2181:
the environmental problems in
Uzbekistan. The World Bank worked with the countries in the Aral Sea Basin to form the Aral Sea Basin Assistance Program (ASBP) in the early 1990s. The main roles of the ASBP were the rehabilitation of the Aral Sea area that was destroyed through evaporation, the planning and management of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, and the construction of institutions to plan and implement the rehabilitation and management of the water resources surrounding the Aral Sea. The World Bank also formed the Water and Environmental Management Project in 1998 that was funded by both the World Bank and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). The program was funded by the World Bank, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Asian Development Bank, as well as the governments of a few countries. Other groups that contributed to the rehabilitation and management of the Aral Sea include the European Union, the United Nations, UNESCO, United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Science for Peace program.
2002:. Because of diversion of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya for cotton cultivation and other purposes, what once was the world's fourth largest inland sea has shrunk in the past thirty years to only about one-third of its 1960 volume and less than half its 1960 geographical size. The desiccation and salinization of the lake have caused extensive storms of salt and dust from the sea's dried bottom, wreaking havoc on the region's agriculture and ecosystems and on the population's health. Desertification has led to the large-scale loss of plant and animal life, loss of arable land, changed climatic conditions, depleted yields on the cultivated land that remains, and destruction of historical and cultural monuments. Every year, many tons of salts reportedly are carried as far as 800 kilometers away. Regional experts assert that salt and dust storms from the Aral Sea have raised the level of particulate matter in the Earth's atmosphere by more than 5%, seriously affecting global climate change.
2119:
of operation. Air pollution data for
Tashkent, Farghona, and Olmaliq show all three cities exceeding recommended levels of nitrous dioxide and particulates. High levels of heavy metals such as lead, nickel, zinc, copper, mercury, and manganese have been found in Uzbekistan's atmosphere, mainly from the burning of fossil fuels, waste materials, and ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. Especially high concentrations of heavy metals have been reported in Toshkent Province and in the southern part of Uzbekistan near the Olmaliq Metallurgy Combine. In the mid-1990s, Uzbekistan's industrial production, about 60% of the total for the Central Asian nations excluding Kazakhstan, also yielded about 60% of the total volume of Central Asia's emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Because automobiles are relatively scarce, automotive exhaust is a problem only in Tashkent and Farghona.
2165:. But the governmental structures to deal with these problems remain confused and ill-defined. Old agencies and organizations have been expanded to address these questions, and new ones have been created, resulting in a bureaucratic web of agencies with no generally understood commitment to attack environmental problems directly. Various nongovernmental and grassroots environmental organizations also have begun to form, some closely tied to the current government and others assuming an opposition stance. For example, environmental issues were prominent points in the original platform of Birlik, the first major opposition movement to emerge in Uzbekistan. By the mid-1990s, such issues had become a key concern of all opposition groups and a cause of growing concern among the population as a whole.
2142:, contamination of microbial biomass, and negatively effecting trophic interactions. Many species of animals are sensitive to metal pollution and are directly exposed to it by living off of the land that has been polluted by the mining and smelting activities. The metals polluting the land and soil include copper, gold, lead, silver, metallic zinc, and others. An example is the metallurgical complex at Almalik in Uzbekistan that manufactures metals and has waste storage sites in surrounding areas, which pollute the soil, groundwater, and air with high amounts of copper, zinc, arsenic, lead, and cadmium. The mining complexes in Uzbekistan have created toxic waste that has spread through the land, groundwater, air, waterways, and soil.
2098:
the average application of chemical fertilizers and insecticides throughout the
Central Asian republics was 20 to 25 kilograms per hectare, compared with the former average of three kilograms per hectare for the entire Soviet Union. As a result, the supply of fresh water has received further contaminants. Industrial pollutants also have damaged Uzbekistan's water. In the Amu Darya, concentrations of phenol and oil products have been measured at far above acceptable health standards. In 1989 the Minister of Health of the Turkmen SSR described the Amu Darya as a sewage ditch for industrial and agricultural waste substances. Experts who monitored the river in 1995 reported even further deterioration.
1987:
2153:, also known as Resurrection Island, to the land and environment in Uzbekistan when the island transformed into a large peninsula. At Resurrection Island, the land and soil was polluted with weaponized and genetically modified pathogens due to a secret biological weapons program carried out by the Soviet military. The island was decontaminated by the Russian military, Government of Uzbekistan, and U.S. experts because of the health and environmental dangers it could have caused with its new connection to the land.
200:
1979:
30:
96:
3969:
3562:
3979:
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2131:, and the spread of the salt from the evaporated Aral Sea has contaminated the surrounding soil. The soil has lost much of its water due to the increased surface irrigation. The irrigation of farmlands with water from the Aral Sea has resulted in increased salinization of the soil, causing the farmland to be less productive and the destruction of a large portion of farmable land.
2721:
2521:
128:, which runs across the northeastern sector of Uzbekistan from southern Kazakhstan into the Qizilqum. Although the Fergana Valley receives just 100 to 300 millimetres (3.9 to 11.8 in) of rainfall per year, only small patches of desert remain in the center and along ridges on the periphery of the valley.
