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Mixed-sex education

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referred to a female student in a mixed gender school. The noun use is considered by many to be sexist and unprofessional, the argument being that applying the term solely to women implies that "normal" education is exclusively male: technically both male and female students at a coeducational institution should be considered "coeds". Writing for the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development in 2017, author and educator Barbara Boroson described the noun use as "unfortunate," observing that "Although coeducation means 'the education of both sexes together at the same time,' women were considered to be the physical manifestations of the coeducation movement. While men were called students, women were called coeds. The message was that women . . . were not really students." Numerous professional organizations require that the gender-neutral term "student" be used instead of "coed" or, when gender is relevant to the context, that the term "female student" be substituted.
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subjects such as the sciences when in a class with boys, but other research suggests that when the previous attainment is taken into account, that difference falls away. According to advocates of coeducation, without classmates of the opposite sex, students have social issues that may impact adolescent development. They argue that the absence of the opposite sex creates an unrealistic environment not duplicated in the real world. Some studies show that in classes that are separated by gender, male and female students work and learn on the same level as their peers, the stereotypical mentality of the teacher is removed, and girls are likely to have more confidence in the classroom than they would in a coeducational class. In a 2022 study published in the
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and Chinese societies focused primarily on the education of males. In ancient Rome, the availability of education was gradually extended to women, but they were taught separately from men. The early Christians and medieval Europeans continued this trend, and single-sex schools for the privileged classes prevailed through the Reformation period. The early periods of this century included many religious schools and the first major public schools in the country had been established for males and females.
638: 937: 499: 303: 1321: 1004: 128:. It opened on 3 December 1833, with 44 students, including 29 men and 15 women. Fully equal status for women did not arrive until 1837, and the first three women to graduate with bachelor's degrees did so in 1840. By the late 20th century, many institutions of higher learning that had been exclusively for men or women had become coeducational. 862:. They discovered a mutual disenchantment with what they saw as the lack of strong Christian principles among the settlers of the American West. They decided to establish a college and a colony based on their religious beliefs, "where they would train teachers and other Christian leaders for the boundless most desolate fields in the West". 656:, which was established in 1833. Mixed-sex classes were admitted to the preparatory department at Oberlin in 1833 and the college department in 1837. The first four women to receive bachelor's degrees in the United States earned them at Oberlin in 1841. Later, in 1862, the first black woman to receive a bachelor's degree ( 788:. Florida did not return to coeducation at UF and FSU until after World War II, prompted by the drastically increased demands placed on the higher education system by veterans studying via GI Bill programs following World War II. The Buckman arrangements officially ended with new legislation guidelines passed in 1947. 767:
said after visiting the United States that "The whole educational machinery of America ... open to women must be at least twentyfold greater than with us, and it is rapidly advancing to meet that of men both in numbers and quality". Where most of the history of coeducation in this period is a list of
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supplanted church institutions, were almost always coeducational, and by 1900 most public high schools were coeducational as well. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, coeducation grew much more widely accepted. In Great Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union, the education of girls and boys in
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church reinforced the establishment of free elementary schools for children of all classes. The concept of universal elementary education, regardless of sex, had been created. After the Reformation, coeducation was introduced in Western Europe, when certain Protestant groups urged that boys and girls
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was founded. The Chinese government pursued a policy of moving towards co-education and nearly all schools and universities have become mixed-sex. In recent years, some female or single-sex schools have again emerged for special vocational training needs, but equal rights for education still applies
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and the surrounding community were dedicated to progressive causes and social justice. Though it did reluctantly what every other college refused to do at all, it was the first college to admit both women and African Americans as students. Women were not admitted to the baccalaureate program, which
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which examined the Irish educational system, the authors stated that the existing "empirical evidence is somewhat ambiguous, with some studies finding a positive impact of single-sex schooling on education achievement but others finding average null effects"; they concluded that after controlling
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In early civilizations, people were typically educated informally: primarily within the household. As time progressed, education became more structured and formal. Women often had very few rights when education started to become a more important aspect of civilization. Efforts of the ancient Greek
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In American colloquial language, "coed" or "co-ed" is used to refer to a mixed school. The word is also often used to describe a situation in which both sexes are integrated in any form (e.g., "The team is coed"). Less common in the 21st century is the noun use of word "coed," which traditionally
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admission of women into their classes, citing studies that claimed that women were mentally unsuited for higher education, and because most would "just get married", they were using resources that, they believed, male students would use better. Some professors simply ignored the women students.
