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749:(1333). The material on Harthacnut is largely positive. The author considered both Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut to have been sons of Cnut and Emma of Normandy. He portrays Harold as lacking in chivalry, courtesy or honour, and Harthacnut as "a noble knight and stalwart of body, and he greatly loved knighthood and all virtues". He praises Harthacnut for his generosity with food and drink, writing that his table was open "for all who wished to come to his court to be richly served with royal dishes". He concludes by portraying Harthacnut as a loyal son for accepting his mother, Emma, back to court.
671:, he "did nothing worthy of a king as long as he ruled". Modern historians are less dismissive. In the view of M. K. Lawson, he had at least two of the requisites of a successful medieval king: he was "both ruthless and feared"; had he not died young, the Norman Conquest might not have happened. Ian Howard praises Harthacnut for keeping peace throughout his empire, benefiting trade and merchants, and ensuring a peaceful succession by inviting Edward to his court as his heir. Had he lived longer, Howard believes, his character might have enabled him to become a successful king like his father.
609:, the stepson of Cnut, the stepbrother of Harold Harefoot, and the half-brother of Harthacnut. In short, he had a much stronger family claim to the throne than Magnus. All the leaders of England had already acknowledged him as their king, and he was consecrated by an archbishop. England was his own heritage. Whether Magnus defeated him in war or not, he was told: "You can never be called king in England, and you will never be granted any allegiance there before you put an end to my life." This was supposedly enough to cause Magnus to doubt the strength of his own claim.
288:. Ulf alienated Cnut by getting the Danish provinces to acknowledge Harthacnut as king without reference to Cnut's overall authority and by failing to take vigorous measures to meet Norwegian and Swedish invasions, instead waiting for Cnut's assistance. In 1027, Cnut arrived with a fleet. He forgave Harthacnut his insubordination in view of his youth but had Ulf murdered. He drove the invaders out of Denmark and established his authority over Norway, returning to England in 1028 and leaving Denmark to be ruled by King Harthacnut.
2022:
360:
arrangement that mints south of the Thames produced silver pennies in his name, while those to the north were almost all Harold's. There might have been a division of the kingdom if
Harthacnut had appeared straight away. He probably stayed in Denmark because of the threat from Magnus of Norway, but they eventually made a treaty by which if either died without an heir, his kingdom would go to the other, and this may have freed Harthacnut to pursue his claim to England.
49:
409:", was a peaceful one, though he had a fleet of 62 warships. Even though he had been invited to take the throne, he was taking no chances and came as a conqueror with an invasion force. The crews had to be rewarded for their service, and to pay them, he levied a geld of more than 21,000 pounds, a huge sum of money that made him unpopular, although it was only a quarter of the amount his father had raised in similar circumstances in 1017–1018.
693:(14th century) viewed the same detail in a negative light. He claimed that Harthacnut insisted on having two dinners and two suppers per day. His example influenced the English people, who supposedly were to Higden's day gluttonous and extravagant. Higden so claimed that Harthacnut had a lasting effect on the English national character. The association of Harthacnut with gluttony was well known enough to appear in the novel
433:
less so later in his short reign. He doubled the size of the
English fleet from sixteen to thirty-two ships, partly so that he had a force capable of dealing with trouble elsewhere in his empire, and to pay for it he severely increased the rate of taxation. The increase coincided with a poor harvest, causing severe hardship. In 1041, two of his tax gatherers were so harsh in dealing with people in and around
421:, had been complicit in the crime as he had handed over Alfred to Harold, and Queen Emma charged him in a trial before Harthacnut and members of his council. The king allowed Godwin to escape punishment by bringing witnesses that he had acted on Harold's orders, but Godwin then gave Harthacnut a ship so richly decorated that it amounted to the
292:
510:
suggested not only by his sudden death the following year, but also because it is otherwise difficult to see why a man in his early twenties with a normal life expectancy should have acted so." He may well have been influenced by Emma, who hoped to keep her power by ensuring that one of her sons was succeeded by another.
320:, invaded in 1035, they were forced to flee to Harthacnut's court. Harthacnut was a close ally of Svein, but he did not feel his resources were great enough to launch an invasion of Norway, and the half-brothers looked for help from their father, but instead they received news of his death in November 1035.
