:Climate data for Faya-Largeau (1961–1990)
543:
506:Car facing difficulties during rain season
3311:Learn how and when to remove this message
3220:winds occur in north; periodic droughts;
2967:Learn how and when to remove this message
484:Chad map of Köppen climate classification
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
4030:"Wunder Blog : Weather Underground"
3725:"Faya–Largeau Climate Normals 1961–1990"
3461:"Lake Chad fishermen pack up their nets"
3323:This is a list of the extreme points of
522:
229:
221:
213:
42:This article includes a list of general
3751:"Le Borkou. Aspects d'un modèle éolien"
3384:
1209:(temperatures and precipitation days)
379:The basin's northeastern limit is the
4205:Detailed map of Chad from www.izf.net
3820:"ND'Jamena Climate Normals 1961–1990"
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3019:Australia: slightly smaller than the
2416:Climate data for Moundou (1961-1990)
1937:The sudanian region is predominantly
7:
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3395:Encyclopedia of the Developing World
3289:adding citations to reliable sources
2945:adding citations to reliable sources
385:East Saharan montane xeric woodlands
325:and economic orientation toward the
194:and low rainfall. Bordered by Chad,
136:, situated at the confluence of the
3974:"Moundou Climate Normals 1961-1990"
3954:. World Meteorological Organization
3907:. World Meteorological Organization
3705:. World Meteorological Organization
1214:Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity),
4201:. Geo-links for Geography of Chad.
4032:. Wunderground.com. Archived from
3866:Gorse, J.E.; Steeds, D.R. (1987).
3673:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
2872:Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity)
1948:Climate data for Sarh (1961-1990)
48:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4345:Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)
2866:World Meteorological Organization
2398:World Meteorological Organization
1907:World Meteorological Organization
1207:World Meteorological Organization
5490:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
5260:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5066:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4836:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4365:
4141: This article incorporates
4136:
3927:"Sarh Climate Normals 1961-1990"
3656:
3261:
3188:Total renewable water resources:
2917:
33:
3398:. Routledge. pp. 311–312.
167:. The highest point in Chad is
4081:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.12.014
3200:0.88 km/yr (12%/12%/76%)
2400:(temperatures and rainy days)
1:
4528:Transitional Military Council
4323:Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)
4286:Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)
3667:Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1990).
3228:Environment - current issues:
2605:Average rainfall mm (inches)
2137:Average rainfall mm (inches)
1646:Average rainfall mm (inches)
946:Average rainfall mm (inches)
3337:Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti region
443:Chad's major rivers are the
310:, 1,550 kilometers from the
3392:Leonard, Thomas M. (2005).
2535:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
2465:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
2067:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1997:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1506:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1366:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
806:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
666:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
259:. Chad's neighbors include
5610:
4496:Chief of the General Staff
3749:Mainguet, Monique (1968).
3426:Mueckenheim, J.K. (2007).
2883:
2871:
2863:
2415:
2404:
2395:
1947:
1913:
1904:
1246:
1213:
1204:
546:
487:
401:
234:A topographic map of Chad.
226:A satellite image of Chad.
218:A satellite image of Chad.
4702:
4610:
4549:
4444:
4383:
4363:
3847:(in French). Meteo Climat
3675:Federal Research Division
3362:and immediately north of
2816:
2769:
2721:
2674:
2604:
2534:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2348:
2301:
2253:
2206:
2136:
2066:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1857:
1810:
1762:
1715:
1645:
1575:
1505:
1435:
1365:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1157:
1110:
1062:
1015:
945:
875:
805:
735:
665:
595:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
5245:Central African Republic
4821:Central African Republic
4108:Global Volcanism Program
3346:Central African Republic
3050:Central African Republic
277:Central African Republic
4306:Chadian–Libyan conflict
4301:Transitional government
4113:Smithsonian Institution
3348:at a confluence in the
3074:0 km (landlocked)
63:more precise citations.