2097:
Large-scale use of chemicals for cotton cultivation, inefficient irrigation systems, and poor drainage systems are examples of the conditions that led to a high filtration of salinized and contaminated water back into the soil. Post-Soviet policies have become even more dangerous; in the early 1990s,
3050:
Yang, Qi, Wang, Li, Gang, Zhang, and Odeh. “Comparative
Assessment of Grassland Degradation Dynamics in Response to Climate Variation and Human Activities in China, Mongolia, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan from 200 to 2013.” Journal of Arid Environments (2016): n. pag. Science Direct. Elsevier Ltd, 2016.
2180:
The
Uzbekistan government along with NGOs and U.S. international donors has been working to help improve the health conditions in Uzbekistan since the 1990s. This has led to improvements in drinking water. The World Bank and United Nations have also been involved in preparing possible solutions for
2118:
In urban areas, factories and auto emissions are a growing threat to air quality. Fewer than half of factory smokestacks in
Uzbekistan are equipped with filtration devices, and none has the capacity to filter gaseous emissions. In addition, a high percentage of existing filters are defective or out
103:
The physical environment of
Uzbekistan is diverse, ranging from the flat, desert topography that comprises almost 80% of the country's territory to mountain peaks in the east reaching about 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) above sea level. The southeastern portion of Uzbekistan is characterized by the
3069:
Shukurov, Nosir, Obidjon
Kodirov, Mirko Peitzsch, Michael Kersten, Yosef Steinberger, and Stanislav Pen-Mouratov. "Coupling Geochemical, Mineralogical and Microbiological Approaches to Assess the Health of Contaminated Soil around the Almalyk Mining and Smelter Complex, Uzbekistan." Science of the
2176:
The
Government of Uzbekistan joined forces with Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan in 1992 to form the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS) and in 1993 to form the Interstate Council on the Problems of the Aral Sea Basin (ICAS). The ICAS was formed to work with the
2168:
In the first half of the 1990s, many plans were proposed to limit or discourage economic practices that damage the environment. Despite discussion of programs to require payments for resources (especially water) and to collect fines from heavy polluters, however, little has been accomplished. The
1994:
Despite
Uzbekistan's rich and varied natural environment, decades of environmental neglect in the Soviet Union have combined with skewed economic policies in the Soviet south to make Uzbekistan one of the gravest of the CIS's many environmental crises. The heavy use of agrochemicals, diversion of
2105:
According to one report, virtually all the large underground fresh-water supplies in Uzbekistan are polluted by industrial and chemical wastes. An official in Uzbekistan's Ministry of Environment estimated that about half of the country's population lives in regions where the water is severely
2101:
In the early 1990s, about 60% of pollution control funding went to water-related projects, but only about half of cities and about one-quarter of villages have sewers. Communal water systems do not meet health standards; much of the population lacks drinking water systems and must drink water
2172:
International donors and Western assistance agencies have devised programs to transfer technology and know-how to address these problems. But the country's environmental problems are predominantly the result of abuse and mismanagement of natural resources promoted by political and economic
243:, with average annual rainfall amounting to between 100 and 200 millimeters (3.9 and 7.9 in) and occurring mostly in winter and spring. Between June and September, little precipitation falls, essentially stopping the growth of vegetation during that period of time.
3128:
United Nations. Second National Communication of the Republic of Uzbekistan under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Rep. Tashkent: Centre of Hydrometeorological Service under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan, n. d.
2173:
priorities. Until the political will emerges to regard environmental and health problems as a threat not only to the government in power but also to the very survival of Uzbekistan, the increasingly grave environmental threat will not be addressed effectively.
2169:
obstacles are a lack of law enforcement in these areas, inconsistent government economic and environmental planning, corruption, and the overwhelming concentration of power in the hands of a president who shows little tolerance of grassroots activity.
131:
Water resources, which are unevenly distributed, are in short supply in most of Uzbekistan. The vast plains that occupy two-thirds of Uzbekistan's territory have little water, and there are few lakes. The two largest rivers feeding Uzbekistan are the
2114:
Poor water management and heavy use of agricultural chemicals also have polluted the air. Salt and dust storms and the spraying of pesticides and defoliants for the cotton crop have led to severe degradation of air quality in rural areas.
3082:
N.G. Maylyapova, I. Denisov, and V. Lipatov. “A Review of Central Asian Trans-border Issues Associated with Environmental Problems and Hazard Mitigation”. Dordecht Netherlands; Moscow Russia: Springer Netherlands, 2015. Web. 08 Oct.
238:
Summer temperatures often surpass 40 °C (104 °F); winter temperatures average between −1 °C (30 °F) and −3 °C (27 °F), but may fall as low as −40 °C (−40 °F). Most of the country also is quite
124:, is an area of about 21,440 square kilometres (8,280 sq mi) directly east of the Qizilqum and surrounded by mountain ranges to the north, south, and east. The western end of the valley is defined by the course of the
2134:
The amount of grasslands in Uzbekistan has gradually decreased mainly due to over-grazing and climate change. About 62.6% of the land in Uzbekistan is used for agriculture with 51.7% of that land used for permanent pasture.
52:. With an area of approximately 447,000 square kilometers, Uzbekistan stretches 1,425 km (885 mi) from west to east and 930 km (580 mi) from north to south. It borders Turkmenistan to the southwest,
1995:
huge amounts of irrigation water from the two rivers that feed the region, and the chronic lack of water treatment plants are among the factors that have caused health and environmental problems on an enormous scale.
