Rock-climbing equipment - Knowledge (XXG)

1559: 922: 1444: 1755: 2198: 1253: 1459: 1143: 1477:(SLDs), also called progress capture devices (PCDs), are the terms given to the broader class of rope devices that allow the climbing rope to move more freely in one direction but will lock quickly if the rope tries to move in the opposite direction. Their basic action means that several can also be used as emergency ascenders or assisted-belaying devices (ABDs), but they come in a broad range for a variety of uses (e.g. as a hauling or rescue pulley, like the Petzl Traxion). 874: 1198: 2141: 1974: 1925:(or "bashie") are a type of soft-metal nut, usually made from copper, which can be hammered into very thin cracks that are too small for even the narrowest piton. Copperheads are only used in aid climbing but their low strength means that they can only handle the "static bodyweight" of an ascending aid climber and will likely fail if the climber makes a dynamic fall. At times, climbers will "clean out" build-ups of copperheads on an aid climbing route. 1639: 1038: 995: 1285: 63: 5704: 1107: 1378: 1848: 1654: 1366: 5692: 1571: 1134:

undertaken. Examples include minimal "sit" harnesses for sport climbing as they require little in the way of gear-carrying loops, lightweight and detachable leg-loop harnesses for alpine climbing that fit around heaving winter clothing, padded harnesses for big wall climbing that give comfort for hanging belays and abseils, and chest/full-body harnesses for children or carrying heavy loads.

1703:, particularly for large hexes, or wire. Often wider than nuts, their asymmetrical shape allows their use in parallel and even widening cracks. They are placed like a nut ideally into a narrowing section of the crack and any fall will cause the hex to twist in its placement, thus exerting sideways force on the wall of the crack. Modern climbers tend to use SLCDs over hexes. 1834: 5728: 1864: 5716: 2020: 1878: 1737: 1904:. They are normally used in pairs where the aid climber stands on one aider while clipping in the higher aider. Aiders can also come as "offset style" aiders, which are 5–6 stirrup-loops arranged on either side of a central rope, and as lightweight "adjustable style" aiders so the climber can create customized rung sizes. 2212:

is a narrow and flexible ladder, typically capable of being rolled up, made from metal, PVC, or webbing that is hung horizontally between two points – usually with one point higher to create a slope – that the climber ascends and descends the rungs using only their arm strength with no use is made of

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pre-date bolts and are steel spikes – the older versions were made from iron – that could be hammered into cracks in the rock and that have an eye-hole for attaching a carabiner (some would have pre-installed metal rings). Unlike bolts, pitons need a crack into which they can be hammered, and come in

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are used by climbers to connect ropes to fixed points such as bolted anchors in sport climbing, or protection devices in traditional climbing. The quickdraw consists of two non-locking carabiners connected by a short, pre-sewn loop of webbing. They are used to reduce the friction and drag between the

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is attached into which carabiners and quickdraws can be clipped. Modern stainless steel – or the more expensive titanium, for even greater durability and/or harsher environments like sea cliffs – bolts last for over a decade but have a finite life span after which they must be replaced. Some bolted

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but far less effort and concentration are needed to use them (e.g. tired climbers at high-altitude), they can handle much heavier loads (e.g. climbers with ruck-sacks), and they are more reliable in all conditions (e.g. on wet and icy ropes). The ascender uses an internal cam that allows the device

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a climber. Their main purpose is to allow the rope to be locked off or fully braked with minimal effort when arresting a climber's fall. There are many kinds of belay devices, such as the original passive braking devices like "sticht plates" and the later "tubers/tubulars" (e.g. the original Black

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Several devices are used for controlling the rope (e.g. belay devices and self-locking devices), moving up the rope (e.g. ascender devices), or moving down the rope (e.g. rappel/abseil or descender devices). These actions were historically performed by climbers with no mechanical devices (e.g. the

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that can withstand the load of a fall. Carabiners come in various shapes, with the asymmetric/offset D-shape being the most common, and gate styles (e.g. a straight gate or a bent gate). A particular variation is whether the gate is locking, which gives extra security when belaying but makes the

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constriction of a crack. Tricams are not as easy to place or remove as an SLCD but they can fit into narrow cracks and pockets, in some cases being the only type of protection that will work on a particular feature. Tricams are typically cheaper and lighter than SLCDs and are less in use today.

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mounted on a spring-loaded axle (or two adjacent axles), in such a way that pulling on the shaft connected to the axle forces the cams to narrow so they can be inserted into small cracks. Once the SLCD is inserted into the crack, its cams will maintain a constant camming angle of 13.75 degrees

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A sub-class of lanyards is the personal anchor system (PAS), which is a section of rope or interconnected chains of slings, which are used to tie the harness to an anchor point such as a belay station. Traditionally, climbers would tie their harness to anchors using part of the climbing rope;

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are shaped aluminum blocks attached to lengths of webbing tape, like with a nut. The block is shaped so that pulling on the tape makes it "cam" against the crack walls, gripping the rock tighter in a similar fashion to a hex. Tricams may also be placed similarly to a nut, relying only on the

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that have multiple small loops for carabiner attachment, which are made by stitching the sling at 8 to 15-centimetre intervals. Like aiders, daisy chains are also a central part of aid climbing. They are used to attach the harness to the aider. Care has to be taken not to clip into the loops

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Several modern pieces of rope connecting equipment help climbers to securely attach items to the climbing rope, such as themselves via a modern climbing harness, or their various protection devices via modern carabiners and quickdraws. Before the invention of these pieces of rope-connecting

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are used for connecting the rope to the climber via a "belay loop" on the harness. Harnesses are made of strong materials to specific strength guidelines that can withstand the load of a major fall. There are many types of harness designs and materials used depending on the type of climbing

1018:" (or "runners"). They can be used in a wide range of situations, including wrapping around sections of rock for abseiling, creating belay anchors, or as passive protection, or tied to other equipment—often via carabiners—to create a longer version of a quickdraw or a makeshift lanyard. 796:

requires most of the equipment of the above disciplines but with the addition of extensive climbing protection equipment (nuts, hexes, and SLCDs), which the climber will insert while lead climbing the route. The weight of the extra protection may require a stronger harness and/or a

