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economical growth and support different industries. There are different critical challenges facing
Tourism sector in South Africa and that was mainly a result of Climate Change effects. In this regard, it is important to notice that the national government in South Africa started to implement new tourism and climate based policies to over come the challenges. It is significant to mention that the general climate in South Africa suffers from varied conditions and changes/ These variations target summer and winter rainfall regions, subtropical areas, and both humid and arid regions.
20:
754:
399:
416:
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745:(COP17) held in Durban, demonstrations and protests were organized to raise concerns on climate change issues. A march gathering 12,000 people urged the delegates at COP17 to take urgent climate action. Protesters also made an intrusion into the conference venue at the time when the negotiations were at the deadlock.
176:(GW). South Africa is the world's 14th largest emitter of greenhouse gases. South Africa is planning to shift away from coal in the electricity sector and the country produces the most solar and wind energy by terawatt-hours in Africa. The country aims to decommission 34 GW of coal-fired power capacity by 2050.
716:
South Africa is in the progress of finalizing its national climate change adaptation strategy. "The
National Adaptation strategy acts as a common reference point for climate change adaptation efforts in South Africa, and it provides a platform upon which national climate change adaptation objectives
584:
that is growing lately. Challenges exceed the fact that there is a need to pave the way for more tourists to come. South Africa's main concern extends to develop poverty mitigation plans resulted from climate change in South Africa. Tourism urged policy makers in Africa to improve job opportunities,
1392:
Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,
597:
in South Africa, especially due to the high proportion of vulnerable people. There is already a high burden of disease in South Africa linked to environmental stressors and climate change will exacerbate many of these social and environmental issues. Climate change is projected to threaten public
175:
of electricity in 2018. The vast majority of South Africa's electricity was produced from coal, with the fuel responsible for 88% of production in 2017. South Africa is the 7th largest coal producer in the world. As of July 2018, South Africa had a coal power generation capacity of 39 gigawatts
657:
between 2020 and 2025. South Africa has agreed to working with other signatories of the Paris
Agreement to keep temperature increases below 2 °C. However, independent observers have called the current actions by the government insufficient. In part, this failure to act is related to the
178:
It also aims to build at least 20 GW of renewable power generation capacity by 2030. South Africa aims to generate 77,834 megawatts (MW) of electricity by 2030, with new capacity coming significantly from renewable sources to meet emission reduction targets. Through its goals stated in the
268:
due to the country's innovation and advances in renewable energy. South Africa's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is ranked as moderate and its per capita emission rate is higher than the global average. Energy demand within the country is expected to rise steadily and double by 2025.
1417:
Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris
Climate
662:, which is responsible for much of the coal operation in the country. Similarly, the economy is one of the most energy-intensive in the world although it has not been setting mitigation targets for industry. Catalysing finance and investment to transition to a
444:
is expected to raise temperatures in South Africa by 2-3 degrees
Celsius by mid-century, and 3-4 degrees Celsius by the end of the century in an intermediate scenario. Impacts will also include changing rain patterns and increased
1255:
1286:
705:, agriculture and commercial forestry, health, biodiversity and ecosystems, human settlements, and disaster risk reduction. This strategy was also developed to act on the country's commitment to its obligations in the
184:
700:
in 2019. This strategy presents a vision for adapting to climate change and increasing resilience in the country. This strategy also and outlines priority areas for achieving this vision, which includes
580:
South Africa has an important tourism aspect to look at and give considerable attention to when considering climate change impact. This is a sensitive sector to mention but its importance lies in its
684:
The
European Investment Bank Global and the Development Bank of Southern Africa have agreed to a €200 million loan to support a new targeted financing initiative aimed at unlocking €400 million for
2014:"Climate change: A threat towards achieving 'Sustainable Development Goal number two' (end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture) in South Africa"
1789:"Climate change: A threat towards achieving 'Sustainable Development Goal number two' (end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture) in South Africa"
62:
sector. Speedy environmental changes are resulting in clear effects on the community and environmental level in different ways and aspects, starting with air quality, to temperature and
116:
1073:
710:
3110:
1283:
2916:
3547:
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2476:
1728:. Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies Inc. Southern Waters Ecological Research & Consulting & Energy & Development Research Centre. Archived from
1458:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario.