4276:French Colonial Period
4143:public domain material
3769:10.3406/geo.1968.15662
3354:Logone Oriental region
3105:Land use and resources
528:
507:
485:
440:
428:
420:
404:List of rivers of Chad
340:, oriented toward the
239:the combined areas of
235:
227:
219:
210:Geographical placement
104:
96:
18:Climate change in Chad
5405:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
5265:Republic of the Congo
4981:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4841:Republic of the Congo
4281:Tombalbaye government
3756:Annales de GĂ©ographie
3670:Chad: A Country Study
3184:302.7 km (2003)
1939:East Sudanian savanna
1217:Annales de GĂ©ographie
526:
505:
483:
438:
426:
415:
408:List of lakes of Chad
402:Further information:
233:
225:
217:
130:Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti
102:
94:
4327:Battle of N'Djamena
3285:improve this section
3209:Environmental issues
2941:improve this section
1296:Record high °C (°F)
596:Record high °C (°F)
192:expanding population
114:landlocked countries
5480:States with limited
5056:States with limited
4767:Geography of Africa
4266:Kingdom of Baguirmi
4181: /
4073:2009Geomo.105...50B
4004:Weather Underground
3845:"Station N'Djamena"
3679:Library of Congress
3084:Elevation extremes:
3000:Area — comparative:
2675:Average rainy days
2207:Average rainy days
1716:Average rainy days
1576:Record low °C (°F)
1436:Daily mean °C (°F)
1016:Average rainy days
876:Record low °C (°F)
736:Daily mean °C (°F)
490:Chad § Climate
327:Mediterranean Basin
5191:Climate of Africa
4574:Telecommunications
4296:Malloum government
4261:Kanem-Bornu Empire
4149:The World Factbook
3681:. pp. 35–42.
3216:hot, dry, dusty,
3205:84.81 m/yr (2005)
3190:43 km (2011)
3110:Natural resources:
3080:none (landlocked)
3021:Northern Territory
2991:1,259,200 km
2886:2010 Sahel drought
1930:zone includes the
529:
508:
486:
441:
429:
421:
336:Chad also borders
283:to the southwest.
279:to the south, and
236:
228:
220:
105:
97:
5594:Geography of Chad
5581:
5580:
5507:other territories
5280:Equatorial Guinea
5157:
5156:
5083:other territories
4856:Equatorial Guinea
4733:
4732:
4698:
4697:
4597:
4596:
4536:
4535:
4508:Political parties
4503:National Assembly
4469:Foreign relations
4431:
4430:
4357:COVID-19 pandemic
3883:978-0-8213-0897-4
3469:. 15 January 2007
3439:978-0-7876-8107-4
3405:978-1-57958-388-0
3321:
3320:
3313:
3247:2010 Sahel famine
3091:Bodélé Depression
3043:border countries:
2986:1.284 million km
2977:
2976:
2969:
2876:
2875:
2724:relative humidity
2409:
2408:
2256:relative humidity
1918:
1917:
1765:relative humidity
1223:
1222:
1065:relative humidity
503:
312:Mediterranean Sea
181:OuaddaĂŻ highlands
173:Tibesti Mountains
152:from grass/shrub
112:is one of the 47
89:
88:
81:
16:(Redirected from
5601:
5568:
5567:(United Kingdom)
5563:Tristan da Cunha
5559:Ascension Island
5551:
5538:
5529:
5505:Dependencies and
5198:Sovereign states
5184:
5177:
5170:
5161:
5144:
5143:(United Kingdom)
5139:Tristan da Cunha
5135:Ascension Island
5127:
5114:
5105:
5081:Dependencies and
4774:Sovereign states
4760:
4753:
4746:
4737:
4718:
4711:
4655:List of Chadians
4608:
4547:
4442:
4381:
4369:
4318:1990 coup d'Ă©tat
4291:1975 coup d'Ă©tat
4234:
4227:
4220:
4211:
4196:
4195:
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3773:
3772:
3763:(421): 296–322.
