331:
62:
74:
853:
658:
The coccyx is not entirely useless in humans, because it has attachments to various muscles, tendons and ligaments. However, these muscles, tendons and ligaments are also attached at many other points, to stronger structures than the coccyx. It is doubtful that the coccyx attachments are important to
537:
and coccyx. It arises by tendinous fibers from the last segment of the sacrum, or first piece of the coccyx, and passes downward to be inserted into the lower part of the coccyx. It is an evolutionary relic of the extensor muscle of the caudal vertebrae of other animals, enabling limited coccygeal
440:
The lateral borders are thin and exhibit a series of small bony protrusions, which represent the transverse processes of the coccygeal vertebrae. Of these, the first is the largest; it is flattened anteriorly, and often extends to join the lower part of the thin lateral edge of the sacrum, thus
1228:
Coccygektomi kan være en behandlingsmulighed ved kronisk coccygodyni (Coccygectomy may be a treatment option for chronic coccydynia) Ugeskr Læger 2011 Feb 14; 173(7): 495-500. In Danish. Aarby, Nanett
Skjellerup (1), Trollegaard, Anton Mitchell (2) and Hellberg, Steen (2)
377:
Most anatomy books incorrectly state that the coccyx is normally fused in adults. It has been shown that the coccyx may, in some people, consist of up to five separate bony segments, the most common configuration being two or three segments.
667:. Reviews of studies covering more than 700 coccygectomies found the operation was successful in relieving pain in 84% of cases. 12% of the time, the only major complication faced was infection due to the proximity to the anus. One notable
973:
Note: Nacholapithecus and
Nakaliphitecus nakayamai are two different species of Miocene hominoids (specimens from Nakali and Nachola respectively). See for example "Comparisons with Other Hominoids" in (Kunimatsu, Nakatsukasa
1382:
A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the
English language. Dealing with the origin of words and their sense development thus illustration the history of civilization and culture.
1343:
Miranda EP, Anderson AL, Dosanjh AS, Lee CK (September 2007). "Successful management of recurrent coccygeal hernia with the de-epithelialised rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap".
354:; the last piece (sometimes the third) is a mere nodule of bone. The transverse processes are most prominent and noticeable on the first coccygeal segment. All the segments lack
776:(because the sound of the farts that leave the anus and dash against this bone, shows a likeness to the call of the cuckoo). Riolan's explanation is not considered credible.
445:
of the fifth sacral nerve; the others diminish in size from caudally, and are often lacking. The borders of the coccyx are narrow, and give attachment on either side to the
1029:
1666:
931:
406:
surface is convex, marked by transverse grooves similar to those on the anterior surface, and presents on either side a linear row of tubercles – the undeveloped
204:
390:
surface is slightly concave and marked with three transverse grooves which indicate the junctions of the different segments. It gives attachment to the
1792:
1925:
2329:
1915:
1198:
1085:
180:
852:
1491:
Panourias, I.G.; Stranjalis, G.; Stavrinou, L.C.; Sakas, D.E. (2011). "The
Hellenic and Hippocratic origins of the spinal terminology".
599:
134:
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611:
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921:
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199:
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2004:
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was applied as the last three or four bones of the coccyx resemble the beak of this bird, when viewed from the side.
2284:
1581:
1426:
1044:
2334:
2098:
2069:
1838:
355:
2093:
2086:
2081:
1662:"A new Late Miocene great ape from Kenya and its implications for the origins of African great apes and humans"
319:
211:
163:
1997:
1945:
1778:
769:
696:
668:
474:
1940:
1860:
873:
829:
748:
This established etymological explanation can also be found in the writings of the 16th century anatomist
627:
583:
446:
187:
175:
1992:
1987:
1935:
1023:
623:
619:
450:
429:
1717:"Acquisition of bipedalism: the Miocene hominoid record and modern analogues for bipedal protohominids"
330:
756:(the cuckoo bone shows a likeness to the beak of the cuckoo bird). Vesalius used the Latin expression
2115:
1870:
1675:
575:
571:
2110:
2105:
1875:
533:, which is not always present. It extends over the caudal portion of the posterior surface of the
407:
403:
347:
505:. It is not consistently present in all humans. The coccygeal fossa marks the deepest part of the
2299:
2261:
2241:
2052:
2032:
1974:
1964:
1910:
1897:
1594:
1516:
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635:
579:
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498:
351:
312:
286:
30:
This article is about the tailbone in apes and analogous structures. For animals with tails, see
774:
quia crepitus, qui per sedimentum exeunt, ad is os allisi, cuculi vocis similitudinem effingunt
2289:
2074:
2057:
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of the coccygeal vertebrae. Of these, the superior pair are the largest, and are called the
249:
102:
79:
31:
2266:
2256:
1930:
1880:
1848:
1599:
1534:
Sugar, Oscar (February 1995). "Historical
Perspective Coccyx: The Bone Named for a Bird".
