36:
1071:
properties and the ability to control the size and number of atoms in nanoclusters have proven to be a valuable method for increasing activity and tuning the selectivity in a catalytic process. Also since nanoparticles are magnetic materials and can be embedded in glass these nanoclusters can be used
946:
of an atom in a cluster will be larger than that of one in a bulk material. Lower coordination, lower dimensionality, and increasing interatomic distance in metal clusters contribute to enhancement of the magnetic moment in nanoclusters. Metal nanoclusters also show change in magnetic properties. For
312:
and produced atomic cluster beams. Heer's team and Brack et al. discovered that certain masses of formed metal nanoclusters were stable and were like magic clusters. The number of atoms or size of the core of these magic clusters corresponds to the closing of atomic shells. Certain thiolated clusters
923:
are also used to synthesize the metal nanoclusters. Stabilization is mainly by immobilization of the clusters and thus preventing their tendency to aggregate to form larger nanoparticles. First metal ions doped glasses are prepared and later the metal ion doped glass is activated to form fluorescent
420:
In liquid-metal ion source a needle is wetted with the metal to be investigated. The metal is heated above the melting point and a potential difference is applied. A very high electric field at the tip of the needle causes a spray of small droplets to be emitted from the tip. Initially very hot and
797:
dendrimer (PAMAM) have been successfully synthesized. PAMAM is repeatedly branched molecules with different generations. The fluorescence properties of the nanoclusters are sensitively dependent on the types of dendrimers used as template for the synthesis. Metal nanoclusters embedded in different
654:
process has several advantages such as avoiding the introduction of impurities, fast synthesis, and controlled reduction. For example Diaz and his co-workers have used visible light to reduce silver ions into nanoclusters in the presence of a PMAA polymer. Kunwar et al produced silver nanoclusters
579:
In general, metal nanoclusters in an aqueous medium are synthesized in two steps: reduction of metal ions to zero-valent state and stabilization of nanoclusters. Without stabilization, metal nanoclusters would strongly interact with each other and aggregate irreversibly to form larger particles.
379:
Gas aggregation is mostly used to synthesize large clusters of nanoparticles. Metal is vaporized and introduced in a flow of cold inert gas, which causes the vapor to become highly supersaturated. Due to the low temperature of the inert gas, cluster production proceeds primarily by successive
84:
are atomically precise, crystalline materials most often existing on the 0-2 nanometer scale. They are often considered kinetically stable intermediates that form during the synthesis of comparatively larger materials such as semiconductor and metallic nanocrystals. The majority of research
928:
size range can be loaded with metal ions and later activated either by heat treatment, UV light excitation, or two-photon excitation. During the activation, the silver ions combine to form the nanoclusters that can grow only to oligomeric size due to the limited cage dimensions.
818:(NIR) region and the relative PAMAM/gold concentration and the dendrimer generation can be varied. The green-emitting gold nanoclusters can be synthesized by adding mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) into the prepared small gold nanoparticle solution. The addition of freshly reduced
1790:
Chakraborty, I; Govindarajan, A; Erusappan, J; Ghosh, A; Pradeep, T; Yoon, B; Whetten, R. L.; Landman, U. (2012). "The
Superstable 25 kDa Monolayer Protected Silver Nanoparticle: Measurements and Interpretation as an Icosahedral Ag152(SCH2CH2Ph)60 Cluster".
689:. By irradiating microwaves Linja Li prepared fluorescent silver nanoclusters in PMAA, which typically possess a red color emission. Similarly Suslick et al. have synthesized silver nanoclusters using high ultrasound in the presence of PMAA polymer.
764:. The higher the ratio, the smaller the nanoclusters. The thiol-stabilized nanoclusters can be produced using strong as well as mild reductants. Thioled metal nanoclusters are mostly produced using the strong reductant sodium borohydride (NaBH
157:
The first set of experiments to consciously form nanoclusters can be traced back to 1950s and 1960s. During this period, nanoclusters were produced from intense molecular beams at low temperature by supersonic expansion. The development of
1992:
Conn, B. E.; Desireddy, A; Atnagulov, A; Wickramasinghe, S; Bhattarai, B; Yoon, B; Barnett, R. N.; Abdollahian, Y; Kim, Y. W.; Griffith, W. P.; Oliver, S. R.; Landman, U; Bigioni T. P. (2015). "M4Ag44(p-MBA)30 Molecular
Nanoparticles".
