3388:
418:
3452:, and administrative planning. Like other CIS republics, Turkmenistan has established an Environmental Fund based on revenues collected from environmental fines, but the fines generally are too low to accumulate significant revenue. Thanks to the former Soviet system of game preserves and the efforts of the Society for Nature Conservation and the Academy of Sciences, flora and fauna receive some protection in the republic; however, "hard-currency hunts" by wealthy Western and Arab foreigners already are depleting animals on preserves.
101:
3596:
that experts have estimated that only 15–40% of the chemicals can be absorbed by cotton plants, while the remainder washes into the soil, and subsequently into the groundwater. Cotton also uses far more pesticides and defoliants than other crops, and application of these chemicals often is mishandled by farmers. For example, local herdsmen, unaware of the danger of DDT, have reportedly mixed the pesticide with water and applied it to their faces to keep away mosquitoes. In the late 1980s, a drive began in
Central Asia to reduce
379:), which occupies about 350,000 square kilometers (140,000 sq mi). Shifting winds create desert mountains that range from two to twenty meters (5 to 65 ft) in height and may be several kilometers in length. Chains of such structures are common, as are steep elevations and smooth, concrete-like clay deposits formed by the rapid evaporation of flood waters in the same area for a number of years. Large marshy salt flats, formed by capillary action in the soil, exist in many depressions, including the
213:
3562:, which had shrunk that body of water by an estimated 59,000 square kilometers (23,000 sq mi) by 1994, profoundly affects economic productivity and the health of the population of the republic. Besides the cost of ameliorating damaged areas and the loss of at least part of the initial investment in them, salinization and chemicalization of land have reduced agricultural productivity in Central Asia by an estimated 20–25%. Poor drinking water is the main health risk posed by such
410:
30:
266:
274:
5174:
4767:
5184:
4777:
188:
156:
124:
108:
140:
172:
4362:
3989:
3531:. Nearly half of the canal's water seeps out into lakes and salt swamps along its path. Excessive irrigation brings salts to the surface, forming salt marshes that dry into unusable clay flats. In 1989 Turkmenistan's Institute for Desert Studies claimed that the area of such flats had reached 10,000 km (3,900 sq mi).
433:. Summers are long (from May through September), hot, and dry, while winters generally are mild and dry, although occasionally cold and damp in the north. Most precipitation falls between January and May; precipitation is slight throughout the country, with annual averages ranging from 300 millimeters (11.8 in) in the
3526:
process that forms marshy salt flats. A major factor that contributes to these conditions is inefficient use of water because of weak regulation and failure to charge for water that is used. Efficiency in application of water to the fields is low, but the main problem is leakage in main and secondary
3595:
lands in
Turkmenistan (the middle and lower Amu Darya and the Murgap oasis) receive as much as 250 kilograms of fertilizer per hectare (220 lb/acre), compared with the average application of thirty kilograms per hectare (27 lb/acre). Furthermore, most fertilizers are so poorly applied
3395:
Almost 80% of the territory of
Turkmenistan lacks a constant source of surface water flow. Its main rivers are located only in the southern and eastern peripheries; a few smaller rivers on the northern slopes of the Kopetdag are diverted entirely to irrigation. The most important river is the Amu
81:
The geographic coordinates are between 35°08' and 42°48' north latitude, 52°27' and 66°41' east longitude. Its longest border is with the
Caspian Sea (1,786 km (1,110 mi)). The other borders are with Iran (to the south, 992 km (616 mi)), Afghanistan (to the south, 744 km
3578:
is high. Experts have warned that inhabitants will have to evacuate the province by the end of the century unless a comprehensive cleanup program is undertaken. Turkmenistan has announced plans to clean up some of the Aral Sea fallout with financial support from the
3396:
Darya, which has a total length of 2,540 km (1,580 mi) from its farthest tributary, making it the longest river in
Central Asia. The Amu Darya flows across northeastern Turkmenistan, thence eastward to form the southern borders of Uzbekistan and
347:
Turkmenistan's mountains include 600 km (370 mi) of the northern reaches of the Kopet Dag Range, which it shares with Iran. The Kopet Dag Range is a region characterized by foothills, dry and sandy slopes, mountain plateaus, and steep ravines;
3546:; planted windbreaks have died because of soil water-saturation and / or salinization. Other factors promoting desertification are the inadequacy of the collector-drainage system built in the 1950s and inappropriate application of chemicals.
3443:
is largely unchanged in
Turkmenistan. The new government created the Ministry of Natural Resources Use and Environmental Protection in July 1992, with departments responsible for environmental protection, protection of flora and fauna,
441:, close to the Iranian border in south-central Turkmenistan, averages 225 millimeters (8.9 in) of rainfall annually. Average annual temperatures range from 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) in Ashgabat to 12.8 °C (55.0 °F) in
3600:
usage. In
Turkmenistan the campaign reduced fertilizer use 30% between 1988 and 1989. In the early 1990s, the use of some pesticides and defoliants declined drastically because of the country's shortage of hard currency.
3570:, which has suffered the greatest ecological damage from the Aral Sea's desiccation, bacteria levels in drinking water exceeded ten times the sanitary level; 70% of the population has experienced illnesses, many with
3460:
Contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-saturation of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the
3503:
According to estimates, as a result of desertification processes and pollution, biological productivity of the ecological systems in
Turkmenistan has declined by 30% to 50% in recent decades. The
82:(462 mi)), Uzbekistan (to the north and east, 1,621 km (1,007 mi)) and Kazakhstan (to the north, 379 km (235 mi)). Turkmenistan is slightly larger than
328:, close to 100 meters (330 ft) below sea level (the actual water level in Sarygamysh Lake fluctuates widely from –110 m at its shallowest to –60 m (−360 to −200 ft).