3746:
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3389:
3316:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3265:
3257:
3214:Natural hazards:
3171:permanent crops:
3078:Maritime claims:
3034:Land boundaries:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2921:
2913:
2678:
2413:
2210:
1945:
1909:(precipitation)
1719:
1244:
1019:
544:
504:
338:Northeast Africa
103:Location of Chad
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
59:this article by
50:inline citations
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4675:Public holidays
4593:
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4486:Law enforcement
4427:
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4049:
4039:
4037:
4036:on 27 June 2010
4028:
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4023:
4013:
4011:
4010:on 19 July 2010
3998:Masters, Jeff.
3997:
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3992:
3982:
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3800:on 4 March 2016
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3317:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3282:
3266:
3255:
3243:
3236:desertification
3232:water pollution
3211:
3201:
3196:
3182:Irrigated land:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3107:
3094:
3086:
3060:1,196 km,
3056:1,050 km,
3052:1,556 km,
3048:1,116 km,
3041:
3036:
3031:
2996:24,800 km
2992:
2987:
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2973:
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2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
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2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1924:
1922:Sudanian region
1919:
1717:
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1705:
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1665:
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1300:
1229:
1227:Sahelian region
1224:
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1005:
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521:
494:
492:
478:
410:
400:
362:Lake Chad Basin
358:
323:Islamic culture
212:
85:
74:
68:
65:
55:Please help to
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38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5607:
5605:
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5596:
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5585:
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5575:
5574:
5572:Western Sahara
5569:
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5539:
5530:
5516:Canary Islands
5512:
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5509:
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5498:
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5148:Western Sahara
5145:
5128:
5115:
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5092:Canary Islands
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4523:Prime Minister
4520:
4518:Vice President
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4350:2021 offensive
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4271:Ouaddai Empire
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4162:External links
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3301:September 2019
3269:
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3254:
3253:Extreme points
3251:
3250:
3249:
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3210:
3207:
3178:96.08% (2012)
3106:
3103:
3096:highest point:
3068:1,403 km
3040:6,406 km
3030:
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2975:
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2957:September 2019
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2884:Main article:
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2819:sunshine hours
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2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:sunshine hours
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:sunshine hours
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:sunshine hours
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:sunshine hours
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:sunshine hours
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:sunshine hours
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
593:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
548:
542:
520:
519:Saharan region
517:
477:
474:
399:
396:
381:Ennedi Plateau
357:
354:
292:Atlantic Ocean
263:to the north,
211:
208:
177:Ennedi Plateau
87:
86:
69:September 2019
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5606:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5573:
5570:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5320:Guinea-Bissau
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5149:
5146:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:Guinea-Bissau
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4756:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Ethnic groups
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4194:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:Geomorphology
4058:
4051:
4048:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3885:
3879:
3876:. p. 1.
3875:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3859:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3759:(in French).
3758:
3757:
3752:
3745:
3742:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3688:0-16-024770-5
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3663:public domain
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3419:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3315:
3312:
3304:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3270:This section
3268:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3088:lowest point:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2968:
2960:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2926:This section
2924:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:Mean monthly
2768:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2419:
2414:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:Mean monthly
2300:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:Mean monthly
1809:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:Mean monthly
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
944:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
874:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
804:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
734:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
664:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
594:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
525:
518:
516:
512:
491:
482:
475:
473:
469:
466:
461:
457:
455:
450:
446:
437:
433:
425:
418:
414:
409:
405:
398:Water systems
397:
395:
391:
389:
386:
382:
377:
373:
370:
365:
363:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
308:Sahara Desert
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
275:to the east,
274:
271:to the west,
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
232:
224:
216:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
150:
145:
143:
142:Logone Rivers
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:
101:
95:A map of Chad
93:
83:
80:
72:
62:
58:
52:
51:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5555:Saint Helena
5526:
5430:South Africa
5420:Sierra Leone
5225:Burkina Faso
5131:Saint Helena
5102:
5006:South Africa
4996:Sierra Leone
4825:
4801:Burkina Faso
4620:Demographics
4584:Trade unions
4474:Human rights
4454:Constitution
4375:
4148:
4116:. Retrieved
4106:
4103:"Emi Koussi"
4097:
4067:(1): 50–58.
