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found at Cổ Loa is believed to possibly be unique. The drum itself is one of the largest Bronze Age drums to have been recovered from the Red River Delta, standing 57 cm high and boasting a tympanum with a diameter of 73.6 cm. The drum itself weighs 72 kg and contains around 200 pieces of bronze, including 20 kg of scrap pieces from a range of artefacts. These include socketed hoes and ploughshares, socketed axes, and spearheads.
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The outer rampart comprises a perimeter of 8 km and is lined with guard towers. The ramparts still stand up to 12 m high and are 25 m in width at their base. Besides, part of the inner rampart was cut through for the purpose of archaeological investigation, which was dated from 400-350
678:
method associated with ancient China may have been used in Cổ Loa, but studies of the defensive works are still in a preliminary stage. Also, archaeologists have estimated that over two million cubic metres of material were moved in order to construct the entire fortress, including moats that were
617:
The mythical story goes that when the fortress was being built, all the work done during the day was mysteriously destroyed at night. The king made a sacrifice to the gods and in one night, a golden turtle appeared to him in a dream and told him the fortress was built on the turtle's carapace. The
694:
Excavations made by archaeologists have revealed Dong Son style pottery that had stratified over time under the walls, while a drum was found by chance by Nguyễn Giang Hải and Nguyễn Văn Hùng. The drum included a hoard of bronze objects. The rarity of such objects in
Southeast Asia and the range
686:
sherds stratified beneath the wall. A 72kg bronze drum was later excavated outside the inner wall in the 1980s. In 2004–05, several cultural layers were identified within the inner wall area. Various Cổ Loa artefacts represented "elite-level or royal characteristics", discovered only within the
644:
Stories of the Thục Phán's demise vary. Some say he committed suicide by jumping in the ocean. Some say he was borne off to sea by the magic turtle to never be seen again. In some versions, he was told by the magic turtle about his daughter's betrayal and killed his own daughter before killing
698:
The artifacts are numerically dominated by the ploughshares, of which there are 96. Six hoes and a chisel were in the set. There were 32 socketed axes of various shapes, including a boat shaped axehead. This was almost a replica of a clay mound found in the grave of the bronze metalworker at
690:
Then in 2007 - 2008 another excavation took place that excavated the middle wall of Cổ Loa citadel. The excavation cut through the entire width of the rampart. The stratification showed multiple layers of construction deposits: three periods and five major phases of construction.
641:. He tried to conquer his southern neighbour but was defeated. Instead, he married his son to the daughter of the Thục Phán. When the son was in Cổ Loa, he discovered the magic turtle's claw and stole it. His father then proceeded to invade Âu Lạc and easily defeated it.
661:
The site consists of two outer sets of ramparts and a citadel on the inside, of rectangular shape. The moats consist of a series of streams, including the Hoàng Giang River and a network of lakes that provided Cổ Loa with protection and navigation.
535:
Kingdom during the 3rd century BCE (about 257 BCE). It might be the first political center of the
Vietnamese civilization. The settlement’s concentric walls resemble a snail’s shell; it had an outer embankment covering 600
632:
Out of gratefulness to the king, the magic turtle gave the king a claw that he could use as a trigger on his crossbow. When used, it multiplied its force by the thousands. However, one of the Qin dynasty general,
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703:. Sixteen spearheads, a dagger and eight arrowheads were also found. One spearhead generated special interest because it was bimetallic, with an iron blade fitting into a bronze socket.
1360:
Kim, Nam C. (2020), "A Pathway to
Emergent Social Complexity and State Power: A View from Southeast Asia", in Bondarenko, Dmitri M.; Kowalewski, Stephen A.; Small, David B. (eds.),
709:
886:
1280:
Kelley, Liam C. (2014), "Constructing Local
Narratives: Spirits, Dreams, and Prophecies in the Medieval Red River Delta", in Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.),
674:
BCE. And it was suggested that this rampart was constructed by a local and indigenous society prior to the colonization of Han dynasty. The stamped earth technique or
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610:, choosing the site of Cổ Loa as his capital. Given its relatively large size, Cổ Loa maintained its dominant presence in the northern floodplain of the
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king was instructed to build the city in a new location, that of present-day Cổ Loa. The king did so, and the city was soon finished.