3534:
The type of desertification caused by year-round pasturing of cattle has been termed the most devastating in
Central Asia, with the gravest situations in Turkmenistan and the
4732:
4314:
4259:
4212:
4187:
4136:
4082:
360:, is the highest elevation of the Kopet Dag Range in Turkmenistan. The Kopet Dag is undergoing tectonic transformation, meaning that the region is threatened by
5139:
100:
4406:
4310:
4208:
4183:
4132:
94:. The country's greatest extent from west to east is 1,100 km (680 mi), and its greatest north-to-south distance is 650 km (400 mi).
86:
in territory, occupying 491,120 square kilometres (189,620 sq mi). By area, Turkmenistan ranks fourth among the former Soviet republics, after
4280:
3404:, into which the river flows. The river's average annual flow is 1,940 cubic meters per second (69,000 cu ft/s). Other major rivers are the
4742:
5088:
4681:
5149:
4255:
203:
4656:
4813:
3425:
5063:
4701:
224:
456:, recorded a temperature of 50.1 °C (122.2 °F), which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Turkmenistan.
5208:
71:
5108:
3973:
260:
3558:. Because of excessive irrigation, Turkmen agriculture contributes to the steady drawdown of sea levels. In turn, the Aral Sea's
4399:
3436:
449:
1145:
194:
4491:
4057:
4007:
4157:
4737:
445:, on the Uzbek border in north-central Turkmenistan. The almost constant winds are northerly, northeasterly, or westerly.
4898:
4696:
4601:
340:), and has a topographical prominence only slightly shorter than its height. Nearly 80% of the republic lies within the
4086:
5144:
3954:
Clark, Larry; Thurman, Michael; Tyson, David (1997). "Turkmenistan: Physical
Environment". In Curtis, Glenn E. (ed.).
5103:
5008:
4706:
4392:
4001:
3409:
365:
312:
Turkmenistan's average elevation is 100–220 meters (330–720 ft) above sea level, with its highest point being
4616:
4571:
3961:
3563:
5113:
4830:
4806:
4541:
4536:
4431:
4423:
3440:
4051:"Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"
5058:
5023:
4978:
4661:
4636:
4551:
4531:
4481:
4451:
4441:
3614:
3405:
4366:
4948:
4943:
4838:
4747:
4626:
4621:
4501:
3511:
deserts are expanding at a rate surpassed on a planetary scale only by the desertification process in the
3519:
regions of Africa. Between 8,000 and 10,000 km of new desert now appears each year in Central Asia.
5068:
5043:
4958:
4938:
4888:
4858:
4848:
4691:
4641:
4596:
4576:
4566:
4466:
212:
3387:
417:
317:
5154:
5033:
5028:
4908:
4666:
4581:
4561:
4446:
4436:
384:
5128:
5098:
5048:
5003:
4983:
4973:
4873:
4799:
4721:
4711:
4646:
4611:
4546:
4526:
4516:
4476:
4461:
4456:
3965:
430:
426:
5183:
4776:
349:
5073:
4988:
4968:
4853:
4843:
4752:
4671:
4631:
4606:
4586:
4521:
4496:
4486:
4471:
3567:
353:
178:
75:
409:
29:
5118:
5053:
5018:
4953:
4933:
4923:
4883:
4868:
4863:
4591:
4556:
4511:
4506:
4415:
3979:
3969:
3329:
3281:
2834:
2786:
2204:
1758:
1710:
1082:
1034:
3554:
Turkmenistan both contributes to and suffers from the consequences of the desiccation of the
380:
5159:
5078:
5038:
5013:
4993:
4928:
4903:
4893:
4878:
4288:
3575:
3449:
3400:. Damming and irrigation uses of the Amu Darya have had severe environmental effects on the
341:
265:
4998:
4963:
4918:
4913:
4822:
4023:
3668:
3610:
3470:
337:
325:
4335:
273:
3688:
3504:
3485:
2263:
453:
376:
313:
286:
162:
17:
5202:
5177:
4770:
3993:
3543:
3528:
3523:
3160:
2665:
2083:
1548:
872:
383:, which occupies 1,500 square kilometers (580 sq mi) in the northwest. The
375:
A dominant feature of the republic's landscape is the Garagum Desert (also known as
3597:
404:
47:
38:
4050:
5187:
4780:
4161:
4108:
4085:. Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2000. p. 7. Archived from
4036:
3957:
Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: country studies
3774:
3743:
3710:
3559:
3539:
3413:
372:
plateaus are the prominent topographical features of northwestern Turkmenistan.
302:
59:
51:
4233:
324:
chain in the south-east, and its lowest point being the Akjagaýa Depression in
3722:
3718:
3679:
United Kingdom comparative: approximately twice the size of the United Kingdom
3580:
3542:. Wind erosion and desertification also are severe in settled areas along the
3535:
3397:
1821:
442:
361:
333:
329:
321:
146:
130:
67:
63:
43:
239:
226:
3983:
3770:
3571:
3508:
3462:
434:
392:
388:
298:
4371:
4340:
3662:
3555:
3466:
3445:
3401:
469:
438:
357:
114:
83:
4056:. Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2015. pp. 12–13.
3683:
3465:
into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the
369:
91:
3746:. Its coastline with the Caspian Sea is 1,768 km (1,099 mi).
74:(CIS), the loose federation created at the end of 1991 by most of the
3955:
3778:
3592:
3512:
2897:
282:
87:
4384:
4160:(in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from
3391:
Turkmenistan is the tenth most water stressed country in the world.
421:
Turkmenistan is the tenth most water stressed country in the world.
293:
slowly rising to the south; by the time they reach the border with
4791:
3692:
3674:
3516:
3386:
416:
264:
211:
28:
3992:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3782:
3714:
3682:
United States comparative: slightly less than twice the size of
437:
to 80 millimeters (3.15 in) in the northwest. The capital,
306:
294:
290:
55:
4795:
4388:
4377:
3618:
281:
Terrain of Turkmenistan consists of a flat-to-rolling sandy
3667:
Australia comparative: slightly less than half the size of
3488:, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
395:
Desert, most of which lies in Uzbekistan to the northeast.