337:
as Cnut III. He was unable to come to
England in view of the situation in Denmark, and it was agreed that Svein's full brother, Harold Harefoot, should act as regent, with Emma holding Wessex on Harthacnut's behalf. In 1037, Harold was generally accepted as king, Harthacnut being, in the words of the
412:
Harthacnut had been horrified by Harold's murder of Alfred, and his mother demanded vengeance. With the approval of Harold's former councillors, his body was disinterred from its place of honour at
Westminster and publicly beheaded. It was disposed of in a sewer, but then retrieved and thrown in the
509:
says that Edward was sworn in as king. Lawson comments: "This may mean that Edward was recognized as heir of
Harthacnut, who had neither wife nor children, and who is said by the slightly later Norman historian William of Poitiers to have suffered from frequent illness. The likely truth of this is
363:
According to Ian Howard, Harthacnut agreed to help Svein recover Norway and planned an invasion in 1036. Svein died shortly before it was to set out, but
Harthacnut proceeded anyway. War was avoided by the treaty between Harthacnut and Magnus, which Harthacnut agreed to because he had no plausible
461:
ruled the northern part in semi-independence, a situation which did not please the autocratic
Harthacnut. In 1041, Earl Eadwulf gave offence to the king for an unknown reason but then sought reconciliation. Harthacnut promised him safe conduct but then colluded in his murder by Siward, who became
432:
The
English had become used to the king ruling in council, with the advice of his chief men, but Harthacnut had ruled autocratically in Denmark, and he was not willing to change, particularly as he did not fully trust the leading earls. At first he was successful intimidating his subjects, though
359:
While the general outline of events following Cnut's death is clear, the details are obscure, and historians give differing interpretations. The historian M. K. Lawson states that it is unclear whether
Harthacnut was to have England as well as Denmark, but it was probably a reflection of a formal
437:
that they rioted and killed the tax gatherers. Harthacnut reacted by imposing a then-legal but very unpopular punishment known as "harrying". He ordered his earls to burn the town and kill the population. Few people were killed, as the people of
Worcester had fled in advance of their arrival.
375:(the younger of Emma's two sons by Æthelred) in 1036. The work describes Harthacnut's horror at hearing of his half brother's murder, and in Howard's view, was probably influential in finally persuading the cautious Harthacnut to invade England. According to a later edition of the
712:
treats the death of Harthacnut as the end of an ancient line of kings, and notes that he was the last Danish king to rule over England. But otherwise, Harthacnut is treated as a mere footnote in the line of monarchs, while there are many observations on Cnut. The
364:
candidate to rule Norway after Svein's death, and he was in any case temperamentally inclined to avoid campaigns and wars. Howard dates the treaty to 1036, whereas other historians date it to 1039 and believe it freed Harthacnut to launch an invasion of England.
745:(reigned 1272–1307), though the oldest surviving manuscript dates to 1338. The text often includes notable errors. The original author remains unknown, but there were a number of continuations by different hands, continuing the story to the
703:. The character Cedric comments on his friend Athelstane, whose main character trait is a love for food and drink: "The soul of Hardicanute hath taken possession of him, and he hath no pleasure save to fill, to swill, and to call for more."
276:, a book she inspired many years later, Cnut agreed that any sons of their marriage should take precedence over the sons of his first marriage. In 1023, Emma and Harthacnut played a leading role in the translation of the body of the martyr
681:" which O'Brien says is likely a popular myth. Henry of Huntingdon viewed this detail in the context of the monarch sharing these meals with the members of his household, making Harthacnut more generous than his own contemporaries, who "
283:
In the 1020s, Denmark was threatened by Norway and Sweden, and in 1026 Cnut decided to strengthen its defences by bringing over his eight-year-old son to be the future king under a council headed by his brother-in-law,
567:
reports that when Harthacnut died, Magnus extended his claim to England. He reportedly sent a letter to Edward the Confessor, pressing his claim to the English throne and threatening invasion. His own heir,
311:
to rule Norway with the assistance of Ælfgifu, Cnut's first wife and Svein's mother. They made themselves unpopular by heavy taxation and favouring Danish advisers over the Norwegian nobles, and when King
2570:
529:, "Harthacnut died as he stood at his drink, and he suddenly fell to the earth with an awful convulsion; and those who were close by took hold of him, and he spoke no word afterwards".
585:, Edward the Confessor already served as co-ruler of England since 1041. There is an emphasis on Harthacnut, Edward, and Emma serving as a trinity of rulers, in emulation of the
2563:
620:
was meant to allow descendants of the marriage to claim the throne of Denmark and potentially of England. From Henry's perspective, it was probably orchestrated to allow the
815:
719:
covers Harthacnut's death in some detail, but records next to nothing about his life, suggesting a lack of memorable details on him, presumably due to his short reign.