2770:
2138:
The soil has been polluted by mining and smelting activities due to the spread of metals and other pollutants by wind. Smelter ash contaminated soil causes environmental risks such as reduction of
2042:
shrinkage of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to
215:, meaning that it has both relatively hot summers and relatively cool winters. However, only a small area in eastern Uzbekistan is classified as Mediterranean and humid continental under the
2025:
in the fields; and construction of industrial enterprises without regard to human or environmental impact. Those policies present enormous environmental challenges throughout Uzbekistan.
183:
Another important feature of Uzbekistan's physical environment is the significant seismic activity that dominates much of the country. Indeed, much of Uzbekistan's capital city,
2076:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
168:
in summer, and these three countries provided Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan with oil and gas during the winter in return. However, this system dissolved after the collapse of the
2149:. The improper handling and disposal of industrial waste has polluted the land in Uzbekistan and other countries in Central Asia. The evaporation of the Aral Sea exposed
3527:
3934:
3201:
2944:
2848:
2009:
approach to environmental management brought decades of poor water management and lack of water or sewage treatment facilities; inordinately heavy use of
191:, and other earthquakes have caused significant damage before and since the Tashkent disaster. The mountain areas are especially prone to earthquakes.
2161:
The government of Uzbekistan has acknowledged the extent of the country's environmental problems, and it has made a commitment to address them in its
3537:
2870:
2106:
polluted. The government estimated in 1995 that only 230 of the country's 8,000 industrial enterprises were following pollution control standards.
3883:
3476:
2967:"Average monthly data about air temperature and precipitation in 13 regional centers of the Republic of Uzbekistan over period from 1981 to 2010"
2893:"Average monthly data about air temperature and precipitation in 13 regional centers of the Republic of Uzbekistan over period from 1981 to 2010"
2797:"Average monthly data about air temperature and precipitation in 13 regional centers of the Republic of Uzbekistan over period from 1981 to 2010"
3944:
3036:
Bekturvanov; Zakir; Tussopova; Berndtsson; Sharapatova; Aryngazin; Zhanasova (2016). "Water Related Health Problems in Central Asia—A Review".
3451:
3113:
3608:
108:
mountains, which rise higher in neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and form a natural border between Central Asia and China. The vast
3858:
3496:
2753:
3150:
3903:
2705:
219:. A vast majority of its total area — including all of the sparsely-populated western and central regions — is classified as either
156:
and elsewhere. During the Soviet Era, a plan was devised in which Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan provided water from these two rivers to
152:; they are used primarily for irrigation, and several artificial canals have been built to expand the supply of arable land in the
4003:
216:
3194:
2050:
from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing
3286:
2739:
2918:
2822:
3532:
3021:
Qi, Jiaguo; Evered, Kyle (2008). "Environmental Problems of Central Asia and Their Economic Social and Security Impacts".
3693:
3491:
3396:
2966:
2892:
2796:
71:
Uzbekistan is the only Central Asian state to border all of the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border with
3939:
3898:
3803:
3501:
3187:
3060:"The World Factbook: UZBEKISTAN." Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2016.
2733:
1587:
Source 2: Pogoda.ru.net (mean temperatures/humidity/snow days 1981–2010, record low and record high temperatures),
911:
Source 2: Pogoda.ru.net (mean temperatures/humidity/snow days 1981–2010, record low and record high temperatures),
173:
3446:
3411:
3366:
2693:
212:
3908:
3625:
3601:
3336:
3331:
3226:
3218:
2162:
188:
3853:
3818:
3773:
3431:
3346:
3326:
3276:
3246:
3236:
2525:
176:, this situation could lead to irreparable regional destabilization if it is not resolved. A shallow lake,
3743:
3738:
3633:
3542:
3421:
3416:
3296:
1963:
3863:
3838:
3753:
3733:
3683:
3653:
3643:
3486:
3436:
3391:
3371:
3361:
3261:
208:
65:
2177:
World Bank in order to improve the conditions of the Aral Sea, but was disbanded in 1997 to form IFAS.
1986:
3949:
3828:
3823:
3703:
3461:
3376:
3356:
3241:
3231:
2150:
3923:
3893:
3843:
3798:
3778:
3768:
3668:
3594:
3516:
3506:
3441:
3406:
3341:
3321:
3311:
3271:
3256:
3251:
2697:
3978:
3571:
2969:. Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzhydromet). Archived from
2895:. Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzhydromet). Archived from
2799:. Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzhydromet). Archived from
3868:
3783:
3763:
3648:
3638:
3547:
3466:
3426:
3401:
3381:
3316:
3291:
3281:
3266:
2055:
120:, dominates the northern lowland portion of Uzbekistan. The most fertile part of Uzbekistan, the
1978:
199:
3913:
3848:
3813:
3748:
3728:
3718:
3678:
3663:
3658:
3386:
3351:
3306:
3301:
3210:
3109:
2711:
2701:
2005:
The Aral Sea disaster is only the most visible indicator of environmental decay, however. The
1910:
1536:
1488:
860:
812:
3954:
3873:
3833:
3808:
3788:
3723:
3698:
3688:
3673:
3101:
2992:
2234:
2146:
2139:
2128:
2686:
Olcott, Martha Brill (1997). "Kazakstan: Physical Environment". In Curtis, Glenn E. (ed.).
