604:
and institutional determinants of health have been targets of improvement, with a lack of access to primary and tertiary health services, lower standards of infrastructure, and poor access to quality, fit-for-purpose housing, nutrition and water supply in
Indigenous communities. Greater socioeconomic disadvantage as a result also predisposes Indigenous Australians to behavioural risk factors, such as alcohol abuse due to a lack of mental health services, and environmental risks such as poor nutrition due to relative remoteness and inaccessibility of some communities.
460:, criticised aspects of the agreement, in particular the notion that the involvement of the Coalition of Peaks provides a "voice" and thus represents self-determination. She points out that these bodies are contracted service providers, relying on government funds to run their organisations. She says "Unlike the Uluru dialogues that invited communities to imagine and design their futures using the platform of constitutional change, the Coalition of Peaks closing-the-gap process is about refreshing a flawed policy".
300:(COAG) in December 2018, and listed the following areas: families, children and youth; health; education; economic development; housing; justice (including youth justice); land and water ("where Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ land, water and cultural rights are realised"); and cross-system priorities, which "addresses racism, discrimination and social inclusion, healing and trauma, and the promotion of culture and language for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples".
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explained by differences in the social determinants of health. They affect the health of people and can also influence how a person interacts with health and other services. For example, Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander adults are less likely to smoke if they have completed Year 12, are employed and if they have higher incomes. Additionally, higher levels of education are associated with healthier lifestyle choices and improved health literacy.
584:. However, as there was no data available for 10 of the 17 socio-economic targets of the 2020 Agreement since their baseline year, and for other reasons relating to data quality, it is not yet possible to assess progress properly. However, targets on healthy birth weight, attendance at early childhood education, and reducing the number of teenagers in the youth justice system are on track.
167:, he pledged the government to bridging the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian health, education and living conditions. He also proposed to establish a commission to "close the gap" between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in "life expectancy, educational achievement and economic opportunity", all in a way that respects their rights to self-determination.
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need and in relation to health infrastructure (an adequate and capable health workforce, housing, food, water). This should be in addition to the focus on maternal and infant health, chronic disease and other health needs. The social determinants of health inequality (income, education, racism) must be addressed...
628:
However, most of the
Closing the Gap targets for education are not on track. In general, the gaps have improved (such as in NAPLAN results) or not devolved (school attendance rate remaining stable for several years) have not met targets. Remoteness seems to be a factor; students in isolated or remote
541:
a refreshed
Closing the Gap Strategy must be founded on implementing the existing Close the Gap Statement of Intent commitments... refreshed Closing the Gap Strategy must focus on delivering equality of opportunity in relation to health goods and services, especially primary health care, according to
208:
said that while some improvements had been made, including greater retention to Year 12, successive governments had been reporting failure to meet targets. After beginning the process of a
Closing the Gap "refresh" two year earlier (after four of the targets were due to expire in 2018), this would be
187:
to close the gap. This document serves two purposes: firstly, as a formal agreement between the
Australian government of the day and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples; and, secondly, as an embodiment of a human right, a blueprint for achieving health equality. The strategy has been funded
603:
Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander peoples have a significantly lower life expectancy and higher burden of disease than non-Indigenous Australians. In 2020, Indigenous Australians expected to live 7.8 years for females, and 8.6 years for males, less than the non-Indigenous population. Both social
320:
by 11% to 19%, and to reduce adult imprisonment by 5%. Despite the poor record of achieving targets in past years, Indigenous leaders involved with
Closing the Gap believe that the strategies put in place for this round – including implementation plans, accountability and involvement from Aboriginal
213:
had met with
Morrison, and shortly afterwards COAG First Ministers had agreed to a different form of partnership with Indigenous organisations, entailing greater collaboration. In future, there would be a transition to a different phase of Closing the Gap, involving a whole of government approach,
567:
shows little progress on any of the targets, with still only two of the seven targets having been met (four having expired in 2018). The Prime
Minister's foreword says that the final results of the evidence of the previous twelve years are not had been hoped for, but that there were stories and
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a refreshed Closing the Gap Strategy requires a reset which re-builds the requisite ‘architecture’ (national approach, national leadership, outcome-orientated funding agreements). National priorities like addressing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health inequality have not gone away, are