356:
but delayed an invasion as it was clear Harold was sick and would soon die, which he did in March 1040. Envoys soon crossed the channel to offer Harthacnut the throne.
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601:
would also support his claim by earning him both the political support of her father Godwin and an additional connection to Cnut. She was a niece to the king. The
1934:
593:
depicts Edward portraying himself as brother and legal heir to both Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut, while pointing out that he had already won the support "
1081:
429:
was also charged with complicity in the crime and deprived of his see, but in 1041 he made his peace with Harthacnut and was restored to his position.
3373:
3353:
3343:
3338:
1279:
379:, the English took the initiative in communicating with Harthacnut in 1039, possibly when they became aware that Harold had not long to live.
280:
from London to Canterbury, an occasion seen by Harthacnut's biographer, Ian Howard, as recognition of his position as Cnut's heir in England.
1736:
1702:
1666:
1633:
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included the appointment of the latter as heir to Harthacnut. At the time, the agreement would have only affected the throne of Denmark. The
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246:
took control of Norway, but Harthacnut succeeded as King of Denmark and became King of England in 1040 after the death of his half-brother
1708:
1639:
1516:
1474:
1407:
1555:
1441:
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Harthacnut was generous to the church. Very few contemporary documents survive, but a royal charter of his transferred land to Bishop
1927:
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fought successfully against Harthacnut's troops, and won the right to return to their homes without further punishment.
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Harthacnut was born shortly after the marriage of his parents in July or August 1017. Cnut had put aside his first wife
578:
contains a scene where Magnus proclaims: "I will take possession of all the Danish empire or else die in the attempt."
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Harthacnut had suffered from bouts of illness even before he became King of England. He may have suffered from
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has Edward point out that he was the son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy, the half-brother to
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Although the city was burnt and plundered, citizens of Worcester who had taken refuge on an island in the
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through avarice, or as they pretend through disgust, ... set but one meal a day before their dependents
250:, king of England. Harthacnut himself died suddenly in 1042 and was succeeded by Magnus in Denmark and
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48:
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317:
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493:, and he probably knew that he had not long to live. In 1041, he invited his half-brother
313:
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296:
247:
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112:
87:
59:
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677:(12th century) claimed that Harthacnut ordered for the dining tables of his court to be "
572:, would also press this claim. Both considered themselves legal heirs to Harthacnut. The
367:
Exiled in Bruges, Emma plotted to gain the English throne for her son. She sponsored the
3260:
3147:
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1781:
Law and Government in Medieval England and Normandy: Essays in Honour of Sir James Holt
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285:
242:. When Cnut died in 1035, Harthacnut struggled to retain his father's possessions.
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1590:
371:, which eulogised her and attacked Harold, especially for arranging the murder of
1812:
Maddicott, John (June 2004). "Edward the Confessor's Return to England in 1041".
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Thames, from which London shipmen rescued it and had it buried in a churchyard.
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1571:
Lawson, M. K. (23 September 2004). "Harthacnut (Hardecanute) (c.1018–1042)".
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earl of the whole of Northumbria. The crime was widely condemned, and the
307:, who drowned in a shipwreck in 1029 or 1030. Cnut then appointed his son
3270:
2817:
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502:
422:
349:
53:
Harthacnut in the 14th-century Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England
17:
3188:
3094:
1346:
695:
586:
514:
231:
156:
148:
1912:
291:
2980:
2928:
2652:
2647:
418:
353:
345:
235:
685:". His account produced the image of Harthacnut as a "very generous
344:, "forsaken because he was too long in Denmark", while Emma fled to
1658:
Queen Emma and the Vikings: The Woman Who Shaped the Events of 1066
589:. Edward, by surviving his co-ruler, would be king by default. The
2900:
1375:(in Latin and English). Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
639:
536:
392:
352:. In 1039, Harthacnut sailed with ten ships to meet his mother in
290:
1534:"Food, Drink, and Lodging:Hospitality in Twelfth-Century England"
1218:
1216:
2684:
2000:
466:
described it as "a betrayal" and the king as an "oath-breaker".
401:
Harthacnut travelled to England with his mother. The landing at
2552:
1916:
667:, medieval sources are hostile to Harthacnut. According to the
425:
that Godwin would have had to pay if he had been found guilty.
628:. She died in 1038 with no known sons. Her only daughter was
1532:
Kerr, Julie (2007). Stephen Morillo Diane Korngiebel (ed.).