1436:
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990:"MRI-based detailed evaluation of the anatomy of the human coccyx among Turkish adults"
885:
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73:
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1461:
Onomatologia
Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart.
1422:
1272:
859:
791:, of the tail is attested. This Latin expression might be the source of the English,
720:
631:
425:
290:
257:
35:
1520:
1288:
699:. Both coccydynia and coccygeal tumors may require surgical removal of the coccyx (
2120:
1982:
1887:
1481:(Dritte Auflage). Göttingen: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung.
700:
660:
506:
417:
371:
300:
42:
17:
1504:
168:
2221:
2216:
2201:
510:
458:
420:, and articulate with the cornua of the sacrum, and on either side complete the
395:
83:
1356:
2184:
1045:"Filling the Gap: on the New Micro-toponomic Phenomena and Partial Topologies"
738:
684:
664:
1555:
1061:
1006:
989:
307:. It comprises three to five separate or fused coccygeal vertebrae below the
192:
2246:
2179:
1688:
1173:
1169:
900:
735:
639:
370:, and often exists as a separate piece; the remaining ones diminish in size
269:
1750:
1707:
1512:
1364:
1329:
1280:
1101:
Maigne JY; Molinie V; Fautrel B (1992). "Anatomie des disques coccygiens".
1015:
922:"Why don't humans have tails? Scientists find answers in an unlikely place"
346:. In each of the first three segments may be traced a rudimentary body and
1563:
1395:
1230:
1147:
2166:
1813:
1256:
895:
615:
591:
502:
494:
387:
339:
282:
261:
768:, the Latin name for the cuckoo. The 16th/17th century French anatomist
687:
and one or more of the bones or the connections thereof may be broken,
421:
279:
217:
2157:
2044:
1770:
1660:
Kunimatsu, Yutaka; Nakatsukasa, Masato; et al. (December 2007).
962:
First coccygeal/caudal vertebra in short-tailed or tailless primates.
742:
729:
534:
490:
399:
343:
308:
46:
322:, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and the coccyx.
988:
Tetiker H, Koşar MI, Çullu N, Canbek U, Otağ I, Taştemur Y (2017).
741:
to denote the end of the vertebral column. This Greek name for the
1805:
692:
587:
315:
265:
151:
772:
gives a rather hilarious etymological explanation, as he writes:
1801:
1463:
Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und
Universitätsbuchhändler.
880:
683:
Injuring the coccyx can give rise to a painful condition called
1774:
695:
are known to involve the coccyx; of these, the most common is
2174:
1642:
Federative
Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998).
926:
734:"cuckoo"; the latter is attested in the writings of the Greek
473:
The apex is rounded, and has attached to it the tendon of the
253:
1415:
724:
638:
respectively) also attach to the coccyx. An extension of the
489:
is a shallow depression on the posterior surface between the
1618:
Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen
Nomenclatur.
703:). One very rare complication of coccygectomy is a type of
366:. The first segment is the largest; it resembles the lowest
256:, and analogous structures in certain other mammals such as
1629:
Everdingen, J.J.E. van, Eerenbeemt, A.M.M. van den (2012).
1122:"The incidence of ossification of the sacrococcygeal joint"
111:
120:
1216:
Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and
Function
338:
The coccyx is formed of three, four or five rudimentary
827:. In the current official anatomic Latin nomenclature,
562:
The anterior side of the coccyx has attachments to the
41:"Coccyges" redirects here. For the clade of birds, see
1767:(Peer-reviewed medical chapter, available free online)
1241:
Heum Dai Kwon et al., Coccygodynia and Coccygectomy.