4064:
4060:
4050:
4038:. Retrieved
4034:the original
4024:
4012:. Retrieved
4008:the original
4003:
3993:
3981:. Retrieved
3968:
3956:. Retrieved
3946:
3934:. Retrieved
3921:
3909:. Retrieved
3899:
3889:12 September
3887:. Retrieved
3868:
3861:
3849:. Retrieved
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3814:
3802:. Retrieved
3798:the original
3788:
3777:
3760:
3754:
3744:
3732:. Retrieved
3719:
3707:. Retrieved
3697:
3669:
3473:12 September
3471:. Retrieved
3464:
3455:
3445:12 September
3443:. Retrieved
3428:
3421:
3411:12 September
3409:. Retrieved
3394:
3387:
3373:
3372:
3322:
3307:
3298:
3283:Please help
3271:
3227:
3226:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:arable land:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3137:Logone River
3109:
3108:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3064:85 km,
3042:
3037:
3033:
3032:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2963:
2954:
2939:Please help
2927:
2896:
2889:
2880:2010 drought
1936:
1927:
1925:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1215:
538:
534:
530:
513:
509:
470:
462:
458:
442:
430:
392:
378:
374:
366:
359:
346:Christianity
335:
319:North Africa
316:
304:Faya-Largeau
285:
237:
185:
162:
146:
107:
106:
75:
66:
47:
26:
5482:recognition
5435:South Sudan
5325:Ivory Coast
5058:recognition
5011:South Sudan
4901:Ivory Coast
4650:LGBT rights
4554:Agriculture
4413:Prefectures
4398:Departments
4188: /
3203:per capita:
3133:Chari River
2817:Mean daily
2349:Mean daily
1858:Mean daily
1158:Mean daily
439:Chari River
350:Congo River
342:Nile Valley
331:West Africa
321:, with its
61:introducing
5537:(Portugal)
5495:Somaliland
5415:Seychelles
5380:Mozambique
5365:Mauritania
5350:Madagascar
5305:The Gambia
5240:Cape Verde
5113:(Portugal)
5071:Somaliland
4991:Seychelles
4956:Mozambique
4941:Mauritania
4926:Madagascar
4881:The Gambia
4816:Cape Verde
4660:Literature
4459:Corruption
4311:Toyota War
4118:3 November
3874:World Bank
3851:19 October
3829:19 October
3804:19 October
3379:References
3368:Lac Region
3350:Lébé river
3099:Emi Koussi
3072:Coastline:
3029:Boundaries
3015:California
2864:Source 1:
2677:(≥ 0.1 mm)
2396:Source 1:
2209:(≥ 0.1 mm)
1926:The humid
1905:Source 1:
1718:(≥ 0.1 mm)
1205:Source 1:
1018:(≥ 0.1 mm)
488:See also:
169:Emi Koussi
126:California
44:references
5370:Mauritius
4946:Mauritius
4645:Languages
4625:Education
4589:Transport
4564:Companies
4513:President
4464:Elections
4376:Geography
4185:15°N 19°E
4089:0169-555X
3364:Lake Chad
3272:does not
3218:Harmattan