1155:
1153:
1151:
624:
to claim control of Denmark and the western areas of the
295:
Cnut, king of England, Denmark, and Norway, and his sons
1538:
The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History
733:
work, covering British and English monarchs from Brut (
1460:
Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England
657:
The Museum of National History at Frederiksborg Castle
1770:
William The Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England
1051:
Britain after Rome : the fall and rise, 400–1070
741:
in 1272. It was probably written during the reign of
597:. Unstated in both is that the marriage of Edward to
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
525:. Both men had been close to Cnut. According to the
481:
speaks well of his generosity and of his character.
2456:
2331:
2322:
2300:
2291:
2269:
2260:
2238:
2231:
2209:
2200:
2069:
2060:
2038:
2029:
1959:
1950:
1731:(revised paperback ed.). London, UK: Phoenix.
932:
930:
177:
167:
155:
142:
132:
128:
118:
108:
100:
93:
83:
73:
65:
58:
41:
1783:(1994), pages 31–56, Cambridge University Press,
513:On 8 June 1042, Harthacnut attended a wedding in
1126:
333:In 1035, Harthacnut succeeded his father on the
1427:Anglo-Saxon England in Icelandic Medieval Texts
557:The political agreement between Harthacnut and
30:For the legendary earlier king of Denmark, see
1393:Fagrskinna: A Catalogue of the Kings of Norway
679:laid four times a day with royal sumptuousness
2564:
1928:
8:
1577:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1420:Based primarily on Einarsson's 1984 edition.
1246:
808:
806:
549:river in modern-day Sweden. Illustration by
3131:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
1492:Harthacnut: The Last Danish King of England
1222:
3308:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
3207:
3123:
2601:
2596:
2571:
2557:
2549:
2328:
2297:
2266:
2235:
2206:
2066:
2035:
1956:
1935:
1921:
1913:
1849:
541:Harthacnut (left) meeting the young King
47:
38:
1777:The introduction of chivalry into England
1756:The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066
2514:indicates Danish monarchs who were also
1300:
316:, the son of the former King of Norway,
1772:(1964), University of California Press.
1574:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1142:
960:
897:
802:
758:
521:, and the bride was Gytha, daughter of
303:Cnut had left Norway under the rule of
1799:King Harold II and the Bayeux Tapestry
1711:from the original on 11 September 2023
1675:from the original on 11 September 2023
1642:from the original on 11 September 2023
1610:from the original on 11 September 2023
1558:from the original on 11 September 2023
1519:from the original on 11 September 2023
1477:from the original on 11 September 2023
1444:from the original on 11 September 2023
1410:from the original on 11 September 2023
1351:. Vol. VII. Holmsted: I. Hansen.
1324:
1312:
1282:from the original on 25 September 2020
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1130:
1114:
1102:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
948:
921:
909:
885:
873:
861:
849:
1258:
1053:. London: Penguin. pp. 251–252.
7:
1845:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
1801:(2005), pages 35–52. Boydell Press,
1355:from the original on 19 January 2020
1272:"Study Guide: Athelstane in Ivanhoe"
1234:
1084:from the original on 18 January 2022
936:
405:on 17 June 1040, "seven days before
270:to marry Emma, and according to the
254:in England. Harthacnut was the last
207: – 8 June 1042), traditionally
146:8 June 1042 (aged 23–24)
1758:(2003), Boydell & Brewer Ltd,
1373:The Chronicle of John of Worcester
25:
813:Monarkiet i Danmark – Kongerækken
655:from around 1880 commissioned by
630:Beatrice I, Abbess of Quedlinburg
595:of all the people of the country"
389:Government in Anglo-Saxon England
2020:
1371:; McGurk, Patrick, eds. (1995).
473:, and he made several grants to
3374:Monarchs of England before 1066
3354:Burials at Winchester Cathedral
2608:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
1795:Harold II: a Throne-Worthy King
1505:. Manchester University Press.
1502:Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England
1430:. University of Toronto Press.
612:The marriage agreement between
226:Harthacnut was the son of King
2605:Monarchs of England until 1603
1697:. Edinburgh University Press.
1598:Lund, Niels (24 August 2017),
1:
3344:11th-century kings of Denmark
3339:11th-century English monarchs
1960:
618:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
201:
1591:UK public library membership
1457:Given-Wilson, Chris (2004).
1315:, pp. 40–42, 47–49, 75.