722:
force between individual particles will not allow them to flow freely without agglomeration. Whereas on the other hand in steric stabilization,the metal center is surrounded by layers of sterically bulk material. These large
562:
In this method, cluster ions produced in a laser vaporized cluster source are mass selected and introduced in a long inert-gas-filled drift tube with an entrance and exit aperture. Since cluster mobility depends upon the
360:
metal. In this source method metal is vaporized in a hot oven. The metal vapor is mixed with (seeded in) inert carrier gas. The vapor mixture is ejected into a vacuum chamber via a small hole, producing a supersonic
888:
bases in single-stranded DNA which makes DNA a promising candidate for synthesizing small silver nanoclusters. The number of cytosines in the loop could tune the stability and fluorescence of Ag NCs. Biological
1039:, ultrasmall, and exhibit bright emission, hence promising candidates for fluorescence bio imaging or cellular labeling. Nanoclusters along with fluorophores are widely used for staining cells for study both
2601:
Cremer, G. D.; Sels, B. F; Hotta, J; Roeffaers, M. B. J.; Bartholomeeusen, E; Coutino-Gonzales, E; Valtchev, V; De Vos, D, E; Vosch, T; Hofkens, J (2010). "Optical
Encoding of Silver Zeolite Microcarriers".
784:(DPA), is used as the stabilizer. Furthermore, nanoclusters can be produced by etching larger nanoparticles with thiols. Thiols can be used to etch larger nanoparticles stabilized by other capping agents.
1023:) varies with the size and composition of a nanocluster. Thus, the optical properties of nanoclusters change. Furthermore, the gaps can be modified by coating the nanoclusters with different ligands or
760:
are other thiolated compounds currently being used in the synthesis of metal nanoclusters. The size as well as the luminescence efficiency of the nanocluster depends sensitively on the thiol-to-metal
2578:
Bellec, M; Royon, A; Bourhis, K; Choi, J; Bousquet, B; Treguer, M; Cardinal, T; Videau, J. J; Richardson, M; Canioni, L (2010). "3D Patterning at the
Nanoscale of Fluorescent Emitters in Glass".
228:
406:
Ion sputtering source produces an intense continuous beam of small singly ionized cluster of metals. Cluster ion beams are produced by bombarding the surface with high energetic inert gas (
839:
groups were identified as promising templates for synthesizing highly fluorescent, water-soluble silver nanoclusters. Fluorescent silver nanoclusters have been successfully synthesized on
1003:. Clusters can have high electron affinity and nanoclusters with high electron affinity are classified as super halogens. Super halogens are metal atoms at the core surrounded by
85:
conducted to study nanoclusters has focused on characterizing their crystal structures and understanding their role in the nucleation and growth mechanisms of larger materials.
390:
is used to vaporize the target metal rod and the rod is moved in a spiral so that a fresh area can be evaporated every time. The evaporated metal vapor is cooled by using cold
1291:
Tanaka S. I, Miyazaki J, Tiwari D. K., Jin T, Inouye Y. (2011). "Fluorescent
Platinum Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Purification, Characterization, and Application to Bioimaging".
162:
technique made it possible to create nanoclusters of a clear majority of the elements in the periodic table. Since 1980s, there has been tremendous work on nanoclusters of
736:-containing small molecules are the most commonly adopted stabilizers in metal nanoparticle synthesis owing to the strong interaction between thiols and gold and silver.
1027:. It is also possible to design nanoclusters with tailored band gaps and thus tailor optical properties by simply tuning the size and coating layer of the nanocluster.
2653:
1389:
1326:
1941:
Gonzáles, B. S.; Blanco, M. C.; López-Quintela, A (2012). "Single step electro-chemical synthesis of hydrophilic/hydrophobic Ag5 and Ag6 blue luminescent clusters".
698:
Cryogenic gas molecules are used as scaffolds for nanocluster synthesis in solid state. In aqueous medium there are two common methods for stabilizing nanoclusters:
436:
mass separation is done with crossed homogeneous electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to ionized cluster beam. The net force on a charged cluster with
769:
2764:
Chakraborty, Indranath; Pradeep, Thalappil (6 June 2017). "Atomically
Precise Clusters of Noble Metals: Emerging Link between Atoms and Nanoparticles".
913:
can be combined with the fluorescence property of metal nanoclusters in a single cluster to make it possible to construct multi-functional nanoprobes.
1217:
Beecher, Alexander N.; Yang, Xiaohao; Palmer, Joshua H.; LaGrassa, Alexandra L.; Juhas, Pavol; Billinge, Simon J. L.; Owen, Jonathan S. (2014-07-30).
1035:
Nanoclusters potentially have many areas of application as they have unique optical, electrical, magnetic and reactivity properties. Nanoclusters are
345:
by with molecular beam techniques combined with a mass spectrometer for mass selection, separation and analysis. And finally detected with detectors.
548:. The ion gun accelerates the ions that pass through the field-free drift space (flight tube) and ultimately impinge on an ion detector. Usually an
2098:
de Lara-Castells, Maria Pilar (2022). "First-principles modelling of the new generation of subnanometric metal clusters: Recent case studies".
1706:
Bhattarai, B; Zaker, Y; Atnagulov A; Yoon, B; Landman, U; Bigioni T. P. (2018). "Chemistry and
Structure of Silver Molecular Nanoparticles".