3162:Land use:
3145:limestone
3113:petroleum
2928:does not
465:Lake Chad
454:Bahr Aouk
417:Lake Chad
388:ecoregion
288:N'Djamena
187:Lake Chad
165:Lake Chad
134:N'Djaména
5588:Category
5561: /
5557: /
5550:(France)
5544: /
5522: /
5518: /
5470:Zimbabwe
5445:Tanzania
5295:Ethiopia
5290:Eswatini
5270:Djibouti
5235:Cameroon
5220:Botswana
5137: /
5133: /
5126:(France)
5120: /
5098: /
5094: /
5046:Zimbabwe
5021:Tanzania
4871:Ethiopia
4866:Eswatini
4846:Djibouti
4811:Cameroon
4796:Botswana
4725:Category
4690:Abortion
4680:Religion
4559:Currency
4491:Military
4437:Politics
4423:Wildlife
4245:articles
3466:BBC News
3241:See also
3224:plagues
3101:3,415 m
3046:Cameroon
2812:2,810.4
2722:Average
2670:(42.63)
2645:(11.21)
2640:(10.15)
2485:(100.4)
2480:(101.5)
2344:2,737.3
2254:Average
2202:(38.16)
2017:(101.3)
2012:(102.4)
2007:(100.4)
1928:sudanian
1853:3,205.5
1763:Average
1391:(103.8)
1386:(105.8)
1381:(101.7)
1361:(120.4)
1356:(104.9)
1351:(117.5)
1346:(110.5)
1341:(104.9)
1336:(101.5)
1331:(114.8)
1326:(111.2)
1321:(120.4)
1316:(118.9)
1311:(115.7)
1306:(117.7)
1301:(107.2)
1153:3,792.4
1063:Average
711:(103.6)
706:(104.4)
701:(105.8)
696:(107.8)
691:(105.8)
686:(102.4)
447:and the
281:Cameroon
204:Cameroon
179:and the
5546:RĂ©union
5542:Mayotte
5533:Madeira
5528:(Spain)
5524:Melilla
5455:Tunisia
5425:Somalia
5410:Senegal
5395:Nigeria
5385:Namibia
5375:Morocco
5340:Liberia
5335:Lesotho
5285:Eritrea
5255:Comoros
5230:Burundi
5205:Algeria
5122:RĂ©union
5118:Mayotte
5109:Madeira
5104:(Spain)
5100:Melilla
5031:Tunisia
5001:Somalia
4986:Senegal
4971:Nigeria
4961:Namibia
4951:Morocco
4916:Liberia
4911:Lesotho
4861:Eritrea
4831:Comoros
4806:Burundi
4781:Algeria
4709:Outline
4615:Cuisine
4603:Culture
4579:Tourism
4542:Economy
4449:Borders
4403:Geology
4393:Climate
4253:History
4131:Sources
4069:Bibcode
4040:28 July
4014:21 July
3983:24 June
3958:24 June
3936:24 June
3911:24 June
3734:24 June
3709:24 June
3360:Kanirom
3293:removed
3278:sources
3117:uranium
3062:Nigeria
3009:Alberta
2949:removed
2934:sources
2668:1,082.8
2660:(0.06)
2655:(2.25)
2650:(7.88)
2635:(5.81)
2630:(3.54)
2625:(1.54)
2620:(0.18)
2615:(0.01)
2600:(68.2)
2595:(58.3)
2590:(63.3)
2585:(69.8)
2580:(69.4)
2575:(69.8)
2570:(70.2)
2565:(71.8)
2560:(74.3)
2555:(75.6)
2550:(72.5)
2545:(64.9)
2540:(59.2)
2530:(93.2)
2525:(93.6)
2520:(95.2)
2515:(91.6)
2510:(87.3)
2505:(85.6)
2500:(86.4)
2495:(90.1)
2490:(96.3)
2475:(98.1)
2470:(93.4)
2192:(0.13)
2187:(2.20)
2182:(6.52)
2177:(9.59)
2172:(9.23)
2167:(5.35)
2162:(3.23)
2157:(1.47)
2152:(0.37)
2147:(0.06)