344:, which slopes from south to north and from east to west.
70:
to the north-west. It is the southernmost republic of the
4083:"Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan"
413:
Turkmenistan map of Köppen climate classification zones
4336:"Satellites map huge methane plumes from oil and gas"
364:
such as the one that destroyed Ashgabat in 1948. The
4024:"The Central Asian Republics: Ultra-Prominence Page"
3522:
The most irreparable type of desertification is the
5127:
5087:
4829:
4720:
4680:
4422:
4158:"Weather and Climate- The Climate of Turkmenbashi"
3527:canals, especially Turkmenistan's main canal, the
4209:"Nebitdag (Balkanabat) Climate Normals 1961–1990"
3635:total: 488,100 km (188,500 sq mi)
4315:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4260:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4213:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4188:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4137:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3646:land: 469,130 km (181,130 sq mi)
352:(2,912 m or 9,554 ft), also known as
3810:19,910 km (7,690 sq mi) (2006)
4807:
4400:
3673:Canada comparative: slightly larger than the
3649:water: 18,170 km (7,020 sq mi)
3538:along the eastern and northern coasts of the
3484:Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-
8:
4311:"Yerbent (Erbent) Climate Normals 1961–1990"
3816:24.77 km (9.56 sq mi) (2011)
472:(1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present)
391:river is the southernmost extremity of the
4814:
4800:
4792:
4407:
4393:
4385:
4019:
4017:
2892:
2258:
1816:
1140:
1133:Source 2: NOAA (Sunshine hours 1961–1990)
464:
305:washes the western shores of this mostly
297:, they become the mountains known as the
4184:"Turkmenbashy Climate Normals 1961–1990"
408:
316:(3,139 m or 10,299 ft) in the
272:
3825:
3999:
3476:International environmental agreements
3412:(852 km or 529 mi); and the
4026:. Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3706:total: 3,736 km (2,321 mi)
332:rises sharply above sea level in the
7:
4133:"Ashgabat Climate Normals 1961–1990"
4063:from the original on 25 October 2016
4037:"Natural conditions in Turkmenistan"
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3426:Environmental issues in Turkmenistan
3408:(1,124 km or 698 mi); the
216:Political map of Turkmenistan (2019)
3691:comparative: slightly smaller than
187:
155:
3960:(1st ed.). Washington, D.C.:
3617:, has been estimated as 6 billion
123:
72:Commonwealth of Independent States
25:
4281:"38687: Chardzhev (Turkmenistan)"
269:Relief map of Turkmenistan (1994)
261:List of mountains of Turkmenistan
5182:
5173:
5172:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4365: This article incorporates
4360:
3987:
3814:Total renewable water resources:
1809:Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)
186:
170:
154:
138:
122:
107:
106:
99:
3742:Note: Turkmenistan borders the
3494:none of the selected agreements
3437:dissolution of the Soviet Union
450:Repetek Biosphere State Reserve
139:
5140:British Indian Ocean Territory
4733:British Indian Ocean Territory
4113:(in Russian). Pogodaiklimat.ru
3416:(660 km or 410 mi).
1:
4256:"Climate Normals for Charjew"
3725:1,621 km (1,007 mi)
3456:Current environmental issues
171:
33:Dust storm over Turkmenistan
3721:379 km (235 mi),
3717:992 km (616 mi),
3713:744 km (462 mi),
3233:Average precipitation days
3089:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
2949:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
2885:Source 2: NOAA (1961-1990)
2738:Average precipitation days
2524:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
2384:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
2156:Average precipitation days
2012:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1872:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1407:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1267:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
731:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
591:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
5225:
4006:: CS1 maint: postscript (
3639:country rank in the world:
3423:
3374:
2895:
2884:
2879:
2261:
2250:
1819:
1808:
1803:
1143:
1132:
1127:
467:
402:
277:Topography of Turkmenistan
258:
218:(U.S. Department of State)
5209:Geography of Turkmenistan
5168:
4761:
4234:"Chardzhou, Turkmenistan"
3962:Federal Research Division
3564:environmental degradation
3327:
3279:
3232:
3158:
3088:
3018:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2880:Source 1: climatebase.ru
2832:
2784:
2737:
2663:
2593:
2523:
2453:
2383:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2202:
2155:
2081:
2011:
1941:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1804:Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net
1756:
1708:
1664:
1620:
1546:
1476:
1406:
1336:
1266:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1080:
1032:
988:
944:
870:
800:
730:
660:
590:
520:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
336:in western Turkmenistan (
4889:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4482:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4109:
3491:Signed, but not ratified
3441:environmental regulation
1128:Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net
5150:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4743:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3615:greenhouse gas emission
3383:Hydrological conditions
66:to the north-east, and
18:Climate of Turkmenistan
4367:public domain material
3613:in 2019/20, a form of
3392:
422:
414:
278:
270:
219:
34:
3661:slightly larger than
3390:
420:
412:
276:
268:
215:
32:
5064:United Arab Emirates
4657:United Arab Emirates
3968:. pp. 307–311.