1663:
Bhattarai, B; Zaker, Y; Atnagulov A; Yoon, B; Landman, U; Bigioni T. P. (2018). "Chemistry and
Structure of Silver Molecular Nanoparticles".
321:
explained this stability with a theory that a nanocluster is stable if the number of valence electrons corresponds to the shell closure of
2020:
Campbell, E. K.; Holz, M; Gerlich D; Maier, J. P. (2015). "Laboratory confirmation of C60+ as carrier of two diffuse interstellar bands".
2383:
Walter, M; Akola, J; Lopez-Aceved, O; Jadzinsky, P. D.; Calero, G; Ackerson, C. J.; Whetten, R. L.; Grönbeck, H.; Häkkinen, H. A (2008).
2137:"Exploring the materials space in the smallest particle size range: from heterogeneous catalysis to electrocatalysis and photocatalysis"
61:
1771:
1640:
Ashenfelter, B. A.; Desireddy, A; Yau, S. H; Goodson T; Bigioni, T. P (2015). "Fluorescence from
Molecular Silver Nanoparticles".
515:
in a two-dimensional quadrupole field are stable if the field has an AC component superimposed on a DC component with appropriate
533:
1608:
Shang, L; Dong, S; Nienhaus, G. U. (2011). "Ultra-Small
Fluorescent Metal Nanoclusters: Synthesis and Biological Applications".
2071:
Lu, Yan; Chen, Wei (2012). "Sub-nanometre sized metal clusters: from synthetic challenges to the unique property discoveries".
909:, thus offering better scaffolds for template-driven formation of small metal nanoclusters. Also the catalytic function of
991:, it becomes highly reactive when scaled down to nanometer scale. One of the properties that govern cluster reactivity is
2289:"Transition-metal nanocluster stabilization for catalysis: A critical review of ranking methods and putative stabilizers"
1081:"Atomically Precise Clusters of Noble Metals: Emerging Link between Atoms and Nanoparticles" by Chakraborty and Pradeep
1092:
Gary, Dylan C.; Flowers, Sarah E.; Kaminsky, Werner; Petrone, Alessio; Li, Xiaosong; Cossairt, Brandi M. (2016-02-10).
971:, which can be made nonmagnetic simply by changing its structure. So they can form the basis of a nanomagnetic switch.
866:, poly(methacrylic acid), act as an excellent scaffold for the preparation of silver nanoclusters in water solution by
191:
619:
O). For instance, Dickson and his research team have synthesized silver nanoclusters in DNA using sodium borohydride.
1055:
ions in an aqueous solution based on fluorescence quenching. Also many small molecules, biological entities such as
173:
Subnanometric metal clusters typically contain fewer than 10 atoms and measure less than one nanometer in size.
905:, large and complicated proteins possess abundant binding sites that can potentially bind and further reduce metal
815:
2197:"An Ab Initio Journey toward the Molecular-Level Understanding and Predictability of Subnanometric Metal Clusters"
901:
have also been utilized as templates for synthesizing highly fluorescent metal nanoclusters. Compared with short
301:
112:
983:
of nanoclusters. Thus, nanoclusters are widely used as catalysts. Gold nanocluster is an excellent example of a
400:
This is similar to laser vaporization, but an intense electric discharge is used to evaporate the target metal.
545:
508:
595:
Chemical reductants can reduce silver ions into silver nanoclusters. Some examples of chemical reductants are
715:
2805:
1808:
1068:
980:
840:
497:) are not deflected. These cluster ions that are not deflected are selected with appropriately positioned
314:
1019:. The energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (
2647:
1383:
1320:
1047:. Furthermore, nanoclusters can be used for sensing and detection applications. They are able to detect
979:
Large surface-to-volume ratios and low coordination of surface atoms are primary reasons for the unique
843:, microgels of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylic acid-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) polyglycerol-block-poly(
677:. For example silver nanoclusters formed by gamma reduction technique in aqueous solutions that contain
2288:
2611:
2550:
2493:
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2396:
2342:
2243:
2029:
1950:
1800:
1511:
1437:
1347:
1146:
859:
604:
524:
140:
97:
1813:
2442:
Heer, W. A (1993). "The physics of simple metal clusters: experimental aspects and simple models".
1903:
Xu, H.; Suslick, K. S. (2010). "Sonochemical Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters".
1562:
Wilcoxon, J. P; Abrams, B. L. (2006). "Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Metal Nanoclusters".
678:
630:
294:
2328:"The physics of simple metal clusters: self-consistent jellium model and semiclassical approaches"
341:
can be used to create nanocluster beams of virtually any element. They can be synthesized in high
2746:
2635:
2053:
1974:
1731:
1688:
1371:
757:
745:
641:
596:
274:
159:
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and an ion cluster source. The neutral clusters are ionized, typically using pulsed laser or an
884:
are good templates for synthesizing metal nanoclusters. Silver ions possess a high affinity to
2781:
2738:
2730:
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2627:
2519:
2424:
2308:
2045:
1966:
1920:
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1205:
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1113:
1052:
992:
719:
366:
1258:
Gary, Dylan C.; Terban, Maxwell W.; Billinge, Simon J. L.; Cossairt, Brandi M. (2015-02-24).