533:
Closing the Gap Strategy – a 25-year program – was effectively abandoned after five-years and so cannot be said to have been anything but partially implemented in itself. This is because the ‘architecture’ to support the Closing the Gap Strategy (national approach, national leadership, funding
607:
Major contributing factors to Indigenous Australians' lower life expectancy and poorer health outcomes originate from the effects of colonisation, and institutional and interpersonal racism from organisations and practitioners. Between one third and one half of the life expectancy gap may be
545:
there is a ‘funding myth’ about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health – indeed in many Indigenous Affairs areas – that must be confronted as it impedes progress. That is the idea of dedicated health expenditure being a waste of taxpayer funds... Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
140:, a social justice campaign focused on Indigenous health, in which "Australia's peak Indigenous and non-Indigenous health bodies, NGOs and human rights organisations are working together to achieve equality in health", first met. Their campaign was launched in April 2007 by patrons
331:
had had some specific issues needing addressing, including systemic discrimination and the matter of jail sentences for unpaid fines. On 17 June 2020 reforms to the legislation relating to the latter was finally passed. Under the new legislation, most fine defaulters will do
546:
population have, on average, 2.3 times the disease burden of non-Indigenous people. Yet on a per person basis, Australian government health expenditure was $ 1.38 per Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander person for every $ 1.00 spent per non-Indigenous person in 2013-14...
217:
A formal partnership between COAG and the Coalition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peak Organisations, or Coalition of Peaks, came into effect in March 2019, which included arrangements for a Joint Council on Closing the Gap, enhancing shared decision-making.
616:
Closing the Gap has focused on improving education for Indigenous people, with some success. Attainment of Year 12 or equivalent for ages 20–24 has increased from 47.4% in 2006 to 65.3% in 2016. This has led to more Indigenous people undertaking higher or
472:
announced a new implementation plan worth A$ 1 billion towards meeting the targets in health, education, justice, and employment by 2031. The funding includes $ 378 million for a compensation and healing fund for Stolen Generations survivors from the
517:
In 2018, the government's ten-year progress report against the key areas of the framework indicated that only three of the target areas were likely to be met, with ongoing concerns in areas such as education and school attendance, and health.
642:
The target to halve the gap in employment by 2018 is not on track; the gap has actually widened. The overall rate of employment for Indigenous Australians had risen by at least 4%, and that in remote areas by about 11% between 2006 and 2016.
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reported that of the seven targets, only two – early childhood education and Year 12 attainment – had been met. Only Year 9 numeracy was on track in all states and territories, with variations among them.
381:
By 2031, increase the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children assessed as developmentally on track in all five domains of the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) to 55 per cent.
559:
by 2018, close the gap on school attendance by 2018, close the gap in life expectancy by 2031, halve the gap in literacy and numeracy by 2018 and halve the gap in unemployment by 2018 were not on track.
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reported that of the seven targets, only two – early childhood education and Year 12 attainment – had been met. The remaining targets are not on track to be met within their specified time-frames.
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Reports presented to Parliament, providing data in areas that previously had none and updates on progress. The Close the Gap campaign has produced 10 reports, including a 10-year review in 2018.
568:
successes worth celebrating, and some progress on almost every measure, including the key areas of health and education. Morrison wrote that "the new framework is based on true partnership...".
90:
attainment, school attendance, and employment outcomes. Annual Closing the Gap reports are presented to federal parliament, providing updates on the agreed targets and related topics. The
2657:
188:
by the government to develop a long-term action plan targeted at health services to achieve health equality and life expectancy equality for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
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By 2031, increase the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 25-34 years who have completed a tertiary qualification (Certificate III and above) to 70 per cent.
110:
2046:
41:
241:, and this agency is now responsible for "lead and coordinat the development and implementation of Australia’s Closing the Gap targets in partnership with Indigenous Australians".
2996:
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By 2031, the rate of all forms of family violence and abuse against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and children is reduced at least by 50%, as progress towards zero.
2848:
485:, as well as an injection of funds into repairing and building new health clinics; alcohol and drug rehabilitation programs; job creation; various justice measures; and remote
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By 2025, increase the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children enrolled in Year Before Fulltime Schooling (YBFS) early childhood education to 95 per cent.