562:
field crops, has also experienced negative effects due to climate change. The estimated value of the loss, which takes into consideration scenarios with and without the
2343:
1024:
3340:
1559:
2995:
742:
1168:
Ellabban, Omar; Abu-Rub, Haitham; Blaabjerg, Frede (2014-11-01). "Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology".
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3125:
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603:
812:
697:
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2793:
783:
594:
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and public health, found that "the volume and quality of research is disappointing, and disproportionate to the threat posed by climate change in
643:
1441:
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1645:
788:
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847:
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422:
51:
762:
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253:
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predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.
730:
3884:
3665:
3475:
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3146:
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404:
372:(GHG) Emissions in the country. Apart from the direct emissions, indirect emissions through the production and transportation of
205:
198:
3670:
3567:
3527:
3413:
3315:
3229:
3209:
3204:
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1722:
50:. Just like many other parts of the world, climate research showed that the real challenge in South Africa was more related to
2301:
2205:
3572:
3244:
2685:
1151:
1953:
Chersich, Matthew F.; Wright, Caradee Y.; Venter, Francois; Rees, Helen; Scorgie, Fiona; Erasmus, Barend (September 2018).
1454:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can.
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3532:
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3214:
3040:
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2421:
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100:
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482:
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2511:
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607:
351:
19:
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3487:
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3249:
3120:
3028:
2879:
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2818:
2813:
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2768:
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2735:
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2670:
2660:
2577:
2547:
2542:
2516:
2451:
2383:
2362:
778:
674:
257:
180:
499:. It is noted that there is an increase in the annual production losses to climate changes from year to year.
138:. As part of its international commitments, South Africa has pledged to peak emissions between 2020 and 2025.
3844:
3837:
3607:
3577:
3552:
3441:
3378:
3361:
3177:
3016:
3008:
2940:
2828:
2798:
2695:
2665:
2640:
2635:
2501:
2431:
2426:
2401:
575:
545:
168:
753:
544:. To reverse the damage caused by land mismanagement, the government has supported a scheme which promotes
3625:
3557:
3512:
3398:
3280:
2859:
2655:
2650:
2607:
1459:
766:
265:
245:
160:
3853:
3818:
3813:
3675:
3660:
3655:
3630:
3592:
3492:
3045:
2232:
1723:"Economic Impacts of Climate Change in South Africa: A Preliminary Analysis of Unmitigated Damage Costs"
1227:
Pegels, Anna (2010). "Renewable Energy in South Africa: Potentials, Barriers, and options for support".
717:
for the country can be articulated so as to provide overarching guidance to all sectors of the economy"
598:
health through increased heat stress, rises in vector-borne diseases and infectious diseases, worsening
2958:
1661:
3710:
3065:
1911:
1604:
1603:
Calzadilla, Alvaro; Zhu, Tingju; Rehdanz, Katrin; Tol, Richard S. J.; Ringler, Claudia (2014-05-01).
1487:
1431:
1356:
1305:
734:
2224:
1641:
999:
893:
3858:
3774:
3310:
1025:"SA is the biggest wind and solar producer in Africa, but most of its energy still comes from coal"
82:
540:
Some predictions show surface water supply could decrease by 60% by the year 2070 in parts of the
3634:
3418:
3090:
1935:
1869:"Tourism and Climate Change: Stakeholder Perceptions of At Risk Tourism Segments in South Africa"
1513:
663:
380:
transport, in particular, contributes approximately three quarters to total transport emissions.
241:
213:
1579:
1306:"Greenhouse gas emissions from road transport in South Africa and Lesotho between 2000 and 2009"
398:
415:
3620:
3085:
3060:
3050:
2169:
2151:
2110:
2102:
2051:
2033:
1994:
1976:
1927:
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1826:
1808:
1769:
1624:
1505:
1436:
1374:
1325:
843:
559:
549:
1700:
fertilization effect: higher carbohydrate production and retention as biomass and seed yield"
2159:
2141:
2092:
2082:
2041:
2025:
1984:
1966:
1919:
1816:
1800:
1759:
1748:"Climate change threats to two low-lying South African coastal towns: Risks and perceptions"
1616:
1560:"Likelihood of Cape Town water crisis tripled by climate change – World Weather Attribution"
1495:
1406:
1364:
1317:
1236:
1177:
835:
1049:
487:
The main challenge that faces any nation because of climate change is its direct effect on
3100:
2245:
2130:"Climate change adaptation in South Africa: a case study on the role of the health sector"
1649:
1411:
1394:
1290:
706:
702:
670:
627:
599:
530:
514:
491:. In this sense, Africa is listed as the most vulnerable continent to climate changes. In
47:
35:
46:
will affect the overall status and wellbeing of the country, for example with regards to
38:
events are becoming more prominent due to climate change. This is a critical concern for
2962:
1915:
1868:
1491:
1360:
3796:
3095:
2352:
2164:
2129:
2046:
2013:
1989:
1954:
1821:
1788:
685:
563:
518:
496:
441:
369:
147:
70:
43:
187:, which aims to increase renewable power generation through private sector investment.