135:
126:
123:
117:
114:
108:
1765:
Coccydynia (coccyx pain, tailbone pain) at eMedicine
1577:
1575:
1573:
1168:
Foye, Patrick M; Buttaci, Charles J (June 3, 2008).
659:
the well-being of humans, given the large number of
554:; (3) intermediate between these two; (4) ossified.
2275:
2232:
2165:
2156:
2136:
2043:
2013:
1973:
1896:
1821:
1812:
1257:"Causes and Mechanisms of Common Coccydynia. Spine"
1255:Maigne, J-Y; Doursounian, L; Chatellier, G (2000).
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
441:completing the foramen for the transmission of the
198:
186:
174:
162:
150:
145:
105:
96:
91:
54:
1190:Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management
858:The coccyx sits below the sacrum and behind the
1302:Foye P, Buttaci C, Stitik T, Yonclas P (2006).
1786:
1633:(12de druk). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
1479:Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon
334:A coccyx with four vertebrae below the sacrum
289:. In animals with bony tails, it is known as
8:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1376:
1374:
1028:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
814:
808:
754:os cuculi, a similitudine rostri cuculi avis
501:that runs from just below the sacrum to the
1612:
1610:
1608:
1493:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
821:
2162:
1818:
1793:
1779:
1771:
72:
60:
1740:
1697:
1687:
1319:
1218:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 268.
1137:
1060:
1005:
610:that extend along the entire spine. The
582:. Attached to the posterior side is the
671:of coccygectomy is an increased risk of
546:The joints are variable and may be: (1)
542:Sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal joints
329:
1592:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
1231:https://www.coccyx.org/medabs/aarby.htm
912:
848:
663:procedures performed annually to treat
1304:"Successful injection for coccyx pain"
1021:
461:in front of the ligaments, and to the
215:
51:
342:. It articulates superiorly with the
7:
920:Weisberger, Mindy (March 23, 2024).
78:The coccyx is the final bone in the
934:from the original on March 24, 2024
602:which are the continuations of the
594:attached to the coccyx include the
233:
1321:10.1097/01.phm.0000233174.86070.63
600:posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments
285:), the coccyx is the remnant of a
25:
1733:10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00290.x
1715:Nakatsukasa, Masato (May 2004).
1631:Pinkhof Geneeskundig woordenboek
1548:10.1097/00007632-199502000-00024
1384:Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V.
1273:10.1097/00007632-200012010-00015
851:
612:lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments
608:posterior longitudinal ligaments
392:anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
101:
1620:Fürth: im Bureau für Literatur.
646:, extends from the apex of the
244:), commonly referred to as the
1103:Revue de Médecine Orthopedique
311:, attached to the sacrum by a
248:, is the final segment of the
1:
2330:Bones of the vertebral column
1345:J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg
1267:(23). coccyx.org: 3072–3079.
1078:Applied anatomy of the pelvis
1076:Lierse, Werner (2012-12-06).
707:known as a coccygeal hernia.
650:, and inserts on the coccyx.
2005:Uncinate process of vertebra
1906:Uncinate process of vertebra
1505:10.1080/0964704X.2010.510180
1214:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2003).
730:
477:; it may be divided in two.
424:for the transmission of the
1401:Online Etymology Dictionary
1193:. McGraw-Hill. p. 59.
2351:
2285:Superior thoracic aperture
1416:
1357:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.08.002
871:
725:
509:, next to the coccyx. The
40:
34:. For the moth genus, see
29:
2099:posterior sacral foramina
1616:Schreger, C.H.Th.(1805).
1187:Morris, Craig E. (2005).
954:Acquisition of bipedalism
398:and supports part of the
210:
71:
59:
2087:anterior sacral foramina
1080:. Springer. p. 40.
1062:10.31058/j.hr.2017.11004
1007:10.4103/1119-3077.198313
320:sacrococcygeal symphysis
212:Anatomical terms of bone
1689:10.1073/pnas.0706190104
1432:A Greek–English Lexicon
1245:, 9, 4 (2012), 326-333.
