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allows for the sponge to change its shape. The choanocyte layer is made up of choanocyte cells that lines the inner space of the sponge. The choanocyte cells utilize their flagella to create a water current that circulates water throughout the sponge. The circulation of water brings in food particles and sperm, both of which are collected by choanocytes. In addition to the pinacocyte and choanocyte layers, sponges also have a non-living mesohyl layer that is located between the two living layers. Despite being made up of non-living material, the mesohyl contains living cells called archaeocytes. Archaeocytes are specialized cells that can modify themselves according to what a sponge needs. These cells aid in digestion, reproduction, waste elimination, and support element production. Such support elements (e.g., spongin and spicules) are also found in the mesohyl layer. This species has a leuconoid body plan, which is the most complex construction a sponge can have. This layout is made up of numerous complex choanocyte chambers and highly complex canal systems.
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archaeocytes that can differentiate into sperm and egg cells. Egg production typically peaks in the months April and May. This sponge usually reproduces via the process of broadcast spawning. Sperm is released from a sponge's oscula, into the water column, and into another sponge through its ostia. The sperm is captured by choanocytes, taken into the mesohyl by archaeocytes, and eventually transported to the eggs where fertilization will take place.
520:
659:, and it has shown that this boring sponge may potentially have certain compounds present in it that are great for anti-inflammatory purposes. This research could potentially lead to new medications that could help maintain/control inflammation in numerous patients who buy everyday anti-inflammatory pills and much more. This seems to be beneficial due to the fact that
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archaeocyte cells that form cytoplasmic finger-like protrusions. These protrusions are thought to secrete an acid that dissolves calcium-containing substances. The calcium chips they etch out are swept away through the sponge's water channels and end up as products of bioerosion. The chips are also recognizable due to being uniform in size and shape.
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is capable of both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is achieved through either the process of fragmentation or the process of budding. Fragmentation occurs when one or more segments of a sponge break off and form a new individual. Budding is the formation of a bud that eventually
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exhibits a confused skeletal structure without clear differentiation into ectosomal and internal skeletons. Its spicules consist of tylostyles ranging from 280 to 430μm, densely and irregularly arranged, often with swellings near their tips. While microscleres are typically absent, their presence, if
607:
is a distinctive sponge known for its unique morphology and characteristics. In its 'raphyrus' or massive stage, it forms large lobose structures with rounded ridges, reaching sizes of up to 40cm across and 100cm in length. These sponges can be found boring into substrates like limestone, shells, or
527:
Sponges are asymmetrical, multicellular, diploblastic organisms that lack true tissues. They have two cell layers: the pinacoderm and the choanocyte layer. The pinacoderm layer is the epidermal layer that consists of pinacocyte cells that have the ability to contract. The contraction of these cells
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varies from yellow in its natural state to darker shades when exposed to air and brown when preserved in alcohol. Red discoloration around oscular openings is occasionally observed, possibly due to symbiotic algae. The sponge has a firm, compact consistency with a tough outer layer. Its surface in
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has been recorded to withstand higher-than-normal water temperatures and salinity levels. Due to their high tolerance for environmental stress, reefs that have been harmed or destroyed by coral bleaching are especially vulnerable to these sponges taking over. Despite this, the calcareous material
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is directly related to its leuconoid body plan. First, water enters the sponge though small pores called ostia. The water then runs through incurrent channels and through openings (prosopyles) to reach the flagellated canals. From there, the water passes through more openings (apopyles) to reach
682:
Sexual reproduction is made possible through the production of gametes. This sponge is hermaphroditic, so it produces both male and female gametes. Sponges lack tissues which means they don't have a reproductive system to produce gametes. Gametes are instead produced by specialized cells called
568:
is an indicator species of pollution zones. Their main role is breaking down and dissolving calcium carbonate. They bore into calcium carbonate substrates such as oyster reefs and coral reefs which weakens them and makes them more likely to be harmed. They often completely take over reefs which
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This sponge is known for boring holes into calcium-rich substrates, hence the "boring sponge" nickname. The exact process is still being investigated, but it is known that the boring is accomplished by the utilization of specialized cells called etching cells. These cells are differentiated
585:, a genus of sea urchins, is a predator that can consume the sponge before it has time to regenerate. This sponge is a filter feeder that draws in water through its ostia. They typically feed on plankton and other organic matter that is suspended in the water column.