3591:The most productive
3420:Environmental issues
2900:(1961–1990 normals)
2314:Record high °C (°F)
1197:Record high °C (°F)
521:Record high °C (°F)
204:class=notpageimage|
5091:limited recognition
4684:limited recognition
4164:on December 6, 2016
4089:on 18 November 2016
3966:Library of Congress
3625:Area and boundaries
3019:Daily mean °C (°F)
2594:Record low °C (°F)
2454:Daily mean °C (°F)
1942:Daily mean °C (°F)
1665:Average snowy days
1621:Average rainy days
1477:Record low °C (°F)
1337:Daily mean °C (°F)
989:Average snowy days
945:Average rainy days
801:Record low °C (°F)
661:Daily mean °C (°F)
427:cold desert climate
425:Turkmenistan has a
236: /
207:Map of Turkmenistan
4373:The World Factbook
3768:Natural resources:
3709:border countries:
3656:Area — comparative
3587:Chemical pollution
3568:Dashhowuz Province
3393:
423:
415:
334:Great Balkan Range
279:
271:
220:
90:, Kazakhstan, and
76:Post-Soviet states
35:
5196:
5195:
5133:other territories
4789:
4788:
4726:other territories
4416:Geography of Asia
4002:cite encyclopedia
3758:none (landlocked)
3379:
3378:
3282:relative humidity
2896:Climate data for
2889:
2888:
2787:relative humidity
2262:Climate data for
2255:
2254:
2205:relative humidity
1820:Climate data for
1813:
1812:
1711:relative humidity
1144:Climate data for
1137:
1136:
1035:relative humidity
468:Climate data for
448:On 28 July 1983,
429:that is severely
255:Physical features
240:40.000°N 60.000°E
16:(Redirected from
5216:
5186:
5176:
5175:
5145:Christmas Island
4831:Sovereign states
4823:Climate of Asia
4816:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4779:
4769:
4768:
4738:Christmas Island
4424:Sovereign states
4409:
4402:
4395:
4386:
4381:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4236:. Climatebase.ru
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4012:
4011:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3951:
3797:permanent crops:
3576:infant mortality
3450:hydrometeorology
3236:
2893:
2741:
2259:
2159:
1817:
1141:
465:
342:Turan Depression
251:
250:
248:
247:
246:
241:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
190:
189:
174:
173:
158:
157:
142:
141:
126:
125:
110:
109:
103:
50:, bordering the
21:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5164:
5132:
5123:
5104:Northern Cyprus
5090:
5083:
4825:
4820:
4790:
4785:
4757:
4725:
4716:
4697:Northern Cyprus
4683:
4676:
4418:
4413:
4370:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4347:
4345:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4292:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:Погода и Климат
4107:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4015:
3998:
3988:
3976:
3953:
3952:
3827:
3822:
3808:Irrigated land:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3765:
3755:Maritime claims
3701:Land boundaries
3669:South Australia
3627:
3611:methane leakage
3607:
3589:
3552:
3501:
3499:Desertification
3478:
3471:desertification
3458:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3385:
3380:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2890:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2256:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1814:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1138:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
462:
407:
401:
385:Sandykly Desert
356:, southwest of
338:Balkan Province
326:Sarygamysh Lake
318:Köýtendag Range
263:
257:
244:
242:
238:
235:
230:
227:
225:
223:
222:
217:
210:
209:
208:
206:
200:
199:
198:
197:
191:
183:
182:
181:
175:
167:
166:
165:
159:
151:
150:
149:
143:
135:
134:
133:
127:
119:
118:
117:
111:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5222:
5220:
5212:
5211:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5180:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4773:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4355:
4354:
4327:
4302:
4272:
4247:
4225:
4200:
4175:
4149:
4124:
4100:
4074:
4042:
4028:
4013:
3974:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3804:95.98% (2011)
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3606:
3603:
3588:
3585:
3551:
3548:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:Kyoto Protocol
3482:
3477:
3474:
3457:
3454:
3432:
3429:
3424:Main article:
3421:
3418:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3330:sunshine hours