1243:Korean Journal of Spine
770:Jean Riolan the Younger
697:sacrococcygeal teratoma
628:sacrotuberous ligaments
475:external anal sphincter
1861:Intervertebral foramen
1644:Terminologia Anatomica
874:anatomical terminology
830:Terminologia Anatomica
822:
815:
809:
622:. Some fibers of the
590:at the hip joint. The
451:sacrospinous ligaments
335:
1423:Liddell, Henry George
1308:Am J Phys Med Rehabil
679:Clinical significance
333:
2116:Lateral sacral crest
1477:Kraus, L.A. (1844).
719:is derived from the
632:spine of the ischium
586:, which extends the
550:; (2) thin discs of
352:transverse processes
2325:Bones of the thorax
2111:Medial sacral crest
2106:Median sacral crest
1680:2007PNAS..10419220K
1646:. Stuttgart: Thieme
408:articular processes
82:that surrounds the
18:Coccygeal vertebrae
2300:Infrasternal angle
2262:Xiphisternal joint
2242:Suprasternal notch
1975:Thoracic vertebrae
1965:Vertebra prominens
1926:Posterior tubercle
1911:Transverse foramen
1898:Cervical vertebrae
1721:Journal of Anatomy
1595:A Latin Dictionary
1459:Hyrtl, J. (1880).
1380:Klein, E. (1971).
1126:Journal of Anatomy
1120:Saluja PG (1988).
994:Niger J Clin Pract
952:Nakatsukasa 2004,
891:Human vestigiality
872:This article uses
689:fractured tailbone
636:ischial tuberosity
630:(arising from the
580:anococcygeal raphe
564:levator ani muscle
499:intergluteal cleft
430:fifth sacral nerve
426:posterior division
336:
313:fibrocartilaginous
27:Bone of the pelvis
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2290:Intercostal space
2152:
2151:
2075:sacral tuberosity
2058:sacral promontory
1916:Anterior tubercle
1856:Vertebral foramen
1822:General structure
1394:Harper, Douglas.
1200:978-0-07-137472-9
1087:978-3-642-71368-2
1043:Cosmo, L (2017).
845:Additional images
620:last sacral nerve
527:extensor coccygis
521:Extensor coccygis
497:, located in the
443:anterior division
364:spinous processes
226:
225:
221:
16:(Redirected from
2342:
2335:Vestigial organs
2163:
2015:Lumbar vertebrae
1921:Carotid tubercle
1819:
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881:Bone terminology
855:
825:
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812:
810:l'os de la queue
750:Andreas Vesalius
733:
728:
727:
413:coccygeal cornua
250:vertebral column
235:
218:edit on Wikidata
138:
133:
132:
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80:vertebral column
76:
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32:Caudal vertebrae
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2267:Xiphoid process
2257:Body of sternum
2228:
2148:
2132:
2070:Lateral surface
2039:
2009:
1969:
1892:
1808:
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1761:
1714:
1674:(49): 19220–5.
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1654:Further reading
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1600:Perseus Project
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1437:Perseus Project
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1049:Health Research
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909:
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863:
856:
847:
793:French language
713:
705:perineal hernia
691:. A number of
681:
673:perineal hernia
656:
644:filum terminale
584:gluteus maximus
560:
548:synovial joints
544:
531:muscle fascicle
523:
487:coccygeal fossa
483:
481:Coccygeal fossa
471:
463:gluteus maximus
438:
384:
368:sacral vertebra
328:
275:Nacholapithecus
222:
136:
104:
100:
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2101:
2094:Dorsal surface
2091:
2090:
2089:
2082:Pelvic surface
2079:
2078:
2077:
2067:
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2060:
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1946:posterior arch
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97:Pronunciation
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36:Cydia (genus)
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2121:Sacral canal
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1888:Spinal canal
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1024:cite journal
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936:. Retrieved
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682:
669:complication
661:coccygectomy
657:
624:sacrospinous
561:
545:
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507:pelvic floor
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301:bird anatomy
295:
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245:
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181:A02.2.06.001
156:
43:Cuculiformes
839:os coccygis
816:Schwanzbein
764:, bone and
752:who wrote:
558:Attachments
511:levator ani
459:levator ani
157:os coccygis
146:Identifiers
84:spinal cord
2319:Categories
2185:false ribs
2033:mammillary
1998:transverse
1871:transverse
907:References
823:staartbeen
739:Herophilus
685:coccydynia
665:coccydynia
270:great apes
268:and other
66:The coccyx
2247:Manubrium
2180:true ribs
2028:accessory
2023:Processes
1876:articular
1866:Processes
1814:Vertebrae
1556:0362-2436
1174:eMedicine
1132:: 11–15.