3793:
3758:
3713:
3708:
3617:
2383:
2051:
2047:
2043:
177:
79:
is an inland sea with no direct link to the oceans, Uzbekistan is one of only two "doubly
83:" countries—countries completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The other is
29:
2270:
153:
121:
1998:
Environmental devastation in Uzbekistan is best exemplified by the catastrophe of the
95:
3997:
3972:
3565:
2725:
2362:
1792:
1326:
650:
84:
17:
2327:
2006:
161:
149:
45:
41:
3138:
3982:
3575:
2922:
2826:
2689:
Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: country studies
2408:
2311:
2102:
straight from contaminated irrigation ditches, canals, or the Amu Darya itself.
228:
220:
76:
72:
49:
172:, and a new resource-sharing plan has yet to be put in place. According to the
3105:
2448:
2368:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2265:
2022:
165:
157:
145:
141:
117:
80:
61:
57:
53:
37:
3165:
3152:
2970:
2896:
2800:
2715:
2412:
2018:
2014:
2010:
137:
133:
125:
113:
109:
105:
2530:
2444:
2390:
2346:
1999:
184:
3098:
The Aral Sea: The Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of a Great Lake
3070:
Total Environment 476–477 (2014): 447–59. ScienceDirect. Web. Oct. 2016.
2424:
2222:
2687:
2432:
2428:
2228:
3179:
3000:
Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
2921:(in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from
1990:
Uzbekistan is the seventh most water stressed country in the world.
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2293:
2240:
1985:
1977:
198:
94:
28:
2724:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2440:
2436:
2420:
2416:
1588:
912:
240:
169:
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148:, respectively. These rivers form the two main river basins of
2536:
2059:
1957:
Source 1: Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of Uzbekistan
1582:
Source 1: Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of Uzbekistan
926:
Climate data for Samarkand (1981–2010, extremes 1936–present)
906:
Source 1: Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of Uzbekistan
3096:
Micklin, Philip; Aladin, N.V.; Plotnikov, Igor, eds. (2014).
2757:
2345:
note: Uzbekistan formerly had a 420 km coastline on the
250:
Climate data for Tashkent (1981–2010, extremes 1881–present)
207:
Uzbekistan's climate has sometimes been broadly described as
2233:
Australia comparative: slightly less than twice the size of
2497:
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)
1982:
Uzbekistan, February 2003. Red dots indicate wildfires.
2127:
The reduction of water in Uzbekistan has resulted in
3922:
3882:
3624:
3515:
3475:
3217:
3100:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
2947:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2851:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2825:(in Russian). Weather and Climate. Archived from
2264:United States comparative: slightly larger than
915:(mean monthly sunshine hours, 1961–1990) OGIMET
2361:None. Uzbekistan is one of only two countries (
203:Uzbekistan map of Köppen climate classification
2993:"Klimatafel von Karshi (Karschi) / Usbekistan"
2919:"Weather and Climate-The Climate of Samarkand"
2760:. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
2239:Canada comparative: slightly smaller than the
3602:
3195:
2823:"Weather and Climate-The Climate of Tashkent"
8:
2771:"World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal"
2145:The soil in Uzbekistan is also polluted by
64:to the south and east. Uzbekistan also has
3609:
3595:
3587:
3202:
3188:
3180:
3091:
3089:
3023:NATO Science for Peace and Security Series
2245:United Kingdom comparative: approximately
1598:
922:
246:
3078:
3076:
2386:−12 metres (39 ft) below sea level.
180:, sits on the border with Turkmenistan.
112:(Turkic for "red sand"—Russian spelling
2545:
2058:from agricultural chemicals, including
2731:
2068:Environment – international agreements
140:, which originate in the mountains of
2945:"Samarkand Climate Normals 1961–1990"
2681:
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2677:
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2665:
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7:
2849:"Tashkent Climate Normals 1961–1990"
2775:climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
1602:Climate data for Qarshi (1981–2010)
3002:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst
2692:(1st ed.). Washington, D.C.:
25:
2502:total: 56 km/yr (7%/3%/90%)
3977:
3968:
3967:
3570:
3561:
3560:
2719:
2524: This article incorporates
2519:
2273:comparative: slightly less than
33:Detailed map of Uzbekistan, 1995
2754:Water Pressures in Central Asia
2485:Total renewable water resources
2393:, 4,668 metres (15,315 ft)
2157:Government environmental policy
2084:none of the selected agreements
116:) Desert, shared with southern
3935:British Indian Ocean Territory
3528:British Indian Ocean Territory
2871:"38457: Tashkent (Uzbekistan)"
2261:larger than the United Kingdom
1:
2752:International Crisis Group. "
2505:per capita: 2,113 m/yr (2005)
217:Köppen climate classification
3025:. C: Environmental Security.