2142:(0.00)
2132:(69.6)
2127:(61.5)
2122:(65.8)
2117:(71.1)
2112:(70.7)
2107:(70.7)
2102:(70.9)
2097:(72.7)
2092:(75.4)
2087:(76.5)
2082:(72.7)
2077:(65.8)
2072:(61.7)
2062:(94.8)
2057:(95.7)
2052:(95.9)
2047:(92.5)
2042:(89.1)
2037:(87.1)
2032:(87.6)
2027:(91.8)
2022:(97.2)
2002:(96.4)
1711:(20.1)
1701:(0.00)
1696:(0.80)
1691:(3.32)
1686:(6.87)
1681:(5.66)
1676:(2.01)
1671:(1.02)
1666:(0.41)
1661:(0.01)
1641:(43.7)
1636:(47.1)
1631:(50.5)
1626:(56.3)
1621:(59.2)
1616:(65.3)
1611:(63.9)
1606:(64.8)
1601:(62.2)
1596:(61.2)
1591:(52.3)
1586:(46.4)
1581:(43.7)
1571:(69.5)
1566:(58.6)
1561:(64.0)
1556:(71.2)
1551:(72.9)
1546:(72.3)
1541:(73.6)
1536:(76.5)
1531:(78.4)
1526:(76.6)
1521:(69.8)
1516:(61.9)
1511:(57.7)
1501:(83.0)
1496:(75.6)
1491:(80.2)
1486:(84.9)
1481:(82.8)
1476:(80.6)
1471:(82.9)
1466:(87.6)
1461:(91.2)
1456:(91.2)
1451:(85.8)
1446:(78.6)
1441:(74.1)
1431:(96.4)
1426:(92.3)
1421:(96.4)
1416:(98.4)
1411:(92.7)
1406:(88.9)
1401:(92.3)
1396:(99.0)
1376:(95.4)
1371:(90.3)
1011:(0.46)
996:(0.00)
991:(0.03)
986:(0.28)
981:(0.12)
976:(0.01)
971:(0.02)
966:(0.00)
871:(70.0)
866:(57.9)
861:(64.2)
856:(72.5)
851:(78.6)
846:(78.8)
841:(78.4)
836:(79.0)
831:(77.0)
826:(72.3)
821:(65.1)
816:(59.0)
811:(56.5)
801:(83.1)
796:(69.8)
791:(76.1)
786:(85.1)
781:(90.9)
776:(91.6)
771:(92.1)
766:(93.4)
761:(91.4)
756:(87.4)
751:(78.8)
746:(72.0)
741:(68.0)
731:(96.3)
726:(81.7)
721:(88.0)
716:(97.7)
681:(92.5)
676:(84.9)
671:(79.5)
476:Climate
300:Red Sea
269:Nigeria
257:Arizona
245:Wyoming
200:Nigeria
158:savanna
149:Saharan
57:improve
5565:
5548:
5535:
5465:Zambia
5460:Uganda
5400:Rwanda
5355:Malawi
5315:Guinea
5210:Angola
5141:
5124:
5111:
5041:Zambia
5036:Uganda
4976:Rwanda
4931:Malawi
4891:Guinea
4786:Angola
4685:Sports
4640:Health
4569:Mining
4418:Rivers
4388:Cities
4243:
4190:15; 19
4087:
3880:
3685:
3665::
3436:
3402:
3222:locust
3198:total:
3176:other:
3173:0.03%
3168:3.89%
3153:gravel
3125:kaolin
3121:natron
3093:160 m
3038:total:
2994:water:
2984:total:
2809:291.4
2806:282.0
2803:235.6
2800:186.0
2797:170.5
2794:182.9
2791:210.0
2788:241.8
2785:234.0
2782:248.0
2779:249.2
2776:279.0
2665:(0.0)
2610:(0.0)
2421:Month
2341:266.6
2338:261.0
2335:232.5
2332:186.0
2329:176.7
2326:173.6
2323:207.0
2320:241.8
2317:237.0
2314:244.9
2311:243.6
2308:266.6
2197:(0.0)
1953:Month
1850:303.8
1847:300.0
1844:285.2
1841:228.0
1838:201.5
1835:213.9
1832:258.0
1829:285.2
1826:273.0
1823:282.1
1820:277.2
1817:297.6
1706:(0.0)
1656:(0.0)
1651:(0.0)
1252:Month
1150:306.9
1147:309.0
1144:319.3
1141:312.0
1138:319.3