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support, includes far greater Indigenous involvement in leading its implementation and measuring its progress, new accountability mechanisms, and a commitment to address
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2744:
2348:
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1991:
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529:*the Close the Gap Statement of Intent (and close the gap approach) has to date only been partially and incoherently implemented via the Closing the Gap Strategy...
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720:
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The new justice targets relate mainly to the levels of incarceration of Indigenous people (in police custody and in the prison system). This matter, along with
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with "all governments sharing accountability for progress, and extending this shared accountability to include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people".
2815:
2212:
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1137:
32:
This article is about the Australian strategy on Indigenous health, education and opportunity disparity. For the precipitating social justice movement, see
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934:
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By 2031, increase the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth (15–24 years) who are in employment, education or training to 67 per cent.
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By 2031, increase the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (age 20-24) attaining year 12 or equivalent qualification to 96 per cent.
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2480:
2465:
2084:
2021:
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There was no funding as yet allocated to support the agreement. The announcement was on the whole well-received. Shadow minister for Indigenous affairs,
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By 2031, increase the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in appropriately sized (not overcrowded) housing to 88 per cent.
1913:
497:
The second implementation plan was published by the Coalition of Peaks under the "National Agreement", covering the period February 2023–January 2024.
446:, welcomed the targets and involvement of Indigenous representatives, but hoped for more federal funding and also to work towards a target relating to
59:
peoples and non-Indigenous Australians on key health, education and economic opportunity targets. The strategy was launched in 2008 in response to the
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2008:
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a) By 2030, a 15 per cent increase in Australia's landmass subject to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's legal rights or interests.
230:
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the final report of the framework established in 2008. In December 2018, a coalition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, the
117:
1228:
625:
report, Indigenous students in higher education award courses more than doubled in number over the decade from 2006 (9,329) to 2017 (19,237).
525:) published by the Close the Gap campaign in 2018, assessing the progress of the Closing the Gap strategy, included major findings as follows:
258:(COAG) adopted six targets (later increased to seven) to improve the well-being of Indigenous Australians over the next five to twenty years:
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1984:
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b) By 2030, a 15 per cent increase in areas covered by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's legal rights or interests in the sea.
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reported that of the seven targets, only two – early childhood education and Year 12 attainment – had been met. Aims to halve the gap in
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1448:
234:
898:
872:
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By 2031, reduce the rate of over-representation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in out-of-home care by 45 per cent.
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2552:
2147:
297:
255:
152:
106:
102:
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in June 2020. The new Closing The Gap plan proposes that each state and territory would commit to reducing the level of Indigenous
51:
framework is a strategy by the Commonwealth and state and territory governments of Australia that aims to reduce disparity between
426:
16. By 2031, there is a sustained increase in number and strength of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages being spoken.
402:
By 2031, reduce the rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people (10-17 years) in detention by at least 30 per cent.
2919:
2853:
2542:
2432:
2378:
2182:
2127:
1780:
1373:
Productivity Commission (29 July 2021). "Attachment A: Dashboard snapshots and data for download (Socioeconomic outcome areas)".
663:
353:
349:
296:
The draft targets for 2019 aimed to address multiple areas to improve the lives of Indigenous peoples. These were created by the
1900:
120:(NIAA) was established and took over reporting and high-level strategy responsibilities. The NIAA works in partnership with the
2701:
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1977:
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services – are more likely to bring about the changes needed. Ken Wyatt believes that both law reform and attitudes, such as
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ensure 95 percent of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander four-years-olds are enrolled in early childhood education by 2025
179:
adopted the goals of the Close the Gap campaign in 2008, in a strategy known as "Closing the Gap". Rudd and Health Minister
990:"Closing the Gap agreement reset with 16 new targets to improve lives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians"
393:
By 2031, increase the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 25–64 who are employed to 62 per cent
375:
By 2031, increase the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies with a healthy birthweight to 91 per cent.
124:, which represents Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations, as well as state and territory governments and the
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2104:
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3001:
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By 2031, reduce the rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults held in incarceration by at least 15 per cent.
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953:
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2413:
822:
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1374:
799:
Calma, Tom (24 September 2008). "UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Australia should sign".
765:
Calma, Tom (24 September 2008). "UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Australia should sign".
2822:
2759:
2754:
2592:
2537:
2036:
581:
411:
Significant and sustained reduction in suicide of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people towards zero.