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However, some argue that at certain ages, students may be more distracted by the opposite sex in a coeducational setting, but others point to this being based on an assumption that all students are heterosexual. There is evidence that girls may perform less well in traditionally male-dominated
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persuaded many early women's rights leaders that coeducation would soon be accepted throughout the country. However, for quite a while, women sometimes were treated rudely by their male classmates. The prejudice of some male professors proved more unsettling. Many professors disapproved of the
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For years, a question many educators, parents, and researchers have been asking is whether it is academically beneficial to teach boys and girls together or separately at school. Some argue that coeducation has primarily social benefits by allowing males and females of all ages to become more
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was the first mixed-sex both day and boarding school in the UK. Founded in 1818, it is the oldest both boarding and day mixed-sex educational institution in the world still in existence. In England, the first non-Quaker mixed-sex public boarding school was
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If the sexes were educated together, we should have the healthy, moral and intellectual stimulus of sex ever quickening and refining all the faculties, without the undue excitement of senses that results from novelty in the present system of
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In Australia, there is a trend towards increased coeducational schooling with new coeducational schools opening, few new single-sex schools opening and existing single-sex schools combining or opening their doors to the opposite gender.
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for "individual, parental and school-level factors on average, there is no significant difference in performance for girls or boys who attend single-sex schools compared to their mixed-school peers in science, mathematics or reading."
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in England, as well as in the United States, pioneered coeducation as they did universal education, and in Quaker settlements in the British colonies, boys and girls commonly attended school together. The new free public elementary, or
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Given their dual role as both boarding house and educational establishment, individual colleges at Oxford and Cambridge remained segregated for much longer. The first Oxford college to house both men and women was the graduate-only
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and Yang Xingfo, but opposed by many famous men of the time. The meeting passed the law and decided to recruit women students next year. Nanjing Higher Normal School enrolled eight Chinese female students in 1920. In the same year
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granted bachelor's degrees, until 1837; prior to that, they received diplomas from what was called the Ladies' Course. The initial 1837 students were Caroline Mary Rudd, Elizabeth Prall, Mary Hosford, and Mary Fletcher Kellogg.
230:(規定女子旁聽法案, Guī Dìng Nǚ Zi Páng Tīng Fǎ Àn) at the meeting of Nanjing Higher Normal School held on December seventh, 1919. He also proposed that the university recruit female students. The idea was supported by the president 200:. For millennia in China, public schools, especially public higher learning schools, were for men. Generally, only schools established by zōng zú (宗族, gens) were for both male and female students. Some schools, such as 835:
has operated as mixed-sex secondary school since its founding in 1792, making it the oldest continuously operating coed school in America. The oldest continuously operating coed boarding school in the United States is
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in particular, would lead the way in mixed-sex higher education. There were also many private coeducational universities founded in the 19th century, especially west of the Mississippi River. East of the Mississippi,
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were founded during the mid- and late-19th century in response to a need for advanced education for women at a time when they were not admitted to most institutions of higher education." Notable examples include the
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and becoming mixed in 1898. Ruckleigh School in Solihull was founded by Cathleen Cartland in 1909 as a non-denominational co-educational preparatory school many decades before others followed. Many previously
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Mongolia's first co-educational school, named Third School, opened in Ulaanbaatar on November 2, 1921. Subsequent schools have been co-educational and there are no longer any single-sex schools in Mongolia.
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Mael, F. (1998). Single-sex and coeducational schooling: Relationships to socioemotional and academic development. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 101–129. American Educational Research Association.