1135:334.8
1132:333.0
1129:344.1
1126:309.0
1123:306.9
1120:291.2
1117:306.9
1006:(0.0)
1001:(0.0)
961:(0.0)
956:(0.0)
951:(0.0)
661:(120)
651:(102)
646:(117)
641:(115)
636:(115)
631:(117)
626:(120)
621:(120)
616:(120)
611:(111)
606:(109)
601:(102)
552:Month
449:Logone
369:Bodele
329:; and
302:; and
296:Abéché
255:, and
253:Nevada
202:, and
175:. The
154:steppe
122:France
118:Africa
46:, but
5520:Ceuta
5440:Sudan
5390:Niger
5345:Libya
5330:Kenya
5310:Ghana
5300:Gabon
5275:Egypt
5215:Benin
5096:Ceuta
5016:Sudan
4966:Niger
4921:Libya
4906:Kenya
4886:Ghana
4876:Gabon
4851:Egypt
4791:Benin
4716:Index
4670:Music
4665:Media
4408:Lakes
4145:from
3333:Libya
3066:Sudan
3058:Niger
3054:Libya
2989:land:
2980:Area:
2903:Niger
2892:Niger
2648:200.1
2643:284.8
2638:257.8
2633:147.7
2460:Year
2200:969.3
2180:165.5
2175:243.7
2170:234.4
2165:135.9
1992:Year
1932:Sahel
1894:10.0
1709:510.3
1684:174.4
1679:143.8
1291:Year
1200:10.4
1194:10.3
1191:10.3
1188:10.4
1185:10.3
1182:10.8
1179:11.1
1176:11.1
1173:10.3
1167:10.4
941:(37)
936:(37)
931:(48)
926:(54)
921:(63)
916:(61)
911:(61)
906:(63)
901:(63)
896:(57)
891:(52)
886:(45)
881:(39)
656:(97)
591:Year
445:Chari
273:Sudan
265:Niger
261:Libya
241:Idaho
196:Niger
138:Chari
5450:Togo
5360:Mali
5250:Chad
5026:Togo
4936:Mali
4826:Chad
4635:Flag
4479:LGBT
4336:2008
4331:2006
4241:Chad
4176:19°E
4173:15°N
4120:2013
4085:ISSN
4042:2010
4016:2010
3985:2015
3960:2015
3938:2015
3913:2015
3891:2019
3878:ISBN
3853:2016
3831:2015
3806:2015
3736:2015
3711:2015
3683:ISBN
3475:2019
3447:2019
3434:ISBN
3413:2019
3400:ISBN
3325:Chad
3276:any
3274:cite
3157:salt
3151:and
3149:sand
3141:gold
3129:fish
2932:any
2930:cite
2909:Area
2901:and
2899:Chad
2859:7.7
2856:9.4
2853:9.4
2850:7.6
2847:6.2
2844:5.5
2841:5.9
2838:7.0
2835:7.8
2832:7.8
2829:8.0
2826:8.9
2823:9.0
2726:(%)
2653:57.1
2628:89.8
2623:39.2
2598:20.1
2593:14.6
2588:17.4
2583:21.0
2578:20.8
2573:21.0
2568:21.2
2563:22.1
2558:23.5
2553:24.2
2548:22.5
2543:18.3
2538:15.1
2528:34.0
2523:34.2
2518:35.1
2513:33.1
2508:30.7
2503:29.8
2498:30.2
2493:32.3
2488:35.7
2483:38.0
2478:38.6
2473:36.7
2468:34.1
2457:Dec
2454:Nov
2451:Oct
2448:Sep
2445:Aug
2442:Jul
2439:Jun
2436:May
2433:Apr
2430:Mar
2427:Feb
2424:Jan
2391:7.5
2388:8.6
2385:8.7
2382:7.5
2379:6.2
2376:5.7
2373:5.6
2370:6.9
2367:7.8
2364:7.9
2361:7.9
2358:8.7
2355:8.6
2258:(%)
2185:55.8
2160:82.1
2155:37.4
2130:20.9
2125:16.4
2120:18.8
2115:21.7
2110:21.5
2105:21.5
2100:21.6
2095:22.6
2090:24.1
2085:24.7
2080:22.6
2075:18.8
2070:16.5
2060:34.9
2055:35.4
2050:35.5
2045:33.6