1441:"Indigenous Closing the Gap measures to get $ 1 billion, as Aboriginal leaders warn the plan 'has to work'"
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2016:
2000:
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56:
52:
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2325:
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2031:
844:
176:
98:
1726:"Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia – a human rights based approach"
1255:"WA Attorney General slams state's 'systemic discrimination' ahead of more Black Lives Matter rallies"
222:
was signed by representatives of the Coalition of Peaks, each state and territory government, and the
2450:
1663:
618:
482:
1760:
2300:
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514:
presented to Parliament, providing data in areas that previously had none and updates on progress.
2900:
2810:
2739:
2724:
2547:
2460:
2423:
1823:
Booth, A.; Carroll, N. (2005). "The health status of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians".
1805:
1506:
1202:
668:
474:
210:
121:
2974: by Commonwealth of Australia. Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet available under the
2958: by Commonwealth of Australia. Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet available under the
63:
social justice movement, and revised in 2020 with additional targets and a refreshed strategy.
2562:
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2485:
2320:
2117:
1840:
An investigation of the effect of socio-economic factors on the Indigenous life expectancy gap
1797:
1669:
1629:
1515:
1380:
1229:"Plan to keep Aboriginal Australians out of jail, as Indigenous leaders hope change will come"
943:
447:
435:
362:
333:
328:
141:
1486:"Closing the Gap Report 2019: The annual report to Parliament on progress in Closing the Gap"
1182:"Closing the Gap Report 2019: The annual report to Parliament on progress in Closing the Gap"
2924:
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2232:
1789:
780:
746:
652:
322:
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producing a report at the end of each year analysing progress on each of its seven targets.
37:
344:
All Australian governments committed to the 16 new targets on 30 July 2020, and signed the
2975:
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2959:
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1469:
Coalition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peak Organisations (13 February 2023).
556:
486:
317:
71:
67:
1969:
1018:
694:
Between 1 July 2018 and 30 June 2019, 430 people spent time in custody for unpaid fines.
2905:
2800:
2672:
2577:
1793:
1647:...licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0).
969:...licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0).
469:
205:
197:
1595:"Closing the Gap: Scott Morrison to push new approach as report finds little progress"
1309:
2985:
2615:
2527:
2192:
2132:
137:
60:
33:
1947:
Contribution to the discussion about the next phase of the Closing the Gap Strategy.
1914:"Traditional Aboriginal healers should work alongside doctors to help close the gap"
1809:
1284:"Unpaid fines law reforms prompted by death in custody of Ms Dhu pass WA Parliament"
325:, are needed, if relationships between police and Indigenous people are to improve.
2805:
2712:
2667:
2662:
2567:
2442:
2142:
1877:
443:
180:
1927:"Close the Gap report calls for government to listen to Indigenous-led solutions"
2522:
2197:
1544:"Closing the gap on Indigenous education must start with commitment and respect"
1407:
1151:
453:
226:. The Joint Council on Closing the Gap met for the first time on 27 March 2019.
434:
17: By 2026, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have equal levels of
17:
2630:
2517:
2512:
2187:
2177:
2122:
1356:
358:
280:
close the gap in school attendance by 2018 (this target was added in May 2014)
160:
145:
27:
Strategy of Australian governments to improving the lives of Indigenous people
1360:
629:
communities do not perform or attend as well as students in urban areas. The
357:. In addition, the new framework for the Closing the Gap strategy, which has
2776:
2507:
238:
1888:"Closing the gap that scars Australia: stop our mob from dying prematurely"
1801:
1619:
Commonwealth of Australia. Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2019).
933:
Commonwealth of Australia. Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2019).
2247:
2237:
83:
79:
1854:
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework 2012
1351:
1097:
87:
1130:"Prime Minister announces new National Indigenous Australians Agency"
1072:
899:"Closing the Gap: National Indigenous Health Equality Targets (2008)"
1412:"New agreement won't deliver the change Indigenous Australians need"
1825:
Centre for Economic Policy Research, Australian National University
1776:"Institutional racism in Australian healthcare: a plea for decency"
2587:
2557:
1484:
Australian Government. Dept of Prime Minister and Cabinet (2019).
1180:
Australian Government. Dept of Prime Minister and Cabinet (2019).