3873:
3806:
3735:
3730:
1939:
1517:
534:
488:
249:
1729:
1580:"The best time to go to South Africa's Cape | weather & climate | Expert Africa"
1393:
Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).
3745:
3740:
3725:
3720:
3080:
3004:
2276:
639:
611:
541:
522:
433:
356:
261:
209:
78:
55:
39:
34:
is leading to increased temperatures and rainfall variability. Evidence shows that
24:
1923:
1764:
1747:
1304:
Tongwane, Mphethe; Piketh, Stuart; Stevens, Luanne; Ramotubei, Teke (2015-06-01).
1102:
827:
3801:
3750:
3715:
3431:
3075:
3055:
1899:
1687:
1605:"Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptation options in South Africa"
1474:
Parkes, Ben; Cronin, Jennifer; Dessens, Olivier; Sultan, Benjamin (2019-06-01).
1240:
839:
502:
446:
217:
59:
1500:
1475:
1395:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic"
1369:
1344:
1181:
3779:
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2146:
1620:
1321:
942:
631:
229:
2155:
2106:
2037:
1980:
1931:
1884:
1812:
1773:
1628:
1509:
1329:
966:
566:
fertilization effect, ranges between tens and hundreds of millions of rands.
54:
rather than developmental ones. The most severe effect will be targeting the
3791:
3115:
2321:
463:
based on the nature of the continent amid the current environmental crisis.
460:
365:
233:
2173:
2114:
2055:
2029:
1998:
1971:
1898:
Fitchett, Jennifer M.; Robinson, Dean; Hoogendoorn, Gijsbert (2017-06-03).
1830:
1804:
1378:
1128:"Renewable Independent Power Producer Programme | South African Government"
130:
in 2015. This is in large part due to its energy system relying heavily on
23:
Climate change will impact agriculture in South Africa (trellised vines in
1746:
Fitchett, Jennifer M.; Grant, Bronwyn; Hoogendoorn, Gijsbert (June 2016).
16:
Emissions, impacts and responses of South Africa related to climate change
3762:
3070:
526:
510:
492:
450:
2973:
3757:
2206:"NDC reporting: making the Paris Agreement Transparency Framework work"
506:
237:
74:
63:
2260:"NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGY REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA"
2097:
2087:
2070:
1222:
1220:
918:
558:
production, which contributes to a 36% majority of the gross value of
432:
There has been different confirmations over climate change effects in
678:
456:
2069:
Wright, C. Y.; Garland, R. M.; Norval, M.; Vogel, C. (August 2014).
1955:"Impacts of Climate Change on Health and Wellbeing in South Africa"
919:"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"
752:
729:
659:
621:
555:
495:
for example, food production faces a lot of challenges because of
355:
18:
2192:
South Africa’s
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)
1959:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1844:
185:
Renewable Energy
Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme
761:
Popular awareness of these potential impacts increased with the
437:
377:
373:
225:
221:
131:
2977:
2325:
1642:
Climate change to create
African 'water refugees' – scientists
630:, including South Africa, to discuss climate change following
172:
135:
2012:
Mugambiwa, Shingirai S.; Tirivangasi, Happy M. (2017-02-27).
1532:"CAADP to reduce food security emergencies in Africa - World"
1665:
1476:"Climate change in Africa: costs of mitigating heat stress"
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
2071:"Human health impacts in a changing South African climate"
459:
is currently and prospectively suffering from significant
425:. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely
1345:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading"
1310:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
1074:"Renewables in, coal out: South Africa's energy forecast"
593:
There is evidence that climate change will have negative
115:. Above the global average, South Africa had 9.5 tons of
2128:
Chersich, Matthew F.; Wright, Caradee Y. (2019-03-19).
1787:
Mugambiwa, Shingirai S.; Tirivangasi, Happy M. (2017).
