928:
1348:, in which a heavy nucleus splits into two (or more) large fragments and an assorted number of neutrons. Spontaneous fission ends up with a probabilistic distribution of daughter products, which sets it apart from cluster decay. In cluster decay for a given radioisotope, the emitted particle is a light nucleus and the decay method always emits this same particle. For heavier emitted clusters, there is otherwise practically no qualitative difference between cluster decay and spontaneous cold fission.
941:
1439:
numerical (NuSAF) and analytical (ASAF). Superasymmetric fission models are based on the macroscopic-microscopic approach using the asymmetrical two-center shell model level energies as input data for the shell and pairing corrections. Either the liquid drop model or the Yukawa-plus-exponential model extended to different charge-to-mass ratios have been used to calculate the macroscopic deformation energy.
156:
36:
77:
2805:
The fine structure in C radioactivity of Ra was discussed for the first time by M. Greiner and W. Scheid in 1986. The superconducting spectrometer SOLENO of IPN Orsay has been used since 1984 to identify C clusters emitted from Ra nuclei. Moreover, it was used to discover the fine structure observing
2809:
Surprisingly, the experimentalists had seen a transition to the first excited state of the daughter stronger than that to the ground state. The transition is favoured if the uncoupled nucleon is left in the same state in both parent and daughter nuclei. Otherwise the difference in nuclear structure
1874:
The main region of 20 emitters experimentally observed until 2010 is above Z = 86: Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Pu, and Cm. Only upper limits could be detected in the following cases: C decay of Ba, N decay of Ac, O decay of Th, Ne decays of Th and of U, Mg decays of U, Mg decay of Np, and Si decay of Pu
1881:
From many decay modes with half-lives and branching ratios relative to alpha decay predicted with the analytical superasymmetric fission (ASAF) model, the following 11 have been experimentally confirmed: C, O, F, Ne, Mg, and Si. The experimental data are in good agreement with predicted values. A
1438:
Four theoretical approaches were used: fragmentation theory by solving a Schrödinger equation with mass asymmetry as a variable to obtain the mass distributions of fragments; penetrability calculations similar to those used in traditional theory of alpha decay, and superasymmetric fission models,
1423:
In 1980 A. Sandulescu, D.N. Poenaru, and W. Greiner described calculations indicating the possibility of a new type of decay of heavy nuclei intermediate between alpha decay and spontaneous fission. The first observation of heavy-ion radioactivity was that of a 30-MeV, carbon-14 emission from
1856:
Detection of radiations is based on their interactions with matter, leading mainly to ionizations. Using a semiconductor telescope and conventional electronics to identify the C ions, the Rose and Jones's experiment was running for about six months in order to get 11 useful events.
1415:, particle accompanied (ternary) fission, etc. The height of the potential barrier, mainly of Coulomb nature, for emission of the charged particles is much higher than the observed kinetic energy of the emitted particles. The spontaneous decay can only be explained by
1867:(SSNTD) insensitive to alpha particles and magnetic spectrometers in which alpha particles are deflected by a strong magnetic field have been used to overcome this difficulty. SSNTD are cheap and handy but they need chemical etching and microscope scanning.
1434:
Usually the theory explains an already experimentally observed phenomenon. Cluster decay is one of the rare examples of phenomena predicted before experimental discovery. Theoretical predictions were made in 1980, four years before experimental discovery.
1737:). The experimental data on cluster decay in three groups of even-even, even-odd, and odd-even parent nuclei are reproduced with comparable accuracy by both types of universal curves, fission-like UNIV and UDL derived using alpha-like R-matrix theory.
1234:
Cluster decay, like alpha decay, is a quantum tunneling process: in order to be emitted, the cluster must penetrate a potential barrier. This is a different process than the more random nuclear disintegration that precedes light fragment emission in
1619:, et al. The model was the first to be used to predict measurable quantities in cluster decay. More than 150 cluster decay modes have been predicted before any other kind of half-lives calculations have been reported. Comprehensive tables of
1870:
A key role in experiments on cluster decay modes performed in
Berkeley, Orsay, Dubna, and Milano was played by P. Buford Price, Eid Hourany, Michel Hussonnois, Svetlana Tretyakova, A. A. Ogloblin, Roberto Bonetti, and their coworkers.
1860:
With modern magnetic spectrometers (SOLENO and Enge-split pole), at Orsay and
Argonne National Laboratory (see ch. 7 in Ref. pp. 188–204), a very strong source could be used, so that results were obtained in a run of few hours.
3695:
Guglielmetti, A.; Faccio, D.; Bonetti, R.; Shishkin, S. V.; Tretyakova, S. P.; Dmitriev, S. V.; Ogloblin, A. A.; Pik-Pichak, G. A.; van der Meulen, N. P.; Steyn, G. F.; van der Walt, T. N.; Vermeulen, C.; McGee, D. (2008).