1958:
1485:
1470:
1181:
2217:
1856:. Canberra: Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council. 2012.
538:
getting worse, and more than ever require a national response...
457:
1973:
988:
Higgins, Isabella; Collard, Sarah; Ryan, Brad (30 July 2020).
372:
Close the Gap in life expectancy within a generation, by 2031.
159:
over the next five to twenty years. As part of Prime Minister
1901:"Indigenous Australians offer a broader concept of wellbeing"
1355:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1873:"Close the Gap and Closing the Gap – what's the difference?"
97:
From the adoption of the framework in 2008 until 2018, the
1045:"The Partnership Agreement on Closing the Gap, 2019-2029"
254:
During meetings held in December 2007 and March 2008 the
151:
During meetings held in December 2007 and March 2008 the
1665:
Closing the Gap Annual Data Compilation Report July 2021
1376:
Closing the Gap Annual Data Compilation Report July 2021
155:(COAG) adopted six targets to improve the well-being of
220:
The Partnership Agreement on Closing the Gap, 2019-2029
671:, diseases brought on by changes in diet and lifestyle
336:
if they fail to pay, with imprisonment a last resort.
271:
halve the gap in reading, writing and numeracy by 2018
42:
Closing the Gap: The Quest to Understand Prime Numbers
348:
with the Coalition of Peaks, represented by convenor
2836:
2691:
2601:
2498:
2441:
2339:
2261:
2103:
2055:
2007:
2399:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
815:"Australia marks 20-year anniversary of Sorry Day"
803:. No. 435. Lismore, NSW: Budsoar. p. 27.
769:. No. 435. Lismore, NSW: Budsoar. p. 27.
1886:Gooda, Mick; Parker, Kirstie (12 February 2014).
1568:Australian Healthcare and Hospitals Association.
1134:Australia. Dept of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
1508:Closing the Gap: The Prime Ministers Report 2018
1657:
1655:
1434:
1432:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
527:
2886:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
2389:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
1940:"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health"
983:
981:
979:
977:
578:Closing the Gap Annual Data Compilation Report
2374:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
1985:
576:Starting in July 2021, a new report entitled
136:In March 2006, the Steering Committee of the
36:. For the similar policy in New Zealand, see
8:
2997:Organisations serving Indigenous Australians
1103:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
111:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
1570:"2018–19 Pre-Budget Submission to Treasury"
1277:
1275:
1175:
1173:
721:"Close the Gap: Indigenous Health Campaign"
314:Black Lives Matter rallies around Australia
274:halve the gap in year 12 attainment by 2020
2481:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
2466:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
2438:
1992:
1978:
1970:
1702:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
1013:
1011:
1357:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
867:
865:
715:
713:
711:
534:agreements) had unraveled by 2014-2015...
1662:Productivity Commission (29 July 2021).
1471:Closing the Gap implementation plan 2023
265:halve the gap in child mortality by 2018
262:close the gap in life expectancy by 2031
233:was established in July 2019, under the
2203:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
2075:People from politics and public service
1697:"Indigenous life expectancy and deaths"
1335:"National Agreement on Closing the Gap"
1310:"National Agreement on Closing the Gap"
873:"Close The Gap - 10 Year Review (2018)"
707:
687:
224:Australian Local Government Association
126:Australian Local Government Association
2001:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
1899:Grieves, Victoria (20 November 2014).
1207:Australian Government. Closing the Gap
1156:National Indigenous Australians Agency
1077:National Indigenous Australians Agency
1023:National Indigenous Australians Agency
231:National Indigenous Australians Agency
118:National Indigenous Australians Agency
66:The Closing the Gap targets relate to
1290:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
996:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
346:National Agreement on Closing the Gap
40:. For the book on prime numbers, see
7:
2183:Literature of Indigenous Australians
1871:Davidson, Helen (12 February 2014).
1542:Buckskin, Peter (11 February 2018).
849:Australian Indigenous Health Infonet
781:"Govt promises action after apology"
747:"Govt promises action after apology"
464:2021 implementation plan and funding
277:halve the gap in employment by 2018.
105:governments worked together via the
1827:. Canberra: DSI Consulting Pty Ltd.