2037:Environment — current issues
1865:Average precipitation days
1721:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1651:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1399:Average precipitation days
1185:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1045:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
723:Average precipitation days
509:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
369:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
187:, was destroyed in a major
4020:
2738:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2199:country rank in the world:
2081:signed, but not ratified:
1961:
1956:
1601:
1586:
1581:
925:
910:
905:
249:
174:International Crisis Group
3963:
3556:
3106:10.1007/978-3-642-02356-9
2873:. OGIMET. 16 January 2021
2694:Federal Research Division
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3684:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3277:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3139:"Alpomish" on Peakbagger
2365:) in the world that are
2195:total: 447,400 km²
2163:Biodiversity Action Plan
99:Topography of Uzbekistan
4004:Geography of Uzbekistan
3945:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3538:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3141:. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
2400:Resources and land uses
2123:Land and Soil Pollution
91:Topography and drainage
2526:public domain material
2478:41,980 km² (2005)
2227:slightly smaller than
2209:water: 22,000 km²
2206:land: 425,400 km²
1991:
1983:
1974:Environmental problems
1964:Deutscher Wetterdienst
204:
100:
34:
2463:permanent crops: 0.8%
1989:
1981:
202:
98:
75:to the south. As the
32:
18:Climate of Uzbekistan
3859:United Arab Emirates
3452:United Arab Emirates
2700:. pp. 401–406.
2490:48.87 km (2011)
2466:other: 89.58% (2011)
2307:Total: 6,221 km
2151:Vozrozhdeniya Island
975:Record high °C (°F)
299:Record high °C (°F)
3886:limited recognition
3479:limited recognition
3162: /
2973:on 15 December 2019
2925:on December 6, 2016
2899:on 15 December 2019
2829:on 15 December 2019
2803:on 15 December 2019
2698:Library of Congress
2185:Area and boundaries
1443:Average snowy days
1255:Record low °C (°F)
1115:Daily mean °C (°F)
767:Average snowy days
579:Record low °C (°F)
439:Daily mean °C (°F)
66:four small exclaves
44:, located north of
3051:Web. 08 Oct. 2016.
2777:. World Bank Group
2532:The World Factbook
2460:arable land: 9.61%
2377:Elevation extremes
2310:Border countries:
2292:times the size of
2216:Area — comparative
2056:soil contamination
1992:
1984:
205:
189:earthquake in 1966
101:
35:
3991:
3990:
3928:other territories
3584:
3583:
3521:other territories
3211:Geography of Asia
3166:41.000°N 64.000°E
3115:978-3-642-02355-2
2734:cite encyclopedia
2405:Natural resources
2349:, which dried up.
2326:(1,161 km),
2322:(1,099 km),
2318:(2,203 km),
1970:
1969:
1911:relative humidity
1595:
1594:
1591:(sun, 1961–1990)
1489:relative humidity
919:
918:
813:relative humidity
213:humid continental
104:foothills of the
68:in Turkmenistan.
56:to the north and
16:(Redirected from
4011:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3940:Christmas Island
3626:Sovereign states
3618:Climate of Asia
3611:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3574:
3564:
3563:
3533:Christmas Island
3219:Sovereign states
3204:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2997:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2767:
2761:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2683:
2540:
2523:
2522:
2384:Sariqarnish Kuli
2291:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2147:industrial waste
2140:soil respiration
2129:soil degradation
1599:
923:
247:
40:is a country in
21:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3959:
3927:
3918:
3899:Northern Cyprus
3885:
3878:
3620:
3615:
3585:
3580:
3552:
3520:
3511:
3492:Northern Cyprus
3478:
3471:
3213:
3208:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3081:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2758:CrisisGroup.org
2751:
2747:
2730:
2720:
2708:
2685:
2684:
2547:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2402:
2389:Highest point:
2358:Maritime claims
2330:(1,621 km)
2314:(137 km),
2302:Land boundaries
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2187:
2159:
2125:
2112:
2095:
2093:Water pollution
2052:soil salination
2048:water pollution
2044:desertification
2029:Natural hazards
1976:
1971:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1596:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
920:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