1844:
The main experimental difficulty in observing cluster decay comes from the need to identify a few rare events against a background of alpha particles. The quantities experimentally determined are the partial half life,
1733:) represents a single straight line which can be conveniently used to estimate the half-life. A single universal curve for alpha decay and cluster decay modes results by expressing log T + log S = f(log P
1254:
phenomena or in alpha decay, the total kinetic energy is equal to the Q-value and is divided between the particles in inverse proportion with their masses, as required by conservation of linear momentum
1596:
of the three partners (parent, daughter, and emitted cluster). In a fission theory the preformation probability is the penetrability of the internal part of the barrier from the initial turning point R
1722:
1356:
The first information about the atomic nucleus was obtained at the beginning of the 20th century by studying radioactivity. For a long period of time only three kinds of nuclear decay modes (
1627:, and kinetic energies have been published, e.g. Potential barrier shapes similar to that considered within the ASAF model have been calculated by using the macroscopic-microscopic method.
1517:
1561:
1878:
Some of the cluster emitters are members of the three natural radioactive families. Others should be produced by nuclear reactions. Up to now no odd-odd emitter has been observed.
1307:
1218:
3174:
Krappe, H. J.; Nix, J. R.; Sierk, A. J. (1979). "Unified nuclear potential for heavy-ion elastic scattering, fusion, fission, and ground-state masses and deformations".
3783:
Brillard, L.; Elayi, A. G.; Hourani, E.; Hussonnois, M.; Le Du, J. F.; Rosier, L. H.; Stab, L. (1989). "Mise en évidence d'une structure fine dans la radioactivité C".
95:
1817:
3802:
Hourany, E.; Berrier-Ronsin, G.; Elayi, A.; Hoffmann-Rothe, P.; Mueller, A. C.; Rosier, L.; Rotbard, G.; Renou, G.; Lièbe, A.; Poenaru, D. N.; Ravn, H. L. (1995).
1586:
1247:
in certain nuclides, demonstrating that input energy is not necessarily needed for fission, which remains a fundamentally different process mechanistically.
3922:
1634:. The ASAF model may be used to describe in a unified manner cold alpha decay, cluster decay, and cold fission (see figure 6.7, p. 287 of the Ref. ).
886:
1882:
strong shell effect can be seen: as a rule the shortest value of the half-life is obtained when the daughter nucleus has a magic number of neutrons (N
972:
1637:
One can obtain with good approximation one universal curve (UNIV) for any kind of cluster decay mode with a mass number Ae, including alpha decay
1442:
Penetrability theory predicted eight decay modes: C, Ne, Mg, Si, Ar, and Ca from the following parent nuclei: Ra, Th, U, Pu, Cm, Cf, Fm, and No.
927:
3279:
2910:
2885:
3547:
Qi, C.; Xu, F. R.; Liotta, R. J.; Wyss, R. (2009). "Universal Decay Law in
Charged-Particle Emission and Exotic Cluster Radioactivity".
235:
1864:
1588:
is the frequency of assaults on the barrier per second, S is the preformation probability of the cluster at the nuclear surface, and P
3209:
Poenaru, D.N.; Ivaşcu, M.; Mazilu, D. (1980). "Folded Yukawa-plus-exponential model pes for nuclei with different charge densities".
131:
113:
63:
1832:
of the parent, daughter, and emitted nuclei, c is the light velocity. The mass excess is transformed into energy according to the
539:
2806:
transitions to excited states of the daughter. A transition with an excited state of C predicted in Ref. was not yet observed.
3915:
3381:
Poenaru, D. N.; Schnabel, D.; Greiner, W.; Mazilu, D.; Gherghescu, R. (1991). "Nuclear lifetimes for cluster radioactivities".
731:
3663:
2942:
Sandulescu, A.; Poenaru, D. N.; Greiner, W. "New type of decay of heavy nuclei intermediate between fission and alpha-decay".
1645:
436:
49:
1607:
A very large number, of the order 10, of parent-emitted cluster combinations were considered in a systematic search for new
965:
3512:
Poenaru, D. N.; Gherghescu, R. A.; Greiner, W. (2011). "Single universal curve for cluster radioactivities and α-decay".
3416:
Poenaru, Dorin N.; Gherghescu, Radu A.; Greiner, Walter (2006). "Potential energy surfaces for cluster emitting nuclei".
749:
719:
220:
796:
3908:
1028:
The loss of protons from the parent nucleus changes it to the nucleus of a different element, the daughter, with a
346:
1475:
1392:
because of both the military and the peaceful applications of induced fission. This was discovered circa 1939 by
682:
3849:
Sheline, R. K.; Ragnarsson, I. (1991). "Interpretation of the fine structure in the C radioactive decay of Ra".
1611:. The large amount of computations could be performed in a reasonable time by using the ASAF model developed by
1527:
1419:
in a similar way to the first application of the
Quantum Mechanics to Nuclei given by G. Gamow for alpha decay.
381:
4185:
958:
945:
677:
4039:
3245:
4074:
4019:
3974:
2813:
The interpretation was confirmed: the main spherical component of the deformed parent wave function has an i
1013:
672:
569:
534:
230:
726:
4190:
4069:
4059:
3338:
Poenaru, D. N.; Ivascu, M.; Sandulescu, A.; Greiner, W. (1984). "Spontaneous emission of heavy clusters".