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Demattè, Paola (June 2015). "Travel and landscape: the Zuo River Valley rock art of
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China".
583:, the citadel is shaped like a snail, reflecting of the citadel's multi-layered structure with concentric ramparts and moats.
1976:
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fed by the Hoàng River. Kim estimated the population of Cổ Loa possibly ranged from 5,000 to around 10,000 inhabitants.
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1991:
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Vietnam's First City: At the site of Co Loa, researchers are examining the foundations of power in
Southeast Asia
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2006:
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Li, Tana (2011), "Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han Period
Tongking Gulf", in Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.),
302:
215:
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197:
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Kim, Nam C.; Lai, Van Toi; Trinh, Hoang Hiep (2010). "Co Loa: an investigation of
Vietnam's ancient capital".
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In 1970, the
Vietnamese carried out an investigation at a collapsed portion of the outer wall, uncovering
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Loewe, Michael (1986), "The Former Han dynasty", in
Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.),
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564:
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879:
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1971:
1943:
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Yu, Ying-shih (1986), "Han foreign relations", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.),
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whirling and swirling like the shape of a snail. Therefore, it was called Snail Citadel (Loa Thành)
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Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE
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China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia
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site’s enclosures, supporting the notion of centralised production and monopolisation.
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culture have been found in Cổ Loa, although it was later established as the capital of
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607:
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146:
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2309:
1893:
1801:
1391:
1333:
1103:
1642:
Ta Chʻeng, Great Perfection – Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom
1421:
Li, Tana (2011), "A Geopolitical Overview", in Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.),
760:
2197:
1868:
1691:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220
1450:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220
114:
1373:
2392:
2330:
1765:
1362:
The Evolution of Social Institutions. World-Systems Evolution and Global Futures
1325:
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520:
504:) is an important fortified settlement and archaeological site in present-day
17:
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978:
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and would have required a large amount of labour and resources to construct.
1527:"From Co-loa to the Trung Sisters' Revolt: VIET-NAM AS THE CHINESE FOUND IT"
653:
55:
665:
1212:
Ferlus, Michael (2009). "A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese".
1132:
The Tay Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam
1095:
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634:
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509:
123:
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1173:Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời: nghiên cứu địa lý học lịch sử Việt Nam
675:
638:
233:
1715:
893:。" tr: "The King then built a citadel at Việt Thường, one-thousand-
1849:
1434:, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 39–53,
1153:. Introduction to Asian Civilizations. Columbia University Press.
922:
920:
664:
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620:
516:
512:
505:
1016:
Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia
1821:
1719:
1425:, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 1–25
1227:
Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Rerlations ; 1637 - 1700
1149:
Dutton, George; Werner, Jayne; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012).
949:
947:
1504:
The Glory of Yue: An Annotated Translation of the Yuejue shu
1693:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–463
1452:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 110–128
1672:
Prehistoric Maritime Cultures and Seafaring in East Asia
839:
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833:
831:
829:
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Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
912:
Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
579:), literally meaning "ancient spiral". According to
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2019:
1952:
1916:
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1794:
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2454:Populated places established in the 3rd century BC
1214:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
1195:Lịch sử Việt Nam: Từ nguồn gốc đến cuối thế kỷ XIX
1111:De Vos, George A.; Slote, Walter H., eds. (1998).
1054:The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam
1063:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc
1833:
1731:
1711:Co Loa and the Story of the Headless Princess
1670:Wu, Chunming; Rolett, Barry Vladimir (2019).
1597:, Los Angeles: University of California Press
1595:The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South
515:, roughly 17 kilometers north of present-day
474:
8:
965:
953:
926:
606:in 257 BCE and founded the kingdom of
426:2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit
2059:
1913:
1840:
1826:
1818:
1738:
1724:
1716:
1246:The archaeology of mainland Southeast Asia
867:
855:
481:
467:
29:
1197:(in Vietnamese). Hanoi Publishing House.