1449:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
284:As of 2019, there have been eleven
235:Minister for Indigenous Australians
2364:Aborigines Progressive Association
1794:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06056.x
1731:Australian Human Rights Commission
1668:. Commonwealth of Australia 2021.
1593:Martin, Sarah (11 February 2020).
1439:Brennan, Bridget (4 August 2021).
1379:. Commonwealth of Australia 2021.
1227:Higgins, Isabella (25 June 2020).
903:Australian Human Rights Commission
877:Australian Human Rights Commission
725:Australian Human Rights Commission
510:As of 2019, there had been eleven
109:(COAG) on the framework, with the
25:
1912:Grieves, Victoria (4 June 2018).
1253:Fernandes, Aaron (13 June 2020).
456:, Pro Vice-Chancellor Indigenous
298:Council of Australian Governments
256:Council of Australian Governments
185:Close the Gap Statement of Intent
165:Apology to Indigenous Australians
153:Council of Australian Governments
107:Council of Australian Governments
2970: This article incorporates
2965:
2954: This article incorporates
2949:
1925:Jenkins, Keira (20 March 2020).
1781:The Medical Journal of Australia
1350:
1282:Shine, Rhiannon (17 June 2020).
1098:"Prime Minister's Media Release"
664:Indigenous Australians and crime
340:National agreement: 2020 targets
128:, to deliver strategy outcomes.
2702:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
1514:. Australian Government. 2018.
430:A 17th target was later added:
2992:Indigenous Australian politics
2914:Uluru Statement from the Heart
2331:Torres Strait Island languages
1774:Henry, Barbara (14 May 2004).
1136:. 12 June 2019. Archived from
677:, government policy since 1991
655:– a similar New Zealand policy
599:Indigenous health in Australia
523:Close The Gap - 10 Year Review
468:In August 2021 Prime Minister
368:The 16 new targets relate to:
1:
2379:Australian Aborigines' League
2359:Aborigines Advancement League
2276:Australian Aboriginal English
821:. 26 May 2018. Archived from
580:is published annually by the
365:in government organisations.
3007:Aboriginal Australian health
2419:National Reconciliation Week
1073:"Closing the Gap, 2019-2029"
479:Australian Capital Territory
310:Aboriginal deaths in custody
86:at specified school levels,
2471:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
2409:Registered Aboriginal Party
2394:National Indigenous Council
2281:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
1724:Dick, Darren (April 2007).
1622:Closing the Gap Report 2020
936:Closing the Gap Report 2019
675:Reconciliation in Australia
631:Closing the Gap Report 2019
565:Closing the Gap Report 2020
553:Closing the Gap Report 2019
202:Closing the Gap Report 2019
92:Closing the Gap Report 2019
3023:
2849:Constitutional recognition
2718:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
2354:Aboriginal Medical Service
621:courses. According to the
596:
572:Measuring the new strategy
31:
2243:Traditional custodianship
1842:, DSI Consulting Pty Ltd.
1628:. Australian Government.
1416:The Sydney Morning Herald
1108:Commonwealth of Australia
942:. Australian Government.
312:, was highlighted at the
76:early childhood education
2708:Australian Frontier Wars
2414:Reconciliation Australia
1959:"Closing The Gap Report"
659:Health care in Australia
493:2023 implementation plan
2760:Australian history wars
2621:Contemporary visual art
2037:Torres Strait Islanders
787:. ABC. 13 February 2008
753:. ABC. 13 February 2008
582:Productivity Commission
512:Closing the Gap Reports
2456:Kimberley Land Council
2306:Pama–Nyungan languages
2296:Loanwords into English
2213:Religion and mythology
2166:Torres Strait Islander
2017:Aboriginal Australians
1892:The Guardian (Opinion)
549:
157:Indigenous Australians
57:Torres Strait Islander
2795:Native Title Act 1993
2730:Cummeragunja walk-off
2476:Northern Land Council
2326:Torres Strait English
2253:Torres Strait Islands
1473:(Report). Q118867707.