1445:
The first experimental report was published in 1984, when physicists at Oxford
University discovered that
1231:
are the half-lives of the parent nucleus relative to alpha decay and cluster radioactivity, respectively.
376:
341:
1593:
1377:
851:
736:
628:
791:
4064:
4054:
3858:
3815:
3749:
3709:
3621:
3566:
3521:
3478:
3435:
3390:
3347:
3304:
3218:
3183:
3109:
3056:
3021:
2978:
1592:
is the penetrability of the external barrier. In alpha-like theories S is an overlap integral of the
1340:
Cluster decay exists in an intermediate position between alpha decay (in which a nucleus spits out a
861:
836:
653:
1261:
4118:
4009:
3989:
3984:
1385:
1381:
1345:
1175:
756:
635:
529:
472:
465:
455:
396:
391:
225:
3765:
3590:
3556:
3494:
3451:
3425:
3363:
3320:
3125:
3099:
3072:
2994:
1369:
699:
694:
509:
55:
3740:
Greiner, M.; Scheid, W. (1986). "Radioactive decay into excited states via heavy ion emission".
1604:. Very frequently it is calculated by using the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation.
3999:
3969:
3939:
3874:
3831:
3582:
3275:
2951:
2906:
2881:
1416:
1244:
891:
871:
866:
826:
704:
443:
431:
414:
386:
356:
197:
1748:
4029:
3994:
3979:
3931:
3866:
3823:
3757:
3717:
3629:
3574:
3529:
3486:
3469:
Poenaru, D. N.; Ivascu, M.; Sandulescu, A. (1979). "Alpha decay as a fission-like process".
3443:
3398:
3355:
3312:
3295:
Poenaru, Dorin N.; Greiner, Walter (1991). "Cluster preformation as barrier penetrability".
3226:
3191:
3156:
3117:
3064:
3029:
2986:
2869:
2850:
2161:
1401:
1373:
1240:
881:
811:
564:
482:
450:
270:
202:
4139:
4034:
4004:
1905:
1624:
1612:
1571:
1462:
1408:
1236:
1166:
1017:
876:
856:
831:
761:
648:
576:
522:
487:
147:
3722:
3697:
3862:
3819:
3753:
3713:
3625:
3570:
3525:
3482:
3439:
3394:
3351:
3308:
3222:
3187:
3113:
3060:
3025:
2982:
1000:, is a rare type of nuclear decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a small "cluster" of
4160:
4144:
2873:
2835:
1616:
1412:
1389:
1159:
1009:
932:
786:
781:
660:
593:
401:
336:
313:
300:
287:
187:
165:
3761:
3012:
Strutinsky, V. M. (1967). "Shell effects in nuclear masses and deformation energies".
27:
Nuclear decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a small cluster of neutrons and protons
4179:
4049:
3769:
3498:
3490:
3455:
3402:
3367:
3359:
3324:
3316:
3230:
3160:
3129:
3076:
3033:
2744:
2716:
2649:
2621:
2594:
1630:
Previously it was shown that even alpha decay may be considered a particular case of
1050:
911:
906:
901:
896:
846:
504:
321:
260:
213:
192:
3633:
3594:
2926:
4123:
3678:
3578:
2998:
2702:
2678:
2626:
2599:
2580:
2556:
2496:
2471:
2364:
2336:
2268:
2053:
1918:
1631:
1472:
Both fission-like and alpha-like approaches are able to express the decay constant
1397:
1251:
1155:
841:
816:
801:
546:
494:
351:
3047:
Maruhn, Joachim; Greiner, Walter (1972). "The asymmetrie two center shell model".
1250:
In the absence of any energy loss for fragment deformation and excitation, as in
3949:
2510:
2426:
2359:
2291:
2239:
2212:
2166:
2134:
2107:
1466:
1357:
1162:, and it occurs only in a small percentage of the decays for all such isotopes.
1029:
806:
499:
421:
274:
17:
3533:
3447:
3144:
3121:
2854:
1411:, various beta-delayed decay modes (p, 2p, 3p, n, 2n, 3n, 4n, d, t, alpha, f),
1368:) were known. They illustrate three of the fundamental interactions in nature:
4100:
3954:
2777:
2772:
2749:
2721:
2654:
2080:
2026:
1999:
1972:
1945:
1620:
1608:
1446:
1361:
776:
766:
623:
603:
426:
296:
155:
3870:
3609:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4044:
3959:
3827:
3195:
2880:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 818. Berlin: Springer. pp. 1–56.
2112:
2085:
2058:
2031:
2004:
1977:
1950:
1923:
1450:
1393:
1365:
821:
771:
598:
586:
581:
460:
3586:
3878:
3835:
2969:
Rose, H. J.; Jones, G. A. (1984). "A new kind of natural radioactivity".