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attached to a loop of wire. They are wedged into narrowing/tapering cracks (they do not work well in wide or parallel cracks) and then tugged firmly to set them in place. Nuts come in many varieties (e.g. offset-shaped HB nuts, micro nuts, and brass RP nuts). Where the Australian

1314:) allowing the belay device to be attached to a separate anchor point (e.g. and not to the belayer, which is useful for bringing up the second-climber on multi-pitch routes), and active assisted-braking devices (ABDs) that will self-lock with sudden rope movements (e.g. the Petzl 2089:

Haul bags are large tubular bags of hardwearing construction (so they can be dragged over rock) into which supplies and climbing equipment can be carried on long multi-pitch routes; commonly used in big wall climbing that calls them "pigs" due to the effort of hauling them up on

1619:(or RBs) are a type of SLCD for insertion into pre-drilled bolt holes, but instead of using cams, the system uses a metal tube that once inserted expands to grip against the walls of the hole. Less frequently in use, their main application is for climbers creating bolted routes. 900:(OSHA) regulations; in effect, the UIAA and CEN have become the most important bodies for setting standards and regulating rock-climbing equipment worldwide, and most major manufacturers, and distributors, produce equipment certified and stamped with UIAA and 1504:, rock climbing protection devices are mainly used in traditional climbing and in sport climbing, both of which can be done in single and multi-pitch formats. In addition, clean aid climbing also uses many of the traditional climbing protection devices. 1819:

Aid climbing uses several of the above devices but in a way that gives "aid" to the climber in ascending (e.g. pulling up on pitons and hooks). There are also a number of other pieces of equipment that are more exclusively associated with aid climbing.

2168:(or "clip sticks") are long poles with a quickdraw at one end which can be clipped into the first bolt of a sport climbing route by a climber standing on the ground; avoids the risk of a ground-fall before clipping into the first piece of protection. 1992:

Belay gloves are used to protect the hands and are commonly needed on big wall climbing routes. Their construction from leather or other hard-wearing materials, generally improves grip with the rope, which lessens the risk of a failure of the belay

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Climbing helmets protect the skull against falling debris such as rocks in alpine climbing or dropped pieces of equipment, as well as the impact forces on the head during a fall while climbing, particularly when the falling lead climber is flipped

640:. Modern devices enable climbers to perform tasks previously done manually, with greater control – in all conditions – and with less effort. Examples of replacements include the harness (replaced tieing the rope around the waist), the 1988:

allow the belayer to look up at the lead climber without having to strain their neck upwards (i.e. the glasses are tilted upwards by 45 degrees), and are used when there is extensive belaying such as on long routes, or by climbing

1810:. Pitons have been largely replaced by the stronger bolts as the fixed protection of choice but are still an important part of big wall climbing and of aid climbing (but not clean aid climbing, which rules out any use of hammers). 1122:

carabiner heavier and slightly tricker to clip into, or non-locking, which is the easiest to clip into and out of for example when leading a bolted sport climbing route but with the risk that the gate may unintentionally open.

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Many passive belay devices can be used as descenders, such as tubers/tubulars. Some modern descenders come with self-locking device (SLD) features that will grip the rope in the event of an uncontrolled fall (e.g. the

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The rock-climbing equipment needed varies materially depending on the type of rock climbing being undertaken. Starting from the least equipment-intensive type of climbing, the general equipment needs are as follows:

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are used to protect boulder climbers from the frequent falls that happen in bouldering, which while shorter than other types of climbing, can be onto uneven or hard surfaces from awkward body positions, leading to

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is a series of horizontal rungs attached to an overhanging surface that is typically climbed up and down without the aid of the feet. When used properly, campus boards improve finger strength and also dynamic or

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variant, is usually done in a traditional format and also more likely on multi-pitch and big wall routes. In addition to the standard equipment for such routes, aid climbing uses specialist equipment such as

889:(known as the UIAA) was an important early body—and the only body pre-1995—in setting standards for climbing equipment. The UIAA Safety Commission continues to play a central worldwide role in this area. The 2236:(or "fingerboard") is related to the campus board and was developed to focus on building static arm and finger strength; it is a popular training tool for rock climbers and comes in many forms and materials. 1276:

to slide freely in one direction but tightly grip the rope when pulled on in the opposite direction. To prevent the ascender device from accidentally falling off the rope, a locking carabiner is also used.

1939:). They are mostly used in aid climbing but have been used in extreme traditional climbing routes as a last resort where the hook placement may not withstand a dynamic fall. A particular type of hook is a 1076:

cord, or for attaching to, and equalizing forces across, multiple fixed anchors points, such as when setting up abseil or belay anchors on multi-pitch climbing routes, usually using thicker approximately

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is a small device that can help in developing the antagonist muscles to those used while gripping with the hand. Use of such a device can prevent the ligament injuries that are experienced by climbers.

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are used for greater control and friction when carrying heavy loads and/or in very wet or icy conditions (e.g. big wall climbing and caving). The modern technique is to use a descender with a

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variant, adds a rope, harness, and belay device. The rope is hung prior to the climb from the anchor point at the top, typically by carabiners, slings, or cord, or some combination thereof.

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that attach from a harness to a rope (or other anchor points, such as a metal cable). The difference is that lanyards are much stronger than quickdraws and are capable of withstanding

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are used in big wall climbing as a temporary overnight sleeping platform; they are also used as a resting platform for long belays, which are typical on big wall aid climbing routes.