597:Further information:
177:Australian government
2451:Central Land Council
1757:Australians Together
1359:licence. (Statement
619:vocational education
521:The 10-year review (
483:Jervis Bay Territory
3002:Government programs
2208:Outstation movement
2047:Western Australians
1838:Benham, D. (2009),
959:on 26 December 2019
200:'s Foreword to the
192:2019–2029 framework
171:2008–2018 framework
103:state and territory
2901:Stolen Generations
2891:Self-determination
2811:Stolen Generations
2745:Historical figures
2725:Caledon Bay crisis
2548:Fire-stick farming
2461:Maralinga Tjarutja
2080:Performing artists
1158:. 29 February 2016
1025:. 12 February 2016
825:on 21 January 2022
669:New World syndrome
475:Northern Territory
318:youth in detention
211:Coalition of Peaks
122:Coalition of Peaks
2945:
2944:
2828:Western Australia
2563:Possum-skin cloak
2494:
2493:
2486:Tiwi Land Council
2321:Taboo on the dead
2286:Australian Creole
2027:Aboriginal groups
1763:on 20 March 2016.
1675:978-1-74037-725-6
1635:978-1-925364-30-9
1521:978-1-925363-13-5
1386:978-1-74037-725-6
1019:"Closing the Gap"
949:978-1-925363-84-5
879:. 8 February 2018
845:"Closing the Gap"
448:domestic violence
436:digital inclusion
363:structural racism
334:community service
329:Western Australia
204:, Prime Minister
163:'s February 2008
142:Catherine Freeman
16:(Redirected from
3014:
2969:
2953:
2439:
2271:Avoidance speech
2233:Smoking ceremony
1994:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1966:
1946:
1944:
1934:
1921:
1918:The Conversation
1908:
1905:The Conversation
1895:
1882:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1759:. Archived from
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1548:The Conversation
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1370:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1140:on 17 June 2019.
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
985:
972:
971:
966:
964:
958:
952:. Archived from
941:
930:
915:
914:
912:
910:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
869:
860:
859:
857:
855:
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
811:
805:
804:
796:
794:
792:
777:
771:
770:
762:
760:
758:
743:
737:
736:
734:
732:
717:
695:
692:
653:Closing the Gaps
487:boarding schools
356:
323:unconscious bias
38:Closing the Gaps
21:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2982:
2981:
2946:
2941:
2881:Media portrayal
2844:1967 Referendum
2832:
2740:Gurindji Strike
2735:Day of Mourning
2687:
2597:
2490:
2437:
2335:
2291:Language groups
2257:
2099:
2051:
2003:
1998:
1963:Closing the Gap
1957:
1954:
1942:
1937:
1924:
1911:
1898:
1885:
1870:
1867:
1865:Further reading
1862:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1788:(10): 517–520.
1773:
1772:
1768:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1410:(7 July 2020).
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1314:Closing the Gap
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1203:"Draft Targets"
1201:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1009:
999:
997:
987:
986:
975:
962:
960:
956:
950:
939:
932:
931:
918:
908:
906:
905:. 21 March 2019
897:
896:
892:
882:
880:
871:
870:
863:
853:
851:
843:
842:
838:
828:
826:
813:
812:
808:
798:
790:
788:
779:
778:
774:
764:
756:
754:
745:
744:
740:
730:
728:
727:. 21 March 2019
719:
718:
709:
704:
699:
698:
693:
689:
684:
649:
640:
623:Closing the Gap
614:
601:
595:
590:
574:
557:child mortality
508:
503:
495:
466:
352:
342:
306:
294:
286:Closing the Gap
252:
247:
194:
173:
134:
72:child mortality
68:life expectancy
49:Closing the Gap
45:
28:
23:
22:
18:Closing the gap
15:
12:
11:
5:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2906:Half-Caste Act
2898:
2896:Reconciliation
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2874:Protected Area
2871:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2803:
2801:Pilbara strike
2798:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Spinifex resin
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:Sign languages
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2090:Visual artists
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1953:
1952:External links
1950:
1949:
1948:
1938:RACGP (2018).
