249:
tropical arctic climate zone. This high obliquity implies that most of Pluto's surface experiences both tropical and arctic climates over the 2.8 million year obliquity cycle. The tropical arctic zone includes the region that overlaps between tropical and arctic zones extending between 13°N and 77°N and 13°S to 77°S. At this latitudinal range the zones cover 75% of the total surface area. However, like the oscillation of tropical (between 53° and 77° latitude) and arctic (between 13° and 37° latitude) zones, the tropical arctic zone also expands and contrasts over the course of the obliquity cycle. Only the latitude range between 37° and 53° in each hemisphere remains stable over the period, and therefore, those bands are called the permanent tropical arctic zones on Pluto (which covers 20% of the total area).
266:
winter and summer during each and every orbital rotation of Pluto. The polar zone has a radius of 13° from each pole. The zone spans from 77°N to 90°N and from 77°S to 90°S, encompassing an area total of 3% of the dwarf planet. The regions between 77° and 90° latitudes of each hemisphere are called the permanent polar climate zones. However, the maximum extent of the polar zones can span from 53°N to 90°N and from 53°S to 90°S with an area total of 20% of the body. At present day, the polar zones extend between 60° and 90° of both the northern and southern hemispheres (covering an area of 13% of the planet). Pluto's biggest moon Charon also has a polar zone consisting of a polar cap.
66:
164:, each with specific boundaries. However, the latitude ranges of the climate zones expand and shrink in response to the obliquity range of Pluto from a minimum of 103° to a maximum of 127° over the 2.8 million year oscillation period. That means some of the zones have permanent latitude ranges, whereas other zones change their boundaries based on the variation of the axial tilt on a multi-million-year time scale. Permanent boundaries refer to the latitude zones that experience certain characteristics at all times, regardless of the obliquity variation of the dwarf planet over the obliquity oscillation period. Because
275:
high-albedo terrain of the diurnal zone remains warm enough that it cannot be a cold trap for volatile. The absence of any interval of arctic winter darkness also precludes the possibilities of volatile cold trapping in the high-albedo diurnal zone. Conversely, the lower-albedo region in the diurnal zone has a higher reflectivity to solar insolation. These higher-albedo areas radiate away absorbed energy at night for every rotation of the planet and become a cold trap for volatile. The temperature cycle near the equator (in the diurnal zone) maintains sharp albedo variations between the bright and dark regions.
1820:
1826:
177:
1814:
236:
of diurnal zone when the obliquity comes down to minimum of 103°, which occurred around ~0.8 million years ago. This band from 13°N to 13°S, extending equally on both sides of the equator, is called the permanent diurnal zone. The permanent diurnal zone covers 22 percent of the total areas of the dwarf planet. The region experiences a continuous sunrise and sunset for each and every Pluto rotation period of 6.4 days over a time period of 10 million years.
311:
substantial area falls under tropical arctic climate state due to the oscillation of the climate pattern. The layering of the Al-Idrisi Montes at 37°N latitude is speculated to be formed due to the long-term climate cycle in this latitude. The latitude of 37°N is considered as the boundary latitude involving mixing of the tropical (overhead Sun) and arctic (constant dark winter) seasons.