1127:Darlington & McGurk 1995
644:A painting of Harthacnut by
3215:British monarchs after the
616:(sister of Harthacnut) and
211:, sometimes referred to as
104:17 March 1040 – 8 June 1042
27:King of England and Denmark
3400:
2309:Christopher III of Bavaria
2135:Valdemar II the Victorious
1729:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
646:Christen Nielsen Overgaard
497:(his mother Emma's son by
427:Bishop Lyfing of Worcester
397:Silver penny of Harthacnut
386:
29:
3303:
3226:
3210:
3206:
3143:
3126:
3122:
2599:
2595:
2507:
2018:
1901:
1892:
1884:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1655:O'Brien, Harriet (2006).
1424:Fjalldal, Magnús (2005).
1117:, pp. 106, 124, 149.
46:
1768:Douglas, David Charles,
1544:. Boydell Press: 72–92.
1348:Dansk Biografisk Lexikon
818:18 November 2009 at the
1390:Finlay, Alison (2004).
1049:Fleming, Robin (2011).
417:, the powerful earl of
32:Harthacnut I of Denmark
1622:Marvin, Julia (2006).
1583:10.1093/ref:odnb/12252
1261:, p. 177, Ch. 21.
1237:, p. 77, Note 25.
1077:Chronicon ex chronicis
747:Battle of Halidon Hill
660:
554:
398:
369:Encomium Emmae Reginae
300:
273:Encomium Emmae Reginae
268:Ælfgifu of Northampton
219:from 1035 to 1042 and
197:
2278:Eric VII of Pomerania
2107:Eric II the Memorable
1343:Bricka, Carl Frederik
669:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
643:
632:, who never married.
540:
527:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
507:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
501:) back from exile in
471:Ælfwine of Winchester
464:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
396:
387:Further information:
341:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
294:
3349:Anglo-Norse monarchs
3185:William III & II
2750:Henry the Young King
2700:Edward the Confessor
2668:Æthelred the Unready
2188:Valdemar IV Atterdag
2125:Valdemar I the Great
1905:Edward the Confessor
1797:, Essay included in
1779:, Essay included in
1494:. The History Press.
1490:Howard, Ian (2008).
1369:Darlington, Reginald
1129:, pp. 532–535;
499:Æthelred the Unready
495:Edward the Confessor
252:Edward the Confessor
123:Edward the Confessor
3133:Union of the Crowns
2293:Palatinate-Neumarkt
2173:Eric Christoffersen
2087:Canute IV the Saint
1944:Monarchs of Denmark
1895:King of the English
1814:Anglo-Saxon England
1600:"Knud 3. Hardeknud"
1499:John, Eric (1996).
1327:, pp. 223–225.
1249:, pp. 133–134.
1225:, pp. 202–203.
1186:, pp. 174–175.
1105:, pp. 120–121.
1074:John of Worcester.
1039:, pp. 119–120.
1027:, pp. 118–119.
1015:, pp. 112–117.
1003:, pp. 111–112.
951:, pp. 105–107.
824:The Danish Monarchy
675:Henry of Huntingdon
614:Gunhilda of Denmark
477:. The 12th century
238:, and England) and
223:from 1040 to 1042.
221:King of the English
3369:House of Knýtlinga
3359:Christian monarchs
3217:Acts of Union 1707
3180:James II & VII
2873:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2658:Edgar the Peaceful
2537:monarch of Iceland
2523:monarch of England
2516:monarchs of Norway
2144:Eric IV Plough-tax
2139:Valdemar the Young
2077:Sweyn II Estridsen
1982:Harald I Bluetooth
1775:Gillingham, John,
864:, pp. 15, 27.
765:Sometimes spelled
737:) to the death of
661:
555:
399:
329:Harold and Denmark
314:Magnus I of Norway
301:
69:1035 – 8 June 1042
3316:
3315:
3299:
3298:
3202:
3201:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3112:
2663:Edward the Martyr
2546:
2545:
2530:monarch of Sweden
2503:
2502:
2318:
2317:
2287:
2286:
2256:
2255:
2227:
2226:
2196:
2195:
2056:
2055:
2016:
2015:
1911:
1910:
1902:Succeeded by
1875:Succeeded by
1738:978-1-84212-003-3
1704:978-0-7486-0573-6
1668:978-0-7475-7968-7
1635:978-1-84383-274-4
1628:. Boydell Press.
1589:(Subscription or
1551:978-1-84383-336-9
1512:978-0-7190-5053-4
1470:978-1-85285-358-7
1463:. A&C Black.