3325:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2835:sunshine hours
2830:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1759:sunshine hours
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:sunshine hours
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
728:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
588:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
474:
473:
463:
461:
458:
400:
397:
314:Mount Aýrybaba
256:
253:
245:40.000; 60.000
202:
201:
193:
192:
185:
184:
177:
176:
169:
168:
161:
160:
153:
152:
145:
144:
137:
136:
129:
128:
121:
120:
113:
112:
105:
104:
98:
97:
96:
62:to the south,
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5221:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5114:South Ossetia
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:South Ossetia
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4291:. 8 July 2021
4290:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4112:
4104:
4101:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4059:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4003:
3995:
3994:public domain
3985:
3981:
3977:
3975:0-8444-0938-3
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:The value of
3605:Methane leaks
3604:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3544:Garagum Canal
3541:
3537:
3536:Kazakh steppe
3532:
3530:
3529:Karakum Canal
3525:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3427:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3382:
3375:Source: NOAA
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:Mean monthly
3326:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3231:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3161:precipitation
3157:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:Mean monthly
2831:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2666:precipitation
2662:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2251:Source: NOAA
2249:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2084:precipitation
2080:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:Mean monthly
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1549:precipitation
1545:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:Mean monthly
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
987:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
874:
873:precipitation
869:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
799:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
729:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
659:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
589:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
519:
475:
471:
466:
459:
457:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
419:
411:
406:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
275:
267:
262:
254:
252:
249:
214:
205:
196:
180:
164:
148:
132:
116:
102:
95:
93:
89:
85:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:to the west,
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
31:
27:
19:
5129:Dependencies
5059:Turkmenistan
5024:Saudi Arabia
4722:Dependencies
4652:Turkmenistan
4651:
4617:Saudi Arabia
4372:
4346:. Retrieved
4344:. 2022-02-04
4339:
4330:
4318:. Retrieved
4305:
4293:. Retrieved
4284:
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4250:
4238:. Retrieved
4228:
4216:. Retrieved
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4127:
4115:. Retrieved
4103:
4091:. Retrieved
4087:the original
4077:
4065:. Retrieved
4045:
4031:
3956:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3792:arable land:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3767:
3766:
3638:
3608:
3598:agrochemical
3590:
3553:
3550:The Aral Sea
3533:
3524:salinization
3521:
3502:
3459:
3434:
3394:
3163:mm (inches)
2668:mm (inches)
2086:mm (inches)
1551:mm (inches)
1148:(1981–2010)
1146:Turkmenbashi
875:mm (inches)
447:
424:
387:west of the
374:
350:Mount Şahşah
346:
311:
280:
221:
80:
48:Central Asia
39:Turkmenistan
37:
36:
26:
5188:Asia portal
5089:States with
5009:Philippines
4949:South Korea
4944:North Korea
4839:Afghanistan
4781:Asia portal
4682:States with
4602:Philippines
4542:South Korea
4537:North Korea
4432:Afghanistan
4168:December 6,
4142:22 November
4117:22 November
3775:natural gas
3744:Caspian Sea
3711:Afghanistan
3560:desiccation
3540:Caspian Sea
2264:Türkmenabat
454:Türkmenabat