1935:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1883:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1845:
1830:
1815:
1766:
1744:
1716:
1705:. 23 July 2020
1688:
1674:
1651:
1634:
1611:
1585:
1560:
1534:
1520:
1498:
1476:
1461:
1428:
1399:
1385:
1365:
1326:
1301:
1271:
1245:
1219:
1194:
1169:
1143:
1121:
1089:
1064:
1036:
1007:
973:
948:
916:
890:
861:
836:
806:
772:
738:
706:
705:
703:
700:
697:
696:
686:
685:
683:
680:
679:
678:
672:
666:
661:
656:
648:
645:
639:
636:
613:
610:
594:
591:
589:
586:
573:
570:
548:
547:
543:
539:
535:
507:
504:
502:
499:
494:
491:
470:Scott Morrison
465:
462:
440:
439:
428:
427:
424:
423:
422:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
341:
338:
305:
302:
293:
290:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
251:
248:
246:
243:
206:Scott Morrison
198:Prime Minister
193:
190:
172:
169:
133:
130:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3019:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2938:
2937:Voting rights
2935:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2789:Native police
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Bark painting
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Bush medicine
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2443:Land councils
2440:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2341:Organisations
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Message stick
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Deadly Awards
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1377:
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2683:Yininmadyemi
2668:Sandpainting
2663:Papunya Tula
2658:NATSIA Award
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2538:Dugout canoe
2228:Sacred sites
2143:The Dreaming
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2864:Land rights
2767:King plates
2583:Sweet foods
2553:Food groups
2523:Bush tucker
2263:Language(s)
2198:NAIDOC Week
2148:Enumeration
2057:Individuals
2022:Communities
1641:12 February
1604:12 February
1578:12 February
1553:12 February
1527:12 February
1491:26 December
1340:. July 2020
1187:26 December
829:26 December
791:13 February
757:13 February
588:Focus areas
454:Megan Davis
250:2008 – 2019
183:signed the
2986:Categories
2755:Prehistory
2678:Visual art
2631:Didgeridoo
2543:Fibrecraft
2518:Bush bread
2384:Mass media
2311:Placenames
2188:Marn Grook
2178:Kurdaitcha
2161:Aboriginal
2123:Corroboree
2042:Victorians
2032:Tasmanians
1212:10 January
1162:10 January
1082:10 January
1029:10 January
963:10 January
909:10 January
883:10 January
854:10 January
801:Koori Mail
767:Koori Mail
731:10 January
702:References
638:Employment
359:bipartisan
350:Pat Turner
161:Kevin Rudd
146:Ian Thorpe
53:Aboriginal
2976:CC BY 4.0
2960:CC BY 4.0
2777:Black War
2772:Massacres
2611:Artefacts
2508:Boomerang
2500:Bushcraft
2424:Sorry Day
2238:Songlines
2113:Astronomy
2070:Musicians
2065:Activists
1753:"Stories"
1681:17 August
1454:17 August
1392:17 August
682:Footnotes
612:Education
506:2008–2020
239:Ken Wyatt
2978:license.
2962:license.
2784:Missions
2636:Dreaming
2533:Coolamon
2404:Politics
2248:Tjurunga
1810:44263658
1802:15139829
1737:14 April
1709:14 April
1445:ABC News
1421:6 August
1344:4 August
1319:8 August
1288:ABC news
1259:SBS News
1233:ABC News
1057:8 August
1000:4 August
994:ABC News
819:SBS News
785:ABC News
751:ABC News
647:See also
501:Progress
84:numeracy
80:literacy
2816:Apology
2750:History
2693:History
2593:Woomera
2369:AIATSIS
2223:Seasons
2173:Kinship
2138:Deities
2128:Country
2105:Culture
2095:Writers
2009:Peoples
1294:30 June
1264:16 June
1238:30 June
304:Justice
245:Targets
196:In the
132:History
99:federal
88:Year 12
2920:Treaty
2859:Health
2837:Issues
2301:Palawa
2157:Flags
2153:Elders
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1114:4 June
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593:Health
2930:Voice
2925:Truth
2854:Crime
2641:Music
2626:Dance
2588:Waddy
2573:Soaks
2558:Humpy
2349:ATSIC
1943:(PDF)
1806:S2CID
1626:(PDF)
1573:(PDF)
1512:(PDF)
1338:(PDF)
1048:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
940:(PDF)
2972:text
2956:text
2673:Vibe
2651:Rock
2603:Arts
2513:Buka
2433:TSRA
2218:Riji
2118:Bora
1931:NITV
1798:PMID
1739:2022
1711:2022
1683:2021
1670:ISBN
1643:2020
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1052:COAG
1031:2020
1002:2020
965:2020
944:ISBN
911:2020
885:2020
856:2020
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793:2008
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733:2020
563:The
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