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the massive form is characterized by tuberculate inhalant papillae, large oscules with raised rims along the ridges, and delicate inhalant papillae that can extend up to 1cm when active. These features contract significantly when out of water.
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has various relationships with a plethora of creatures living within marine environments. Some of these relationships can be quite beneficial to various organisms, but can be seen as invasive to others. There has been a study showing that
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has the ability to regenerate papillae when it is eaten by predators and this process takes almost 2 weeks. Their predators include other benthic organisms such as echinoderms, molluscs, polychaetes and crustaceans.
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This sponge is distributed worldwide in the coastal waters of every continent except for
Antarctica. They are highly concentrated in the English channel, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.
868:"The non-hierarchical, non-uniformly branching topology of a leuconoid sponge aquiferous system revealed by 3D reconstruction and morphometrics using corrosion casting and X-ray microtomography"
493:
690:'s embryo develops into a multi-flagellated parenchymula larva. This larva has a short-lived swimming stage before it attaches to a substrate where further development will take place.
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excurrent channels. Water is then channeled into a larger channel that eventually leads to osculum, where water exits the sponge. The leuconoid body plan doesn't feature a spongocoel.
503:
1197:
Yang, Ju Hae; Suh, Seok-Jong; Lu, Yue; Li, Xian; Lee, Yeun-Kyung; Chang, Young-Chae; Na, Min Kyun; Choi, Jung-Hye; Kim, Cheorl-Ho; Son, Jong-Keun; Chang, Hyeun Wook (2011).
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is resilient to sediment and can be found on rocks across a wide distribution from Sweden to
Gibraltar in the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean.
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or other shelled creatures. The also can bore into limestone rocks and various types of corals. They are typically found in waters up to 200 m deep.
1286:"Reproductive cycles of the sympatric excavating sponges Cliona celata and Cliona viridis in the Mediterranean Sea: Reproduction of clionaid sponges"
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In fact, this boring sponge seems to have a potentially bright future in the medical field for some individuals. Extensive research has been done on
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Hansson, H.G. (Comp.), 1999. NEAT (North East
Atlantic Taxa): Scandinavian marine Porifera (Spongiaria) Check- List. Internet pdf Ed., June 1999. m
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can potentially impact the rate at which another marine species can reproduce or potentially grow. One example of this is how boring sponges (
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inhabits coastal waters and is known to bore into calcium-rich substrates. They are known to make their home on both living and dead
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has not been indicated as a serious threat to other marine life and therefore should not be considered as a dangerous sponge.
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Hammel, Jörg U.; Filatov, Maxim V.; Herzen, Julia; Beckmann, Felix; Kaandorp, Jaap A.; Nickel, Michael (15 February 2011).
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population is still versatile to many things including many bioeroders that try to target them quite frequently.
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472:. The sponge itself is often visible as a rather featureless yellow or orange lump at the bottom of the hole.
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that set them apart from other sponges in the phylum. While also known as the "boring sponge",
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has shown adaptability various abiotic factors found in a typical day-to-day marine life. The
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Piscitelli, Mariapaola; Corriero, Giuseppe; Gaino, Elda; Uriz, María-J. (11 January 2011).
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they etch away positively contributes to the sediment composition surrounding the reefs.
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1245:"Environmental factors shaping boring sponge assemblages at Mexican Pacific coral reefs"
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1106:"The Impacts of Boring Sponges on Oyster Health across Multiple Sites and Tidal Heights"
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calcareous red algae, appearing as clear sulphur-lemon lobes or rounded papillae tips.
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1155:"Infestation of the invasive mollusc Crepidula fornicata by the native shell borer
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940:"Cytochemical studies of acid phosphatase in etching cells of boring sponges"
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Sponge Body Plans: asconoid (left), syconoid (middle), and leuconoid (right)
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matures into a new individual and breaks off of the parent sponge.