1341:
3430:
3104:
3068:
2540:
2515:
2455:
2431:
2412:
2388:
2320:
2296:
2244:
2217:
2190:
2139:
1001:
283:
256:
248:
180:
170:
2955:
2990:
1833:
1005:
175:
3900:
3803:
2834:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
1169:
with respect to alpha decay is rather small (see the Table below).
3651:(16th ed.). Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (Lockheed Martin).
3561:
1020:
into three fragments also produces products in the cluster size.
1407:
There are many other kinds of radioactivity, e.g. cluster decay,
3904:
1465:
to a larger mass asymmetry or by heavier emitted particle from
3698:"Carbon radioactivity ofAc and a search for nitrogen emission"
3274:. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. pp. 337–349.
70:
29:
3090:
Gherghescu, R. A. (2003). "Deformed two-center shell model".
2905:. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. pp. 1–577.
1461:
The quantum tunneling may be calculated either by extending
1453:
nucleus among every billion (10) decays by alpha emission.
3895:
1384:
became better studied soon after its discovery in 1940 by
1853:. There is also a need to identify the emitted particle.
1717:{\displaystyle \log T=-\log P_{s}-22.169+0.598(A_{e}-1)}
3664:"Cluster radioactivity: an overview after twenty years"
1893:
The known cluster emissions as of 2010 are as follows:
91:
3270:
Blendowske, R.; Fliessbach, T.; Walliser, H. (1996).
1751:
1648:
1574:
1530:
1478:
1264:
1178:
4153:
4132:
4109:
4018:
3938:
3143:Myers, William D.; Swiatecki, Wladyslaw J. (1966).
1824:
one can use the compilation of measured masses M, M
1729:
In a logarithmic scale the equation log T = f(log P
1519:, as a product of three model-dependent quantities
86:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1811:
1716:
1580:
1555:
1511:
1301:
1212:
2836:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
2817:character, i.e. the main component is spherical.
1849:, and the kinetic energy of the emitted cluster E
3608:Audi, G.; Wapstra, A. H.; Thibault, C. (2003).
1424:radium-223 by H.J. Rose and G.A. Jones in 1984.
1421:
3916:
1154:This type of rare decay mode was observed in
966:
8:
3804:"Ra Nuclear Spectroscopy in C Radioactivity"
3649:Nuclides and Isotopes: Chart of the nuclides
1512:{\displaystyle \lambda =\ln 2/T_{\text{c}}}
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4129:
3923:
3909:
3901:
3735:
3733:
1556:{\displaystyle \lambda =\nu SP_{\text{s}}}
973:
959:
143:
3721:
3560:
3429:
3103:
1803:
1787:
1774:
1750:
1699:
1674:
1647:
1573:
1547:
1529:
1503:
1494:
1477:
1291:
1285:
1269:
1263:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1177:
132:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
98:, without removing the technical details.
1895:
1243:, but can also be a type of spontaneous
2826:
146:
3662:Bonetti, R.; Guglielmetti, A. (2007).
2944:Soviet Journal of Particles and Nuclei
3702:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
1740:In order to find the released energy
96:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
3610:"The Ame2003 atomic mass evaluation"
2901:Poenaru, D. N.; Greiner, W. (1996).
1319:is the mass number of the daughter,
3383:Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables
3246:"Nuclear Decay by Cluster Emission"
3244:Poenaru, D.N.; Greiner, W. (1995).
1865:Solid state nuclear track detectors
25:
3647:Baum, E. M.; et al. (2002).
3145:"Nuclear masses and deformations"
2876:(2011). "Cluster Radioactivity".
1012:, but less than a typical binary
45:This article has multiple issues.
940:
939:
926:
154:
75:
34:
3634:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003
3211:Computer Physics Communications
53:or discuss these issues on the
3723:10.1088/1742-6596/111/1/012050
3579:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.072501
2928:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1796:
1793:
1767:
1758:
1711:
1692:
1302:{\displaystyle E_{k}=QA_{d}/A}
1:
1239:, which may be a result of a
1213:{\displaystyle B=T_{a}/T_{c}}
3896:National Nuclear Data Center
3403:10.1016/0092-640X(91)90008-R
3231:10.1016/0010-4655(80)90051-X
3161:10.1016/0029-5582(66)90639-0
3034:10.1016/0375-9474(67)90510-6
2810:leads to a large hindrance.
1158:that decay predominantly by
990:heavy particle radioactivity
3762:10.1088/0305-4616/12/10/003
3671:Romanian Reports in Physics
720:High-energy nuclear physics
4207:
3534:10.1103/PhysRevC.83.014601
3491:10.1088/0305-4616/5/10/005
3448:10.1103/PhysRevC.73.014608
3360:10.1088/0305-4616/10/8/004
3317:10.1088/0031-8949/44/5/004
3122:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014309
3677:: 301–310. Archived from
1429:Encyclopædia Britannica,
3871:10.1103/PhysRevC.43.1476
2855:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
1886:= 126) and/or protons (Z
3975:Double electron capture
3828:10.1103/physrevc.52.267
3549:Physical Review Letters
3196:10.1103/PhysRevC.20.992
1812:{\displaystyle Q=c^{2}}
1600:to the touching point R
994:heavy ion radioactivity
231:Interacting boson model
3785:C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris
3049:Zeitschrift für Physik
1813:
1718:
1582:
1557:
1513:
1432:
1303:
1214:
3684:on 19 September 2016.