252:
The maximum extent of the tropical arctic zone spans between 13° and 77° latitude in both the southern and northern hemispheres (and covers about 75% of the total surface area). With the current obliquity of 120°, the present day's tropical arctic extends from 30°N to 30°S encompassing 50% of Pluto's
218:
latitudes of 13°N and 13°S when the obliquity goes down to its minimum of 103°. At that time, the arctic circles cover around 78% of the total surface area. The high obliquity induced in latitude variations in arctic zones extending down to near-equatorial regions indicates that the maximum amount of
274:
The diurnal zone on Pluto between 13°N and 13°S never experiences any period of continuous summer or winter. The equatorial regions of Pluto predominately consist of a dark band with distinct boundaries. This equatorial dark band region coincides with the permanent diurnal climate zone on Pluto. The
265:
Pluto's polar zone comprises those areas where the Sun never reaches the zenith at any time of the orbital period of the dwarf planet over its entire obliquity cycle. This region always experiences arctic climate, never tropical climate, and it consistently experiences the longest duration of arctic
205:
The arctic climate of Pluto is defined as the latitude ranges that, during one orbit, experience both continuous sunlight during summer season and continuous darkness during winter season. The permanent arctic zones of the dwarf planet range from 90°N to 37°N in the northern hemisphere and from 90°S
188:
reaches its overhead point, or zenith, at least once during Pluto's orbital period around the Sun. By this definition, the tropics stretch from the latitude of 60°N to 60°S, due to the current obliquity of 120°. However, when the obliquity reaches its minimum value of 103°, the tropics expand to the
239:
The present-day diurnal climate zone of Pluto spans from 30°N to 30°S, encompassing 50% of the total surface area, due to the current axial tilt of 120°. As obliquity changes to rise from this value, the diurnal zone will expand to the maximum from 37°N to 37°S (covering a total area of 60%), which
235:
The diurnal climate zone of Pluto is defined as the latitudinal ranges where day and night cycle occur for each rotation throughout the entire orbital year. The high mean obliquity and oscillation cycle make a narrow latitudinal band experience a diurnal circle. Pluto experiences the narrowest band
213:
Due to the variation in the axial tilting of Pluto, the arctic zones also expand and contract over the oscillation cycle. With the current obliquity of 120°, the arctic zones extend from 30°N to 90°N in the northern hemisphere, whereas it is 30°S to 90°S in the southern hemisphere. These two arctic
192:
In contrast, when the obliquity rises to its maximum of 127°, the tropics contract down to the minimum latitude range from 53°N to 53°S. At that time, the tropics only cover 80% of the surface area of the planet. Accordingly, the 53°N to 53°S latitude range is called the permanent tropics of Pluto.
248:
The tropical arctic zone covers the overlapping regions of the tropical and arctic zones. This unique climatic zone is only possible on objects that have an obliquity range between 45° and 135°. Since the obliquity of Pluto varies between a minimum of 103° and a maximum of 127°, it therefore has a
310:
is concentrated in the latitudes above 30°N coinciding with the permanent arctic climate zone which spans from 37°N latitude to the pole. Some areas on Pluto's surface experience both tropical and arctic climate since both of the climate zones oscillate in response to the obliquity cycle. A
149:. However, in the case of Pluto, the orbital eccentricity and axial precession cycles have less influence on the climate cycles of the dwarf planet than the obliquity variation. Consequently, the climate zones of Pluto were determined based on the obliquity variation only.
193:
Since the permanent tropics cover at least 80% of the surface area, most of Pluto's surface always lies in the tropical region. The permanent tropics always receive direct overhead sunlight during every orbital period of Pluto, and overall, they show the greatest range of
808:
Gladstone, G. Randall; Stern, S. Alan; Ennico, Kimberly; Olkin, Catherine B.; Weaver, Harold A.; Young, Leslie A.; Summers, Michael E.; Strobel, Darrell F.; Hinson, David P.; Kammer, Joshua A.; Parker, Alex H. (2016-03-18).
206:
to 37°S in the southern hemisphere. In total, these two arctic regions cover around 40% of the dwarf planet's surface area. The surface constitutional data of Pluto shows that the permanent arctic zones are co-located with N
210:-rich surface. A long period of continuous winter, typically lasting more than a century, is experienced by the permanent arctic zones in every Pluto orbital period of 248 years over the 2.8 million year obliquity cycle.
1381:
Moore, Jeffrey M.; McKinnon, William B.; Spencer, John R.; Howard, Alan D.; Schenk, Paul M.; Beyer, Ross A.; Nimmo, Francis; Singer, Kelsi N.; Umurhan, Orkan M.; White, Oliver L.; Stern, S. Alan (2016-03-18).
384:
Binzel, Richard P.; Earle, Alissa M.; Buie, Marc W.; Young, Leslie A.; Stern, S. Alan; Olkin, Cathy B.; Ennico, Kimberly; Moore, Jeffrey M.; Grundy, Will; Weaver, Harold A.; Lisse, Carey M. (2017-05-01).
487:
Owen, Tobias C.; Roush, Ted L.; Cruikshank, Dale P.; Elliot, James L.; Young, Leslie A.; Bergh, Catherine de; Schmitt, Bernard; Geballe, Thomas R.; Brown, Robert H.; Bartholomew, Mary Jane (1993-08-06).
240:
will be reached in roughly 600,000 years. The morphology of this zone is characterized by a nearly uniform width of dark equatorial band and comprises a zone of mostly sharp contrasting albedo.