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became gender-blind in 1924, giving equal chances to all girls in applying to any universities. Mixed-sex education became mandatory for primary schools in 1957 and for all universities in 1975.
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was more common up to the 19th century, mixed-sex education has since become standard in many cultures, particularly in western countries. Single-sex education remains prevalent in many
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and the University of Florida became coeducational. In the late 20th century, many institutions of higher learning that had been exclusively for people of one sex became coeducational.
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to promote education among women who were hesitant to study in mixed-sex environment. Today, however, most universities and a large number of schools in urban areas are co-educational.
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are single-gender although some schools and colleges, and most universities are coeducational. In schools that offer O levels and A levels, co-education is quite prevalent. After the
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should be taught to read the Bible. The practice became very popular in northern England, Scotland, and colonial New England, where young children, both male and female, attended
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The first higher-education institution in the United Kingdom to allow women and men to enter on equal terms, and hence be admitted to academic degrees, was the
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Nonetheless, mixed-sex education existed at the lower levels in the U.S. long before it extended to colleges. For example, in 1787, the predecessor to
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who would become an educator and philanthropist. However, the school soon began having financial problems and it reopened as an all-male institution.
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Jackson, Carolyn, and Ian David Smith. "Poles apart? An exploration of single-sex and mixed-sex educational environments in Australia and England."
1018: 704: 632: 2315: 1764: 357: 988: 333: 360:. Most Hong Kong primary and secondary schools are mixed-sex, including government public schools, charter schools, and private schools. 823:, opened as a mixed-sex secondary school. Its first enrollment class consisted of 78 male and 36 female students. Among the latter was 2263:
Albisetti, James C. "Un-learned lessons from the New World? English views of American coeducation and women's colleges, c. 1865–1910."
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By the end of the 19th century 70% of American colleges were coeducational, although the state of Florida was a notable exception; the
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prepared for real-world situations and that students familiar with a single-sex setting could be less prepared, nervous, or uneasy.
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A number of Greek-letter student societies have either been established (locally or nationally) or expanded as co-ed fraternities.
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those moving toward the accommodation of both men and women at one campus, the state of Florida was an exception. In 1905, the
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Kerber, Stephen (January 1979). "William Edwards and the Historic University of Florida Campus: A Photographic Essay".
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serving white males, and coeducation stipulated only for the campus serving black students at the site of what is now
545: 193: 1978:. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (Vol. 59, Number 3, pp. 471–482). February 1986 1028: 423: 681: 616: 1905: 1882: 893: 858:(minister) and Philo P. Stewart (missionary) became friends while spending the summer of 1832 together in nearby 785: 577: 557: 1663: 897: 777: 709: 585: 561: 415: 235: 114: 270:, find coeducation to be controversial, owing to Islamic ideas on gender roles. On the other hand, the Muslim 247:
also began to allow women students to audit classes. One of the most notable female students of that time was
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or state university in the United States in 1855, and for much of the next century, public universities, and
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and the surrounding area. The school continues in existence to the present day with around 1,250 pupils.
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are mixed. A number of Quaker co-educational boarding schools were established before the 19th century.
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women's colleges were also appearing. According to Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra: "
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in Maine was open to women from its founding in 1855, and graduated its first female student in 1869.
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in 1947, most universities were coeducational but the proportion of women was less than 5%. After the
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Colleges were the first previously all-male colleges of the University of Cambridge to admit female
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Hansot, Elisabeth, and David Tyack. "Gender in American public schools: Thinking institutionally."
809: 757: 657: 637: 283: 163: 1997: 102:, which admitted boys and girls from its opening onwards. This has always been a day school only. 1932: 1799: 721: 689: 668: 407: 220:
and Peking Girls' Higher Normal School, but there was no coeducation in higher learning schools.