1284:, United States: Brills, pp. 78–106
1662:Records Of The Grand Historian Of China
1461:. Greenwood (published June 30, 2001).
1457:McLeod, Mark; Nguyen, Thi Dieu (2001).
811:
705:
43:
32:
1115:. State University of New York Press.
843:
7:
171:Edict on the Transfer of the Capital
938:
818:
523:. Various relics of the Bronze Age
2213:Vietnam National Museum of History
1606:. University of California Press.
1556:. University of California Press.
1506:. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 93.
519:, in the upper plain north of the
25:
2439:Buildings and structures in Hanoi
1432:The Tongking Gulf Through History
1423:The Tongking Gulf Through History
1259:The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia
914:. Oxford University Press. p. 34
732:
720:
715:Bronze ploughshares and axe head
708:
450:
54:
2479:Archaeological sites in Vietnam
2208:Vietnam Military History Museum
2168:Hai Bà Trưng Temple (Đồng Nhân)
1400:A Dictionary of Asian Mythology
1151:Sources of Vietnamese Tradition
408:Millennial Anniversary of Hanoi
1924:Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long
1644:. University of Hawaii Press.
1625:. Cambridge University Press.
1459:Culture and Customs of Vietnam
1343:The Origins of Ancient Vietnam
1134:. University of Hawaii Press.
1037:. Cambridge University Press.
1018:. Cambridge University Press.
180:Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long
27:Archaeological site in Vietnam
1:
2469:3rd-century BC establishments
2383:Noi Bai International Airport
1621:Taylor, Keith Weller (2013).
1602:Taylor, Keith Weller (1983).
2305:Hanoi Indoor Games Gymnasium
2223:Vietnam Museum of Revolution
1665:. Columbia University Press.
1374:10.1007/978-3-030-51437-2_10
2228:National Library of Vietnam
1623:A History of the Vietnamese
1345:. Oxford University Press.
1113:Confucianism and the Family
1014:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016).
751:List of capitals of Vietnam
345:Declaration of independence
2505:
2341:National Convention Center
2326:National Assembly Building
1525:O’Harrow, Stephen (1979).
1263:Cambridge University Press
1250:Cambridge University Press
1175:(in Vietnamese). Nha Nam.
1052:Buttinger, Joseph (1958).
2489:Military history of Hanoi
2434:Historical sites in Hanoi
2249:Bát Tràng ceramic village
2218:Vietnamese Women's Museum
1640:Terry F. Kleeman (1998).
1573:Vietnam, Past and Present
1552:Jamieson, Neil L (1995).
1326:10.1017/S0003598X00067041
1130:George E. Dutton (2006).
966:Kim, Lai & Trinh 2010
954:Kim, Lai & Trinh 2010
927:Kim, Lai & Trinh 2010
598:people defeated the last
417:2017 Hanoi hostage crisis
363:Operation Rolling Thunder
279:Battle of Cầu Giấy (1883)
216:Sack of Thăng Long (1383)
207:Sack of Thăng Long (1371)
198:Sack of Thăng Long (1288)
189:Sack of Thăng Long (1285)
2290:Mỹ Đình National Stadium
2007:Hanoi Medical University
1604:The Birth of the Vietnam
1571:SarDesai, D. R. (2005).
1502:Milburn, Olivia (2010).
1479:; Yian, Go Geok (2016).
1257:Higham, Charles (1996).
1244:Higham, Charles (1989).
1225:Hoàng, Anh Tuấn (2007).
1033:Brindley, Erica (2015).
992:21.113408°N 105.873206°E
303:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
2300:Quần Ngựa Sports Palace
1659:Watson, Burton (1961).
1404:Oxford University Press
1398:Leeming, David (2001).
1295:Oxford University Press
1061:Chapuis, Oscar (1995).
884:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
669:Part of citadel's ruin.
581:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
2464:250s BC establishments
2367:Hotel de l'Opera Hanoi
2259:Ngọc Hà flower village
2116:St. Joseph's Cathedral
1674:. Springer Singapore.
