307:
Drake demonstrated that poliovirus is able to undergo multiplicity reactivation. That is, when polioviruses were irradiated with UV light and allowed to undergo multiple infections of host cells, viable progeny could be formed even at UV doses that inactivated the virus in single infections.
296:. Coinfections appear to be common and several pathways have been identified for transmitting multiple virions to a single host cell. These include transmission by virion aggregates, transmission of viral
832:
Di Perri, G; Cruciani, M; Danzi, MC; Luzzati, R; De
Checchi, G; Malena, M; Pizzighella, S; Mazzi, R; et al. (1989). "Nosocomial epidemic of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients".
457:
914:"Immunoserologic evidence of coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and human granulocytic Ehrlichia species in residents of Wisconsin and Minnesota"
324:
templates during negative strand synthesis. Recombination in RNA viruses appears to be an adaptive mechanism for transmitting an undamaged genome to virus progeny.
726:
Shrestha, S. (2011). "Influence of host genetic and ecological factors in complex concomitant infections – relevance to sexually transmitted infections".
321:
100:
1003:
Aguilera ER, Pfeiffer JK. Strength in numbers: Mechanisms of viral co-infection. Virus Res. 2019;265:43-46. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.003
165:
of coinfection among humans is unknown, but it is thought to be commonplace, sometimes more common than single infection. Coinfection with
338:
961:
Waghmare, A; Strelitz, B; Lacombe, K; Perchetti, GA; Nalla, A; Rha, B; Midgley, C; Lively, JY; Klein, EJ; Kuypers, J; Englund, JA (2019).
667:
Hoffman, L. R.; Deziel, E.; D'argenio, D. A.; Lepine, F.; Emerson, J.; McNamara, S.; Gibson, R. L.; Ramsey, B. W.; Miller, S. I. (2006).
538:
Petney, TN; Andrews, RH (1998). "Multiparasite communities in animals and humans: frequency, structure and pathogenic significance".
810:
963:"Rhinovirus in Children Presenting to the Emergency Department: Role of Viral Load in Disease Severity and Co-Infections"
1235:
404:
317:
227:
of coinfection in humans suggests that there is greater potential for interactions via shared food sources than via the
216:
176:
within the host. The net effect of coinfection on human health is thought to be negative. Interactions can have either
267:
243:
434:
from another bacterial or viral micro-organism. Even more dangerous, some of them could already have conditions like
246:
of these two infectious diseases to be linked has been known for decades. Other common examples of coinfections are
763:"Analysis of a summary network of co-infection in humans reveals that parasites interact most via shared resources"
669:"Selection for Staphylococcus aureus small-colony variants due to growth in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
814:
287:
1198:
162:
472:
212:
181:
177:
198:
193:
188:. Negative parasite interactions include microbial interference when one bacterial species suppresses the
173:
1230:
309:
204:
875:
Lawn, SD (2004). "AIDS in Africa: the impact of coinfections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection".
877:
680:
622:
370:
348:
275:
857:
590:
520:
452:
353:
242:. In some countries, up to 80% of tuberculosis patients are also HIV-positive. The potential for
1225:
1161:
1120:
1079:
1030:
943:
894:
849:
792:
743:
708:
649:
598:
555:
512:
147:
143:
95:
320:(RdRP) catalyzes recombination by a copy choice mechanism in which the RdRP switches between
1151:
1110:
1069:
1061:
1022:
984:
974:
933:
925:
886:
841:
782:
774:
735:
698:
688:
639:
631:
582:
547:
504:
208:
46:
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of bodily resources, and precise viral quantitation demonstrates children co-infected with
215:
between parasite species are unknown, even among common coinfections such as those between
271:
684:
493:
1074:
1049:
989:
962:
787:
762:
703:
668:
644:
617:
462:
220:
151:
131:
116:
1013:
Drake JW (August 1958). "Interference and multiplicity reactivation in polioviruses".