3722: 5660: 4627: 2269: 893:(CEN) is also an important major regulatory body for PPE, and which works closely with the UIAA Safety Commission through its CEN Working Group for Mountaineering Equipment. 886: 3401: 1049:, to create custom-length loops instead of the pre-sewn fixed-length slings, their load-bearing capacity can be materially reduced making them less safe. Climbers instead use 5672: 3787: 2697: 1223:. The quickdraws used in advanced sport and in competition climbing routes often have a "bent gate" on the lower carabiner to make clipping-into the quickdraw even easier. 1117:

are closed metal clips with spring-loaded gates that are used as connectors between the rope and various devices. Modern carabiners are made from a lightweight but strong

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standards) for strength, durability, and reliability, and must be certified and tested against such standards with individual pieces carrying such certification marks.

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North America has fewer specific regulations as rock-climbing equipment as it is not classed as military or professional PPE and thus does not fall under the American

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in thickness, which are both clipped into each protection point. Twin roping is thus not used for reducing rope drag, but to have a backup rope on long climbs.

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devices, and lanyards that have had heavy falls often have to be discarded. Lanyards are also constructed to be sufficiently flexible to resist being twisted.

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are pre-drilled into the rock with a hand drill and tightened with a torque wrench. Some versions use a type of glue to anchor the bolt. Before insertion, a

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devices) enable a climber to abseil (or rappel) down a fixed or static rope that is hanging from a fixed anchor. They perform the same basic function as the

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is widely used by rock climbers to help absorb moisture on their hands; the chalk is kept in a "chalk bag" that is hung around the waist area. US boulderer

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however, the PAS has become popular as a way to avoid reducing the effective length of the climbing rope, and to use a more straightforward connection.

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is done in many formats (sport, traditional, multi-pitch), and needs an extensive range of rope devices as every pitch needs to be solo climbed (using

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material. Climbers use webbing that has been sewn using a certified standard of reinforced stitching into various lengths of closed loops called "

3434: 3335: 2468: 1609:(or tube chocks) are large hollow telescopic aluminum tubes manufactured by Trango whose width can be dynamically adjusted to fit across large 890: 3528: 1488:

have been used (rope solo climbing requires the widest range of rope devices including ascenders and descenders), or the more straightforward

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Fixed protection devices are permanent on-site anchors to which a lead climber can clip their rope – often via a quickdraw – when they are

4610: 2122:("tape" can also refer to webbing) is used by climbers to prevent and repair skin injuries. For example, tape lessens skin damage while 1094:) and looping the rope around various rocks as a form of protection. In addition to these early techniques, climbers also used various 3712: 4259: 4191: 4161: 4137: 3856: 3692: 3663: 3091: 3008: 2981: 2855: 2750: 2563: 2411: 4073: 3467: 2194:

Various items of equipment are employed during climbing-specific training to strengthen the climber's fingers, tendons, and muscles:

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are steel hooks of various shapes (e.g. bat hook, talon hook, grappling hook, etc.,) that are hung from cracks and flakes (e.g. the

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for ascending), and these mechanical devices help with both control and safety in all conditions (e.g wet or icy ropes).

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rope and the fixed point that can occur when the rope is just clipped into a carabiner clipped into the fixed point. In

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equipment, climbers used alternative techniques such as looping the rope around the body instead of a harness (e.g. the

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routes. They are often made from materials that can absorb dynamic energy and often come with additional optional fall

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to tie ropes and anchor points together, which are now all replaced by rope-connecting equipment such as carabiners.

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variant, require the least equipment as no climbing protection or ropes are used. Equipment is generally limited to

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their feet; it is an early version of a campus board but that focused on arm strength and not hand/finger strength.

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or SLDs), descended back down (using descenders), and then re-ascended (using ascenders). The simpler variant of

5583: 4945: 3108: 1402:, although it is offered in more complex variations with "ears" and "wings" to prevent the rope from locking up. 775: 699:(ABDs). Modern equipment uses advanced materials that are increasingly more durable, stronger, and lighter (e.g. 527: 4032: 3970: 3745: 5498: 5493: 4639: 4231: 2136:(or "nut key") is a metal tool used to help retrieve nuts and hexes that have become firmly wedged into cracks. 951:, which can stretch to absorb the energy of a falling climber, or are the less expensive but more hard-wearing 633: 485: 122: 2250:

have been fixed in a dense grid-like fashion; modern MoonBoards have almost 200 holds from which over 55,000

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does not allow the use of hammers because all clean aid equipment must only be inserted on a temporary basis.

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is largely credited with introducing "gymnastic chalk" to climbing in the 1950s (he was a gymnast himself).

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are designed to increase the friction, and thus the grip, between the foot and the climbing surface with a

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abseil but with more control and less effort. The classic passive descender, and still widely used, is the

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are 50–80 metres (160–260 ft) in length—the longer versions are for multi-pitch climbing—and have a

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on rough granite surfaces; it is also used to cover skin that has been worn down on the fingers, while

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The Climbing Dictionary: Mountaineering Slang, Terms, Neologisms & Lingo: An Illustrated Reference

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where the holds are very small and need to be dry and free of any debris or vegetation to be useable;

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Gear slings are loops of webbing (often with some padding) worn diagonally across the chest on longer

1676:(also "stoppers", "wires" or "chocks") are the most common passive protection is nuts, which replaced 5720: 5603: 5588: 5578: 4829: 4795: 4575: 4349: 4327: 4308: 2770: 2053: 2049: 1950: 1529: 1407: 1210: 1173: 853: 804: 793: 610: 602: 211: 189: 170: 68: 1915:

incorrectly, which can cause the daisy chain to fail and rip apart (e.g. when trying to use it as a

1900:) are short 5–6 rung ladders made of lightweight webbing and are a central part of the technique of 5478: 5296: 5275: 5178: 5120: 5115: 5074: 5049: 4972: 4878: 4800: 4712: 4453: 4175: 4121: 4068: 4005: 3884: 3851: 3717: 3647: 3583: 3556: 3523: 3518: 3495: 3429: 3363: 3330: 3297: 3269: 3205: 3172: 3144: 3113: 3075: 3045: 2965: 2877: 2839: 2775: 2692: 2507: 2105: 2097: 2042: 1603:

against the walls of the crack. SLCDs are by far the most popular form of active protection device.