1591:Schafer, Edward Hetzel
1481:Ancient Southeast Asia
868:Miksic & Yian 2016
856:Miksic & Yian 2016
670:
658:
629:
501:
354:Battle of Hanoi (1946)
261:Battle of Hanoi (1882)
252:Battle of Hanoi (1873)
225:Battle of Chương Dương
2388:Hanoi railway station
2269:Vạn Phúc silk village
1889:Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum
1575:. Avalon Publishing.
1554:Understanding Vietnam
1289:Kiernan, Ben (2019).
1056:. Praeger Publishers.
997:21.113408; 105.873206
910:Kiernan, Ben (2017).
889:quote: "王於是築城于越裳，廣千丈，
668:
656:
624:
548:The name "Cổ Loa" is
390:Operation Ivory Coast
2264:Lệ Mật snake village
1929:Temple of Literature
1781:Việt Khê (Hải Phòng)
1485:Taylor & Francis
1368:, pp. 225–253,
1341:Kim, Nam C. (2015).
1096:10.15184/aqy.2014.49
929:, p. 1011-1027.
525:Phùng Nguyên culture
2484:Citadels in Vietnam
2398:Chương Dương Bridge
2346:Vinhomes Times City
2254:Hàng Trống painting
2193:Museum of Fine Arts
2188:Museum of Ethnology
2131:Phùng Khoang Church
2027:Ba Vì National Park
1982:Presidential Palace
1944:Flag Tower of Hanoi
1477:Miksic, John Norman
1366:Springer Publishing
1065:. Greenwood Press.
988: /
381:Sơn Tây prison camp
106:Siege of Jiao (271)
2362:Hilton Hanoi Opera
2336:Lotte Center Hanoi
2203:Ho Chi Minh Museum
1776:Làng Vạc (Nghệ An)
1771:Làng Cả (Vĩnh Phú)
1547:– via JSTOR.
1532:Asian Perspectives
1320:(326): 1011–1027.
941:, p. 219-220.
739:Cổ Loa bronze drum
727:Ceramic eaves tile
671:
659:
630:
628:Temple at citadel.
457:Vietnam portal
2416:
2415:
2403:Thăng Long Bridge
2319:Modern structures
2176:
2175:
2147:Quán Thánh Temple
2075:One Pillar Pagoda
2015:
2014:
1992:State Guest House
1962:Hanoi Opera House
1815:
1814:
1786:Xuân La (Hà Đông)
1766:Châu Can (Hà Tây)
1632:978-0-521-87586-8
1613:978-0-520-07417-0
1582:978-0-813-34308-2
1517:978-90474-4-399-5
1494:978-1-317-27903-7
1468:978-0-313-36113-5
1441:978-0-812-20502-2
1383:978-3-030-51436-5
1352:978-0-199-98089-5
1304:978-0-190-05379-6
1236:978-90-04-15601-2
1204:978-604-556-114-0
1182:978-604-94-8700-2
1160:978-0-231-13862-8
1141:978-0-82482-984-1
1122:978-0-791-43735-3
1044:978-110-70847-8-0
1025:978-1-316-44055-1
491:
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399:APEC Vietnam 2006
328:
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321:Hanoi Poison Plot
286:
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270:Battle of Gia Cuc
154:
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133:Siege of Songping
80:
79:
16:(Redirected from
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2474:Đông Sơn culture
2429:Forts in Vietnam
2295:Hàng Đẫy Stadium
2274:Trang Tien Plaza
2244:Đồng Xuân Market
2090:Trấn Quốc Pagoda
2060:
2037:Thiền Quang Lake
2020:Nature and parks
1972:Long Biên Bridge
1914:
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1747:Dong Son culture
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887:"An Dương Vương"
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796:Đông Sơn culture
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684:Dong Son culture
573:Standard Chinese
483:
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341:
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312:Hanoi Exhibition
299:
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167:
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137:Tang-Nanzhao war
93:
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2449:Bronze Age Asia
2444:Ancient Vietnam
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2408:Nhật Tân Bridge
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2350:
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2232:
2172:
2156:
2152:Ngọc Sơn Temple
2135:
2126:Hàm Long Church
2104:
2100:Non Nước Pagoda
2056:Religious sites
2051:
2011:
1986:Historical Site
1977:Hôtel Métropole
1954:
1948:
1909:
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1700:Further reading
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968:, p. 1015.