1284:
Green Transport Strategy for South Africa: (2018-2050)
757:
Youth climate change protesters in South Africa, 2020.
1254:
IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency (2024).
711:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
216:, those that naturally replenish themselves—such as
146:
South Africa is the world's 14th largest emitter of
66:, reaching out to food security and disease burden.
3696:
3606:
3474:
3360:
3262:
3159:
3134:
3015:
2909:
2888:
2847:
2749:
2606:
2530:
2382:
813:
National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS)
698:
National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS)
666:and society is a major challenge for South Africa.
626:A 2010 meeting of the environment ministers of the
271:
1343:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020).
368:sector in South Africa contributes 10.8% of total
167:South Africa has a large energy sector, being the
1900:"Climate suitability for tourism in South Africa"
1644:, Reuters Alertnet. Accessed 21 September 2006].
834:, Vienna: Springer Vienna, pp. 51–58, 2008,
273:Total renewable energy capacity, 2014-2023 (MW)
244:. Renewable energy focuses on four core areas:
537:, leading to decreased cropland productivity.
517:, and other changes in the environment due to
73:on rural communities are expected to include:
2989:
2337:
2302:"Protesters Occupy Durban Climate Conference"
1152:"THE SOUTH AFRICAN ENERGY SECTOR REPORT 2021"
828:"Impacts of and Adaptation to Climate Change"
688:renewable energy investment in South Africa.
681:at least biennially from 2024 at the latest.
8:
3480:
3366:
3268:
3165:
3021:
2996:
2982:
2974:
2344:
2330:
2322:
1399:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
669:Like all countries which are party to the
2163:
2145:
2096:
2086:
2045:
1988:
1970:
1820:
1763:
1499:
1410:
1368:
784:Plug-in electric vehicles in South Africa
696:The South African government drafted its
505:is expected to be negatively impacted by
2223:Bank, European Investment (2023-02-02).
1662:"Department of Agriculture South Africa"
1170:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1050:"South Africa Energy Outlook – Analysis"
1000:"The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa"
967:"South Africa - Countries & Regions"
894:"The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa"
832:Climate Change and Technological Options
423:the most intense climate change scenario
2277:"C17 - Global Day of Action - Overview"
2018:Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies
1793:Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies
800:
449:, increasing the likelihood of extreme
2241:
2230:
1444:from the original on 20 September 2023
1196:"Renewables 2010 Global Status Report"
888:
886:
884:
789:Environmental movement in South Africa
642:government has committed to a peak of
88:South Africa contributes considerable
85:and cessation of cultural activities.
2185:
2183:
1554:
1552:
1412:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
440:and noticed high temperature levels.
7:
3706:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
2947:
1845:"GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites"
1256:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2024"
806:
804:
376:also provide substantial emissions.
103:, being the 14th largest emitter of
1107:Department of Energy (South Africa)
77:, depletion of water resources and
602:, a decline in food security, and
407:map for South Africa for 1980–2016
384:Impacts on the natural environment
14:
1456:The Australian Academy of Science
743:2011 UN Climate Change Conference
606:. A 2019 survey of literature on
2957:
2946:
2936:
2935:
1752:South African Journal of Science
1430:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022).
414:
397:
206:Renewable energy in South Africa
199:Renewable energy in South Africa
197:This section is an excerpt from
159:This section is an excerpt from
58:, which has huge effects on the
1721:J. Turpie; et al. (2002).
817:Version UE10, 13 November 2019.
763:2018–20 Southern Africa drought
582:vulnerability to climate change
389:Temperature and weather changes
169:third-largest economy in Africa
3895:Climate change in South Africa
1904:Journal of Sustainable Tourism
1664:. Nda.agric.za. Archived from
604:increased mental health stress
32:Climate change in South Africa
1:
2075:South African Medical Journal
1924:10.1080/09669582.2016.1251933
1609:Water Resources and Economics
673:South Africa will report its
405:Köppen climate classification
264:is an important component of
2300:Joselow, Gabe (2011-12-08).
1080:. 2019-10-18. Archived from
276:
1765:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150262
1432:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios"
1241:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.077
840:10.1007/978-3-211-78203-3_5
769:, and the 2022 KZN floods.