1474: 1260: 826: 692: 653: 447: 425: 5691: 3880:"What's A Redpoint And What Do Other Climbing Terms Mean? Our Climbing Dictionary Has The Answers" 2900: 625:

uses unique equipment to give mechanical assistance to the climber in their upward movement (e.g.

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are hard-wearing books (i.e. they will be taken on the climb) outlining the key details of the

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for ascending or gripping fixed climbing ropes, usually using thinner approximately 5–6

5568: 5503: 5483: 5458: 5443: 5210: 5188: 5064: 4807: 4443: 3078:; Gaines, Bob (August 2022). "Chapter 3: Belay Devices, Carabiners, Slings and Quickdraws". 2286: 2251: 2175: 2109: 2083: 2079: 2038: 1638: 1130: 741: 669: 586: 570: 512: 492: 288: 278: 132: 3846: 2998: 1484:, for which devices such as Wren's Silent Partner, the Petzel GriGri, and the Wild Country 1365: 873: 5696: 5563: 5508: 5463: 5438: 5408: 5193: 5163: 5086: 5081: 4940: 4888: 4812: 4773: 4746: 4431: 4404: 4063: 3809: 3457: 2281: 2178: 2075: 1928: 1784: 1771: 1742: 1689:

are common, the wire loop can be used as an emergency substitute for a bolt plate, like a

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Sport/competition climbing quickdraw with a "bent gate" at one end for easier clipping-in

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variant, uses the same basic equipment of free soloing but with the optional addition of

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Some climbers will use a single full-thickness climbing rope of approximately 9–11

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fibers and an outer sheath mantle of woven colored coarse nylon fibers. They are either

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rubber sole. Stiffer shoes are used for "edging" and softer soles for "smearing".

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are mechanical friction-brake devices used to control the climbing rope(s) when

1267:" after popular brands) are mechanical devices to enable a climber to move up a 1264: 1241: 1169: 1165: 1069: 952: 657: 618: 372: 352: 312: 300: 271: 2798: 2649: 1570: 1213:, the quickdraws are already hanging from the pre-fixed bolts, which is called 5054: 4935: 4868: 4729: 4500: 4477: 4320: 4315: 3425:"You Trust Your Life To That? Here's How to Identify Dangerous Climbing Bolts" 2221: 2182: 2171: 2165: 2149: 1970:

Rock climbers use several pieces of specialized clothing equipment including:

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pads that are worn on the lower thigh to protect a climber when performing a

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Rock climbers may also use a range of other specialized equipment including:

1524:), provide the means to place temporary anchor points on the rock to which a 1310:

The range of modern belay devices also includes auto-block devices (e.g. the

5377: 5370: 5238: 5233: 5143: 5108: 5022: 4967: 4873: 4817: 4756: 4505: 3491:"Everything You Need to Know About Placing, Evaluating, and Trusting Pitons" 2239: 2233: 2202: 1932: 1788: 1746: 1215: 1205: 1161: 641: 594: 410: 337: 1833: 1412: 2842:; Gaines, Bob (August 2022). "Chapter 10: Rappelling and Rope Ascending". 5453: 5303: 5039: 5002: 4960: 4950: 4268: 3713:"The Guidebook Odyssey – Unearthing the epic task of writing a guidebook" 2227: 2101: 1340: 1296: 956: 432: 415: 54: 1863: 811:

variant requires heavy-duty rope devices for carrying more gear such as

5069: 4955: 4905: 4761: 4525: 2133: 1606: 1595: 1576: 1007: 999: 357: 4917: 4883: 3650:; Gaines, Bob (August 2022). "Chapter 1: Knots and Basic Equipment". 1943:

that can be attached to old metal rivets–an example being Australian

1706: 1391: 1326: 1021:

Slings can be made into more complex pieces of equipment such as the

904:. After the United Kingdom left the European Union, it adopted the 2688:"Behind the Scenes: How Climbing Harnesses Are Designed and Tested" 1877: 5666: 5513: 4985: 4863: 4695: 2196: 2139: 2018: 1972: 1954: 1893: 1839: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1760: 1736: 1492:, for which the Petzl Micro Traxion and Camp Lift have been used. 1301: 1283: 1251: 1196: 1146: 1141: 1105: 1036: 993: 944: 920: 872: 857: 845: 691:(SLCDs) for protection, and advanced rope control devices such as 626: 1806:, lost arrows) to fit various cracks, and even micro-cracks like 1536:(i.e. they dynamically move or adjust in the case of a fall), or 1325:). Some passive belay devices may also be used as descenders for 1160:(or "teather", or "via ferrata set") are much longer versions of 1010:(or "tape") is made of strong tubular nylon or the even stronger 708: 605:

adds the need to carry a "rack" of temporary passive and active

4241: 3914:

Indoor Climbing: Skills for climbing wall users and instructors

2108:; knee pads are credited with improving climbing standards and 1041:

Rope (two on left) and cord (two on right) thicknesses compared

1029:, which is used in securing a climber to a fixed anchor point. 4221: 4211: 4064:"I was a doubter. Now the MoonBoard is My Go-to Training Tool" 2185:

may be used to clean the smallest holds without damaging them.

2019: 1699:

are hollow asymmetrical hexagonal tubes attached to a loop of

3293:"Before "the Nut" There Was "the Pebble"… and It Was Sketchy" 1347:

models allow the climber to also lead climb the route alone.

5667:

Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes

3234:"The Weirdest & Widest Trad Gear for Off-Width Climbing" 4237: 3746:"Grading: Adam Ondra and Alex Megos on Ethics and Kneepads" 1045:

While lengths of webbing can be tied via a knot, such as a

3971:"Rock Climbing Injury Tips: Finger Extensor Strengthening" 707:). The equipment must meet specific standards (e.g. the 3778:

Bate, Chris; Arthur, Charles; et al. (8 May 2006).

790:

the route. No additional climbing protection is needed.