1814:
1719:
1583:
1558:
1514:
1304:
1215:
618:High-energy processes
316:– equal all the above
214:Models of the nucleus
3742:Journal of Physics G
3471:Journal of Physics G
3340:Journal of Physics G
2878:Clusters in Nuclei I
1749:
1646:
1581:{\displaystyle \nu }
1572:
1528:
1476:
1262:
1176:
654:nuclear astrophysics
4119:Photodisintegration
4040:Proton–proton chain
4010:Spontaneous fission
3990:Isomeric transition
3985:Internal conversion
3863:1991PhRvC..43.1476S
3820:1995PhRvC..52..267H
3754:1986JPhG...12L.229G
3714:2008JPhCS.111a2050G
3626:2003NuPhA.729..337A
3571:2009PhRvL.103g2501Q
3526:2011PhRvC..83a4601P
3483:1979JPhG....5L.169P
3440:2006PhRvC..73a4608P
3395:1991ADNDT..48..231P
3352:1984JPhG...10L.183P
3309:1991PhyS...44..427P
3272:Nuclear Decay Modes
3223:1980CoPhC..19..205P
3188:1979PhRvC..20..992K
3114:2003PhRvC..67a4309G
3061:1972ZPhy..251..431M
3026:1967NuPhA..95..420S
2983:1984Natur.307..245R
2903:Nuclear Decay Modes
1386:Konstantin Petrzhak
1382:Spontaneous fission
1346:spontaneous fission
998:heavy cluster decay
636:Photodisintegration
559:Capturing processes
473:Spontaneous fission
466:Internal conversion
397:Valley of stability
392:Island of stability
226:Nuclear shell model
3069:10.1007/BF01391737
1834:Einstein's formula
1809:
1714:
1578:
1553:
1509:
1299:
1210:
1008:, more than in an
933:Physics portal
727:Quark–gluon plasma
510:Radiogenic nuclide
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4000:Positron emission
3970:Double beta decay
3932:Nuclear processes
3851:Physical Review C
3808:Physical Review C
3748:(10): L229–L234.
3614:Nuclear Physics A
3514:Physical Review C
3477:(10): L169–L173.
3418:Physical Review C
3281:978-0-7503-0338-5
3176:Physical Review C
3092:Physical Review C
3014:Nuclear Physics A
2977:(5948): 245–247.
2912:978-0-7503-0338-5
2887:978-3-642-13898-0
2870:Poenaru, Dorin N.
2843:Chinese Physics C
2798:
2797:
1902:Emitted particle
1550:
1506:
1417:quantum tunneling
1245:radioactive decay
983:
982:
669:
415:Radioactive decay
371:Nuclear stability
198:Nuclear structure
142:
141:
134:
124:
123:
116:
68:
16:(Redirected from
4198:
4130:
4030:Deuterium fusion
3995:Neutron emission
3980:Electron capture
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3918:
3911:
3902:
3883:
3882:
3857:(3): 1476–1479.
3846:
3840:
3839:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3668:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3564:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3433:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3346:(8): L183–L189.
3335:
3329:
3328:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3251:. Europhys. News
3250:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3107:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2991:10.1038/307245a0
2966:
2960:
2959:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2840:
2831:
2788:
2786:
2761:
2759:
2733:
2731:
2689:
2687:
2665:
2663:
2638:
2636:
2610:
2608:
2567:
2565:
2527:
2525:
2483:
2481:
2442:
2440:
2399:
2397:
2375:
2373:
2348:
2346:
2307:
2305:
2280:
2278:
2255:
2253:
2228:
2226:
2201:
2199:
2177:
2175:
2150:
2148:
2123:
2121:
2096:
2094:
2069:
2067:
2042:
2040:
2015:
2013:
1988:
1986:
1961:
1959:
1934:
1932:
1896:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1792:
1791:
1779:
1778:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1679:
1678:
1625:branching ratios
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1430:
1402:Fritz Strassmann
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1274:
1273:
1241:nuclear reaction
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1014:fission fragment
975:
968:
961:
948:
943:
942:
935:
931:
930:
807:Skłodowska-Curie
667:
483:Neutron emission
251:' classification
203:Nuclear reaction
158:
144:
137:
130:
119:
112:
108:
105:
99:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:Cluster emission
4206:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4186:Nuclear physics
4176:
4175:
4174:
4165:
4149:
4140:Neutron capture
4128:
4111:
4105:
4022:nucleosynthesis
4021:
4014:
4005:Proton emission
3960:Gamma radiation
3941:
3934:
3929:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3431:nucl-th/0509073
3415:
3414:
3410:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3297:Physica Scripta
3294:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3182:(3): 992–1013.