740:
has been shown to be an excellent stabilizer for synthesizing gold nanoclusters with visible
421:
often multiply ionized droplets undergo evaporative cooling and fission to smaller clusters.
111:. However, when the size of metal nanoclusters is further reduced to form a nanocluster, the
2773:
2722:
2683:
2619:
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1036:
988:
855:
794:
650:
Silver nanoclusters can be produced using ultraviolet light, visible or infrared light. The
626:
564:
167:
56:
874:
and can be transferred to other scaffolds or solvents and can sense the local environment.
2274:
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Water- soluble Gold and Silver Nanoclusters
1260:"Two-Step Nucleation and Growth of InP Quantum Dots via Magic-Sized Cluster Intermediates"
943:
881:
851:
836:
756:, phenylethylthiolate, thiolate α-cyclodextrin and 3-mercaptopropionic acid and bidentate
370:
967:
is antiferromagnetic in bulk but ferromagnetic in nanoclusters. A small nanocluster is a
2615:
2554:
2497:
2455:
2400:
2346:
2247:
2033:
1954:
1804:
1515:
1441:
1351:
1150:
289:
Not all the clusters are stable. The stability of nanoclusters depends on the number of
123:. This gives nanoclusters similar qualities as a singular molecule and does not exhibit
2711:"The synthesis of metal nanoclusters and their applications in bio-sensing and imaging"
2514:
2481:
2419:
2384:
1875:
1850:
1458:
1425:
1167:
1134:
1000:
960:
867:
803:
703:
699:
682:
651:
588:
There are several methods reported to reduce silver ion into zero-valent silver atoms:
553:
386:
Laser vaporization source can be used to create clusters of various size and polarity.
362:
338:
322:
256:
249:
2672:"Direct Laser Writing of Photostable Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters in Polymer Films"
2539:"Holographic patterning of fluorescent microstructures comprising silver nanoclusters"
2482:"Sub-micron scale patterning of fluorescent silver nanoclusters using low-power laser"
1186:"Direct Laser Writing of Photostable Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters in Polymer Films"
1135:"Sub-micron scale patterning of fluorescent silver nanoclusters using low-power laser"
2799:
2750:
2057:
1015:
The optical properties of materials are determined by their electronic structure and
956:
890:
871:
781:
761:
727:
provide a steric barrier which prevents close contact of the metal particle centers.
686:
635:
357:
163:
128:
101:
1978:
1735:
1692:
2671:
2639:
2538:
2537:
Kunwar, P; Turquet, L; Hassinen, J; Ras, R. H. A; Toivonen, J; Bautista, G (2016).
2168:
Luo, Zhi; Shehzad, Adeel (2024). "Advances in Naked Metal Clusters for Catalysis".
1375:
1335:
1185:
1056:
863:
844:
823:
802:. The change in fluorescence property is mainly due to surface modification by the
741:
711:
549:
541:
387:
241:
151:
116:
89:
50:
1275:
1094:"Single-Crystal and Electronic Structure of a 1.3 nm Indium Phosphide Nanocluster"
1072:
in optical data storage that can be used for many years without any loss of data.
854:, poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) etc. Gold nanoclusters have been synthesized with
1719:
1676:
1621:
706:(organic) stabilization. Electrostatic stabilization occurs by the adsorption of
17:
2777:
1259:
819:
811:
793:
are used as templates to synthesize nanoclusters. Gold nanoclusters embedded in
737:
433:
2726:
2327:
2111:
552:
records the arrival time of the ions. The mass is calculated from the measured
2463:
2354:
2304:
1219:"Atomic Structures and Gram Scale Synthesis of Three Tetrahedral Quantum Dots"
1024:
968:
799:
773:
674:
666:
512:
498:
300:
counts and encapsulating scaffolds. In the 1990s, Heer and his coworkers used
182:
2734:
2312:
1649:
1283:
1242:
1117:
942:
Most atoms in a nanocluster are surface atoms. Thus, it is expected that the
2409:
1336:"Micropatterning of silver nanoclusters embedded in polyvinyl alcohol films"
1020:
964:
848:
790:
753:
724:
670:
568:
520:
516:
309:
108:
2785:
2742:
2710:
2695:
2631:
2623:
2523:
2428:
2209:
2196:
2181:
2049:
1970:
1924:
1884:
1830:
1727:
1684:
1583:
1531:
1467:
1367:
1312:
1304:
1250:
1209:
1176:
1125:
924:
nanoclusters by laser irradiation. In zeolites, the pores which are in the
2563:
1359:
1109:
1016:
996:
984:
948:
925:
885:
807:
768:). Gold nanocluster synthesis can also be achieved using a mild reducant
656:
448:
297:
120:
2670:
Kunwar, P; Hassinen, J; Bautista, G; Ras, R. H. A.; Toivonen, J (2014).