3041:"How Climbing Gear Has Evolved Over the Past 50 Years" 2745:(9th ed.). Quiller Publishing. pp. 134–154. 2558:(9th ed.). Quiller Publishing. pp. 276–317. 2432:"Rope Solo Rock Climbing: Understanding How It's Done" 2406:(9th ed.). Quiller Publishing. pp. 239–254. 1288:

Various models of tubers, and a sticht plate (r-lower)

79:, which contains SLCDs, nuts, a tricam, and quickdraws 67:

Rock climber with a helmet, harness & rope, and a

5609:

Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada

3847:"Everything You Need to Know for Your First Big Wall" 1953:

are a type of hammer made to insert various types of

617:, adds devices to assist in ascending and descending 5661:

International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation

5614:

Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade

2270:

List of climbing and mountaineering equipment brands

2174:

are used to clean holds, particularly at the higher

2056:) when the climber cannot comfortably arrange their 1540:(i.e., they maintain a static position throughout). 887:

International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation

5673:

Union of International Mountain Leader Associations

5647: 5554: 5547: 5391: 5341: 5260: 5253: 5136: 5015: 4926: 4686: 4677: 4670: 4568: 4493: 4422: 4387: 4291: 4282: 4275: 3780:"A Glossary of Climbing terms: from Abseil to Zawn" 3814:"What Life's Really Like 1,400 Feet Up a Big Wall" 2552:(2018). "Chapeter 15. Aid and Big Wall Climbing". 2246:, typically overhanging at 40 degrees, onto which 943:construction consisting of a core kern of twisted 2057: 1110:Non-locking (top) and locking (bottom) carabiners 758:, which are also called crash mats or crash pads. 3109:"No Belayer Necessary: Understanding Autobelays" 2158:are used by big wall climbers to help bring up 3773: 3771: 2584:"Guidance on gear recalls and safety warnings" 881:Rock-climbing equipment is broadly classed as 782:that are clipped into the pre-drilled on-site 4253: 3940:"A Beginner's Guide to Campus Board Training" 3263:Achey, Jeff; Ellison, Julie (8 August 2022). 898:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 695:(SLDs), progress capture devices (PCDs), and 648:), the descender/abseil device (replaced the 535: 8: 2771:"Your Complete Guide to Rock Climbing Ropes" 1916: 1512:Temporary protection devices (also known as 1422: 1149:'s "via ferrata lanyard set" with attached " 1026: 632:Advances in equipment are a key part of the 3140:"Haul Your Pack to Climb Faster and Harder" 1798:a wide variety of shapes and designs (e.g. 1528:can clip their rope (via a quickdraw) when 1335:walls can provide on-site fixed mechanical 982:uses two thinner ropes, typically 7–8 5655:International Federation of Sport Climbing 5551: 5257: 4683: 4674: 4288: 4279: 4260: 4246: 4238: 4033:"The History of the MoonBoard by Ben Moon" 3392:"What Happens When Climbing Bolts Go Bad?" 2739:(2018). "Chapter 9: Basic Safety System". 542: 528: 41: 3359:"Tricams 101: A Guide to Using This Tool" 3133: 3131: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2764: 2762: 1947:–permanently fastened into the rock face. 1025:, which is used in aid climbing, and the 4153:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills 3642: 3640: 3638: 3604: 3602: 3201:"Learn This: Offwidth Protection Primer" 2901:"Karabiners and connectors for climbers" 2742:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills 2555:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2403:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills 2392: 2390: 2388: 978:to limit the weight of the extra rope. 4106:Association of Canadian Mountain Guides 3070: 3068: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 2997:Middelton, Daniel (25 September 2014). 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2400:(2018). "Chapter 13: Rock Protection". 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2347:Association of Canadian Mountain Guides 2332: 2308: 606: 461: 401: 323: 249: 148: 84: 72: 53: 3969:theclimbingdoctor (26 December 2018). 3917:. Cicerone Press Limited. p. 21. 3470:from the original on 14 September 2023 3371:from the original on 22 September 2022 3011:from the original on 14 September 2023 2913:from the original on 14 September 2023 2899:Middelton, Daniel (2 September 2014). 2811:from the original on 14 September 2023 2700:from the original on 27 September 2022 2686:Saunders, Samantha (18 October 2018). 2577: 2575: 2496: 2494: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 891:European Committee for Standardization 3950:from the original on 29 November 2022 3725:from the original on 30 November 2020 3423:Hildenbrand, Bruce (30 August 2021). 3390:Carpenter, Shelby (4 November 2015). 2873:"How to Build an Anchor in Poor Rock" 2459: 2457: 2112:and their use has become accepted in 1613:that are too wide for standard SLCDs. 1501: 815:and provisions, which are carried in 565:needs the least equipment outside of 7: 5715: 4156:(9th ed.). Quiller Publishing. 4076:from the original on 6 December 2022 4013:from the original on 2 December 2022 3892:from the original on 5 February 2023 3859:from the original on 9 February 2023 3826:from the original on 29 January 2023 3711:Adamson, Michael (6 February 2009). 3699:Crash Pad (crashpad, bouldering mat) 3623:from the original on 1 February 2023 3531:from the original on 19 January 2021 3437:from the original on 31 January 2023 3404:from the original on 8 December 2022 3244:from the original on 30 October 2023 3180:from the original on 30 January 2023 3053:from the original on 9 February 2023 2946:from the original on 5 December 2023 2648:Middleton, Daniel (8 October 2019). 2515:from the original on 2 November 2022 2479:from the original on 16 January 2023 2430:Black, Christian (3 February 2022). 2425: 2423: 2353:from the original on 1 November 2023 2339:"Chapter 1: Materials and Equipment" 1150: 5727: 3305:from the original on 15 August 2022 2797:Middelton, Daniel (17 March 2016). 2662:from the original on 3 October 2023 2596:from the original on 3 October 2023 1598:") consist of two to four aluminum 1339:devices that enable the climber to 3999:Corrigan, Kevin (6 October 2022). 3790:from the original on 29 April 2018 3756:from the original on 20 March 2023 3517:Synnott, Mark (17 February 2006). 3265:"What You Need to Know About Nuts" 3213:from the original on 17 April 2024 3166:Van Leuven, Chris (17 July 2017). 3039:Erickson, Jim (9 September 2022). 2999:"Quickdraws: a guide for climbers" 2582:Middleton, Dan (13 January 2023). 1078: 1073: 983: 975: 963: 660:), the belay device (replaced the 25: 5624:South African Climbing Federation 4228:Rock climbing equipment checklist 4043:from the original on 21 June 2024 3938:Walker, Noah (9 September 2022). 3845:Synott, Mark (23 February 2022). 