1437:978-0-8020-3837-1
1382:978-0-19-822261-3
1303:, pp. 51–53.
1247:Given-Wilson 2004
1162:, pp. 40–44.
1060:978-0-140-14823-7
924:, pp. 91–92.
912:, pp. 58–61.
888:, pp. 42–51.
876:, pp. 29–38.
622:Holy Roman Empire
581:According to the
383:Return to England
335:throne of Denmark
258:to rule England.
187:
186:
16:(Redirected from
3391:
3208:
3168:Richard Cromwell
3158:The Protectorate
3148:James I & VI
3124:
2705:Harold Godwinson
2625:Edward the Elder
2618:Alfred the Great
2602:
2597:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2550:
2329:
2298:
2267:
2236:
2207:
2184:
2117:Sweyn III Grathe
2067:
2036:
2024:
1962:
1957:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1914:
1885:Preceded by
1858:Preceded by
1850:
1829:
1820:(482): 650–666.
1754:DeVries, Kelly,
1742:
1725:Swanton, Michael
1720:
1718:
1716:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1604:Den Store Danske
1594:
1586:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1386:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
826:
810:
790:
763:
665:Ramsey Chronicle
654:
517:. The groom was
479:Ramsey Chronicle
240:Emma of Normandy
206:
203:
200:; "Tough-knot";
182:Emma of Normandy
51:
39:
21:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3295:
3222:
3198:
3163:Oliver Cromwell
3139:
3114:
3109:
2956:Constantine III
2865:
2690:Harold Harefoot
2680:Edmund Ironside
2591:
2586: and
2577:
2547:
2542:
2499:
2462:
2452:
2335:
2314:
2283:
2252:
2223:
2192:
2182:
2159:Eric V Klipping
2097:Eric I Evergood
2052:
2047:Magnus the Good
2025:
2012:
1946:
1941:
1907:
1898:
1890:
1880:
1878:Magnus the Good
1871:
1868:King of Denmark
1863:
1837:
1832:
1811:
1750:
1748:Further reading
1745:
1739:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1705:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1654:
1645:
1643:
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1471:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1438:
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1356:
1341:
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1270:
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1229:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
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1085:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
963:, p. 161;
959:
955:
947:
943:
935:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
868:
860:
856:
848:
829:
820:Wayback Machine
811:
804:
799:
794:
793:
764:
760:
755:
663:Apart from the
648:
638:
607:Edmund Ironside
599:Edith of Wessex
570:Harald Hardrada
559:Magnus the Good
551:Halfdan Egedius
543:Magnus the Good
535:
487:
391:
385:
373:Alfred Atheling
331:
326:
305:Håkon Eiriksson
297:Harold Harefoot
264:
248:Harold Harefoot
217:King of Denmark
204:
147:
137:
95:King of England
88:Magnus the Good
60:King of Denmark
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
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3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3140:
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3127:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3059:Edward Balliol
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2919:Constantine II
2916:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2711:Edgar Ætheling
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2592:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Frederick VIII
2472:
2466:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2442:Christian VIII
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2337:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:Christopher II
2166:
2164:Eric VI Menved
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2132:
2127:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Harald III Hen
2079:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:(Harthacanute)
2004:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1864:
1861:Cnut the Great
1859:
1855:
1854:
1853:Regnal titles
1848:
1847:
1836:
1835:External links
1833:
1831:
1830:
1809:
1791:
1773:
1766:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1727:, ed. (2000).
1721:
1703:
1685:
1667:
1661:. Bloomsbury.
1652:
1634:
1619:
1595:
1568:
1550:
1529:
1511:
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1454:
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1365:
1338:
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1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1212:
1210:, p. 136.
1200:
1198:, p. 119.
1188:
1176:
1174:, p. 173.
1164:
1147:
1145:, p. 162.
1135:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1066:
1059:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
991:, p. 117.
981:
979:, p. 109.
969:
967:, p. 109.
953:
941:
926:
914:
902:
900:, p. 160.