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Gender Education and Equality in a Global Context: Conceptual frameworks and policy perspectives
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was one of consolidation in governance and funding but separation in race and gender, with
2230: 2154: 1698: 1023: 873: 865: 849: 837: 753: 649: 641: 608: 482: 248: 217: 1309:"Хүйсээр үл ялгаварлан боловсрол олгож эхэлсэн Ази тивийн анхны сургуулийн 100 жилийн ой" 287: 2044: 1154:"Coeducation." (n.d.): Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. Web. 23 October 2012. 1841: 797: 749: 713: 469: 464: 159: 145: 106: 99: 1175:"The Single Sex v Coeducation Debate and the Experience of Schools that Change Status" 936: 498: 302: 2329: 824: 741: 685: 653: 593: 271: 125: 2195:"Single-sex schooling, gender and educational performance: Evidence using PISA data" 2124: 1547: 1464: 1373: 859: 345: 267: 231: 213: 205: 2242:
Girls' Secondary Education in the Western World: From the 18th to the 20th Century
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The oldest extant mixed-sex institute of higher education in the United States is
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became the next college to admit mixed-sex classes to four-year degree programs.
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countries. The relative merits of both systems have been the subject of debate.
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List of social fraternities and sororities § Coeducational fraternities
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List of earliest coeducational colleges and universities in the United States
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The Education (School Performance Information) (England) Regulations 2007
411: 391: 209: 110: 1803: 1585:"Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges" 724:. Other notable women's colleges that have become coeducational include 109:, a junior and senior school for males and females from ages 5 to 18 in 2289: 403: 2303:
Learning together: A history of coeducation in American public schools
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have begun to accept both sexes in the past few decades: for example,
1818:"Coed – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" 1667: 450: 399: 395: 344:. It was founded in 1915 as St. Paul's Girls' College. At the end of 88: 2247:
Karnaouch, Denise. "Féminisme et coéducation en Europe avant 1914."
1735: 812:, founded in 1635 (which did not become coeducational until 1972). 2149:"Why single-sex schools are bad for your health (if you're a boy)" 636: 255: 185: 105:
The world's oldest co-educational both day and boarding school is
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Educating men and women together: Coeducation in a changing world
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System of education where males and females are educated together
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2008. Two colleges remain single-sex (women-only) at Cambridge:
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Whatever happens to little women?: gender and primary schooling
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Rogers (Dir.), Rebecca; Cacouault, Marlaine (30 January 2019).
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China's universities, 1895–1995: a century of cultural conflict
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of 1905 imposed gender-separated white higher education at the
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Goodman, Joyce, James C. Albisetti, and Rebecca Rogers, eds.
2093:"Do our views about co-ed versus single-sex schools hold up?" 458:
Archbishop Tenison's Church of England High School, Croydon
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Archbishop Tenison's Church of England High School, Croydon
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A minister and a missionary founded Oberlin in 1833. Rev.
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The world's oldest co-educational school is thought to be
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The world's oldest co-educational school is thought to be
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in the United States were single-sex. Examples include
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policies in the early 1980s, the government established
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Clavel, Jose G.; Flannery, Darragh (15 December 2022).
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was the last all-male college to become mixed in 1988.