2480:
Kunwar, P; Hassinen, J; Bautista, G; Ras, R. H. A.; Toivonen, J (2016).
2255:
2219:
2120:
2041:
1184:
Kunwar, P; Hassinen, J; Bautista, G; Ras, R. H. A.; Toivonen, J (2014).
1133:
Kunwar, P; Hassinen, J; Bautista, G; Ras, R. H. A.; Toivonen, J (2016).
870:. Poly(methacrylic acid)-stabilized nanoclusters have an excellent high
313:
such as Au25(SR)18, Au38(SR)24, Au102(SR)44 and Au144(SR)60 also showed
127:
behavior; nanoclusters are known as the bridging link between atoms and
88:
Materials can be categorized into three different regimes, namely bulk,
2385:"Unified View of Ligand-Protected Gold Clusters as Superatom Complexes"
2153:
2136:
2084:
1962:
1523:
1093:
1004:
952:
920:
902:
898:
894:
832:
537:
467:
407:
124:
105:
2687:
2587:
2505:
2006:
1916:
1866:
1822:
1234:
1201:
1158:
414:) ions. The cluster production process is still not fully understood.
1575:
1048:
910:
806:. Although gold nanoclusters embedded in PAMAM are blue-emitting the
777:
391:
342:
305:
2234:
Kubo, R (1962). "Electronic properties of metallic fine particles".
1218:
356:
Seeded supersonic nozzles are mostly used to create clusters of low-
2709:
Zhao, Yu; Zhou, Huangmei; Zhang, Sanjun; Xu, Jianhua (2019-11-27).
131:. Nanoclusters may also be referred to as molecular nanoparticles.
733:
411:
147:) has been suggested to have occurred during the early universe.
665:
Silver nanoclusters are also formed by reducing silver ions with
1334:
Karimi N, Kunwar P, Hassinen J, Ras R. H. A, Toivonen J (2016).
437:
290:
150:
In retrospect, the first nanoclustered ions discovered were the
1849:
Petty, J. T.; Story, S. P.; Hsiang, J. C.; Dickson, R. (2013).
1502:
Dıez, I; Ras. R. H. (2011). "Fluorescent silver nanoclusters".
629:
using reductants in the presence of stabilizing agents such as
2276:(Ph. D. dissertation). Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University.
1064:
1060:
906:
707:
29:
523:. It is responsible for filtering sample ions based on their
2135:
JašĂk, Jozef; Fortunelli, Alessandro; Vajda, Ĺ tÄ›pán (2022).
822:(DHLA) gold nanoclusters (AuNC@DHLA) become red-emitting
49:
Undue focus on metal nanoclusters,possible overlap with
2147:(20). Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC): 12083–12115.
999:
has highest electron affinity of any material in the
194:
571:, they are sensitive to the cluster shape and size.
115:
becomes discontinuous and breaks down into discrete
2287:Ott, Lisa Starkey; Finke, Richard G. (2007-05-01).
744:by reducing Au in the presence of glutathione with
185:, the spacing of energy levels can be predicted by
369:cooling the vapor. The cooled metal vapor becomes
222:
1424:Zheng, J; Nicovich, P. R; Dickson, R. M. (2007).
181:According to the Japanese mathematical physicist
325:as (1S, 1P, 1D, 2S 1F, 2P 1G, 2D 3S 1H.......).
223:{\displaystyle \delta ={\frac {E_{\rm {F}}}{N}}}
2372:(Ph. D. dissertation). Espoo: Aalto University.
1067:can be detected using nanoclusters. The unique
177:Size and number of atoms in metal nanoclusters
2079:(9). Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC): 3594.
1851:"DNA-Templated Molecular Silver Fluorophores"
1426:"Highly Fluorescent Noble Metal Quantum Dots"
798:templates show maximum emission at different
139:The formation of stable nanoclusters such as
8:
2652:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1497:
1388:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1325:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
477:. Passing through the filter, clusters with
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
119:, somewhat similar to the energy levels of
45:needs attention from an expert in Chemistry
2665:
2663:
2562:
2513:
2418:
2408:
2218:
2208:
2152:
2119:
1874:
1812:
1457:
1450:10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104546
1166:
702:(charge, or inorganic) stabilization and
394:gas, which causes the cluster formation.
208:
207:
201:
193:
154:, intermetallics studied in the 1930s.
2715:Methods and Applications in Fluorescence
2236:Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
2100:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
1223:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1098:Journal of the American Chemical Society
625:Silver nanoclusters can also be reduced
466:. The cluster ions are accelerated by a
1403:
1293:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2645:
2370:Noble Metal Nanoparticles and Clusters
2195:de Lara-Castells, Maria Pilar (2024).