197:
178:Sarygamysh Lake
93:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3171:41.000; 64.000
3144:
3143:
3131:
3121:
3114:
3085:
3072:
3062:
3053:
3043:
3028:
3013:
2984:
2958:
2936:
2910:
2884:
2862:
2840:
2814:
2788:
2762:
2745:
2706:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2473:Irrigated land
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2382:Lowest point:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2268:
2262:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2158:
2155:
2124:
2121:
2111:
2108:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1537:sunshine hours
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
928:
927:
921:
917:
916:
908:
907:
903:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
861:sunshine hours
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
764:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
436:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
296:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
252:
251:
245:
196:
193:
154:Fergana Valley
122:Fergana Valley
92:
89:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4016:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:South Ossetia
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:South Ossetia
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3038:Report, Water
3032:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2726:public domain
2717:
2713:
2709:
2707:0-8444-0938-3
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2391:Alpomish Peak
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2363:Liechtenstein
2360:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2221:same size as
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:Air pollution
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1793:precipitation
1789:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1605:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:Mean monthly
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1327:precipitation
1323:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
973:
929:
924:
914:
909:
904:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
862:
859:Mean monthly
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
765:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
721:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
652:
651:precipitation
647:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
577:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
507:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
437:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
367:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
297:
253:
248:
244:
242:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:Mediterranean
201:
194:
192:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
97:
90:
88:
86:
85:Liechtenstein
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
31:
27:
19:
3924:Dependencies
3854:Turkmenistan
3819:Saudi Arabia
3517:Dependencies
3456:
3447:Turkmenistan
3412:Saudi Arabia
3147:
3134:
3124:
3097:
3065:
3056:
3046:
3037:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3004:. Retrieved
2999:
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2971:the original
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2939:
2929:December 15,
2927:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:the original
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2827:the original
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2801:the original
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2774:
2765:
2748:
2688:
2531:
2366:
2328:Turkmenistan
2198:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1795:mm (inches)
1329:mm (inches)
653:mm (inches)
237:
232:
224:
206:
182:
162:Turkmenistan
150:Central Asia
130:
102:
70:
46:Turkmenistan
42:Central Asia
36:
26:
3983:Asia portal
3884:States with
3804:Philippines
3744:South Korea
3739:North Korea
3634:Afghanistan
3576:Asia portal
3477:States with
3397:Philippines
3337:South Korea
3332:North Korea
3227:Afghanistan
3169: /
3006:16 December
2977:15 December
2951:December 6,
2903:15 December
2855:12 February
2833:15 December
2807:15 December
2409:natural gas
2312:Afghanistan
2023:fertilizers
1966:(humidity)
229:cold steppe
221:cold desert
77:Caspian Sea
73:Afghanistan
50:Afghanistan
3864:Uzbekistan
3839:Tajikistan
3754:Kyrgyzstan
3734:Kazakhstan
3654:Bangladesh
3644:Azerbaijan
3457:Uzbekistan
3432:Tajikistan
3347:Kyrgyzstan
3327:Kazakhstan
3247:Bangladesh
3237:Azerbaijan
2877:16 January
2781:22 October
2514:References
2449:molybdenum
2369:landlocked
2342:0 km
2324:Tajikistan