452:, south of
431:continental
366:Krasnovodsk
362:earthquakes
354:Mount Rizeh
330:Mount Arlan
303:Caspian Sea
289:, with its
243: /
195:Türkmenbaşy
163:Türkmenabat
60:Afghanistan
52:Caspian Sea
46:country in
5069:Uzbekistan
5044:Tajikistan
4959:Kyrgyzstan
4939:Kazakhstan
4859:Bangladesh
4849:Azerbaijan
4662:Uzbekistan
4637:Tajikistan
4552:Kyrgyzstan
4532:Kazakhstan
4452:Bangladesh
4442:Azerbaijan
4348:2022-02-04
4285:ogimet.com
4265:9 February
4240:9 February
3820:References
3739:0 km
3723:Uzbekistan
3719:Kazakhstan
3581:World Bank
3435:Since the
3431:Background
3398:Tajikistan
3235:(≥ 1.0 mm)
2740:(≥ 0.1 mm)
2158:(≥ 1.0 mm)
1822:Balkanabat
403:See also:
322:Pamir-Alay
259:See also:
131:Balkanabat
68:Kazakhstan
64:Uzbekistan
44:landlocked
5155:Hong Kong
5109:Palestine
5034:Sri Lanka
5029:Singapore
4909:Indonesia
4748:Hong Kong
4702:Palestine
4627:Sri Lanka
4622:Singapore
4502:Indonesia
3788:Land use:
3771:petroleum
3763:Resources
3734:Coastline
3572:hepatitis
3509:Kyzyl Kum
3463:Amu Darya
460:=Examples
435:Kopet Dag
389:Amu Darya
309:country.
299:Kopet Dag
5203:Category
5178:Category
5099:Abkhazia
5049:Thailand
5004:Pakistan
4984:Mongolia
4979:Maldives
4974:Malaysia
4874:Cambodia
4771:Category
4692:Abkhazia
4642:Thailand
4597:Pakistan
4577:Mongolia
4572:Maldives
4567:Malaysia
4467:Cambodia
4341:BBC News
4193:April 1,
4093:15 April
4067:15 April
4058:Archived
3984:36364151
3663:Cameroon
3556:Aral Sea
3481:Party to
3467:Aral Sea
3446:forestry
3402:Aral Sea
3370:3,022.8
3280:Average
3159:Average
2984:(102.4)
2785:Average
2664:Average
2659:(−10.8)
2654:(−10.1)
2599:(−10.8)
2379:(115.2)
2359:(104.7)
2354:(109.4)
2349:(115.2)
2344:(111.2)
2339:(108.0)
2334:(104.5)
2203:Average
2082:Average
1907:(100.6)
1799:2,808.4
1709:Average
1547:Average
1262:(112.5)
1242:(110.3)
1237:(112.1)
1232:(112.5)
1227:(109.9)
1222:(105.3)
1123:2,652.8
1033:Average
871:Average
866:(−11.4)
806:(−11.4)
626:(101.1)
586:(117.0)
571:(104.2)
566:(113.7)
561:(114.3)
556:(116.2)
551:(117.0)
546:(114.1)
541:(103.3)
536:(101.5)
470:Ashgabat
439:Ashgabat
393:Qizilqum
358:Ashgabat
115:Ashgabat
84:Cameroon
5074:Vietnam
4989:Myanmar
4969:Lebanon
4899:Georgia
4854:Bahrain
4844:Armenia
4667:Vietnam
4582:Myanmar
4562:Lebanon
4492:Georgia
4447:Bahrain
4437:Armenia
4320:9 March
4218:9 March
3684:Wyoming
3505:Karakum
3154:(50.0)
3149:(29.7)
3144:(37.6)
3139:(46.9)
3134:(60.4)
3129:(71.2)
3124:(76.3)
3119:(71.6)
3114:(62.4)
3109:(52.2)
3104:(39.2)
3099:(28.4)
3094:(25.0)
3084:(61.3)
3079:(36.7)
3074:(47.3)
3069:(59.2)
3064:(74.8)
3059:(86.0)
3054:(90.3)
3049:(85.6)
3044:(75.4)
3039:(63.1)
3034:(48.6)
3029:(36.7)
3024:(32.2)
3014:(73.6)
3009:(46.2)
3004:(59.4)
2999:(72.9)
2994:(88.9)
2989:(99.0)
2979:(98.6)
2974:(88.5)
2969:(76.1)
2964:(60.6)
2959:(47.7)
2954:(41.9)
2733:(5.05)
2728:(0.63)
2723:(0.39)
2718:(0.18)
2713:(0.02)
2708:(0.00)
2703:(0.04)
2698:(0.06)
2693:(0.41)
2688:(0.88)
2683:(1.05)
2678:(0.69)
2649:(−3.6)
2644:(14.9)
2639:(37.0)
2634:(48.4)
2629:(52.2)
2624:(48.9)
2619:(33.4)
2614:(23.7)
2604:(−8.0)
2589:(47.7)
2584:(28.8)
2579:(35.1)
2574:(43.9)
2569:(55.6)
2564:(66.2)
2559:(70.5)
2554:(67.1)
2549:(60.3)
2544:(50.7)
2539:(38.5)
2534:(30.0)
2529:(26.1)
2519:(59.5)
2514:(36.9)
2509:(45.7)
2504:(57.0)
2499:(70.2)
2494:(80.4)
2489:(84.7)
2484:(81.7)
2479:(73.9)
2474:(62.8)
2469:(48.6)
2464:(38.7)
2459:(33.8)
2449:(72.3)
2444:(46.9)
2439:(59.0)
2434:(72.7)
2429:(85.5)
2424:(94.1)
2419:(97.5)
2414:(94.6)
2409:(86.7)
2404:(75.9)
2399:(60.8)
2394:(50.0)
2389:(44.2)
2374:(78.3)
2369:(88.3)
2364:(96.1)
2329:(93.0)
2324:(83.1)
2319:(75.2)
2077:(54.3)
2072:(35.4)
2067:(44.2)
2062:(54.0)
2057:(67.5)
2052:(77.9)
2047:(78.3)
2042:(72.5)
2037:(64.0)
2032:(53.4)
2027:(41.7)
2022:(32.7)
2017:(30.9)
2007:(63.5)
2002:(41.9)
1997:(52.0)
1992:(63.5)
1987:(78.6)
1982:(88.0)
1977:(88.7)
1972:(83.8)
1967:(74.5)
1962:(63.1)
1957:(50.0)
1952:(40.3)
1947:(37.8)
1937:(73.9)
1932:(49.8)
1927:(61.5)
1922:(73.8)
1917:(89.4)
1912:(99.0)
1902:(95.7)
1897:(86.5)
1892:(74.7)
1887:(60.4)
1882:(50.0)
1877:(46.2)
1542:(−7.4)
1532:(10.2)
1527:(26.4)
1522:(37.9)
1517:(50.4)
1512:(57.4)
1507:(43.9)
1502:(33.6)
1497:(27.3)
1487:(−7.4)
1482:(−6.7)
1472:(50.2)
1467:(34.2)
1462:(41.0)
1457:(50.0)
1452:(62.1)
1447:(71.6)
1442:(72.0)
1437:(66.0)
1432:(56.5)
1427:(47.3)
1422:(37.8)
1417:(31.6)
1412:(31.5)
1402:(59.2)
1397:(40.8)
1392:(48.7)
1387:(59.7)