3744:Walker, Noah (31 December 2020). 3458:"The dangers of worn perma-draws" 2871:Martin, Jason (30 January 2023). 2442:from the original on 5 March 2023 1417:). Heavy-duty descenders such as 557:varies with the specific type of 5726: 5714: 5703: 5702: 5690: 4596:IFSC World Championships winners 3611:"Sh*t Climbers Bring These Days" 3609:Osius, Alison (22 August 2022). 3357:Fox, Amanda (6 September 2013). 3338:from the original on 6 July 2023 2934:"Get into via ferrata: the gear" 2769:Potter, Stephen (25 July 2022). 2501:Wharton, Josh (25 August 2022). 1910:are 1 to 1.5 metre-long webbing 1876: 1862: 1846: 1832: 1753: 1735: 1652: 1637: 1569: 1557: 1457: 1442: 1376: 1364: 1022: 849: 75:on their harness and additional 61: 3981:from the original on 2021-05-05 1240:abseil for descending, and the 1061:into closed loops of any size. 798: 76: 5594:British Mountaineering Council 4208:Traditional Climbing Checklist 3911:Pete Hill (18 February 2013). 3579:"Our Favorite Underrated Gear" 3489:Erikson, Jim (2 August 2023). 3463:British Mountaineering Council 3199:Pack, Pamela (18 April 2016). 3004:British Mountaineering Council 2939:British Mountaineering Council 2906:British Mountaineering Council 2804:British Mountaineering Council 2655:British Mountaineering Council 2650:"Behind the scenes: equipment" 2622:British Mountaineering Council 2617:"Climbing equipment standards" 2615:McNae, Andy (4 October 1999). 2589:British Mountaineering Council 2162:and other pieces of equipment. 2061: 925:Cross-section of 10.7 mm 1: 4124:; Gaines, Bob (August 2022). 4062:Samet, Matt (13 April 2023). 3878:Climbing Staff (4 May 2022). 3456:Scott, Virgil (3 June 2014). 3324:Siacci, Ryan (12 July 2023). 3291:Achey, Jeff (27 April 2022). 2968:; Gaines, Bob (August 2022). 2932:Dawes, Carey (16 July 2015). 2159: 2144:Climber lying on a portaledge 1680:with curved blocks of strong 1588:Spring-loaded camming devices 970:, or "half-ropes", to reduce 883:Personal Protective Equipment 816: 689:spring-loaded camming devices 3232:Renley, Emma (3 June 2020). 3138:Achey, Jeff (14 June 2023). 3107:Achs, Jordan (2 July 2016). 2242:. A rectangular section of 2091: 1480:The most complex use is for 4001:"Hangboarding For Everyone" 2060:on the gear loops of their 1911: 1343:a route alone; more recent 1256:Ascender attached to a rope 1064:Cord loops (also known as " 5776: 3550:Luu, Adam (8 April 2022). 1700: 1663: 1272: 1263:(also called "jumars" or " 766:competition speed climbing 679:Modern equipment includes 38:Glossary of climbing terms 31: 5686: 5584:Appalachian Mountain Club 2282:Alpine climbing equipment 877:UIAA-certified twin ropes 833:, only requires the SLDs. 776:competition lead climbing 687:training tools, advanced 597:to clip into pre-drilled 5760:Mountaineering equipment 5499:Mountain Safety Research 5494:Mountain Equipment Co-op 4232:Mountain Equipment Co-op 4218:Sport Climbing Checklist 3519:"Big Wall Copperheading" 3168:"The History of Friends" 2297:Mixed climbing equipment 2078:) of the routes and the 1957:while ascending routes; 697:assisted braking devices 5629:South Tyrol Alpine Club 5424:Eastern Mountain Sports 5290:Canadian Alpine Journal 5283:American Alpine Journal 4546:Roof and tunnel hacking 4101:Climbing Guiding Manual 2343:Climbing Guiding Manual 2252:graded boulder problems 2012:Miscellaneous equipment 1184:Personal anchor systems 1059:double fisherman's knot 555:Rock-climbing equipment 5449:Holubar Mountaineering 5261:Magazines and journals 4591:IFSC World Cup winners 2292:Ice climbing equipment 2205: 2145: 2074:including diagram (or 2027: 1981: 1917:Personal Anchor System 1826:Aid climbing equipment 1551:Active SLCD protection 1490:top rope solo climbing 1423:Personal Anchor System 1383:Petzl I'D self-locking 1289: 1257: 1202: 1154: 1111: 1042: 1027:Personal Anchor System 1003: 932: 878: 831:top rope solo climbing 752:competition bouldering 5574:Alpine Club of Canada 5484:Marmot Mountain Works 5439:GERRY Mountain Sports 2799:"Slings for climbers" 2200: 2143: 2022: 1976: 1951:Rock climbing hammers 1287: 1255: 1200: 1145: 1109: 1040: 997: 924: 908:in place of the CEN. 876: 786:while the climber is 715:Use and certification 634:rock climbing history 32:Further information: 5604:Club Alpino Italiano 5589:Austrian Alpine Club 5579:American Alpine Club 3679:Samet, Matt (2011). 2850:. pp. 285–290. 2080:grades of difficulty 2058:protection equipment 2054:multi-pitch climbing 2050:traditional climbing 1530:traditional climbing 1475:Self-locking devices 1436:Self-locking devices 1429:Self-locking devices 1300:Diamond ATC, or the 1211:competition climbing 1174:multi-pitch climbing 966:, and some will use 827:self-locking devices 805:Multi-pitch climbing 794:Traditional climbing 693:self-locking devices 636:, starting with the 611:Multi-pitch climbing 603:Traditional climbing 561:that is undertaken. 69:traditional climbing 27:List of manmade gear 5599:Club Alpin Français 4973:Mountaineering boot 4586:Piolet d'Or winners 4180:Trad Climbers Bible 3975:The Climbing Doctor 2082:of each individual 1774:are steel 1/2-inch 99:Piolet d'Or winners 18:Climbing protection 5755:Climbing equipment 5619:German Alpine Club 4039:. 17 August 2018. 3812:(18 August 2017). 3685:Mountaineers Books 3086:. pp. 31–54. 2469:"How to Rope Solo" 2467:(14 August 2018). 2349:. pp. 11–27. 2254:have been created. 2224:, muscle strength. 2206: 2190:Training equipment 2146: 2028: 1982: 1966:Clothing equipment 1959:clean aid climbing 1631:Passive protection 1564:Selection of SLCDs 1496:Protection devices 1482:rope solo climbing 1290: 1258: 1236:for belaying, the 1203: 1155: 1131:Climbing harnesses 1112: 1043: 1004: 933: 906:UKCA certification 879: 841:clean aid climbing 823:Rope solo climbing 734:deep-water soloing 730:Free solo climbing 613:, and the related 607:protection devices 73:protection devices 34:Climbing equipment 5742: 5741: 5682: 5681: 5634:Swiss Alpine Club 5387: 5386: 5342:Non-fiction films 5318:Planinski Vestnik 5311:Himalayan Journal 5249: 5248: 5011: 5010: 4640:Historical events 4611:Eight-thousanders 4564: 4563: 4418: 4417: 4126:How to Rock Climb 3924:978-1-84965-858-4 3687:. p. 61-62. 3658:. pp. 1–14. 3652:How to Rock Climb 3080:How to Rock Climb 2970:How to Rock Climb 2844:How to Rock Climb 1502:types of climbing 1371:Advanced figure-8 1358:Modern descenders 1178:energy absorption 1166:fall factors of 2 762:Top rope climbing 744:with a chalk bag. 615:big wall climbing 552: 551: 133:Eight-thousanders 123:Historical events 16:(Redirected from 5767: 5730: 5729: 5718: 5717: 5706: 5705: 5694: 5552: 5504:Outdoor Research 5258: 4684: 4675: 4645:Grade milestones 4454:Expedition style 4289: 4280: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4239: 4197: 4182:(1st ed.). 4167: 4148:The Mountaineers 4143: 4128:(6th ed.). 