483:Agriculture in South Africa
360:Cape Town minibus taxi rank
171:. The country consumed 227
3911:
1501:10.1007/s10584-019-02405-w
1370:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3
1182:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113
810:Republic of South Africa,
573:
480:
349:
196:
158:
81:, soil erosion, decreased
3880:Climate change by country
3831:
3483:
3369:
3271:
3168:
3024:
2930:
2360:
2147:10.1186/s12992-019-0466-x
1621:10.1016/j.wre.2014.03.001
1322:10.1016/j.trd.2015.02.017
521:. Higher temperatures in
436:with a rapid decrease in
352:Transport in South Africa
3890:Climate change in Africa
2363:Greenhouse gas emissions
2134:Globalization and Health
779:Climate change in Africa
737:protests in Durban, 2011
675:greenhouse gas inventory
658:government ownership of
595:impacts on public health
181:Integrated Resource Plan
142:Greenhouse gas emissions
3885:Climate of South Africa
3427:State-owned enterprises
3126:Democratic South Africa
1648:25 October 2010 at the
576:Tourism in South Africa
546:sustainable development
529:will result in limited
260:. The energy sector in
208:is energy generated in
69:The various effects of
2917:Small island countries
2240:Cite journal requires
2225:"Energy Overview 2023"
2030:10.4102/jamba.v9i1.350
1972:10.3390/ijerph15091884
1849:gtg.webhost.uoradea.ro
1805:10.4102/jamba.v9i1.350
1460:Climate Action Tracker
1078:Renewable Energy World
767:Cape Town water crisis
758:
738:
635:
600:extreme weather events
361:
246:electricity generation
161:Energy in South Africa
28:
3046:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
756:
733:
625:
574:Further information:
359:
266:global energy regimes
258:rural energy services
83:subsistence economies
22:
3681:World Heritage Sites
3457:Water and sanitation
3066:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1879:(2): 104–118. 2018.
1584:www.expertafrica.com
1205:. September 24, 2010
735:Global Day of Action
421:2071–2100 map under
128:emissions per capita
52:environmental issues
1916:2017JSusT..25..851F
1668:on 11 November 2008
1492:2019ClCh..154..461P
1361:2020Natur.577..618H
721:Society and culture
274:
214:renewable resources
183:, it announced the
3091:Transvaal Republic
1289:2021-06-05 at the
759:
739:
664:low-carbon economy
636:
362:
272:
29:
3867:
3866:
3827:
3826:
3470:
3469:
3462:Wealth inequality
3409:Income inequality
3356:
3355:
3331:Political parties
3296:Foreign relations
3258:
3257:
3155:
3154:
3086:Orange Free State
3061:Dutch Cape Colony
3051:Kingdom of Mutapa
2971:
2970:
2952:Wikimedia Commons
2593:the United States
2088:10.7196/samj.8603
1735:on 25 March 2009.
849:978-3-211-78202-6
550:natural resources
467:Impacts on people
341:
340:
3902:
3847:
3840:
3666:National symbols
3588:Social movements
3481:
3422:
3394:Economic history
3367:
3269:
3235:Populated places
3166:
3106:Great Depression
3022:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2975:
2961:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2938:
2865:Marshall Islands
2346:
2339:
2332:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2149:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2100:
2090:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1974:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1503:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1451:
1449:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1355:(7792): 618–20.
1340:
1334:
1333:
1301:
1295:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1235:(9): 4945–4954.