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where males and females are educated together. Whereas
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The first mixed-sex institution of higher learning in
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Looking Good: College Women and Body Image, 1875–1930
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La mixité dans l'éducation: Enjeux passés et présents
2025:. National Council of Teachers of English. June 2008 1072: 1070: 696:each admitted their first female students in 1870. 120:The first co-educational college to be founded was 2147: 1840: 1419:"Indiana University: The Transition to Coeduation" 1125: 1123: 556:in 1937; the first five undergraduate colleges ( 536:University of Cambridge § Women's education 2305:(Russell Sage Foundation, 1992) on K-12 schools 967: 274:have not historically objected to coeducation. 2045:"Capital Area STEM Editorial Style Guidelines" 872:The early success and achievement of women at 167:the same classes became an approved practice. 1638:"Milestones Achieved by the Women of F&M" 1587:. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 1287:"Réflexions sur la mixité scolaire en France" 532:University of Oxford § Women's education 8: 2321:American Council for CoEducational Schooling 2023:"Guidelines for Gender-Fair Use of Language" 1937:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 684:graduated its first female student in 1862. 262:Indigenous Muslim populations in China, the 1976:"Guidelines for Non-Sexist Use of Language" 1954:"Inclusive Education: Lessons from History" 1497:"Wheaton "Firsts" – Wheaton History A to Z" 1369:"Obituary – Professor Sir Bernard Williams" 1131:"History | About Oberlin | Oberlin College" 445:In the United Kingdom the official term is 30:"Coed" redirects here. For other uses, see 2120:"Co-educational schools are bad for girls" 1443:"Hillsdale College – History & Misson" 2210: 1327:, Schedule 6, regulation 11, clause 5(b). 2188: 2186: 1904:Miller, Casey, and Kate Smith. (2000). 1765:"The History of Coeducation in America" 1066: 2003:. Canadian Association of Broadcasters 1930: 1736:"Single-Sex Education VS Co-Education" 1598: 1340:(London:. Open University Press, 1989) 1204:Harrison, Clark, Rickerby's Solicitors 1078:"Archbishop's school, 300 years later" 1885:. Writing as Jo(e). 30 September 2006 1820:. Merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012 1231:. Taylor & Francis. p. 202. 633:Women's colleges in the United States 358:Tsuen Wan Government Secondary School 7: 2301:Tyack, David, and Elizabeth Hansot. 2199:British Educational Research Journal 2073:. Armidale, NSW: The Armidale School 1998:"Guidelines for Non-Sexist Language" 1883:"Don't Ever Call My Daughter a Coed" 1689:Simmons, Carrie (7 September 2007). 1180:. Armidale, NSW: The Armidale School 989:British Educational Research Journal 603:The last women's college in Oxford, 2146:Garner, Richard (1 December 2009). 2118:Palmar, Belinda (30 October 2013). 2047:. LA Board of Regents. October 2023 1626:. Horace Markley. pp. 385–386. 1397:"One Hundred Years Toward Suffrage" 1952:Boroson, Barbara. (1 April 2017). 1664:"F&M: 40 Years of Coeducation" 1322:Statutory Instrument 2007 No. 2324 25: 1907:The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing 1465:"University of Rochester History" 348:, it was temporarily merged with 334:St. Paul's Co-educational College 286:was opened to girls in 1860. The 2162:from the original on 15 May 2022 1792:The Florida Historical Quarterly 1623:The Americanization of the World 1135:Oberlin College and Conservatory 1002: 935: 497: 387:List of universities in Pakistan 301: 238:, and such famous professors as 228:The Audit Law for Women Students 1019:Co-educational boarding schools 890:Florida State College for Women 817:Franklin & Marshall College 774:Florida State College for Women 671:became the first coeducational 485:began to accept girls in 1987. 436:Education in the United Kingdom 190:Nanjing Higher Normal Institute 2316:Rosenberg: Coeducation History 850:Oberlin College § History 1: 2250:Clio. Femmes, genre, histoire 1691:"History of Westford Academy" 1200:"Single-sex Schools in China" 792:Primary and secondary schools 580:from its foundation in 1964. 489:Higher-education institutions 98:, established in 1714 in the 47: 1910:. Lippincott & Crowell. 1847:. Johns Hopkins UP. p.  730:Ohio Wesleyan Female College 383:List of colleges in Pakistan 140:In the 16th century, at the 122:Oberlin Collegiate Institute 1721:"History – Westtown School" 1479:"University of Iowa Firsts" 546:University College, Bristol 194:National Central University 2362: 2244:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 1839:Lowe, Margaret A. (2003). 