4117: 4115: 4113: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4037:Gripped Magazine 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3810:DiGiulian, Sasha 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3750:Gripped Magazine 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3654:(6th ed.). 3644: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3082:(6th ed.). 3072: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3036: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2972:(6th ed.). 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2846:(6th ed.). 2836: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2766: 2757: 2756: 2737:The Mountaineers 2733: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2683: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2625:. Archived from 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2550:The Mountaineers 2546: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2498: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2398:The Mountaineers 2394: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2334: 2287:Caving equipment 2023:Climber using a 1880: 1866: 1850: 1836: 1757: 1739: 1729:Fixed protection 1656: 1641: 1611:off-width cracks 1573: 1561: 1500:As discussed in 1461: 1446: 1416: 1380: 1368: 1080: 1075: 985: 977: 965: 912:Ropes and slings 720:Type of climbing 544: 537: 530: 289:Expedition style 128:Grade milestones 65: 42: 21: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5678: 5643: 5543: 5409:Cascade Designs 5383: 5337: 5245: 5132: 5007: 4941:Abalakov thread 4922: 4666: 4560: 4489: 4414: 4383: 4367:Deep-water solo 4271: 4266: 4204: 4194: 4170: 4164: 4146: 4140: 4120: 4111: 4109: 4098: 4095: 4093:Further reading 4090: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3984: 3982: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3646: 3645: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3608: 3607: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3137: 3136: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3074: 3073: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3038: 3037: 3024: 3014: 3012: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2976:. p. 270. 2964: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2838: 2837: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2735: 2734: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2685: 2684: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2566: 2548: 2547: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2500: 2499: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2465:Whittaker, Pete 2463: 2462: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2414: 2396: 2395: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2336: 2335: 2310: 2305: 2278: 2266: 2261: 2192: 2179:climbing routes 2110:climbing grades 2072:climbing routes 2032:Bouldering mats 2014: 1968: 1896:(or the French 1890: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1817: 1776:expansion bolts 1768: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1763:with metal ring 1758: 1750: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1730: 1717: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1657: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1617:Removable bolts 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1579:SLCD in a crack 1574: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1510: 1498: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1438: 1437: 1431: 1410: 1390:Descenders (or 1388: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1360: 1359: 1353: 1345:lead auto belay 1333:Indoor climbing 1282: 1250: 1229: 1195: 1186: 1151:energy absorber 1140: 1128: 1104: 1087: 1085:Rope connectors 1055:kernmantle rope 1035: 1012:spectra/dyneema 992: 919: 914: 871: 756:bouldering mats 722: 717: 705:aluminum alloys 701:spectra/dyneema 644:(replaced many 548: 519: 457: 397: 319: 245: 229:Deep-water solo 144: 80: 40: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5773: 5771: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5724: 5712: 5700: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5529:The North Face 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5459:Sierra Designs 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5434:Frostline Kits 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5325:Rock & Ice 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5269:Alpine Journal 5264: 5262: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5159:Climbing route 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5104:Simul-climbing 5101: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5045:Front pointing 5042: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4981:Avalanche cord 4975: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4953: 4948: 4946:Bottled oxygen 4943: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4692: 4690: 4681: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4601:IFSC victories 4598: 4593: 4588: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4428: 4426: 4424:Mountaineering 4420: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4286: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4225: 4215: 4203: 4202:External links 4200: 4199: 4198: 4193:978-0762783724 4192: 4168: 4163:978-1846892622 4162: 4144: 4139:978-1493056262 4138: 4118: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4054: 4024: 3991: 3961: 3930: 3923: 3903: 3870: 3837: 3801: 3767: 3736: 3703: 3694:978-1594855023 3693: 3671: 3665:978-1493056262 3664: 3634: 3598: 3587:. 12 July 2023 3570: 3542: 3509: 3481: 3448: 3415: 3382: 3349: 3316: 3283: 3255: 3224: 3191: 3158: 3127: 3099: 3093:978-1493056262 3092: 3064: 3022: 2989: 2983:978-1493056262 2982: 2957: 2924: 2891: 2863: 2857:978-1493056262 2856: 2822: 2789: 2758: 2752:978-1846892622 2751: 2711: 2673: 2640: 2629:on 22 May 2022 2607: 2571: 2565:978-1846892622 2564: 2526: 2490: 2453: 2419: 2413:978-1846892622 2412: 2364: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2248:climbing holds 2237: 2231: 2225: 2214: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2169: 2163: 2153: 2138: 2137: 2131: 2128:crack climbing 2117: 2095: 2087: 2065: 2046: 2039:Climbing chalk 2036: 2025:bouldering mat 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2004: 1997:Climbing shoes 1994: 1990: 1977:A modern rock 1967: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1948: 1926: 1920: 1905: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1792: 1759: 1752: 1751: 1741: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1721:sport climbing 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1704: 1694: 1682:aluminum alloy 1658: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1604: 1575: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1509: 