3173:
3172:
3168:
3149:Nuclear Physics
3142:
3141:
3137:
3105:nucl-th/0210064
3089:
3088:
3084:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2874:Greiner, Walter
2868:
2867:
2863:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2803:
2784:
2782:
2757:
2755:
2729:
2727:
2685:
2683:
2661:
2659:
2634:
2632:
2606:
2604:
2563:
2561:
2523:
2521:
2479:
2477:
2438:
2436:
2395:
2393:
2371:
2369:
2344:
2342:
2303:
2301:
2276:
2274:
2251:
2249:
2224:
2222:
2197:
2195:
2173:
2171:
2146:
2144:
2119:
2117:
2092:
2090:
2065:
2063:
2038:
2036:
2011:
2009:
1984:
1982:
1957:
1955:
1930:
1928:
1906:Branching ratio
1889:
1885:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1831:
1827:
1799:
1783:
1770:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1695:
1670:
1644:
1643:
1613:Dorin N Poenaru
1603:
1599:
1591:
1570:
1569:
1543:
1526:
1525:
1499:
1474:
1473:
1459:
1431:
1428:
1413:fission isomers
1409:proton emission
1378:electromagnetic
1354:
1336:
1325:
1318:
1281:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1237:ternary fission
1230:
1226:
1200:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1167:branching ratio
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1091:. For example:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1058:
1048:
1037:
1026:
1018:Ternary fission
979:
938:
925:
924:
917:
916:
752:
742:
741:
722:
712:
711:
656:
652:
649:Nucleosynthesis
641:
640:
619:
611:
610:
560:
552:
551:
525:
523:Nuclear fission
515:
514:
488:Proton emission
417:
407:
406:
372:
364:
363:
265:
252:
241:
240:
216:
148:Nuclear physics
138:
127:
126:
125:
120:
109:
103:
100:
92:help improve it
89:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4204:
4202:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4161:(n-p) reaction
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4145:Proton capture
4142:
4136:
4134:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3890:External links
3888:
3885:
3884:
3841:
3814:(1): 267–270.
3794:
3775:
3729:
3687:
3654:
3639:
3620:(1): 337–676.
3600:
3539:
3504:
3461:
3408:
3389:(2): 231–327.
3373:
3330:
3303:(5): 427–429.
3287:
3280:
3262:
3236:
3217:(2): 205–214.
3201:
3166:
3135:
3082:
3055:(5): 431–457.
3039:
3020:(2): 420–442.
3004:
2961:
2934:
2918:
2911:
2893:
2886:
2861:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2802:
2801:Fine structure
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1887:
1883:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1617:Walter Greiner
1601:
1597:
1589:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1463:fission theory
1458:
1455:
1426:
1390:Georgy Flyorov
1353:
1350:
1344:nucleus), and
1334:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1160:alpha emission
1152:
1151:
1146:
1137:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1099:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1056:
1046:
1035:
1025:
1022:
1010:alpha particle
981:
980:
978:
977:
970:
963:
955:
952:
951:
950:
949:
936:
919:
918:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
753:
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
734:
729:
723:
718:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
708:
707:
702:
697:
688:
687:
686:
685:
680:
675:
664:
663:
661:Nuclear fusion
657:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
633:
632:
631:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
607:
606:
601:
591:
590:
589:
584:
574:
573:
572:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
544:
543:
542:
532:
526:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
469:
468:
463:
453:
448:
447:
446:
441:
440:
439:
424:
418:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
402:Stable nuclide
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:Binding energy
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:
349:
344:
339:
333:
332:
318:
317:
310:
309:
293:
292:
280:
279:
267:
266:
253:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
228:
223:
217:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
188:Nuclear matter
185:
184:
183:
178:
168:
160:
159:
151:
150:
140:
139:
122:
121:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4203:
4192:
4191:Radioactivity
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:Cluster decay
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3708:(1): 012050.
3707:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3555:(7): 072501.
3554:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3520:(1): 014601.
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3424:(1): 014608.
3423:
3419:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3098:(1): 014309.
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2849:(3): 030001.
2848:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2748:
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2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2682:
2680:
2677:
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2674:
2670:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
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2615:
2612:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
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2588:
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2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1804:
1800:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1594:wave function
1575:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:radioisotopes
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1051:atomic number
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
988:, also named
987:
986:Cluster decay
976:
971:
969:
964:
962:
957:
956:
954:
953:
947:
937:
934:
929:
923:
922:
921:
920:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
751:
746:
745:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
721:
716:
715:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
690:
689:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
665:
662:
659:
658:
655:
650:
645:
644:
637:
634:
630:
629:by cosmic ray
627:
626:
625:
622:
621:
615:
614:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
592:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
562:
556:
555:
548:
545:
541:
540:pair breaking
538:
537:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
524:
519:
518:
511:
508:
506:
505:Decay product
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:Cluster decay
476:
474:
471:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
452:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435:
434:
433:
430:
429:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
416:
411:
410:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
368:
367:
358:
355:
354:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
331:
327:
323:
322:Mirror nuclei
320:
319:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304: −
303:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
272:
269:
268:
264:
263:
258:
255:
254:
250:
245:
244:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
215:
210:
209:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
193:Nuclear force
191:
189:
186:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
161:
157:
153:
152:
149:
145:
136:
133:
118:
115:
107:
97:
93:
87:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4124:Photofission
4088:
4080:
3964:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3791:: 1105–1110.