938:
913:
845:
551:
180:
or negative effects on other parasites. Under positive parasite interactions, disease
1219:
1065:
1026:
415:
316:
are present in the same host cell. Kirkegaard and
Baltimore presented evidence that
259:
228:
861:
435:
376:
333:
292:
255:
235:
929:
818:
524:
172:
Coinfection is of particular human health importance because pathogen species can
1203:
1156:
1139:
423:
381:
359:
979:
890:
635:
739:
508:
427:
343:
263:
158:
693:
573:
Crompton, DW (1999). "How much human helminthiasis is there in the world?".
431:
419:
189:
166:
120:
112:
17:
1165:
1124:
1115:
1098:
1034:
898:
796:
778:
747:
712:
653:
602:
516:
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947:
853:
559:
467:
411:
364:
301:
224:
185:
127:
1190:
594:
123:
397:
391:
385:
313:
297:
586:
139:
135:
150:, which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by
439:
247:
278:
have lower nasal viral loads than those with rhinovirus alone.
254:
with opportunistic parasites and polymicrobial infections like
251:
239:
79:
761:
Griffiths, E.; Pedersen, A.; Fenton, A.; Petchey, O. (2014).
616:
Griffiths, EC; Pedersen, ABP; Fenton, A; Petchey, OP (2011).
258:
with other diseases. Coinfections sometimes can epitomize a
458:
List of human diseases associated with infectious pathogens
70:
55:
422:(flu) viral strains, certain viral strains that cause the
130:, coinfection includes simultaneous infection of a single
76:
58:
494:"Concomitant infections, parasites and immune responses"
184:
and progression are enhanced and this is also known as
618:"The nature and consequences of coinfection in humans"
73:
67:
61:
52:
49:
1180:
1138:
Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (January 2018).
1184:
94:
64:
37:
32:
1050:"The mechanism of RNA recombination in poliovirus"
1099:"How RNA viruses maintain their genome integrity"
673:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
300:within membrane vesicles, and transmission by
169:affects around 800 million people worldwide.
8:
138:particles. An example is the coinfection of
1048:Kirkegaard K, Baltimore D (November 1986).
912:Mitchell, PD; Reed, KD; Hofkes, JM (1996).
414:patients, or those who were ill with other
1181:
250:, which involves coinfection of end-stage
29:
1155:
1114:
1073:
988:
978:
937:
786:
702:
692:
643:
356:(enhances TB transmission and lethality)
484:
234:A globally common coinfection involves
540:International Journal for Parasitology
7:
394:and HIV coinfection (suppresses HIV)
442:that make patients very vulnerable.
418:, can be co-infected with seasonal
304:bound by several viral particles.
211:formation. The general patterns of
767:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
728:Journal of Reproductive Immunology
407:and HIV (enhance HIV transmission)
288:positive single-stranded RNA virus
25:
1144:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
918:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
45:
1103:The Journal of General Virology
1097:Barr JN, Fearns R (June 2010).
217:sexually transmitted infections
967:Open Forum Infectious Diseases
1:
930:10.1128/JCM.34.3.724-727.1996
846:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92942-5
552:10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00189-6
426:, or can be co-infected with
405:sexually transmitted diseases
1157:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024
1140:"Sex in microbial pathogens"
1066:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90600-8
1027:10.1016/0042-6822(58)90073-4
365:Hookworm-malaria coinfection
318:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
575:The Journal of Parasitology
268:respiratory syncytial virus
196:of other bacteria, such as
1252:
891:10.1016/j.jinf.2003.09.001
636:10.1016/j.jinf.2011.06.005
815:World Health Organization
740:10.1016/j.jri.2011.09.001
509:10.1017/s003118200001698x
339:Bacteriophage coinfection
980:10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2304
312:when at least two viral
694:10.1073/pnas.0606756104
473:Opportunistic infection
308:Poliovirus can undergo
213:ecological interactions
202:suppressing pathogenic
1116:10.1099/vir.0.020818-0
811:"Tuberculosis and HIV"
779:10.1098/rspb.2013.2286
503:. 122. Suppl: S23–38.
199:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
840:(8678–8679): 1502–4.