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1381:
1318:
104:display intense colors due to surface
100:and good optical reflectors and metal
64:may be able to help recruit an expert.
27:Collection of bound atoms or molecules
2475:
2473:
2267:
2265:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1855:Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
1844:
1842:
1840:
1785:
1783:
1762:Jena, P; Castleman A. W. Jr. (2010).
1635:
1633:
1631:
365:. The expansion into vacuum proceeds
7:
1936:
1934:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1086:Further reading (primary references)
255:can be estimated to be equal to the
2141:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1430:Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
919:Inorganic materials like glass and
511:operates on the principle that ion
304:of an atomic cluster source into a
770:tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium
209:
25:
987:. While bulk gold is chemically
714:metal surface, which creates an
531:Time of flight mass spectroscopy
166:elements, compound clusters and
34:
1995:Journal of Physical Chemistry C
2293:Coordination Chemistry Reviews
373:, condensing in cluster form.
1:
2580:Journal of Physical Chemistry
1708:Accounts of Chemical Research
1665:Accounts of Chemical Research
1642:Journal of Physical Chemistry
1276:10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00286
752:). Also other thiols such as
560:Molecular beam chromatography
1720:10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00445
1677:10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00445
1622:10.1016/j.nantod.2011.06.004
862:(PVP) templates. The linear
248:is the number of atoms. For
2778:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00769
2582:. C 114 (37): 15584–15588.
2395:(27). U. S. A.: 9157–9162.
1644:. C 119 (35): 20728–20734.
534:Time-of-flight spectroscopy
329:Synthesis and stabilization
47:. The specific problem is:
2822:
2112:10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.186
878:DNA, proteins and peptides
2543:Optical Materials Express
2464:10.1103/RevModPhys.65.611
2355:10.1103/RevModPhys.65.677
2305:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.08.016
1076:Further reading (reviews)
623:Electrochemical Reduction
2727:10.1088/2050-6120/ab57e7
2106:. Elsevier BV: 737–759.
2073:Chemical Society Reviews
1650:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b05735
1564:Chemical Society Reviews
860:poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)
354:Seeded supersonic nozzle
2410:10.1073/pnas.0801001105
963:in nanoclusters. Also,
716:electrical double layer
681:or partly carboxylated
663:Other reduction methods
135:History of nanoclusters
2624:10.1002/adma.200902937
2210:10.1002/sstr.202400147
2182:10.1002/cphc.202300715
1305:10.1002/anie.201004907
1264:Chemistry of Materials
841:poly(methacrylic acid)
810:can be tuned from the
509:quadrupole mass filter
505:Quadrupole mass filter
398:Pulsed arc cluster ion
380:single-atom addition.
308:in the presence of an
231:
224:
2389:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci
2368:Hassinen, J. (2016).
975:Reactivity properties
225:
187:
98:electrical conductors
62:WikiProject Chemistry
2564:10.1364/ome.6.000946
1360:10.1364/ol.41.003627
1110:10.1021/jacs.5b13214
605:sodium hypophosphite
525:mass-to-charge ratio
317:stability. Häkkinen
302:supersonic expansion
293:in the nanocluster,
192:
141:Buckminsterfullerene
2682:(11): 11165–11171.
2616:2010AdM....22..957D
2555:2016OMExp...6..946K
2498:2016NatSR...623998K
2456:1993RvMP...65..611D
2401:2008PNAS..105.9157W
2347:1993RvMP...65..677B
2256:10.1143/JPSJ.17.975
2248:1962JPSJ...17..975K
2042:10.1038/nature14566
2034:2015Natur.523..322C
2001:(20): 11238–11249.
1955:2012Nanos...4.7632G
1805:2012NanoL..12.5861C
1516:2011Nanos...3.1963D
1442:2007ARPC...58..409Z
1352:2016OptL...41.3627K
1229:(30): 10645–10653.
1196:(11): 11165–11171.
1151:2016NatSR...623998K
959:in bulk but become
938:Magnetic properties
917:Inorganic scaffolds
679:sodium polyacrylate
250:quantum confinement
2604:Advanced Materials
2486:Scientific Reports
2154:10.1039/d1cp05677h
2085:10.1039/c2cs15325d
1963:10.1039/c2nr31994b
1524:10.1039/c1nr00006c
1139:Scientific Reports
1011:Optical properties
758:dihydrolipoic acid
746:sodium borohydride
642:tetrabutylammonium
597:sodium borohydride
593:Chemical Reduction
384:Laser vaporization
334:Solid state medium
275:Boltzmann constant
220:
160:laser vaporization
96:. Bulk metals are
2772:(12): 8208–8271.
2688:10.1021/nn5059503
2588:10.1021/jp104049e
2506:10.1038/srep23998
2326:Brack, M (1993).
2272:Kumar, S (2013).