1224:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
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1124:
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1113:
1099:
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1090:
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1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1039:
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1036:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
996:
981:
980:
978:
977:
963:
957:
956:
954:
953:
943:"Sustainability"
939:
933:
932:
930:
929:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
890:
859:
858:
857:
856:
824:
818:
808:
749:Public awareness
654:
653:
652:
472:Economic impacts
418:
401:
275:
192:Renewable energy
148:greenhouse gases
127:
126:
125:
114:
113:
112:
99:
98:
97:
64:weather patterns
3910:
3909:
3905:
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3903:
3901:
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3870:
3869:
3868:
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3850:
3843:
3836:
3823:
3692:
3671:Public holidays
3602:
3568:Sexual violence
3548:Life expectancy
3466:
3420:
3414:Mining industry
3352:
3316:Law enforcement
3254:
3220:Mountain ranges
3151:
3130:
3101:Second Boer War
3011:
3002:
2972:
2967:
2926:
2905:
2884:
2875:Solomon Islands
2843:
2804:the Netherlands
2745:
2711:the Philippines
2602:
2526:
2378:
2377:in each country
2356:
2350:
2320:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2239:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2188:
2181:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1692:
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1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1650:Wayback Machine
1640:
1636:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1480:Climatic Change
1473:
1472:
1468:
1447:
1445:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1291:Wayback Machine
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1084:on 16 June 2020
1072:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1007:
998:
997:
984:
975:
973:
965:
964:
960:
951:
949:
941:
940:
936:
927:
925:
917:
916:
912:
903:
901:
892:
891:
862:
854:
852:
850:
826:
825:
821:
809:
802:
797:
775:
751:
728:
723:
707:Paris Agreement
703:water resources
694:
671:Paris Agreement
651:
648:
647:
646:
644:
628:BASIC countries
620:
591:
578:
572:
548:and the use of
531:water resources
485:
479:
474:
469:
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
419:
410:
409:
408:
402:
391:
386:
354:
348:
343:
342:
242:geothermal heat
202:
194:
189:
188:
164:
156:
144:
124:
121:
120:
119:
117:
111:
108:
107:
106:
104:
96:
93:
92:
91:
89:
48:water resources
36:extreme weather
17:
12:
11:
5:
3908:
3906:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3797:Cape Coloureds
3789:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3686:heritage sites
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3573:Slum clearance
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
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3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
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3478:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
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3439:
3434:
3432:Stock exchange
3429:
3424:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:Communications
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3348:State security
3345:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
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3272:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:National parks
3227:
3225:Municipalities
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3183:Climate change
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
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3136:
3132:
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3098:
3096:First Boer War
3093:
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3083:
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3058:
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3025:
3019:
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3000:
2993:
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2877:
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2841:
2839:United Kingdom
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
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2806:
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2786:
2781:
2776:
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2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
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2658:
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2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
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2575:
2570:
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2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
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2386:
2380:
2379:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:Climate change
2351:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2292:
2281:www.c17.org.za
2268:
2251:
2242:|journal=
2215:
2197:
2179:
2120:
2081:(8): 579–582.
2061:
2004:
1945:
1910:(6): 851–867.
1890:
1873:Euro Economica
1860:
1836:
1779:
1738:
1713:
1694:
1679:
1653:
1634:
1595:
1571:
1548:
1523:
1486:(3): 461–476.
1466:
1422:
1384:
1335:
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1246:
1216:
1187:
1160:
1143:
1119:
1094:
1065:
1041:
1016:
982:
958:
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910:
860:
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798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
786:
781:
774:
771:
750:
747:
727:
724:
722:
719:
693:
690:
686:private sector
649:
619:
616:
590:
589:Health impacts
587:
571:
568:
564:carbon dioxide
560:South Africa's
519:climate change
497:climate change
481:Main article:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
442:Climate change
420:
413:
412:
411:
403:
396:
395:
394:
393:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
370:Greenhouse Gas
350:Main article:
347:
346:Transportation
344:
339:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
254:transportation
203:
195:
193:
190:
165:
157:
155:
152:
143:
140:
122:
109:
94:
71:climate change
44:climate change
40:South Africans
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3907:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
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3851:
3846:
3842:
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3830:
3820:
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3805:
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3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
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3777:
3776:
3773:
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3749:
3747:
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3739:
3737:
3734:
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3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
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3652:
3649:
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3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
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3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Social issues
3581:
3579:
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3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
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3551:
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3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:Land invasion
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
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3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
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3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
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3423:
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3415:
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3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Foreign trade
3402:
3400:
3397:
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3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
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3342:
3339:
3338:
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3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
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3238:
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3221:
3218:
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3211:
3208:
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3196:
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3181:
3180:
3179:
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3162:
3158:
3148:
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3143:
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3112:
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3067:
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3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Early history
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3018:
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2929:
2923:
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2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:Other regions
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:Polar regions
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
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2807:
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2649:
2647:
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2629:
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2624:
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2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:the Caribbean
2551:
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535:soil moisture
533:and changing
532:
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489:food security
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250:water heating
247:
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154:Energy sector
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3698:Demographics
3646:Homelessness
3616:Architecture
3447:Trade unions
3306:Human rights
3276:Constitution
3182:
3173:Biodiversity
3111:World War II
3081:Zulu Kingdom
3005:South Africa
2686:the Maldives
2531:the Americas
2492:South Africa
2491:
2477:North Africa
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
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2280:
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2233:cite journal
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1907:
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1852:. Retrieved
1848:
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1730:the original
1716:
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1666:the original
1656:
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1587:. Retrieved
1583:
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1540:. Retrieved
1535:
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1469:
1453:
1448:30 September
1446:. Retrieved
1435:
1425:
1418:Agreement...