1449:
Grundy, W. M.; Cruikshank, D. P.; Gladstone, G. R.; Howett, C. J. A.; Lauer, T. R.; Spencer, J. R.; Summers, M. E.; Buie, M. W.; Earle, A. M.; Ennico, K.; Parker, J. Wm (November 2016).
1165:
Grundy, W. M.; Binzel, R. P.; Buratti, B. J.; Cook, J. C.; Cruikshank, D. P.; Ore, C. M. Dalle; Earle, A. M.; Ennico, K.; Howett, C. J. A.; Lunsford, A. W.; Olkin, C. B. (2016-03-18).
1095:
Buratti, B. J.; Hofgartner, J. D.; Hicks, M. D.; Weaver, H. A.; Stern, S. A.; Momary, T.; Mosher, J. A.; Beyer, R. A.; Verbiscer, A. J.; Zangari, A. M.; Young, L. A. (2017-05-01).
741:
Stern, S. A.; Bagenal, F.; Ennico, K.; Gladstone, G. R.; Grundy, W. M.; McKinnon, W. B.; Moore, J. M.; Olkin, C. B.; Spencer, J. R.; Weaver, H. A.; Young, L. A. (2015-10-16).
189:
maximum latitude ranges from 77°N to 77°S. At this period, the tropics cover most of the surface of the dwarf planet, encompassing around 97% of the total surface area.
600:
Schmitt, B.; Philippe, S.; Grundy, W. M.; Reuter, D. C.; Côte, R.; Quirico, E.; Protopapa, S.; Young, L. A.; Binzel, R. P.; Cook, J. C.; Cruikshank, D. P. (2017-05-01).
253:
surface area. The tropical arctic zone is the area that experiences maximum cyclical extremes and is optimum for long-term seasonal layering (e.g.
2073:
883:
1585:
1334:
Earle, Alissa M.; Binzel, Richard P.; Young, Leslie A.; Stern, S. A.; Ennico, K.; Grundy, W.; Olkin, C. B.; Weaver, H. A. (2017-05-01).
65:
1819:
180:
Arctic, diurnal, and tropical zones of Pluto; oscillation of the zones in response to the obliquity cycle is displayed by dashed lines
901:
1540:
214:
zones together cover 50 percent of the total surface area of Pluto. The maximum latitude range of the arctic extends to near-
2068:
602:"Physical state and distribution of materials at the surface of Pluto from New Horizons LEISA imaging spectrometer"
1825:
109:
ices in various spatial abundances and distribution. Though Pluto is small compared to typical planets, it has an
1813:
1912:
113:, though much thinner than Earth's. Containing multiple layers of haze, its atmosphere is composed mainly of
106:
47:
663:"Pluto's global surface composition through pixel-by-pixel Hapke modeling of New Horizons Ralph/LEISA data"
552:
2012:
1954:
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661:; Cook, J. C.; Cruikshank, D. P.; Schmitt, B.; Philippe, S.; Quirico, E.; Binzel, R. P. (2017-05-01).
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1282:"Pluto's insolation history: Latitudinal variations and effects on atmospheric pressure"
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39:. These climate zones are delineated based on astronomically defined boundaries or
21:
1009:
Dobrovolskis, Anthony R.; Harris, Alan W. (1983-08-01). "The obliquity of Pluto".
992:
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306:, possibly at latitudinal bands of the northern boundary of Cthulhu. Conversely, N
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1451:"The formation of Charon's red poles from seasonally cold-trapped volatiles"
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is tidally-locked with Pluto, it has the same structure of climate zones.
1329:
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1323:
1097:"Global albedos of Pluto and Charon from LORRI New Horizons observations"
704:
634:
287:
161:
114:
94:
43:
1484:
743:"The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons"
69:
Haze with multiple layers in the atmosphere of Pluto. Part of the plain
20:
concerns the atmospheric dynamics, weather, and long-term trends on the
2007:
279:
215:
122:
86:
62:
with it, and thus has the same climate zone structure as Pluto itself.
28:
81:
Pluto is an icy body, the most prominent object in the solar system's
2002:
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184:
The tropics of Pluto are defined as the latitude ranges in which the
32:
1467:
1400:
1183:
1113:
827:
759:
679:
432:
Science, American
Association for the Advancement of (1976-11-19).