2176:(10). Wiley-VCH.
2028:(7560): 322–325.
2007:10.1021/jp512237b
1949:(24): 7632–7635.
1917:10.1021/nn100987k
1867:10.1021/jz4000142
1823:10.1021/nl303220x
1799:(11): 5861–5866.
1714:(12): 3104–3113.
1671:(12): 3104–3113.
1570:(11): 1162–1194.
1346:(15): 3627–3630.
1235:10.1021/ja503590h
1202:10.1021/nn5059503
1159:10.1038/srep23998
993:electron affinity
720:Coulomb repulsion
627:electrochemically
218:
79:
78:
18:Cluster chemistry
16:(Redirected from
2813:
2790:
2789:
2766:Chemical Reviews
2761:
2755:
2754:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2667:
2658:
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2598:
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2477:
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2439:
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2422:
2412:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2299:(9): 1075–1100.
2284:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2212:
2201:Small Structures
2192:
2186:
2185:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2095:
2089:
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2068:
2062:
2061:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1911:(6): 3209–3214.
1900:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1861:(7): 1148–1155.
1846:
1835:
1834:
1816:
1787:
1778:
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1759:
1740:
1739:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1660:
1654:
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1637:
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1625:
1605:
1588:
1587:
1576:10.1039/b517312b
1559:
1536:
1535:
1499:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1421:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1287:
1270:(4): 1432–1441.
1254:
1213:
1180:
1170:
1129:
1104:(5): 1510–1513.
882:oligonucleotides
856:polyethylenimine
795:poly(amidoamine)
639:
418:Liquid-metal ion
281:is temperature.
268:
229:
227:
226:
221:
219:
214:
213:
212:
202:
168:transition metal
74:
71:
65:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2821:
2820:
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2814:
2812:
2811:
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2796:
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2793:
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2762:
2758:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2669:
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2661:
2644:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1814:10.1.1.720.7249
1789:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1743:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1561:
1560:
1539:
1501:
1500:
1475:
1423:
1422:
1405:
1400:
1380:
1333:
1317:
1290:
1257:
1216:
1183:
1132:
1091:
1088:
1078:
1033:
1013:
977:
944:magnetic moment
940:
935:
852:polyelectrolyte
837:carboxylic acid
772:(THPC). Here a
767:
751:
696:
633:
618:
614:
610:
602:
586:
577:
540:, a field-free
536:consists of an
427:
377:Gas aggregation
351:
349:Cluster Sources
339:Molecular beams
336:
331:
323:atomic orbitals
287:
260:
239:
203:
190:
189:
179:
146:
137:
75:
69:
66:
60:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2756:
2701:
2659:
2610:(9): 957–960.
2593:
2570:
2549:(3): 946–951.
2529:
2469:
2444:Rev. Mod. Phys
2434:
2375:
2360:
2335:Rev. Mod. Phys
2318:
2279:
2261:
2226:
2187:
2160:
2127:
2090:
2063:
2012:
1984:
1930:
1890:
1836:
1779:
1772:
1741:
1698:
1655:
1627:
1616:(4): 401–418.
1589:
1537:
1510:(5): 1963–70.
1473:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1340:Optics Letters
1331:
1299:(2): 431–435.
1288:
1255:
1214:
1181:
1130:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1032:
1029:
1012:
1009:
1001:periodic table
976:
973:
939:
936:
934:
931:
891:macromolecules
868:photoreduction
835:with abundant
804:capping agents
765:
749:
695:
692:
691:
690:
687:glutaric acids
683:polyacrylamide
660:
652:photoreduction
648:Photoreduction
645:
620:
616:
612:
608:
600:
585:
582:
576:
575:Aqueous medium
573:
565:collision rate
554:time of flight
426:
423:
404:Ion sputtering
371:supersaturated
363:molecular beam
350:
347:
335:
332:
330:
327:
286:
283:
257:thermal energy
237:
217:
211:
206:
200:
197:
178:
175:
170:nanoclusters.
144:
136:
133:
113:band structure
77:
76:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2818:
2807:
2806:Nanoparticles
2804:
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2801:
2787:
2783:
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2767:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
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2732:
2728:
2724:
2721:(1): 012001.