907: 894:Florida A&M University 847: 786:Florida A&M University 682:Wheaton College (Illinois) 626: 529: 433: 376: 256:People's Republic of China 218:Ginling Women's University 29: 2097:The Sydney Morning Herald 1605:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1289:(in French). Ettajdid.org 1275:– via Google Books. 904:Co-education fraternities 716:is now coeducational and 613:Murray Edwards (New Hall) 46:by Charles Allan Winter, 1357:. University of Bristol. 1311:. Ikon. 2 November 2021. 1029:List of women's colleges 898:Florida State University 778:Florida State University 336:was the first mixed-sex 2341:Educational environment 2229:Fennell, Shailaja, and 1336:Christine Skelton, ed. 833:Westford, Massachusetts 821:Lancaster, Pennsylvania 677:land grant universities 2066:Guest, Murray (2014). 1173:Guest, Murray (2014). 980: 976:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 746:Sarah Lawrence College 699:Around the same time, 694:University of Michigan 645: 354:Queen Elizabeth School 61:mixed-gender education 53: 2274:26.4 (2000): 409–422. 2267:29.5 (2000): 473–489. 1763:Rosenberg, Rosalind. 1620:Stead, W. T. (1901). 886:University of Florida 782:University of Florida 640: 627:Further information: 607:, became mixed as of 544:(then established as 542:University of Bristol 530:Further information: 472:, founded in 1893 by 434:Further information: 398:countries where most 379:Education in Pakistan 377:Further information: 212:'s school during the 204:'s school during the 42: 32:Coed (disambiguation) 2265:History of Education 1570:Dangerous Experiment 1225:Ruth Hayhoe (1996). 1049:Unisex public toilet 1044:Single-sex education 424:Women's universities 234:, academic director 192:, which was renamed 85:single-sex education 2336:Mixed-sex education 2294:Lasser, Carol, ed. 2272:Educational Studies 1771:on 22 December 2012 840:, founded in 1799. 810:Boston Latin School 763:By 1900 the Briton 758:Connecticut College 748:in New York state, 712:colleges, of which 658:Mary Jane Patterson 394:is one of the many 164:American Revolution 57:Mixed-sex education 1734:Boukranaa, Ahmed. 1670:on 5 November 2009 1644:on 6 November 2009 1501:a2z.my.wheaton.edu 1417:Jones, Christine. 948:. You can help by 728:in Massachusetts, 722:Harvard University 690:Cornell University 669:University of Iowa 646: 510:. You can help by 479:single-sex schools 350:St. Paul's College 313:. You can help by 198:Nanjing University 162:, which after the 155:Society of Friends 79:), is a system of 54: 2288:(1988): 741–760. 2253:18 (2003): 21–41. 2237:(Routledge, 2007) 2212:10.1002/berj.3841 1355:www.bristol.ac.uk 1206:. 28 January 2019 966: 965: 856:John Jay Shipherd 806:Collegiate School 802:secondary schools 765:Frederic Harrison 718:Radcliffe College 662:Hillsdale College 528: 527: 474:John Haden Badley 449:, and today most 331: 330: 282:Admission to the 259:to all citizens. 245:Peking University 16:(Redirected from 2353: 2298:(1987), colleges 2217: 2216: 2214: 2190: 2181: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2151: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2072: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2002: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1846: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1767:. Archived from 1760: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1740:www.academia.edu 1731: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1697:. Archived from 1686: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1666:. Archived from 1660: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1640:. Archived from 1634: 1628: 1627: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1481:. Archived from 1475: 1469: 1468: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1347: 1341: 1334: 1328: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1265:. 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Index

Co-education
Coed (disambiguation)

education
single-sex education
Muslim
Archbishop Tenison's Church of England High School, Croydon
United Kingdom
Dollar Academy
Scotland
Dollar
Oberlin Collegiate Institute
Oberlin, Ohio
Council of Trent
Roman Catholic
dame schools
Society of Friends
common schools
American Revolution
China
Nanjing Higher Normal Institute
National Central University
Nanjing University
Li Zhi
Ming dynasty
Yuan Mei
Qing Dynasty
Ginling Women's University
Tao Xingzhi
Kuo Ping-Wen

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