27:
197:
reproducing 10 color oil paintings and 12 photographs for comparison, and was designed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of photography for the scientific illustration of cloud forms. Its printing was limited but as a proof of concept it was a great success, leading directly to the
133:. In 1891 the International Meteorological Conference at Munich recommended the general adoption of Abercromby and Hildebrandsson's classification system. The year 1896 was declared International Year of Clouds.
154:
to filter polarized light, thereby increasing the contrast. Other researchers achieved similar results using mirrors or lake surfaces, and selectively photographing in certain parts of the sky.
513:
58:, and the author of a 1923 atlas stated that "increasing use of the air as a means of transportation will require and lead to a detailed knowledge of all the secrets of cloud building."
146:. The scientific photography of clouds required several technical advances, including faster films (shorter exposures), color, and sufficient contrast between cloud and sky.
414:
462:
International Cloud Atlas, published by order of the
Committee by H. Hildebrandsson, A. Riggenbach, L. Teisserenc de Bort, members of the Clouds Commission
66:
Throughout the 19th century, nomenclatures and classifications of cloud types were developed, followed late in the century by cloud atlases. The first
1136:
142:
was published in 1896, to coincide with another
International Meteorological Conference. It was a political and technical triumph, and an immediate
223:
of clouds, mostly photographs but some paintings, and text in French, English, and German. The plates were selected from among 300 of the best
125:
on the subject, stressing that clouds are the same everywhere in the world (a novel observation at the time). Abercromby also collaborated with
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535:
169:, but with additions, and it classified the clouds into three group by height of the cloud base above ground: lower, middle, upper.
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were published, including editions in 1906 and 1911. Several other cloud atlases appeared, including in 1908 M. J. Vincent's
126:
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20:
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of clouds provided by members of the commission. The atlas has remained in print since then, in multiple editions.
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655:
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Wolken-Atlas. Atlas des nuages. Mohr Atlas. With explanatory letterpress in German, French, English and
Swedish.
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465:(in French, English, and German). Gauthier-Villars. pp. 31, 14 sheets of colored maps.
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to propose a detailed classification of clouds, which was adopted in
Hildebrandsson's 1890
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289:
The
Invention of Clouds: How an Amateur Meteorologist Forged the Language of the Skies
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was published in 1896. This was prepared by
Hildebrandsson, Riggenbach, and
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113:
and the classification of clouds. In the late 19th century, Clement Ley and
382:
181:
is the first known cloud atlas and book of this title, by
Hildebrandsson,
26:
165:(known in English as Vincent's Cloud Atlas), which was based on the 1906
86:
in 1801. Howard's nomenclature defined four fundamental types of clouds:
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190:
503:
50:. Early cloud atlases were an important element in the training of
498:
1439:
544:
117:
contributed to building a classification for clouds.. Ley's book,
47:
39:
25:
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and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne
431:
Predicting the weather: Victorians and the
Science of Meteorology
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504:
483:
121:, was influential among meteorologists, while Abercromby wrote
1215:
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Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))
109:
There followed a long period of development of the field of
665:
No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus
369:(148). Royal Meteorological Society (Great Britain): 258.
499:
Online Cloud Atlas at
University of Missouri-Columbia
396:
H. H. Hildebrandsson; W. Köppen; G. Neumayer (1890).
363:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
1139:
term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is Towering cumulus ))
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459:The International Meteorological Committee (1896).
1460:(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)
1457:(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)
494:Houze'sCloud Atlas at University of Washington
529:
8:
489:Cloud Atlas at Pennsylvania State University
292:(reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 292.
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413:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
274:. Rand, McNally & company. p. 57.
215:, members of the Clouds Commission of the
637:Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
338:
78:in 1802. It followed a similar effort in
558:Latin terminology except where indicated
315:"The photographic observation of clouds"
313:Lockyer, Sir Norman (February 4, 1897).
263:
261:
861:Mutatus non-height specific (see below)
257:
406:
217:International Meteorological Committee
7:
1263:Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)
1258:Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)
1248:Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)
804:Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)
799:Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)
509:Cloud Atlas For In-Flight Spotters
479:WMO International Cloud Atlas 2017
14:
920:Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)
915:Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)
789:Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)
98:or flat cloud (level sheet), and
1025:Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)
900:Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)
658:polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
484:Cloud Atlas at Clouds-Online.com
1204:St-only genitus cloud and other
840:Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)
1273:Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)
1253:Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)
1034:Cb-only supplementary features
835:Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)
127:Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson
1:
1211:Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)
1069:Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu)
1062:Cb-only accessories and other
910:Altocumulus lacunosus (Ac la)
794:Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)
1020:Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)
925:Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)
905:Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)
599:Noctilucent type III billows
157:Many subsequent editions of
21:Cloud atlas (disambiguation)
974:Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)
717:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
436:University of Chicago Press
428:Katharine Anderson (2005).