1416:
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1131:
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1097:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:the original
1077:
1068:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1031:. 2022-05-24
1028:
1019:
1008:. Retrieved
1006:. 2018-10-15
1004:Carbon Brief
1003:
974:. Retrieved
970:
961:
950:. Retrieved
947:www.mdpi.com
946:
937:
926:. Retrieved
923:www.mdpi.com
922:
913:
902:. Retrieved
900:. 2018-10-15
898:Carbon Brief
897:
853:, retrieved
831:
822:
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760:
740:
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695:
683:
668:
637:
612:South Africa
592:
579:
554:
542:Western Cape
539:
523:South Africa
501:
486:
455:
434:South Africa
431:
363:
262:South Africa
210:South Africa
204:
166:
145:
87:
79:biodiversity
68:
56:water supply
31:
30:
25:Stellenbosch
3802:Cape Malays
3523:Immigration
3374:Agriculture
3195:Earthquakes
3076:Cape Colony
3056:Kaditshwene
2870:New Zealand
2716:South Korea
2701:North Korea
2691:Middle East
2616:Afghanistan
2497:South Sudan
2210:Energy Post
1965:(9): 1884.
1405:: 343–371.
1176:: 748–764.
1029:The Outlier
503:Agriculture
477:Agriculture
447:evaporation
60:agriculture
3874:Categories
3780:Afrikaners
3768:San people
3651:Literature
3598:Xenophobia
3518:Healthcare
3498:Disability
3421:(currency)
3326:Parliament
3301:Government
3286:Corruption
3121:Border War
2963:Wiktionary
2901:the Arctic
2896:Antarctica
2676:Kyrgyzstan
2626:Bangladesh
2621:Azerbaijan
2462:Mozambique
2447:Madagascar
2422:the Gambia
2375:adaptation
2371:mitigation
2355:by country
2311:2022-10-07
2286:2022-10-07
2098:2263/41264
2024:(1): 350.
1854:2020-11-28
1799:(1): 350.
1758:(5–6): 9.
1706:30 October
1672:30 October
1589:2020-11-26
1565:2020-08-03
1542:2020-11-27
1137:2022-05-12
1088:2020-06-16
1059:2020-06-16
1035:2022-06-11
1010:2020-08-03
976:2020-08-03
952:2020-11-26
928:2020-11-26
904:2020-08-03
855:2020-11-24
795:References
713:(UNFCCC).
709:under the
692:Adaptation
618:Mitigation
608:adaptation
509:, reduced
461:heat waves
252:/cooling,
248:, air and
3792:Coloureds
3538:Languages
3503:Education
3452:Transport
3384:Companies
3336:President
3291:Elections
3240:Provinces
3200:Estuaries
3190:Districts
3161:Geography
3116:Apartheid
2855:Australia
2721:Sri Lanka
2646:Indonesia
2583:Nicaragua
2568:Guatemala
2558:Greenland
2538:Argentina
2156:1744-8603
2140:(1): 22.
2107:0256-9574
2038:2072-845X
1981:1661-7827
1940:157349642
1932:0966-9582
1885:1582-8859
1813:1996-1421
1774:0038-2353
1702:. Fao.org
1629:2212-4284
1615:: 24–48.
1536:ReliefWeb
1518:159436152
1510:1573-1480
1330:1361-9209
1112:8 January
741:Amid the
655:emissions
525:and less
438:rain fall
366:transport
101:emissions
3854:Category
3763:Khoekhoe
3641:HIV/AIDS
3563:Religion
3528:Intersex
3508:Feminism
3488:Cannabis
3437:Taxation
3341:timeline
3321:Military
3264:Politics
3250:Wildlife
3147:Military
3135:By topic
3071:Ndwandwe
3029:Timeline
3009:articles
2941:Category
2731:Thailand
2706:Pakistan
2681:Malaysia
2631:Cambodia
2588:Suriname
2573:Honduras
2522:Zimbabwe
2507:Tanzania
2417:Ethiopia
2412:Eswatini
2397:Botswana
2189:UNFCCC,
2174:30890178
2115:26307804
2056:29955332
1999:30200277
1831:29955332
1646:Archived
1442:Archived
1379:31996825
1316:: 1–13.