310:genetic recombination
205:Staphylococcus aureus
878:Journal of Infection
623:Journal of Infection
111:is the simultaneous
1236:Infectious diseases
685:2006PNAS..10319890H
400:and HIV coinfection
371:Mansonella perstans
349:HIV-HCV coinfection
276:parainfluenza virus
773:(1782): 20132286.
453:Infectious disease
354:HIV-TB coinfection
101:Infectious disease
1213:
1212:
1109:(Pt 6): 1373–87.
973:(10): S915–S916.
821:on July 21, 2006.
148:hepatitis D virus
144:hepatitis B virus
106:
105:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1243:
1182:
1170:
1169:
1159:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1118:
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958:
952:
951:
941:
909:
903:
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872:
866:
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822:
817:. Archived from
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790:
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751:
723:
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528:
498:
492:Cox, FE (2001).
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286:Poliovirus is a
221:network analysis
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760:
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755:
725:
724:
720:
679:(52): 19890–5.
666:
665:
661:
615:
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587:10.2307/3285768
572:
571:
567:
537:
536:
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496:
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486:
481:
449:
330:
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272:metapneumovirus
134:by two or more
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48:
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5:
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1185:Classification
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1177:External links
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1172:
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1130:
1089:
1040:
1005:
996:
953:
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867:
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753:
734:(1–2): 27–32.
718:
659:
630:(3): 200–206.
608:
581:(3): 397–403.
565:
530:
483:
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477:
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463:Superinfection
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293:Picornaviridae
290:in the family
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152:superinfection
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1060:(3): 433–43.
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1024:
1021:(1): 244–64.
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546:(3): 377–93.
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38:Pronunciation
36:
31:
19:
1231:Epidemiology
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1102:
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924:(3): 724–7.
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819:the original
805:
770:
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627:
621:
611:
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501:Parasitology
500:
487:
436:tuberculosis
377:Trichuriasis
369:
334:Anaplasmosis
306:
291:
285:
256:Lyme disease
236:tuberculosis
233:
203:
197:
194:colonisation
182:transmission
171:
156:
119:by multiple
108:
107:
18:Co-infection
885:(1): 1–12.
424:common cold
388:coinfection
382:Chikungunya
360:Hepatitis D
219:. However,
142:cells with
109:Coinfection
33:Coinfection
1220:Categories
479:References
438:or active
428:bronchitis
344:GB virus C
282:Poliovirus
264:rhinovirus
159:prevalence
432:pneumonia
420:influenza
190:virulence
186:syndemism
167:helminths
163:incidence
113:infection
96:Specialty
1226:Virology
1166:29111273
1150:: 8–25.
1125:20335491
1035:13581529
1015:Virology
899:14667787
797:24619434
748:22019002
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654:21704071
603:10386428
517:11442193
468:Syndemic
447:See also
412:COVID-19
328:Examples
322:(+)ssRNA
302:bacteria
244:dynamics
225:food web
178:positive
174:interact
128:virology
121:pathogen
1204:D060085
1084:3021340
1075:7133339
990:6810026
948:8904446
862:5608415
854:2574778
788:3973251
704:1750898
681:Bibcode
645:3430964
595:3285768
560:9559357
314:genomes
298:genomes
157:Global
124:species
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398:Chagas
392:Dengue
386:Dengue
209:colony
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858:S2CID
591:JSTOR
521:S2CID
497:(PDF)
410:Some
403:Most
223:of a
140:liver
136:virus
126:. In
115:of a
1199:MeSH
1162:PMID
1121:PMID
1080:PMID
1054:Cell
1031:PMID
944:PMID
895:PMID
850:PMID
793:PMID
744:PMID
709:PMID
650:PMID
599:PMID
556:PMID
513:PMID
440:AIDS
384:and
266:and
248:AIDS
238:and
146:and
132:cell
117:host
1152:doi
1111:doi
1070:PMC
1062:doi
1023:doi
985:PMC
975:doi
934:PMC
926:doi
887:doi
842:doi
783:PMC
775:doi
771:281
736:doi
699:PMC
689:doi
677:103
640:PMC
632:doi
583:doi
548:doi
505:doi
430:or
274:or
252:HIV
240:HIV
192:or
161:or
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