30:An example of a Cloud Atlas
1518:
1195:Stratus nebulosus (St neb)
1129:Cumulus congestus (Cu con)
1123:Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)
758:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)
602:Noctilucent type IV whirls
38:is a pictorial key (or an
18:
1052:Cumulonimbus murus ((mur)
1041:Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau)
732:Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)
596:Noctilucent type II bands
268:Alexander McAdie (1923).
208:International Cloud Atlas
200:International Cloud Atlas
167:International Cloud Atlas
159:International Cloud Atlas
139:International Cloud Atlas
16:Compendium of cloud types
1190:Stratus fractus (St fra)
1118:Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)
1097:Variable vertical extent
1047:Cumulonimbus incus (inc)
722:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
593:Noctilucent type I veils
587:Polar mesospheric clouds
286:Richard Hamblyn (2002).
1268:Stratocumulus Undulatus
753:Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
737:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)
727:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
359:"Vincent's Cloud Atlas"
247:Timeline of meteorology
213:Leon Teisserenc de Bort
189:. It was an expensive
1408:Supplementary features
1288:supplementary features
383:10.1002/qj.49703414803
31:
1451:and human-made clouds
947:Altostratus undulatus
656:Nitric acid and water
438:. pp. 221, 331.
173:Notable cloud atlases
84:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
29:
19:For other uses, see
1469:Homomutatus (homut)
1465:Homogenitus (hogen)
1435:Praecipitatio (pra)
647:Lenticular nacreous
375:1908QJRMS..34..233M
331:1897Natur..55R.322.
242:List of cloud types
104:List of cloud types
102:or rain-cloud (see
56:weather forecasting
1231:Stratocumulus (Sc)
1218:(Fg) Surface level
1159:Trade wind cumulus
644:Cirriform nacreous
219:. It consists of
187:Georg von Neumayer
32:
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1394:Translucidus (tr)
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1004:Towering vertical
1001:Cumulonimbus (Cb)
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957:Nimbostratus (Ns)
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818:Cirrostratus (Cs)
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772:Cirrocumulus (Cc)
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746:Ci-only varieties
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325:(1423): 322–325.
225:color photographs
195:chromolithographs
148:Albert Riggenbach
144:de facto standard
123:scientific papers
90:or thread-cloud,
74:was published by
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1339:Actinoform cloud
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1075:Overshooting top
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163:Atlas des Nuages
115:Ralph Abercromby
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1415:Asperitas (asp)
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1369:Duplicatus (du)
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1341:(Stratocumulus)
1314:accessory cloud
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1333:Pannus (pan)
1323:Pileus (pil)
1295:Arcus ((arc)
1173:Stratus (St)
1094:Cumulus (Cu)
1071:Beaver tail)
873:Medium-level
682:Tropospheric
552:hydrometeors
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162:
158:
156:
137:
135:
130:
118:
108:
68:nomenclature
65:
44:nomenclature
35:
33:
1440:Virga (vir)
1430:Mamma (mam)
1420:Cavum (cav)
1379:Opacus (op)
1328:Velum (vel)
1301:Tuba ((tub)
1054:Wall cloud)
1043:Tail cloud)
960:Multi-level
700:Cirrus (Ci)
583:Noctilucent
565:Mesospheric
400:. Hamburg.
398:Cloud Atlas
179:Cloud Atlas
152:Nicol prism
131:Cloud Atlas
111:meteorology
76:Luke Howard
36:cloud atlas
1491:Categories
1353:Non-height
690:High-level
253:References
205:The first
136:The first
1362:Varieties
1316:and other
1154:Horseshoe
1080:Hot tower
991:Low-level
967:Varieties
409:cite book
177:The 1890
119:Cloudland
42:) to the
1355:specific
629:15–30 km
575:80–85 km
357:(1908).
231:See also
193:book of
1502:Atlases
1337:Other-
1240:Species
1182:Species
1113:Fractus
1105:Species
1012:Species
892:Species
827:Species
781:Species
709:Species
692:3–18 km
371:Bibcode
327:Bibcode
150:used a
96:stratus
92:cumulus
72:English
62:History
54:and in
1497:Clouds
1297:Shelf)
993:0–2 km
875:2–8 km
548:genera
442:
319:Nature
296:
276:page 3
191:quarto
185:, and
100:nimbus
88:cirrus
80:French
48:clouds
1147:Other
585:(NLC)
545:Cloud
40:atlas
1137:ICAO
440:ISBN
415:link
294:ISBN
1216:Fog
556:WMO
379:doi
335:doi
106:).
82:by
46:of
1493::
554:-
434:.
411:}}
407:{{
377:.
367:34
365:.
361:.
333:.
323:55
321:.
317:.
260:^
202:.
34:A
1135:(
1131:(
1127:(
537:e
530:t
523:v
448:.
417:)
385:.
381::
373::
343:.
337::
329::
302:.
23:.
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