2320:Kyrgyzstan
2316:Kazakhstan
2266:California
2073:party to:
2019:defoliants
2015:herbicides
2011:pesticides
1962:Source 2:
166:Uzbekistan
158:Kazakhstan
146:Kyrgyzstan
142:Tajikistan
118:Kazakhstan
81:landlocked
62:Kyrgyzstan
58:Tajikistan
54:Kazakhstan
38:Uzbekistan
3950:Hong Kong
3904:Palestine
3829:Sri Lanka
3824:Singapore
3704:Indonesia
3543:Hong Kong
3497:Palestine
3422:Sri Lanka
3417:Singapore
3297:Indonesia
2413:petroleum
2337:Coastline
138:Syr Darya
134:Amu Darya
126:Syr Darya
114:Kyzyl Kum
106:Tian Shan
3998:Category
3973:Category
3894:Abkhazia
3844:Thailand
3799:Pakistan
3779:Mongolia
3774:Maldives
3769:Malaysia
3669:Cambodia
3566:Category
3487:Abkhazia
3437:Thailand
3392:Pakistan
3372:Mongolia
3367:Maldives
3362:Malaysia
3262:Cambodia
2716:36364151
2455:Land use
2445:tungsten
2347:Aral Sea
2275:1
2235:Victoria
2000:Aral Sea
1909:Average
1791:Average
1686:(100.6)
1577:2,953.1
1487:Average
1394:(14.38)
1325:Average
1320:(−13.7)
1260:(−13.7)
1040:(108.3)
1020:(101.5)
1015:(105.8)
1010:(108.3)
1005:(106.5)
1000:(103.1)
901:2,820.3
811:Average
718:(17.50)
649:Average
644:(−21.1)
639:(−21.1)
589:(−14.1)
364:(112.3)
344:(104.0)
339:(109.6)
334:(112.3)
329:(109.4)
324:(103.8)
223:(Köppen
185:Tashkent
136:and the
110:Qizilqum
3869:Vietnam
3784:Myanmar
3764:Lebanon
3694:Georgia
3649:Bahrain
3639:Armenia
3462:Vietnam
3377:Myanmar
3357:Lebanon
3287:Georgia
3242:Bahrain
3232:Armenia
3157:64°00′E
3154:41°00′N
2425:uranium
2367:doubly
2290:
2259:
2247:
2223:Morocco
1860:(9.33)
1855:(1.30)
1850:(0.86)
1845:(0.21)
1840:(0.06)
1835:(0.00)
1830:(0.03)
1825:(0.07)
1820:(0.76)
1815:(1.28)
1810:(2.07)
1805:(1.41)
1800:(1.28)
1786:(50.1)
1781:(32.7)
1776:(39.6)
1771:(46.4)
1766:(56.7)
1761:(67.5)
1756:(72.0)
1751:(68.5)
1746:(60.6)
1741:(51.8)
1736:(41.5)
1731:(33.1)
1726:(30.2)
1716:(75.1)
1711:(51.1)
1706:(63.1)
1701:(75.7)
1696:(88.2)
1691:(97.7)
1681:(97.5)
1676:(87.4)
1671:(76.1)
1666:(63.0)
1661:(53.2)
1656:(47.7)
1389:(1.85)
1384:(1.33)
1379:(0.66)
1374:(0.14)
1369:(0.05)
1364:(0.15)
1359:(0.24)
1354:(1.43)
1349:(2.38)
1344:(2.71)
1339:(1.82)
1334:(1.62)
1315:(−9.0)
1310:(−0.6)
1305:(20.5)
1300:(32.0)
1295:(46.0)
1290:(47.5)
1285:(40.6)
1280:(29.7)
1275:(19.8)
1250:(47.3)
1245:(31.6)
1240:(38.3)
1235:(45.0)
1230:(55.0)
1225:(63.3)
1220:(66.2)
1215:(63.3)
1210:(56.3)
1205:(48.9)
1200:(39.2)
1195:(31.1)
1190:(28.9)
1180:(57.7)
1175:(38.7)
1170:(47.1)
1165:(56.5)
1160:(68.2)
1155:(77.4)
1150:(80.2)
1145:(77.0)
1140:(67.6)
1135:(58.6)
1130:(47.3)
1125:(38.5)
1120:(35.4)
1110:(69.8)
1105:(48.6)
1100:(59.5)
1095:(70.9)
1090:(82.9)
1085:(91.2)
1080:(93.4)
1075:(90.0)
1070:(79.7)
1065:(70.2)
1060:(57.7)
1055:(48.6)
1050:(44.4)
1035:(81.5)
1030:(88.7)
1025:(95.4)
995:(97.2)
990:(90.0)
985:(80.1)
980:(73.8)
713:(2.32)
708:(1.73)
703:(0.97)
698:(0.24)
693:(0.05)
688:(0.18)
683:(0.56)
678:(1.62)
673:(2.45)
668:(2.76)
663:(2.51)
658:(2.10)
634:(−7.8)
629:(11.8)
624:(32.2)
619:(42.3)
614:(46.8)
609:(38.8)
604:(28.9)
599:(20.7)
574:(48.2)
569:(32.0)
564:(39.4)
559:(46.0)
554:(55.4)
549:(64.6)
544:(67.5)
539:(64.6)
534:(56.7)
529:(49.6)
524:(40.6)
519:(32.0)
514:(29.3)
504:(58.6)
499:(38.3)
494:(47.3)
489:(57.0)
484:(69.1)
479:(79.2)
474:(82.0)
469:(78.4)
464:(68.9)
459:(59.9)
454:(48.7)
449:(39.0)
444:(35.4)
434:(70.9)
429:(47.8)
424:(58.8)
419:(71.2)
414:(84.7)
409:(94.5)
404:(96.1)
399:(92.1)
394:(81.5)
389:(71.6)
384:(59.4)
379:(48.9)
374:(44.4)
359:(81.1)
354:(88.9)
349:(99.5)
319:(97.5)
314:(90.5)
309:(80.6)
304:(72.7)
195:Climate
3914:Taiwan
3849:Turkey
3814:Russia
3749:Kuwait
3729:Jordan
3719:Israel
3679:Cyprus
3664:Brunei
3659:Bhutan
3507:Taiwan
3442:Turkey
3407:Russia
3342:Kuwait
3322:Jordan
3312:Israel
3272:Cyprus
3257:Brunei
3252:Bhutan
3112:
2714:
2704:
2433:copper
2429:silver
2229:Sweden
2021:, and
2007:Soviet
1607:Month
1574:130.3
1571:173.3
1568:234.3
1565:310.1
1562:362.3
1559:397.7
1556:376.8
1553:315.9
1550:219.3
1547:169.3
1544:130.9
1541:132.9
1270:(5.2)
931:Month
898:105.9
895:149.5
892:224.8
889:300.9
886:365.8
883:383.7
880:361.8
877:303.4
874:216.8
871:165.1
868:125.3
865:117.3
594:(1.6)
584:(−18)
255:Month
164:, and
3955:Macau
3874:Yemen
3834:Syria
3809:Qatar
3789:Nepal
3724:Japan
3699:India
3689:Egypt
3674:China
3548:Macau
3467:Yemen
3427:Syria
3402:Qatar
3382:Nepal
3317:Japan
3292:India
3282:Egypt
3267:China
2996:(PDF)
2528:from
2294:Italy
2241:Yukon
1858:237.1
1646:Year
1392:365.2
1318:−25.4
1313:−22.8
1308:−18.1
1268:−14.9
1265:(−8)
1258:−25.4
970:Year
716:444.4
642:−29.5
637:−29.5
632:−22.1
627:−11.2
592:−16.9
587:−25.6
294:Year
227:) or
3794:Oman
3759:Laos
3714:Iraq
3709:Iran
3387:Oman
3352:Laos
3307:Iraq
3302:Iran
3129:Web.