2720:
2716:
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2697:
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2198:
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2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
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2155:
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2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
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2113:
2109:
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2094:
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2086:
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2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
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2047:
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2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
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1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
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1914:
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1906:
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1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
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1773:9780444534408
1769:
1765:
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1721:
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1542:
1538:
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1505:
1498:
1496:
1494:
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1478:
1474:
1469:
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1460:
1455:
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1447:
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1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
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1410:
1408:
1404:
1397:
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1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
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1289:
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1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
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1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
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1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:biocompatible
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
974:
972:
970:
966:
962:
961:ferromagnetic
958:
954:
950:
945:
937:
932:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
873:
872:quantum yield
869:
865:
864:polyacrylates
861:
857:
853:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
816:near-infrared
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
789:
785:
783:
782:penicillamine
779:
775:
771:
763:
759:
755:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
726:
721:
718:. Thus, this
717:
713:
712:electrophilic
710:to the often-
709:
705:
701:
700:electrostatic
694:Stabilization
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:
658:
653:
649:
646:
643:
637:
632:
631:dodecanethiol
628:
624:
621:
606:
598:
594:
591:
590:
589:
583:
581:
574:
572:
570:
566:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
546:electron beam
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:to an energy
472:
469:
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457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
439:
435:
431:
425:Mass Analyzer
424:
422:
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415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
374:
372:
368:
367:adiabatically
364:
359:
358:boiling-point
355:
348:
346:
344:
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328:
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164:semiconductor
161:
155:
153:
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134:
132:
130:
129:nanoparticles
126:
122:
118:
117:energy levels
114:
110:
107:
103:
102:nanoparticles
99:
95:
91:
90:nanoparticles
86:
83:
73:
70:February 2022
63:
58:
54:
52:
46:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2679:
2675:
2648:cite journal
2607:
2603:
2596:
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2573:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2489:
2485:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2338:
2334:
2321:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2273:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2220:10261/364023
2200:
2190:
2173:
2170:ChemPhysChem
2169:
2163:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2121:10261/257736
2103:
2099:
2093:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2025:
2021:
2015:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1946:
1942:
1908:
1904:
1858:
1854:
1796:
1793:Nano Letters
1792:
1766:. Elsevier.
1764:Nanoclusters
1763:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1641:
1613:
1609:
1567:
1563:
1507:
1503:
1433:
1429:
1384:cite journal
1343:
1339:
1321:cite journal
1296:
1292:
1267:
1263:
1226:
1222:
1193:
1189:
1142:
1138:
1101:
1097:
1059:, proteins,
1057:biomolecules
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:Applications
1014:
978:
957:paramagnetic
941:
916:
915:
877:
876:
845:acrylic acid
829:
828:
824:fluorophores
787:
786:
774:zwitterionic
742:luminescence
730:
729:
697:
662:
647:
622:
592:
587:
578:
559:
558:
550:oscilloscope
530:
529:
513:trajectories
504:
503:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
463:
459:
455:
454:vanishes if
451:
444:
440:
429:
428:
417:
416:
403:
402:
397:
396:
383:
382:
376:
375:
353:
352:
337:
318:
315:magic number
288:
278:
270:
265:
261:
252:
245:
242:Fermi energy
234:
232:
188:
180:
172:
156:
152:Zintl phases
149:
138:
94:nanoclusters
93:
87:
82:Nanoclusters
81:
80:
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59:for details.
51:Nanoparticle
48:
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2203:: 2400147.
1436:: 409–431.
1025:surfactants
820:lipoic acid
812:ultraviolet
800:wavelengths
762:molar ratio
738:Glutathione
634: [
542:drift space
521:frequencies
499:collimators
434:Wien filter
430:Wein filter
388:Pulse laser
2450:(3): 611.
2341:(3): 677.
2242:(6): 975.
1610:Nano Today
1398:References
1069:reactivity
981:reactivity
969:nanomagnet
933:Properties
858:(PEI) and
849:copolymers
791:Dendrimers
788:Dendrimers
725:adsorbates
675:ultrasound
671:microwaves
667:gamma rays
517:amplitudes
183:Ryogo Kubo
2751:208040343
2735:2050-6120
2492:: 23998.
2313:0010-8545
2058:205244293
1943:Nanoscale
1809:CiteSeerX
1504:Nanoscale
1284:0897-4756
1243:0002-7863
1145:: 23998.
1118:0002-7863
1021:HOMO/LUMO
965:manganese
947:example,
776:thiolate
754:tiopronin
584:Reduction
569:inert gas
567:with the
443:, charge
310:inert gas
285:Stability
269:), where
196:δ
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121:molecules
109:resonance
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2676:ACS Nano
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2524:27045598
2429:18599443
2050:26178962
1979:37245927
1971:23064311
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1905:ACS Nano
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1831:23094944
1736:53711566
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1468:17105412
1368:27472635
1313:21154543
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1210:25347726
1190:ACS Nano
1177:27045598
1126:26784649
1041:in vitro
1017:band gap
997:Chlorine
985:catalyst
949:vanadium
926:Ångström
903:peptides
899:proteins
895:peptides
893:such as
886:cytosine
833:Polymers
830:Polymers
808:spectrum
657:infrared
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298:electron
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2640:2889365
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1951:Bibcode
1876:3670773
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1512:Bibcode
1459:2735021
1438:Bibcode
1376:3477288
1348:Bibcode
1168:4820741
1147:Bibcode
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1045:in vivo
1007:atoms.
1005:halogen
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538:ion gun
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277:and
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2297:251
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1999:119
1959:doi
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