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612:Red River Delta
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550:Sino-Vietnamese
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372:Hà Tây province
338:
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163:Imperial period
156:
155:
90:
82:
81:
66:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:Cửa Bắc Church
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Quán Sứ Pagoda
2066:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2042:Trúc Bạch Lake
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:Cổ Loa Citadel
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:Ba Đình Square
1881:
1876:
1874:Thê Húc Bridge
1871:
1866:
1864:Hoàn Kiếm Lake
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1681:978-9813292567
1680:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1637:
1631:
1618:
1612:
1599:
1587:
1581:
1568:
1562:
1549:
1539:(2): 140–164.
1522:
1516:
1499:
1493:
1473:
1467:
1454:
1445:
1440:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1395:
1382:
1357:
1351:
1338:
1309:
1303:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1254:
1241:
1235:
1222:
1209:
1203:
1187:
1181:
1165:
1159:
1146:
1140:
1127:
1121:
1108:
1077:
1071:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1030:
1024:
1010:
1008:
1005:
971:
970:
958:
943:
931:
916:
903:
872:
870:, p. 156.
860:
858:, p. 111.
848:
846:, p. 122.
823:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
781:An Dương Vương
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
746:
743:
742:
741:
738:
731:
729:
726:
719:
717:
714:
707:
650:
647:
626:An Dương Vương
604:Hùng Duệ Vương
588:
585:
561:Middle Chinese
545:
542:
494:Cổ Loa Citadel
489:
488:
486:
485:
478:
471:
463:
460:
459:
446:
445:
437:
436:
431:
430:
428:
422:
421:
419:
413:
412:
410:
404:
403:
401:
395:
394:
392:
386:
385:
383:
377:
376:
374:
368:
367:
365:
359:
358:
356:
350:
349:
347:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
325:
323:
317:
316:
314:
308:
307:
305:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
284:
283:
281:
275:
274:
272:
266:
265:
263:
257:
256:
254:
248:
247:
245:
239:
238:
236:
230:
229:
227:
221:
220:
218:
212:
211:
209:
203:
202:
200:
194:
193:
191:
185:
184:
182:
176:
175:
173:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
152:
151:
149:
143:
142:
140:
129:
128:
126:
120:
119:
117:
111:
110:
108:
102:
101:
99:
91:
89:Chinese period
88:
87:
84:
83:
78:
77:
75:
73:Cổ Loa Citadel
67:
64:
63:
60:
59:
51:
50:
41:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Co Loa Citadel
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2501:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2310:Hanoi Circuit
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Hỏa Lò Prison
1995:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Đống Đa Mound
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Labour Square
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:Landmarks of
1843:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Dong Son drum
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1651:0-8248-1800-8
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1563:9780520201576
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1413:9780195120523
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1272:0-521-56505-7
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1072:03132-9-622-7
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1001:
967:
962:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
935:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
907:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:
881:
876:
873:
869:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
824:
821:, p. 18.