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1384:"The geology of Pluto and Charon through the eyes of New Horizons"
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The correlation between the surface compositional distribution of
134:
24:
1052:
Dobrovolskis, Anthony R. (1989). "Dynamics of Pluto and Charon".
55:
1522:
157:
There are five climate zones on Pluto which are defined by the
657:
Protopapa, S.; Grundy, W. M.; Reuter, D. C.; Hamilton, D. P.;
185:
1232:
Van
Hemelrijck, E. (1982-12-01). "The insolation at Pluto".
945:"Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages"
943:
Hays, J. D.; Imbrie, John; Shackleton, N. J. (1976-12-10).
1004:
1002:
133:(CO). Long-term climate cycles of planetary bodies (e.g.,
1518:
490:"Surface Ices and the Atmospheric Composition of Pluto"
27:. Five climate zones are assigned on the dwarf planet:
811:"The atmosphere of Pluto as observed by New Horizons"
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1280:Earle, Alissa M.; Binzel, Richard P. (2015-04-01).
294:) and the climate zones is somewhat speculative. CH
77:, taken 15 min after the closest approach to Pluto.
1336:"Long-term surface temperature modeling of Pluto"
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1167:"Surface compositions across Pluto and Charon"
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73:with nearby mountains is seen below. Photo by
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553:"New constraints on the surface of Pluto"
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85:. Its surface is primarily composed of
925:
915:
7:
885:Discussions on Climate and Cosmology
46:, which are not associated with the
1342:. Special Issue: The Pluto System.
1103:. Special Issue: The Pluto System.
669:. Special Issue: The Pluto System.
608:. Special Issue: The Pluto System.
434:"Pluto: Evidence for Methane Frost"
393:. Special Issue: The Pluto System.
387:"Climate zones on Pluto and Charon"
298:is widely distributed outside the
14:
270:Correlation to surface morphology
153:Characteristics and climate zones
1824:
1818:
1812:
35:, tropical arctic, diurnal, and
882:Croll, James (February 2013).
458:10.1126/science.194.4267.835-a
1:
969:10.1126/science.194.4270.1121
2074:Climates of the Solar System
1360:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.09.036
1306:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.12.028
1254:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90015-X
1131:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.012
1054:Geophysical Research Letters
1031:10.1016/0019-1035(83)90077-5
697:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.028
626:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.12.025
557:Astronomy & Astrophysics
514:10.1126/science.261.5122.745
411:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.07.023
578:10.1051/0004-6361/201526721
2090:
1810:
1556:
551:Merlin, F. (2015-10-01).
1913:IAU definition of planet
894:10.1017/CBO9781139506120
48:atmospheric circulations
1419:10.1126/science.aad7055
1202:10.1126/science.aad9189
1074:10.1029/GL016i011p01217
845:10.1126/science.aad8866
778:10.1126/science.aad1815
569:2015A&A...582A..39M
121:) with trace amount of
2013:Trans-Neptunian object
1714:Coleta de Dados Colles
181:
141:and variations in the
137:) are associated with
78:
179:
68:
50:on the dwarf planet.
1908:Definition of planet
1901:Official definitions
1671:Tombaugh "The Heart"
147:orbital eccentricity
1939:Neil deGrasse Tyson
1485:10.1038/nature19340
1477:2016Natur.539...65G
1410:2016Sci...351.1284M
1394:(6279): 1284–1293.
1352:2017Icar..287...37E
1298:2015Icar..250..405E
1246:1982Icar...52..560V
1193:2016Sci...351.9189G
1123:2017Icar..287..207B
1066:1989GeoRL..16.1217D
1023:1983Icar...55..231D
961:1976Sci...194.1121H
955:(4270): 1121–1132.
837:2016Sci...351.8866G
769:2015Sci...350.1815S
689:2017Icar..287..218P
618:2017Icar..287..229S
506:1993Sci...261..745O
450:1976Sci...194..835C
403:2017Icar..287...30B
223:is received at the
2069:Geography of Pluto
1960:Lowell Observatory
1922:Scientist opinions
326:Geography of Pluto
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1709:Challenger Colles
1177:(6279): aad9189.
1060:(11): 1217–1220.
821:(6279): aad8866.
753:(6258): aad1815.
500:(5122): 745–748.
444:(4267): 835–837.