890:
878:
866:
854:
827:
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792:
791:
757:
756:
754:
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735:Brutus of Troy
709:Knýtlinga saga
637:
634:
534:
531:
519:Tovi the Proud
486:
483:
384:
381:
330:
327:
325:
322:
299:and Harthacnut
263:
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228:Cnut the Great
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2:
3396:
3385:
3384:Sons of kings
3382:
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3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:Alexander III
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
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2937:
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2932:
2930:
2927:
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2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:Constantine I
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:
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2845:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
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2799:
2796:
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2701:
2698:
2696:
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2527:
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2461:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2448:Frederick VII
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:Christian VII
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:Frederick III
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2372:Christian III
2369:
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2366:
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2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
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2334:
2333:Senior branch
2330:
2327:
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2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Christopher I
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Eric III Lamb
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Olaf I Hunger
2090:
2088:
2085:
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691:Ranulf Higden
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40:
37:
33:
19:
3329:1010s births
3307:
3286:Elizabeth II
3214:
3130:
3057:
3035:
3026:Alexander II
2943:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
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2871:
2853:
2842:
2765:
2748:
2736:
2709:
2694:
2672:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2511:
2490:Margrethe II
2470:Christian IX
2457:
2440:
2435:Frederick VI
2433:
2426:
2419:
2414:Christian VI
2412:
2407:Frederick IV
2405:
2398:
2391:
2386:Christian IV
2384:
2379:Frederick II
2377:
2370:
2363:
2358:Christian II
2356:
2349:
2342:
2332:
2307:
2276:
2245:
2216:
2178:Valdemar III
2045:
2006:
1999:
1987:
1980:
1976:Gorm the Old
1972:(Harthacnut)
1893:
1866:
1841:Harthacnut 1
1817:
1813:
1798:
1794:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1755:
1728:
1713:. Retrieved
1693:
1677:. Retrieved
1657:
1644:. Retrieved
1624:
1612:, retrieved
1603:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1541:
1537:
1521:. Retrieved
1501:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1459:
1446:. Retrieved
1426:
1412:. Retrieved
1392:
1372:
1357:. Retrieved
1347:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1223:O'Brien 2006
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1143:Swanton 2000
1138:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1076:
1069:
1050:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
984:
972:
961:Swanton 2000
956:
944:
917:
905:
898:Swanton 2000
893:
881:
869:
857:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:Harthacanute
770:
766:
761:
731:Anglo-Norman
724:
721:
716:Morkinskinna
714:
707:
705:
701:Walter Scott
694:
682:
678:
673:
668:
664:
662:
611:
602:
594:
591:Heimskringla
590:
587:Holy Trinity
582:
580:
573:
564:Heimskringla
562:
556:
526:
512:
506:
491:tuberculosis
488:
478:
475:Ramsey Abbey
468:
463:
445:The earl of
444:
440:River Severn
431:
411:
400:
376:
368:
366:
362:
358:
339:
332:
302:
282:
271:
265:
225:
212:
208:
189:
188:
36:
3334:1042 deaths
3291:Charles III
3276:Edward VIII
3006:Alexander I
2986:Malcolm III
2961:Kenneth III
2861:Elizabeth I
2823:Richard III
2485:Frederik IX
2480:Christian X
2421:Frederick V
2400:Christian V
2365:Frederick I
2344:Christian I
2247:Margrethe I
2183:Interregnum
1325:Marvin 2006
1313:Marvin 2006
1208:Howard 2008
1196:Howard 2008
1184:Finlay 2004
1172:Finlay 2004
1160:Howard 2008
1131:Lawson 2004
1115:Howard 2008
1103:Howard 2008
1037:Howard 2008
1025:Howard 2008
1013:Howard 2008
1001:Howard 2008
989:Howard 2008
977:Howard 2008
965:Howard 2008
949:Howard 2008
922:Bricka 1893
910:Howard 2008
886:Howard 2008
874:Howard 2008
862:Howard 2008
850:Lawson 2004
787:Hörthaknútr
779:Hardecanute
775:Hardicanute
649: [
523:Osgod Clapa
453:, but Earl
447:Northumbria
230:(who ruled
209:Hardicanute
205: 1018
109:Predecessor
74:Predecessor
3323:Categories
3266:Edward VII
3256:William IV
3246:George III
3175:Charles II
3070:Robert III
3016:Malcolm IV
2991:Donald III
2966:Malcolm II
2951:Kenneth II
2833:Henry VIII
2793:Richard II
2788:Edward III
2722:William II
2695:Harthacnut
2495:Frederik X
2463:since 1863
2459:Glücksburg
2007:Canute III
1963:916 – 1042
1899:1040–1042
1872:1035–1042
1807:1843831244
1789:0521430763
1764:1843830272
1715:25 October
1593:required.)