1287:Archived
1209:March 9,
773:See also
726:Activism
527:rainfall
511:rainfall
507:droughts
493:Ethiopia
451:droughts
218:sunlight
3838:Outline
3819:Chinese
3814:Indians
3807:Griquas
3785:British
3758:Khoisan
3711:Ndebele
3631:Cuisine
3608:Culture
3578:Smoking
3553:Poverty
3476:Society
3442:Tourism
3379:Banking
3362:Economy
3210:Islands
3205:Forests
3178:Climate
3142:Economy
3017:History
2922:Tropics
2848:Oceania
2794:Ireland
2784:Germany
2774:Finland
2764:Belgium
2759:Austria
2741:Vietnam
2598:Uruguay
2563:Grenada
2512:Tunisia
2487:Somalia
2482:Senegal
2472:Nigeria
2467:Namibia
2457:Morocco
2442:Liberia
2437:Lesotho
2407:Eritrea
2392:Algeria
2367:impacts
2194:, 2015.
2165:6423888
2047:6014178
1990:6164733
1912:Bibcode
1822:6014178
1488:Bibcode
1357:Bibcode
1294:, 2018.
1157:. 2021.
677:to the
570:Tourism
337:10,623
334:10,505
238:biomass
75:drought
3859:Portal
3775:Whites
3736:Tswana
3731:Tsonga
3676:Sports
3626:Cinema
3558:Racism
3513:Health
3399:Energy
3281:Courts
3245:Rivers
3007:
2956:
2945:
2934:
2880:Tuvalu
2834:Sweden
2824:Turkey
2819:Russia
2814:Poland
2809:Norway
2789:Greece
2779:France
2769:Cyprus
2751:Europe
2736:Turkey
2726:Taiwan
2671:Jordan
2661:Israel
2578:Mexico
2548:Canada
2543:Brazil
2517:Uganda
2452:Malawi
2384:Africa
2172:
2162:
2154:
2113:
2105:
2054:
2044:
2036:
1997:
1987:
1979:
1938:
1930:
1883:
1829:
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1772:
1627:
1516:
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1437:Cosmos
1377:
1349:Nature
1328:
1132:gov.za
1103:"Coal"
846:
765:, the
679:UNFCCC
457:Africa
331:9,827
328:9,523
325:8,014
322:7,911
319:6,552
316:4,652
313:3,430
310:2,711
256:, and
240:, and
3845:Index
3746:Xhosa
3741:Venda
3726:Swazi
3721:Sotho
3661:Music
3656:Media
3593:Women
3493:Crime
3419:Rand
3215:Lakes
3034:Years
2829:Spain
2799:Italy
2696:Nepal
2666:Japan
2641:India
2636:China
2502:Sudan
2432:Kenya
2427:Ghana
2402:Egypt
2263:(PDF)
1936:S2CID
1733:(PDF)
1726:(PDF)
1688:"The
1514:S2CID
1268:9 May
1259:(PDF)
1199:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
660:Eskom
632:COP15
556:Maize
515:pests
374:fuels
305:2023
302:2022
299:2021
296:2020
293:2019
290:2018
287:2017
284:2016
281:2015
278:2014
230:waves
226:tides
212:from
3751:Zulu
3716:Pedi
3635:wine
3543:LGBT
2860:Fiji
2656:Iraq
2651:Iran
2608:Asia
2373:and
2246:help
2170:PMID
2152:ISSN
2111:PMID
2103:ISSN
2052:PMID
2034:ISSN
1995:PMID
1977:ISSN
1928:ISSN
1881:ISSN
1827:PMID
1809:ISSN
1770:ISSN
1708:2011
1674:2011
1625:ISSN
1506:ISSN
1450:2023
1375:PMID
1326:ISSN
1270:2024
1211:2017
1114:2010
844:ISBN
638:The
614:.".
378:Road
364:The
234:rain
222:wind
134:and
132:coal
3621:Art
3311:Law
2306:VOA
2160:PMC
2142:doi
2093:hdl
2083:doi
2079:104
2042:PMC
2026:doi
1985:PMC
1967:doi
1920:doi
1817:PMC
1801:doi
1760:doi
1756:112
1617:doi
1496:doi
1484:154
1407:doi
1365:doi
1353:577
1318:doi
1237:doi
1178:doi
1054:IEA
971:IEA
836:doi
173:TWh
136:oil
42:as
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1918:.
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