2040:31.7
2035:30.6
2030:30.9
2025:33.2
2020:36.2
2015:38.5
2010:39.1
2005:38.0
2000:35.8
1989:Dec
1986:Nov
1983:Oct
1980:Sep
1977:Aug
1974:Jul
1971:Jun
1968:May
1965:Apr
1962:Mar
1959:Feb
1956:Jan
1900:8.8
1897:9.8
1891:9.2
1888:7.6
1885:6.5
1882:6.9
1879:8.6
1876:9.2
1873:9.1
1870:9.1
1867:9.9
1864:9.6
1767:(%)
1694:20.3
1689:84.3
1674:51.0
1669:25.8
1664:10.3
1629:10.3
1624:13.5
1619:15.1
1614:18.5
1609:17.7
1604:18.2
1599:16.8
1594:16.2
1589:11.3
1569:20.8
1564:14.8
1559:17.8
1554:21.8
1549:22.7
1544:22.4
1539:23.1
1534:24.7
1529:25.8
1524:24.8
1519:21.0
1514:16.6
1509:14.3
1499:28.3
1494:24.2
1489:26.8
1484:29.4
1479:28.2
1474:27.0
1469:28.3
1464:30.9
1459:32.9
1454:32.9
1449:29.9
1444:25.9
1439:23.4
1429:35.8
1424:33.5
1419:35.8
1414:36.9
1409:33.7
1404:31.6
1399:33.5
1394:37.2
1389:39.9
1384:41.0
1379:38.7
1374:35.2
1369:32.4
1359:49.1
1354:40.5
1349:47.5
1344:43.6
1339:40.5
1334:38.6
1329:46.0
1324:44.0
1319:49.1
1314:48.3
1309:46.5
1304:47.6
1299:41.8
1288:Dec
1285:Nov
1282:Oct
1279:Sep
1276:Aug
1273:Jul
1270:Jun
1267:May
1264:Apr
1261:Mar
1258:Feb
1255:Jan
1197:9.9
1170:9.9
1164:9.9
1067:(%)
1009:11.7
869:21.1
864:14.4
859:17.9
854:22.5
849:25.9
844:26.0
839:25.8
834:26.1
829:25.0
824:22.4
819:18.4
814:15.0
809:13.6
799:28.4
794:21.0
789:24.5
784:29.5
779:32.7
774:33.1
769:33.4
764:34.1
759:33.0
754:30.8
749:26.0
744:22.2
739:20.0
729:35.7
724:27.6
719:31.1
714:36.5
709:39.8
704:40.2
699:41.0
694:42.1
689:41.0
684:39.1
679:33.6
674:29.4
669:26.4
588:Dec
585:Nov
582:Oct
579:Sep
576:Aug
573:Jul
570:Jun
567:May
564:Apr
561:Mar
558:Feb
555:Jan
406:and
356:Land
267:and
249:Utah
140:and
109:Chad
4154:CIA
4077:doi
4065:105
3765:doi
3287:by
3139:),
2943:by
2765:58
2762:45
2759:56
2756:73
2753:78
2750:81
2747:80
2744:73
2741:63
2738:50
2735:31
2732:28
2729:36
2717:85
2705:13
2702:19
2699:15
2696:12
2663:0.0
2658:1.5
2618:4.6
2613:0.2
2608:0.0
2297:58
2294:42
2291:57
2288:73
2285:80
2282:82
2279:79
2276:72
2273:61
2270:50
2267:37
2264:29
2261:33
2249:86
2237:16
2234:18
2231:15
2228:12
2195:0.0
2190:3.3
2150:9.5
2145:1.6
2140:0.1
1806:43
1803:31
1800:33
1797:49
1794:72
1791:76
1788:68
1785:52
1782:39
1779:28
1776:21
1773:23
1770:29
1758:60
1743:15
1740:13
1704:0.0
1699:0.1
1659:0.3
1654:0.0
1649:0.0
1639:6.5
1634:8.4
1584:8.0
1579:6.5
1106:23
1103:25
1100:23
1097:25
1094:22
1091:33
1088:27
1085:20
1082:17
1079:18
1076:18
1073:20
1070:25
1058:10
1004:0.0
999:0.0
994:0.1
989:0.8
984:7.0
979:3.0
974:0.3
969:0.4
964:0.1
959:0.0
954:0.0
949:0.0
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