820:
815:
812:
806:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Triệu dynasty
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
735:
730:
723:
718:
711:
706:
704:
702:
696:
692:
688:
685:
680:
677:
667:
663:
657:Map of Cổ Loa
655:
648:
646:
642:
640:
636:
627:
623:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:
551:
543:
541:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
484:
479:
477:
472:
470:
465:
464:
462:
461:
458:
448:
447:
444:
443:
439:
438:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
334:
333:
324:
322:
319:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
295:French period
292:
291:
282:
280:
277:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
160:
159:
150:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
134:
131:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
86:
85:
76:
74:
71:
70:
65:Âu Lạc period
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
49:
42:
37:
31:
19:
2198:Hanoi Museum
2080:Hương Temple
1967:Grand Palais
1933:
1869:Turtle Tower
1857:Public space
1807:Ngọc Lũ drum
1760:
1690:
1671:
1661:
1641:
1622:
1603:
1594:
1572:
1553:
1536:
1530:
1503:
1480:
1458:
1449:
1431:
1422:
1399:
1361:
1342:
1317:
1313:
1290:
1281:
1258:
1245:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1194:
1172:
1150:
1131:
1112:
1087:
1081:
1062:
1053:
1034:
1015:
1007:Bibliography
973:
961:
934:
911:
906:
898:
890:
883:
875:
863:
851:
814:
791:Tây Vu Vương
697:
693:
689:
681:
672:
660:
643:
631:
616:
590:
576:
568:
547:
502:Thành Cổ Loa
493:
492:
440:
337:Modern Hanoi
72:
2393:Hanoi Metro
2331:Landmark 72
2095:Láng Temple
2085:Thầy Temple
1879:Old Quarter
1191:Đào Duy Anh
1169:Đào Duy Anh
995: /
983:105°52′24″E
880:Ngô Sĩ Liên
844:Higham 1996
771:Phiên Ngung
649:Archaeology
552:reading of
45:History of
2423:Categories
2002:State Bank
1908:Historical
1899:Lenin Park
980:21°06′48″N
807:References
776:Trọng Thuỷ
498:Vietnamese
2376:Transport
2047:Red River
2032:West Lake
1910:monuments
1795:Artifacts
1392:226486108
1334:162065918
1314:Antiquity
1229:. BRILL.
1220:: 95–108.
1193:(2020) .
1171:(2016) .
1104:163701007
1083:Antiquity
891:盤旋如螺形故號螺城
801:Bách Việt
645:himself.
600:Hung king
592:Thục Phán
544:Etymology
521:Red River
243:Bắc Thành
234:Đông Kinh
124:Tống Bình
115:Long Biên
2237:Shopping
2109:Catholic
2063:Buddhist
1955:colonial
1593:(1967),
1545:42928006
939:Kim 2015
882:et al.,
819:Kim 2015
766:Triệu Đà
761:Nam Việt
745:See also
635:Zhao Tuo
538:hectares
529:Đông Sơn
513:district
510:Đông Anh
442:Timeline
36:a series
34:Part of
2181:Museums
701:Làng Cả
596:Âu Việt
594:of the
587:History
569:kuo-luɑ
97:Jiaozhi
2459:257 BC
2355:Hotels
2283:Sports
2140:Taoist
1953:French
1917:Feudal
1761:Cổ Loa
1678:
1648:
1629:
1610:
1579:
1560:
1543:
1514:
1491:
1465:
1438:
1410:
1390:
1380:
1349:
1332:
1301:
1269:
1233:
1201:
1179:
1157:
1138:
1119:
1102:
1069:
1041:
1022:
897:wide,
786:Âu Lạc
676:Hangtu
639:Nanyue
608:Âu Lạc
577:gǔ luó
559:(<
533:Âu Lạc
147:Đại La
38:on the
2161:Other
1850:Hanoi
1754:Sites
1541:JSTOR
1388:S2CID
1330:S2CID
1100:S2CID
895:zhàng
571:>
517:Hanoi
506:Hanoi
47:Hanoi
1676:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1378:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1039:ISBN
1020:ISBN
527:and
1370:doi
1322:doi
1092:doi
508:'s
2425::
1537:22
1535:.
1529:.
1510:.
1487:.
1483:.
1406:.
1402:.
1386:,
1376:,
1364:,
1328:.
1318:84
1316:.
1297:.
1293:.
1265:.
1261:.
1248:.
1216:.
1098:.
1088:89
1086:.
946:^
919:^
901:."
826:^
602:,
575::
567:)
565:ZS
540:.
500::
1988:)
1984:(
1841:e
1834:t
1827:v
1739:e
1732:t
1725:v
1684:.
1654:.
1635:.
1616:.
1585:.
1566:.
1520:.
1497:.
1471:.
1416:.
1372::
1355:.
1336:.
1324::
1307:.
1275:.
1252:.
1239:.
1218:1
1207:.
1185:.
1163:.
1144:.
1125:.
1106:.
1094::
1075:.
1047:.
1028:.
563:(
557:螺
554:古
496:(
482:e
475:t
468:v
139:)
135:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