1562:25 October
1523:25 October
1481:25 October
1276:shmoop.com
1259:Scott 1998
1088:17 January
797:References
699:(1819) by
687:bon viveur
636:Reputation
626:Baltic Sea
603:Fagrskinna
575:Fagrskinna
533:Succession
278:St Ælfheah
262:Early life
213:Canute III
190:Harthacnut
42:Harthacnut
3281:George VI
3251:George IV
3241:George II
3153:Charles I
3135:from 1603
3085:James III
3065:Robert II
3021:William I
2996:Duncan II
2924:Malcolm I
2914:Donald II
2838:Edward VI
2828:Henry VII
2813:Edward IV
2783:Edward II
2773:Henry III
2756:Richard I
2717:William I
2638:Æthelstan
2336:1448–1863
2324:Oldenburg
2301:1440–1448
2270:1397–1439
2262:Pomerania
2239:1376–1412
2232:Estridsen
2210:1376–1387
2130:Canute VI
2070:1047–1375
2062:Estridsen
2039:1042–1047
2001:Canute II
1995:Harald II
1952:Knýtlinga
1826:0263-6751
1396:. BRILL.
1235:Kerr 2007
937:Lund 2017
783:Hordaknut
767:Harðacnut
739:Henry III
727:Chronicle
435:Worcester
407:Midsummer
198:Hardeknud
162:Knýtlinga
151:, England
119:Successor
84:Successor
3271:George V
3261:Victoria
3236:George I
3105:James VI
3090:James IV
3080:James II
3053:David II
3048:Robert I
3037:Margaret
2971:Duncan I
2880:Donald I
2818:Edward V
2808:Henry VI
2798:Henry IV
2778:Edward I
2744:Henry II
2643:Edmund I
2632:Ælfweard
2590:monarchs
2584:Scottish
2121:Canute V
2031:Fairhair
1970:Сanute I
1888:Harold I
1709:Archived
1691:(1998).
1679:16 March
1673:Archived
1646:16 March
1640:Archived
1614:16 March
1608:archived
1556:Archived
1517:Archived
1475:Archived
1448:16 March
1442:Archived
1414:16 March
1408:Archived
1359:15 March
1353:Archived
1345:(1893).
1286:16 March
1280:Archived
1082:Archived
816:Archived
743:Edward I
583:Encomium
547:Göta älv
505:and the
503:Normandy
459:Bamburgh
403:Sandwich
377:Encomium
350:Flanders
286:Earl Ulf
244:Magnus I
113:Harold I
18:Cnut III
3189:Mary II
3095:James V
3075:James I
3011:David I
2976:Macbeth
2908:Eochaid
2803:Henry V
2738:Matilda
2732:Stephen
2727:Henry I
2588:British
2582:,
2580:English
2512:Italics
2218:Olaf II
1989:Sweyn I
1694:Ivanhoe
1335:Sources
729:was an
696:Ivanhoe
545:at the
515:Lambeth
455:Eadwulf
423:wergild
232:Denmark
149:Lambeth
138:England
136:c. 1018
3379:Simony
3100:Mary I
2981:Lulach
2945:Amlaíb
2939:Cuilén
2929:Indulf
2855:Philip
2850:Mary I
2653:Eadwig
2648:Eadred
2202:Bjälbo
1824:
1805:
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1735:
1701:
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1632:
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451:Siward
419:Wessex
415:Godwin
354:Bruges
346:Bruges
236:Norway
215:, was
194:Danish
178:Mother
168:Father
3001:Edgar
2901:Giric
2767:Louis
2674:Sweyn
2535:Also
2528:Also
2521:Also
2102:Niels
753:Notes
653:]
485:Death
348:, in
324:Reign
309:Svein
157:House
101:Reign
66:Reign
3364:Cnut
3231:Anne
3194:Anne
3187:and
3043:John
2852:and
2844:Jane
2761:John
2685:Cnut
2351:John
2149:Abel
1822:ISSN
1818:CXIX
1803:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1717:2015
1699:ISBN
1681:2020
1663:ISBN
1648:2020
1630:ISBN
1625:Brut
1616:2020
1564:2015
1546:ISBN
1525:2015
1507:ISBN
1483:2015
1465:ISBN
1450:2020
1432:ISBN
1416:2020
1398:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1361:2010
1288:2020
1090:2022
1055:ISBN
725:Brut
722:The
706:The
449:was
318:Olaf
256:Dane
143:Died
133:Born
2934:Dub
2894:Áed
1843:at
1579:doi
822:at
785:or
689:".
457:of
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2137:/
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192:(
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20:)
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