1382:(72.9)
1377:(82.4)
1372:(82.8)
1367:(77.2)
1362:(67.1)
1357:(56.7)
1352:(45.9)
1347:(39.0)
1342:(37.9)
1332:(69.4)
1327:(48.4)
1322:(57.6)
1317:(70.7)
1312:(84.7)
1307:(94.1)
1302:(94.3)
1297:(88.9)
1292:(78.4)
1287:(67.8)
1282:(55.6)
1277:(47.7)
1272:(45.5)
1257:(76.3)
1252:(82.6)
1247:(92.1)
1217:(96.8)
1212:(84.2)
1207:(73.9)
1202:(69.3)
861:(−0.6)
851:(23.0)
846:(35.6)
841:(49.1)
836:(56.8)
831:(48.6)
826:(34.3)
821:(30.6)
811:(−5.4)
796:(52.9)
791:(34.0)
786:(41.0)
781:(51.4)
776:(62.8)
771:(72.3)
766:(76.1)
761:(72.1)
756:(63.5)
751:(53.2)
746:(42.8)
741:(34.3)
736:(31.8)
726:(63.5)
721:(41.0)
716:(49.5)
711:(62.8)
706:(75.7)
701:(86.0)
696:(89.1)
691:(85.3)
686:(75.4)
681:(63.7)
676:(52.0)
671:(42.3)
666:(39.0)
656:(74.8)
651:(49.6)
646:(60.3)
641:(75.9)
636:(89.2)
631:(99.0)
621:(97.2)
616:(86.9)
611:(75.0)
606:(62.6)
601:(52.0)
596:(48.2)
581:(91.6)
576:(95.0)
531:(90.7)
526:(82.0)
443:Daşoguz
405:Climate
399:Climate
381:Garaşor
377:Karakum
370:Üstýurt
320:of the
287:Karakum
231:60°00′E
228:40°00′N
147:Daşoguz
92:Ukraine
5119:Taiwan
5054:Turkey
5019:Russia
4954:Kuwait
4934:Jordan
4924:Israel
4884:Cyprus
4869:Brunei
4864:Bhutan
4712:Taiwan
4647:Turkey
4612:Russia
4547:Kuwait
4527:Jordan
4517:Israel
4477:Cyprus
4462:Brunei
4457:Bhutan
4295:8 July
4289:OGIMET
3982:
3972:
3802:other:
3799:0.12%
3794:3.89%
3779:sulfur
3593:cotton
3574:, and
3513:Sahara
3410:Murgab
3367:131.0
3364:187.6
3361:249.0
3358:321.9
3355:367.0
3352:376.3
3349:363.3
3346:306.4
3343:228.9
3340:198.9
3337:155.1
3334:137.4
3228:(4.7)
3223:(0.5)
3218:(0.4)
3213:(0.2)
3208:(0.1)
3203:(0.0)
3198:(0.1)
3193:(0.2)
3188:(0.5)
3183:(0.9)
3178:(0.9)
3173:(0.4)
3168:(0.5)
2905:Month
2898:Erbent
2875:3,130
2872:132.0
2869:193.7
2866:267.7
2863:322.7
2860:379.1
2857:395.3
2854:384.5
2851:330.3
2848:242.1
2845:197.6
2842:153.2
2839:131.8
2673:(0.7)
2609:(2.7)
2270:Month
2151:(5.6)
2146:(0.6)
2141:(0.6)
2136:(0.5)
2131:(0.2)
2126:(0.1)
2121:(0.3)
2116:(0.2)
2111:(0.7)
2106:(0.7)
2101:(0.8)
2096:(0.6)
2091:(0.4)
1828:Month
1796:124.0
1793:161.9
1790:228.8
1787:294.1
1784:330.2
1781:344.0
1778:347.0
1775:303.2
1772:227.0
1769:172.6
1766:139.0
1763:136.6
1616:(5.0)
1611:(0.6)
1606:(0.7)
1601:(0.4)
1596:(0.2)
1591:(0.2)
1586:(0.1)
1581:(0.1)
1576:(0.4)
1571:(0.6)
1566:(0.7)
1561:(0.5)
1556:(0.5)
1537:(2.7)
1492:(9.3)
1153:Month
1120:104.4
1117:157.2
1114:216.8
1111:289.2
1108:348.1
1105:353.8
1102:335.5
1099:275.1
1096:194.4
1093:146.2
1090:119.4
1087:112.7
940:(8.7)
935:(0.7)
930:(0.9)
925:(0.5)
920:(0.1)
915:(0.1)
910:(0.1)
905:(0.3)
900:(0.9)
895:(1.3)
890:(1.7)
885:(1.3)
880:(0.8)
856:(8.4)
816:(8.1)
477:Month
301:. The
285:, the
283:desert
88:Russia
5160:Macau
5079:Yemen
5039:Syria
5014:Qatar
4994:Nepal
4929:Japan
4904:India
4894:Egypt
4879:China
4753:Macau
4672:Yemen
4632:Syria
4607:Qatar
4587:Nepal
4522:Japan
4497:India
4487:Egypt
4472:China
4369:from
4061:(PDF)
4054:(PDF)
3693:Spain
3675:Yukon
3566:. In
3517:Sahel
3414:Atrek
3406:Tejen
2944:Year
2828:54.7
2825:77.2
2822:69.3
2819:54.4
2816:43.3
2813:38.1
2810:37.4
2807:36.0
2804:43.1
2801:51.4
2798:59.4
2795:69.6
2792:76.9
2780:38.6
2731:129.5
2657:−23.8
2652:−23.4
2647:−19.8
2607:−16.3
2602:−22.2
2597:−23.8
2309:Year
1867:Year
1540:−21.9
1535:−16.3
1530:−12.1
1490:−12.6
1485:−21.9
1480:−21.5
1192:Year
1001:0.03
864:−24.1
859:−18.1
854:−13.1
814:−13.3
809:−20.8
804:−24.1
516:Year
291:dunes
42:is a
4999:Oman
4964:Laos
4919:Iraq
4914:Iran
4592:Oman
4557:Laos
4512:Iraq
4507:Iran
4322:2017
4297:2021
4267:2013
4242:2013
4220:2017
4195:2015
4170:2016
4144:2021
4119:2021
4095:2022
4069:2022
4008:link
3980:OCLC
3970:ISBN
3783:salt
3715:Iran
3641:52nd
3630:Area
3515:and
3507:and
3284:(%)
3152:10.0
3147:−1.3
3132:15.8
3127:21.8
3122:24.6
3117:22.0
3112:16.9
3107:11.2
3097:−2.0
3092:−3.9
3082:16.3
3067:15.1
3062:23.8
3057:30.0
3052:32.4
3047:29.8
3042:24.1
3037:17.3
3012:23.1
3002:15.2
2997:22.7
2992:31.6
2987:37.2
2982:39.1
2977:37.0
2972:31.4
2967:24.5
2962:15.9
2941:Dec
2938:Nov
2935:Oct
2932:Sep
2929:Aug
2926:Jul
2923:Jun
2920:May
2917:Apr
2914:Mar
2911:Feb
2908:Jan
2789:(%)
2777:6.3
2774:5.2
2771:1.5
2768:0.2
2765:0.3
2762:0.2
2759:0.5
2756:2.0
2753:4.7
2750:5.6
2747:5.8
2744:6.3
2726:16.1
2691:10.4
2686:22.4
2681:26.7
2676:17.4
2642:−9.5
2627:11.2
2612:−4.6
2582:−1.8
2567:13.1
2562:19.0
2557:21.4
2552:19.5
2547:15.7
2542:10.4
2532:−1.1
2527:−3.3
2517:15.3