1026:"Penetration of Calcium Carbonate Substrates by the Boring Sponge,
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Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
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have been seen as an issue for the restoration of oysters.
1159:: a case of high parasite load without detrimental effects"
844:(7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 80–88.
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Wilkin, Douglas; Blanchette, Jennifer (11 December 2015).
1200:"Anti-inflammatory activity of ethylacetate fraction of
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Dieudonne, Johanna; Carroll, John M. (1 January 2022).
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any, might indicate a related species. Habitat-wise,
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is the only species of sponge without microscleres.
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731:) - MarLIN - The Marine Life Information Network"
569:lessens competition for other reef dwellers.
8:
1152:Le Cam, Sabrina; Viard, Frédérique (2011).
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1242:Nava, Héctor; Carballo, José Luis (2013).
29:
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1209:Immunopharmacology & Immunotoxicology
765:The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal
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1309:from the original on 25 February 2024
812:from the original on 15 February 2024
775:from the original on 25 February 2024
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1633:a449171c-ea8e-43af-9be8-942790bfcd74
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937:Pomponi, Shirley A. (11 May 2009).
632:Economic impact and ecological role
1004:from the original on 20 April 2024
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1084:from the original on 2 April 2024
1303:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00216.x
1023:COBB, WILLIAM R. (August 1969).
885:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00492.x
42:
971:from the original on 6 May 2024
913:"Sponge Structure and Function"
761:, Gr.) from the Frith of Forth"
510:inhabiting the shell of a crab
1:
531:The path water takes through
1221:10.3109/08923973.2010.520716
842:Biology of the invertebrates
806:www.european-marine-life.org
476:Habitat and geographic range
757:"Notice of a New Zoophyte (
686:Once fertilization occurs,
594:There are many features of
548:Shell with holes caused by
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1131:10.1007/s12237-021-00942-1
540:Etching (boring) mechanism
437:, occasionally called the
1721:Animals described in 1826
1382:26 September 2007 at the
1184:10.1007/s10530-011-9958-1
957:10.1017/S0025315400045768
840:Pechenik, Jan A. (2015).
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39:Scientific classification
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1389:North East Atlantic Taxa
1080:. D. Moss, B.E. Picton.
802:- Yellow boring sponge"
712:5 February 2007 at the
589:Distinguishing features
564:In a marine ecosystem,
314:Hymeniacidon tenebrosus
1365:Browse Species Library
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511:
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1405:on Sealife Collection
1370:30 April 2009 at the
998:projects.cos.ncsu.edu
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522:
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370:Suberites griffithsii
338:Rhaphyrus griffithsii
1291:Invertebrate Biology
1164:Biological Invasions
1111:Estuaries and Coasts
755:Grant, R.E. (1826).
330:Raphyrus griffithsii
306:Hymeniacidon celatus
290:Halichondria hystrix
1357:permanent dead link
1262:2013MarEc..34..269N
1176:2011BiInv..13.1087L
1123:2022EstCo..45..213D
1047:10.1093/icb/9.3.783
298:Hymeniacidon celata
282:Halichondria celata
218:Cliona gorgonioides
1270:10.1111/maec.12012
1035:American Zoologist
611:The coloration of
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226:Cliona griffithsii
210:Cliona globulifera
1726:Sponges of Brazil
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1415:Taxon identifiers
851:978-0-07-352418-4
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1068:Guiterman, J.D.
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808:(in Ukrainian).