3110:ISBN
3083:2016
3008:2019
2979:2019
2953:2016
2931:2019
2905:2019
2879:2021
2857:2017
2835:2019
2809:2019
2783:2022
2740:link
2712:OCLC
2702:ISBN
2441:zinc
2439:and
2437:lead
2421:gold
2417:coal
2201:56th
2190:Area
1913:(%)
1853:32.9
1848:21.9
1818:19.3
1813:32.6
1808:52.5
1803:35.9
1798:32.5
1784:10.0
1764:13.7
1759:19.7
1754:22.2
1749:20.3
1744:15.9
1739:11.0
1724:−1.0
1714:24.0
1709:10.6
1704:17.3
1699:24.3
1694:31.2
1689:36.5
1684:38.1
1679:36.4
1674:30.8
1669:24.5
1664:17.2
1659:11.8
1643:Dec
1640:Nov
1637:Oct
1634:Sep
1631:Aug
1628:Jul
1625:Jun
1622:May
1619:Apr
1616:Mar
1613:Feb
1610:Jan
1589:NOAA
1491:(%)
1473:0.3
1458:0.1
1455:0.3
1438:101
1387:47.0
1382:33.9
1377:16.8
1352:36.3
1347:60.5
1342:68.8
1337:46.2
1332:41.2
1303:−6.4
1278:−1.3
1273:−6.8
1243:−0.2
1228:12.8
1223:17.4
1218:19.0
1213:17.4
1208:13.5
1193:−0.5
1188:−1.7
1178:14.3
1163:13.6
1158:20.1
1153:25.2
1148:26.8
1143:25.0
1138:19.8
1133:14.8
1108:21.0
1098:15.3
1093:21.6
1088:28.3
1083:32.9
1078:34.1
1073:32.2
1068:26.5
1063:21.2
1058:14.3
1038:42.4
1033:27.5
1028:31.5
1023:35.2
1018:38.6
1013:41.0
1008:42.4
1003:41.4
998:39.5
993:36.2
988:32.2
983:26.7
978:23.2
967:Dec
964:Nov
961:Oct
958:Sep
955:Aug
952:Jul
949:Jun
946:May
943:Apr
940:Mar
937:Feb
934:Jan
913:NOAA
815:(%)
762:110
711:58.9
706:43.9
701:24.7
681:14.3
676:41.2
671:62.3
666:70.2
661:63.8
656:53.3
602:−1.7
597:−6.3
552:13.0
547:18.1
542:19.7
537:18.1
532:13.7
512:−1.5
502:14.8
487:13.9
482:20.6
477:26.2
472:27.8
467:25.8
462:20.5
457:15.5
432:21.6
422:14.9
417:21.8
412:29.3
407:34.7
402:35.6
397:33.4
392:27.5
387:22.0
382:15.2
362:44.6
357:27.3
352:31.6
347:37.5
342:40.0
337:43.1
332:44.6
327:43.0
322:39.9
317:36.4
312:32.5
307:27.0
302:22.6
291:Dec
288:Nov
285:Oct
282:Sep
279:Aug
276:Jul
273:Jun
270:May
267:Apr
264:Mar
261:Feb
258:Jan
241:arid
211:and
170:USSR
144:and
60:and
48:and
3926:and
3519:and
3102:doi
2756:",
2537:CIA
2060:DDT
1952:66
1949:78
1946:62
1943:48
1940:38
1937:33
1934:30
1931:33
1928:48
1925:64
1922:72
1919:74
1916:79
1904:75
1901:10
1874:12
1871:11
1868:11
1843:5.4
1838:1.5
1833:0.1
1828:0.8
1823:1.7
1779:0.4
1774:4.2
1769:8.0
1734:5.3
1729:0.6
1654:8.7
1530:59
1527:74
1524:68
1521:59
1518:47
1515:43
1512:42
1509:42
1506:54
1503:63
1500:70
1497:74
1494:76
1482:28
1435:12
1414:10
1411:12
1408:14
1405:14
1402:14
1372:3.5
1367:1.2
1362:3.7
1357:6.1
1298:0.0
1293:7.8
1288:8.6
1283:4.8
1263:−22
1248:8.5
1238:3.5
1233:7.2
1203:9.4
1198:4.0
1173:3.7
1168:8.4
1128:8.5
1123:3.6
1118:1.9
1103:9.2
1053:9.2
1048:6.9
854:56
851:73
848:66
845:57
842:45
839:42
836:39
833:40
830:53
827:60
824:61
821:68
818:73
806:27
759:12
756:10
738:11
735:12
732:14
729:13
726:14
696:6.0
691:1.3
686:4.5
622:0.1
617:5.7
612:8.2
607:3.8
582:−28
572:9.0
567:0.0
562:4.1
557:7.8
527:9.8
522:4.8
517:0.0
497:3.5
492:8.5
452:9.3
447:3.9
442:1.9
427:8.8
377:9.4
372:6.9
235:).
233:BSk
225:BWk
4000::
3108:.
3088:^
3075:^
2998:.
2773:.
2736:}}
2732:{{
2718:.
2710:.
2696:,
2548:^
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2447:,
2443:,
2435:,
2431:,
2427:,
2423:,
2419:,
2415:,
2411:,
2271:EU
2054:;
2046:;
2032:NA
2017:,
2013:,
1898:7
1895:4
1892:1
1889:0
1886:1
1883:2
1880:7
1877:9
1479:6
1476:2
1470:0
1467:0
1464:0
1461:0
1452:3
1449:7
1446:9
1432:9
1429:6
1426:2
1423:1
1420:2
1417:5
803:6
800:2
797:1
794:0
791:0
788:0
785:0
782:0
779:0
776:2
773:7
770:9
753:7
750:3
747:3
744:4
741:7
160:,
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3040:.
3010:.
2981:.
2955:.
2933:.
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2742:)
2728:.
2539:.
2372:.
2287:2
2284:/
2281:1
2277:+
2256:6
2253:/
2250:5
231:(
20:)
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