2502:13.9
2497:21.2
2492:26.9
2487:29.3
2482:27.6
2477:23.3
2472:17.1
2447:22.4
2437:15.0
2432:22.6
2427:29.7
2422:34.5
2417:36.4
2412:34.8
2407:30.4
2402:24.4
2397:16.0
2392:10.0
2377:46.2
2372:25.7
2367:31.3
2362:35.6
2357:40.4
2352:43.0
2347:46.2
2342:44.0
2337:42.2
2332:40.3
2327:33.9
2322:28.4
2317:24.0
2306:Dec
2303:Nov
2300:Oct
2297:Sep
2294:Aug
2291:Jul
2288:Jun
2285:May
2282:Apr
2279:Mar
2276:Feb
2273:Jan
2207:(%)
2075:12.4
2060:12.2
2055:19.7
2050:25.5
2045:25.7
2040:22.5
2035:17.8
2030:11.9
2015:−0.6
2005:17.5
1995:11.1
1990:17.5
1985:25.9
1980:31.1
1975:31.5
1970:28.8
1965:23.6
1960:17.3
1955:10.0
1935:23.3
1925:16.4
1920:23.2
1915:31.9
1910:37.2
1905:38.1
1900:35.4
1895:30.3
1890:23.7
1885:15.8
1880:10.0
1864:Dec
1861:Nov
1858:Oct
1855:Sep
1852:Aug
1849:Jul
1846:Jun
1843:May
1840:Apr
1837:Mar
1834:Feb
1831:Jan
1713:(%)
1677:0.1
1525:−3.1
1515:10.2
1510:14.1
1495:−2.6
1470:10.1
1455:10.0
1450:16.7
1445:22.0
1440:22.2
1435:18.9
1430:13.6
1415:−0.2
1410:−0.3
1400:15.1
1385:15.4
1380:22.7
1375:28.0
1370:28.2
1365:25.1
1360:19.5
1355:13.7
1330:20.8
1320:14.2
1315:21.5
1310:29.3
1305:34.5
1300:34.6
1295:31.6
1290:25.8
1285:19.9
1280:13.1
1260:44.7
1255:24.6
1250:28.1
1245:33.4
1240:43.5
1235:44.5
1230:44.7
1225:43.3
1220:40.7
1215:36.0
1210:29.0
1205:23.3
1200:20.7
1189:Dec
1186:Nov
1183:Oct
1180:Sep
1177:Aug
1174:Jul
1171:Jun
1168:May
1165:Apr
1162:Mar
1159:Feb
1156:Jan
1037:(%)
1019:0.1
849:−5.0
834:13.8
819:−0.8
794:11.6
779:10.8
774:17.1
769:22.4
764:24.5
759:22.3
754:17.5
749:11.8
734:−0.1
724:17.5
709:17.1
704:24.3
699:30.0
694:31.7
689:29.6
684:24.1
679:17.6
674:11.1
654:23.8
644:15.7
639:24.4
634:31.8
629:37.2
624:38.4
619:36.2
614:30.5
609:23.9
604:17.0
599:11.1
584:47.2
579:33.1
574:35.0
569:40.1
564:45.4
559:45.7
554:46.8
549:47.2
544:45.6
539:39.6
534:38.6
529:32.6
524:27.8
513:Dec
510:Nov
507:Oct
504:Sep
501:Aug
498:Jul
495:Jun
492:May
489:Apr
486:Mar
483:Feb
480:Jan
368:and
307:arid
295:Iran
179:Mary
58:and
56:Iran
5131:and
4724:and
4378:CIA
3619:USD
3323:46
3320:74
3317:59
3314:43
3311:30
3308:25
3305:26
3302:26
3299:33
3296:46
3293:54
3290:63
3287:73
3275:42
3226:119
3142:3.1
3137:8.3
3102:4.0
3077:2.6
3072:8.5
3032:9.2
3027:2.6
3022:0.1
3007:7.9
2957:8.7
2952:5.5
2721:9.8
2716:4.6
2711:0.5
2706:0.1
2701:1.0
2696:1.5
2637:2.8
2632:9.1
2622:9.4
2617:0.8
2587:8.7
2577:1.7
2572:6.6
2537:3.6
2512:2.7
2507:7.6
2467:9.2
2462:3.7
2457:1.0
2442:8.3
2387:6.8
2246:50
2243:70
2240:58
2237:46
2234:34
2231:34
2228:41
2225:38
2222:43
2219:50
2216:56
2213:63
2210:68
2198:51
2149:143
2070:1.9
2065:6.8
2025:5.4
2020:0.4
2000:5.5
1950:4.6
1945:3.2
1930:9.9
1875:7.9
1752:61
1749:75
1746:72
1743:58
1740:46
1737:44
1734:49
1731:50
1728:56
1725:63
1722:68
1719:72
1716:76
1704:11
1660:70
1614:126
1520:3.3
1505:6.6
1500:0.9
1465:1.2
1460:5.0
1425:8.5
1420:3.2
1395:4.9
1390:9.3
1350:7.7
1345:3.9
1340:3.3
1325:9.1
1275:8.7
1270:7.5
1076:55
1073:77
1070:68
1067:54
1064:40
1061:34
1058:34
1055:35
1052:47
1049:58
1046:66
1043:72
1040:78
1028:15
984:90
981:10
960:10
957:12
954:13
938:221
844:2.0
839:9.5
829:9.2
824:1.3
789:1.1
784:5.0
744:6.0
739:1.3
719:5.0
714:9.7
669:5.7
664:3.9
649:9.8
594:9.0
5205::
4376:.
4338:.
4313:.
4287:.
4283:.
4258:.
4211:.
4186:.
4135:.
4016:^
4004:}}
4000:{{
3986:.
3978:.
3964:,
3828:^
3781:,
3777:,
3773:,
3689:EU
3621:.
3583:.
3469:;
3448:,
3439:,
3272:6
3269:4
3266:3
3263:1
3260:1
3257:1
3254:1
3251:4
3248:6
3245:6
3242:4
3239:5
3221:13
3216:10
3186:13
3181:22
3176:22
3171:11
3166:13
2671:19
2195:7
2192:5
2189:4
2186:2
2183:1
2180:2
2177:2
2174:4
2171:6
2168:7
2165:5
2162:6
2144:16
2139:14
2134:12
2109:17
2104:19
2099:21
2094:14
2089:11
1701:2
1698:0
1695:0
1692:0
1689:0
1686:0
1683:0
1680:0
1674:1
1671:4
1668:4
1657:8
1654:8
1651:6
1648:3
1645:3
1642:2
1639:3
1636:6
1633:8
1630:8
1627:7
1624:8
1609:14
1604:19
1599:11
1569:16
1564:17
1559:13
1554:12
1025:3
1022:1
1016:0
1013:0
1010:0
1007:0
1004:0
998:1
995:5
992:5
978:8
975:6
972:3
969:2
966:3
963:5
951:9
948:9
933:18
928:23
923:12
898:23
893:33
888:42
883:33
878:21
78:.
4815:e
4808:t
4801:v
4408:e
4401:t
4394:v
4380:.
4351:.
4324:.
4299:.
4269:.
4244:.
4222:.
4197:.
4172:.
4146:.
4121:.
4097:.
4071:.
4039:.
4010:)
3996:.
3211:6
3206:2
3201:1
3196:2
3191:4
2129:4
2124:2
2119:8
2114:5
1594:5
1589:5
1584:2
1579:3
1574:9
918:3
913:2
908:3
903:8
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