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1934:Michael E. Brown
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71:Sputnik Planitia
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63:
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58:of Pluto, is
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
23:
19:
1998:Dwarf planet
1975:Roger Putnam
1884:New Horizons
1882:
1842:
1724:Piccard Mons
1704:Baret Montes
1565:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1391:
1387:
1376:
1343:
1339:
1289:
1285:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1174:
1170:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1014:
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907:. Retrieved
884:
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609:
605:
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560:
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493:
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441:
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427:
394:
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304:Belton Regio
277:
273:
264:
251:
247:
238:
234:
212:
204:
191:
183:
156:
80:
75:New Horizons
74:
22:dwarf planet
17:
15:
2018:Kuiper belt
1875:Exploration
1761:depressions
1759:Valleys and
1734:Wright Mons
1292:: 405–412.
1107:: 207–217.
673:: 218–228.
612:: 229–260.
197:variation.
83:Kuiper belt
2063:Categories
1929:Alan Stern
1784:Luna Linea
1624:Vucub-Came
1619:Harrington
1561:Atmosphere
1468:1903.03724
1401:1604.05702
1184:1604.05368
1114:1604.06129
909:2020-04-09
828:1604.05356
760:1510.07704
680:1604.08468
332:References
221:insolation
216:equatorial
111:atmosphere
2043:Mythology
1948:Discovery
1894:Astronomy
1697:mountains
1695:Hills and
1581:Geography
1509:205250398
1493:1476-4687
1428:0036-8075
1368:0019-1035
1346:: 37–46.
1314:0019-1035
1262:0019-1035
1211:0036-8075
1147:118330416
1139:0019-1035
1082:1944-8007
1039:0019-1035
977:0036-8075
928:ignored (
918:cite book
853:0036-8075
787:0036-8075
721:119256187
713:0019-1035
644:0019-1035
587:0004-6361
522:0036-8075
466:0036-8075
419:0019-1035
397:: 30–36.
159:sub-solar
143:obliquity
44:latitudes
41:sub-solar
1955:Planet X
1855:Kerberos
1651:Hayabusa
1629:Hun-Came
1609:Safronov
1586:features
1501:27626378
1436:26989245
1219:26989260
985:17790893
869:32043359
861:26989258
795:26472913
530:17757212
474:17744185
315:See also
288:nitrogen
162:latitude
115:nitrogen
107:volatile
95:nitrogen
2038:Fiction
2031:Related
2008:Plutino
1986:General
1793:Craters
1686:Voyager
1666:Pioneer
1661:Morgoth
1595:Regions
1571:Geology
1566:Climate
1473:Bibcode
1406:Bibcode
1388:Science
1348:Bibcode
1294:Bibcode
1242:Bibcode
1189:Bibcode
1171:Science
1119:Bibcode
1062:Bibcode
1019:Bibcode
957:Bibcode
949:Science
833:Bibcode
815:Science
765:Bibcode
747:Science
685:Bibcode
614:Bibcode
565:Bibcode
563:: A39.
538:6039266
502:Bibcode
494:Science
446:Bibcode
438:Science
399:Bibcode
280:methane
231:Diurnal
172:Tropics
123:methane
101:), and
87:methane
29:tropics
2003:Planet
1844:Charon
1800:Burney
1777:Lineae
1743:Plains
1681:Viking
1676:Venera
1656:Lowell
1646:Cadejo
1641:Belton
1614:Sharaf
1507:
1499:
1491:
1455:Nature
1434:
1426:
1366:
1340:Icarus
1312:
1286:Icarus
1260:
1234:Icarus
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1101:Icarus
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391:Icarus
286:) and
201:Arctic
195:albedo
166:Charon
129:) and
52:Charon
33:arctic
1850:Hydra
1835:Moons
1550:Pluto
1505:S2CID
1463:arXiv
1396:arXiv
1179:arXiv
1143:S2CID
1109:arXiv
989:S2CID
865:S2CID
823:arXiv
755:arXiv
717:S2CID
675:arXiv
534:S2CID
261:Polar
225:poles
135:Earth
105:(CO)
37:polar
25:Pluto
1865:Styx
1497:PMID
1489:ISSN
1432:PMID
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1364:ISSN
1310:ISSN
1258:ISSN
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857:PMID
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526:PMID
518:ISSN
470:PMID
462:ISSN
415:ISSN
302:and
145:and
56:moon
16:The
1860:Nix
1481:doi
1459:539
1414:doi
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1356:doi
1344:287
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