798:"description of
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836:
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832:
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828:
824:
811:
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803:
801:
800:Cliona celata
793:
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770:
766:
762:
760:
759:Cliona celata
751:
748:
736:
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729:Cliona celata
722:
719:
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693:
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688:Cliona celata
684:
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676:Cliona celata
670:
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665:Cilona celata
662:
661:Cilona celata
658:
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631:
629:
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605:Cliona celata
601:
600:Cliona celata
597:
596:Cliona celata
588:
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567:
566:Cliona celata
559:
557:
551:
550:Cliona celata
546:
539:
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533:Cliona celata
529:
521:
514:
509:
508:Cliona celata
505:
499:
498:Cliona celata
495:
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481:Cliona celata
475:
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468:, especially
467:
463:
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455:
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440:
439:boring sponge
436:
435:
434:Cliona celata
419:
416:
411:
410:Vioa pasithea
408:
403:
400:
395:
394:Vioa coccinea
392:
387:
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381:(Grant, 1826)
379:
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325:(Nardo, 1833)
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301:(Grant, 1826)
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285:(Grant, 1826)
283:
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277:(Nardo, 1833)
275:
274:Cliona typica
272:
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253:(Desor, 1851)
251:
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245:(Nardo, 1839)
243:
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221:Hancock, 1849
219:
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213:Hancock, 1867
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205:(Nardo, 1839)
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197:(Nardo, 1839)
195:
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189:Hancock, 1849
187:
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181:Hancock, 1849
179:
178:Cliona alderi
176:
175:
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148:Cliona celata
143:
140:
139:Binomial name
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1336:. Retrieved
1332:
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1311:. Retrieved
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1086:. Retrieved
1077:
1074:Grant, 1826"
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1034:
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1006:. Retrieved
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973:. Retrieved
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944:
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920:. Retrieved
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814:. Retrieved
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738:. Retrieved
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671:Reproduction
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322:Pione typica
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147:
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129:
128:
116:
86:Demospongiae
18:
1731:Hadromerida
1680:SeaLifeBase
1592:NatureServe
1553:iNaturalist
1447:Wikispecies
1377:Taxonomicon
1297:(1): 1–10.
1078:habitas.org
421:Nardo, 1833
418:Vioa typica
413:Nardo, 1839
405:Nardo, 1844
397:Nardo, 1839
389:Nardo, 1839
378:Vioa celata
357:Desor, 1851
194:Cliona clio
1715:Categories
1401:Photos of
694:References
515:Morphology
454:Clionaidae
447:demosponge
349:Bosc, 1802
106:Clionaidae
1139:1559-2723
1055:0003-1569
965:1469-7769
893:0001-7272
657:C. celata
642:C. celata
637:C. celata
626:C. celata
621:C. celata
613:C. celata
576:C. celata
571:C. celata
458:limestone
386:Vioa clio
124:Species:
96:Clionaida
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1597:2.934440
1571:10841047
1432:Wikidata
1380:Archived
1368:Archived
1338:19 April
1313:2 August
1307:Archived
1229:20929426
1082:Archived
1008:20 April
1002:Archived
975:2 August
969:Archived
922:18 April
816:20 April
810:Archived
779:2 August
773:Archived
740:20 April
710:Archived
485:mollusks
466:molluscs
164:Synonyms
102:Family:
76:Porifera
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
1545:5183631
1438:Q965239
1258:Bibcode
1172:Bibcode
1119:Bibcode
1088:2 April
582:Arbacia
560:Ecology
470:oysters
460:or the
443:species
441:, is a
112:Genus:
92:Order:
82:Class:
1698:134121
1672:230713
1659:134121
1646:187347
1630:NZOR:
1623:269049
1558:117715
1519:CLIOCE
1493:152462
1361:]
1227:
1137:
1053:
1028:Cliona
963:
891:
848:
771:: 78.
462:shells
451:family
157:, 1826
117:Cliona
1693:WoRMS
1685:51692
1584:48524
1566:IRMNG
1532:54121
1527:EUNIS
917:CK-12
650:elata
155:Grant
1654:OBIS
1618:NCBI
1579:ITIS
1540:GBIF
1514:EPPO
1506:W7FX
1488:BOLD
1340:2024
1315:2024
1225:PMID
1135:ISSN
1090:2024
1051:ISSN
1010:2024
977:2024
961:ISSN
924:2024
889:ISSN
846:ISBN
818:2024
781:2024
742:2024
172:List
1605:NBN
1501:CoL
1475:AFD
1462:ADW
1299:doi
1295:130
1266:doi
1217:doi
1180:doi
1127:doi
1043:doi
953:doi
881:doi
464:of
445:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