1506: 1497: 1494: 1463: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1382: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1281: 1278: 1249: 1246: 1228: 1225: 1221:sport climbing 1194: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1139: 1136: 1127: 1124: 1119:aluminum alloy 1103: 1100: 1096:climbing knots 1086: 1083: 1034: 1031: 991: 988: 937:climbing ropes 918: 915: 913: 910: 870: 867: 866: 865: 834: 820: 802: 791: 778:variant, adds 772:Sport climbing 769: 759: 745: 738:climbing shoes 721: 718: 716: 713: 656:(replaced the 579:Sport climbing 571:climbing chalk 567:climbing shoes 550: 549: 547: 546: 539: 532: 524: 521: 520: 518: 517: 516: 515: 510: 505: 495: 490: 489: 488: 483: 473: 467: 464: 463: 459: 458: 456: 455: 450: 445: 443:Simul climbing 440: 435: 430: 429: 428: 418: 413: 407: 404: 403: 399: 398: 396: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 329: 326: 325: 321: 320: 318: 317: 316: 315: 305: 304: 303: 293: 292: 291: 286: 276: 275: 274: 269: 258: 255: 254: 252:mountaineering 247: 246: 244: 243: 238: 237: 236: 231: 226: 216: 215: 214: 209: 199: 198: 197: 187: 186: 185: 175: 174: 173: 163: 157: 154: 153: 146: 145: 143: 142: 137: 136: 135: 130: 120: 119: 118: 108: 107: 106: 104:IFSC victories 101: 90: 87: 86: 82: 81: 66: 58: 57: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5772: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5735: 5734: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648:International 5646: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5548:Organizations 5546: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419:Early Winters 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5399:Black Diamond 5397: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5364:The Dawn Wall 5361: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224:Bachar ladder 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5174:Climbing wall 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149:Approach shoe 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4769:Climbing rope 4767: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4650:First ascents 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4284:Rock climbing 4281: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4184:Falcon Guides 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4130:Falcon Guides 4127: 4123: 4119: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4055: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3992: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3907: 3904: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3737: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3656:Falcon Guides 3653: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3482: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3449: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3416: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3159: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3084:Falcon Guides 3081: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2974:Falcon Guides 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2925: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2848:Falcon Guides 2845: 2841: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2790: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2337:ACMG (2023). 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2264:Manufacturers 2263: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244:climbing wall 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2210:Bachar ladder 2208: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2114:free climbing 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052:routes (e.g. 2051: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986:Belay glasses 1984: 1983: 1980: 1979:climbing shoe 1975: 1971: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1871: 1865: 1855: 1849: 1841: 1835: 1821: 1815:Aid equipment 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1724: 1722: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1646: 1640: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1578: 1572: 1560: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1467: 1464:Wild Country 1460: 1452: 1445: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1379: 1367: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1293:Belay devices 1286: 1280:Belay devices 1279: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1254: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1084: 1082: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1057:, tied via a 1056: 1052: 1048: 1039: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1001: 998:Sets of sewn 996: 989: 987: 981: 973: 969: 960: 958: 954: 950: 949:dynamic ropes 946: 942: 938: 931: 928: 923: 916: 911: 909: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 875: 869:Certification 868: 863: 859: 855: 852:, as well as 851: 847: 842: 838: 835: 832: 828: 824: 821: 818: 814: 810: 806: 803: 800: 795: 792: 789: 788:lead climbing 785: 781: 777: 773: 770: 767: 763: 760: 757: 753: 749: 746: 743: 739: 735: 731: 728: 727: 726: 719: 714: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 681:dynamic ropes 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 638:climbing rope 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 591:belay devices 588: 584: 580: 576: 573:and optional 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 545: 540: 538: 533: 531: 526: 525: 523: 522: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 499: 496: 494: 491: 487: 484: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 466: 465: 460: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 438:Self rescuing 436: 434: 431: 427: 424: 423: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 406: 405: 400: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 328: 327: 322: 314: 311: 310: 309: 306: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 280: 277: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 263: 260: 259: 257: 256: 253: 248: 242: 239: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 220: 217: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 196: 193: 192: 191: 188: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 172: 169: 168: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 156: 155: 152: 151:rock climbing 147: 141: 138: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 124: 121: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 95: 92: 91: 89: 88: 83: 78: 74: 70: 64: 60: 59: 56: 52: 48: 44: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5695: 5639:USA Climbing 5539:Wild Country 5534:Therm-a-Rest 5376: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5350:The Alpinist 5348: 5330: 5323: 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