3788:
3784:
3778:
3745:
3741:
3705:
3701:
3690:
3679:the original
3674:
3670:
3657:
3648:
3642:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3271:
3265:
3253:. Retrieved
3239:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2927:
2921:
2902:
2896:
2877:
2864:
2846:
2842:
2829:
2812:
2808:
2804:
1892:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1843:
1823:
1739:
1728:
1636:
1632:cold fission
1629:
1606:
1567:
1471:
1460:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1422:
1406:
1398:Lise Meitner
1355:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1252:cold fission
1249:
1233:
1222:
1164:
1153:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1027:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:
547:Photofission
495:Decay energy
477:
422:Alpha α
329:
325:
305:
301:
288:
275:
261:
128:
110:
101:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3950:Alpha decay
3940:Radioactive
3255:15 December
2950:: 528–541.
2764:> 25.26
2736:> 25.52
2641:> 27.57
2530:> 25.90
2486:> 28.09
2351:> 27.59
2283:> 22.26
1875:and of Am.
1840:Experiments
1609:decay modes
1467:alpha decay
1030:mass number
1024:Description
852:Oppenheimer
530:Spontaneous
500:Decay chain
451:K/L capture
427:Beta β
297:Isodiaphers
221:Liquid drop
4180:Categories
4101:rp-process
4075:Si burning
4065:Ne burning
4035:Li burning
3955:Beta decay
2821:References
1621:half-lives
1449:emits one
882:Strassmann
872:Rutherford
750:Scientists
705:Artificial
700:Cosmogenic
695:Primordial
691:Nuclides:
668:Processes:
624:Spallation
104:March 2016
50:improve it
4112:processes
4096:p-process
4070:O burning
4060:C burning
4050:α process
4045:CNO cycle
3770:250914956
3562:0909.4492
3499:250859467
3456:119434512
3368:250844668
3325:250885957
3130:119429669
3077:117002558
1910:log T(s)
1765:−
1706:−
1681:−
1668:
1662:−
1653:
1576:ν
1538:ν
1532:λ
1489:
1480:λ
1394:Otto Hahn
887:Świątecki
802:Pi. Curie
797:Fr. Curie
792:Ir. Curie
787:Cockcroft
762:Becquerel
683:Supernova
387:Drip line
382:p–n ratio
357:Borromean
236:Ab initio
56:talk page
4154:Exchange
4091:-process
4083:-process
4055:Triple-α
3595:34973496
3587:19792636
3155:: 1–60.
1913:Q (MeV)
1899:Isotope
1836:E = mc.
1469:theory.
1427:—
1070:, where
1002:neutrons
946:Category
847:Oliphant
832:Lawrence
812:Davisson
782:Chadwick
678:Big Bang
565:electron
535:Products
456:Isomeric
347:Even/odd
324: –
299:– equal
286:– equal
284:Isotones
273:– equal
259:– equal
257:Isotopes
249:Nuclides
171:Nucleons
4133:Capture
4020:Stellar
3879:9967191
3859:Bibcode
3836:9970505
3816:Bibcode
3750:Bibcode
3710:Bibcode
3622:Bibcode
3567:Bibcode
3522:Bibcode
3479:Bibcode
3436:Bibcode
3391:Bibcode
3348:Bibcode
3305:Bibcode
3219:Bibcode
3184:Bibcode
3110:Bibcode
3057:Bibcode
3022:Bibcode
2999:4312488
2979:Bibcode
2956:6189038
2931:. 2011.
2794:96.508
2767:93.923
2739:91.026
2711:76.822
2695:75.910
2671:91.188
2644:74.814
2616:79.668
2589:72.299
2573:70.560
2549:56.753
2533:55.944
2505:72.535
2489:72.162
2464:57.756
2448:57.361
2421:59.465
2405:58.825
2381:74.108
2354:74.224
2329:60.776
2313:60.484
2286:74.318
2261:62.309
2234:61.388
2207:60.408
2183:51.844
2156:57.758
2129:44.723
2102:28.196
2075:30.476
2048:30.535
2021:31.829
1994:33.049
1967:32.394
1940:31.290
1890:= 82).
1828:, and M
1352:History
1006:protons
902:Thomson
892:Szilárd
862:Purcell
842:Meitner
777:N. Bohr
772:A. Bohr
757:Alvarez
673:Stellar
577:neutron
461:Gamma γ
314:Isomers
271:Isobars
166:Nucleus
90:Please
3877:
3834:
3768:
3593:
3585:
3497:
3454:
3366:
3323:
3278:
3128:
3075:
2997:
2971:Nature
2954:
2909:
2884:
2791:23.15
2692:25.70
2668:25.27
2613:21.52
2570:27.58
2445:27.42
2402:25.88
2378:25.14
2310:24.84
2258:20.40
2231:19.57
2204:22.88
2180:26.02
2153:24.61
2126:20.72
2099:21.19
2072:17.28
2045:15.86
2018:15.04
1991:11.01
1964:13.39
1937:14.52
1684:22.169
1568:where
1457:Theory
1400:, and
1376:, and
1370:strong
1364:, and
1312:where
944:
912:Wigner
907:Walton
897:Teller
827:Jensen
594:proton
337:Stable
4110:Other
3942:decay
3766:S2CID
3682:(PDF)
3667:(PDF)
3591:S2CID
3557:arXiv
3495:S2CID
3452:S2CID
3426:arXiv
3364:S2CID
3321:S2CID
3249:(PDF)
3126:S2CID
3100:arXiv
3073:S2CID
2995:S2CID
2839:(PDF)
2754:<
2726:<
2631:<
2520:<
2476:<
2273:<
1690:0.598
1366:gamma
1358:alpha
1227:and T
877:Soddy
857:Proca
837:Mayer
817:Fermi
767:Bethe
342:Magic
3875:PMID
3832:PMID
3583:PMID
3276:ISBN
3257:2023
2952:OSTI
2907:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2815:11/2
2684:5.62
2660:1.38
2437:8.06
2370:1.38
2341:<
2275:1.18
2250:9.16
2196:1.34
2172:9.97
2118:1.13
1956:1.15
1929:8.14
1388:and
1374:weak
1362:beta
1165:The
1049:and
1004:and
867:Rabi
822:Hahn
732:RHIC
352:Halo
3867:doi
3824:doi
3789:309
3758:doi
3718:doi
3706:111
3630:doi
3618:729
3575:doi
3553:103
3530:doi
3487:doi
3444:doi
3399:doi
3356:doi
3313:doi
3227:doi
3192:doi
3157:doi
3118:doi
3065:doi
3053:251
3030:doi
2987:doi
2975:307
2851:doi
2756:7.4
2633:1.8
2605:2.7
2522:9.2
2478:1.8
2394:9.9
2343:1.3
2302:7.2
2223:4.8
2145:5.6
2091:3.2
2064:4.5
2037:4.3
2010:8.9
1983:3.7
1665:log
1650:log
996:or
737:LHC
651:and
94:to
4182::
3873:.
3865:.
3855:43
3853:.
3830:.
3822:.
3812:52
3810:.
3806:.
3787:.
3764:.
3756:.
3746:12
3744:.
3732:^
3716:.
3704:.
3700:.
3675:59
3673:.
3669:.
3628:.
3616:.
3612:.
3589:.
3581:.
3573:.
3565:.
3551:.
3528:.
3518:83
3516:.
3493:.
3485:.
3473:.
3450:.
3442:.
3434:.
3422:73
3420:.
3397:.
3387:48
3385:.
3362:.
3354:.
3344:10
3342:.
3319:.
3311:.
3301:44
3299:.
3225:.
3215:19
3213:.
3190:.
3180:20
3178:.
3153:81
3151:.
3147:.
3124:.
3116:.
3108:.
3096:67
3094:.
3071:.
3063:.
3051:.
3028:.
3018:95
3016:.
2993:.
2985:.
2973:.
2948:11
2946:.
2872:;
2847:45
2845:.
2841:.
2787:10
2778:Si
2773:Cm
2760:10
2750:Si
2745:Am
2732:10
2722:Si
2717:Pu
2703:Mg
2688:10
2679:Mg
2664:10
2655:Si
2650:Pu
2637:10
2627:Mg
2622:Np
2609:10
2600:Mg
2595:Pu
2581:Mg
2566:10
2557:Mg
2541:Ne
2526:10
2516:Ne
2497:Mg
2482:10
2472:Mg
2456:Ne
2441:10
2432:Ne
2413:Ne
2398:10
2389:Ne
2374:10
2365:Mg
2347:10
2337:Mg
2321:Ne
2306:10
2297:Ne
2279:10
2269:Mg
2254:10
2245:Ne
2227:10
2218:Ne
2200:10
2191:Ne
2176:10
2162:Pa
2149:10
2140:Ne
2135:Th
2122:10
2108:Th
2095:10
2081:Ra
2068:10
2054:Ac
2041:10
2027:Ra
2014:10
2000:Ra
1987:10
1973:Ra
1960:10
1946:Ra
1933:10
1919:Fr
1623:,
1615:,
1486:ln
1447:Ra
1404:.
1396:,
1380:.
1372:,
1360:,
1342:He
1337:.
1330:−
1326:=
1142:Pb
1138:82
1132:+
1113:→
1104:Ra
1100:88
1084:+
1077:=
1063:−
1059:=
1042:−
1038:=
1016:.
992:,
604:rp
570:2×
437:0v
432:2β
328:↔
59:.
4089:s
4081:r
3924:e
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