978:Dec 2007)
960:entitled
938:March 24,
901:Pygostyle
841:is used.
785:os caudae
781:os cuculi
758:os cuculi
736:physician
715:The term
711:Etymology
640:pia mater
592:ligaments
568:coccygeus
455:coccygeus
453:, to the
404:posterior
372:rostrally
348:articular
340:vertebrae
326:Structure
2207:tubercle
2167:Rib cage
1993:inferior
1988:superior
1751:15198702
1708:18024593
1521:22256856
1513:21736439
1396:"coccyx"
1365:17889632
1330:16924191
1289:25790826
1281:11145819
1109:: 34–35.
1016:28091426
932:Archived
896:Perineum
868:See also
805:tailbone
779:Besides
654:Function
634:and the
618:for the
616:foramina
604:anterior
596:anterior
538:motion.
513:has its
503:perineum
495:perineum
493:and the
418:caudally
394:and the
388:anterior
382:Surfaces
356:pedicles
292:tailhead
283:hominoid
272:) since
262:primates
246:tailbone
242:coccyxes
238:coccyges
2234:Sternum
1881:spinous
1839:pedicle
1804:of the
1742:1571308
1699:2148271
1676:Bibcode
1586:cuculus
1564:7732478
1435:at the
1148:3138225
1139:1261909
787:, with
766:cuculus
760:, with
436:Borders
428:of the
422:foramen
360:laminae
305:tailfan
280:Miocene
252:in all
169:D003050
92:Details
2158:Thorax
2138:Coccyx
2045:Sacrum
1844:lamina
1749:
1739:
1706:
1696:
1562:
1554:
1519:
1511:
1417:κόκκυξ
1363:
1328:
1287:
1279:
1197:
1146:
1136:
1084:
1014:
976:et al.
958:Fig. 5
835:coccyx
803:terms
797:German
789:caudae
743:cuckoo
731:kokkyx
726:κόκκυξ
717:coccyx
693:tumors
642:, the
574:, and
535:sacrum
517:here.
515:origin
491:sacrum
402:. The
400:rectum
344:sacrum
318:, the
309:sacrum
266:humans
264:(e.g.
258:horses
230:coccyx
55:Coccyx
47:Parrot
2202:angle
2197:Parts
1931:Atlas
1849:notch
1806:torso
1802:Bones
1590:cauda
1536:Spine
1517:S2CID
1285:S2CID
1261:Spine
956:(See
801:Dutch
723:word
648:conus
588:thigh
316:joint
299:, in
216:[
205:20229
152:Latin
139:-siks
2222:head
2217:neck
2175:Ribs
2145:none
2053:Base
1958:dens
1953:Axis
1834:Arch
1829:Body
1747:PMID
1704:PMID
1667:PNAS
1560:PMID
1552:ISSN
1509:PMID
1361:PMID
1326:PMID
1277:PMID
1195:ISBN
1144:PMID
1082:ISBN
1030:link
1012:PMID
940:2024
837:and
819:and
799:and
626:and
606:and
598:and
525:The
485:The
469:Apex
457:and
449:and
386:The
362:and
350:and
296:dock
254:apes
228:The
193:1092
176:TA98
164:MeSH
45:and
1737:PMC
1729:doi
1725:204
1694:PMC
1684:doi
1672:104
1598:on
1544:doi
1501:doi
1353:doi
1316:doi
1269:doi
1134:PMC
1130:156
1057:doi
1002:doi
927:CNN
303:as
294:or
278:(a
240:or
234:pl.
200:FMA
188:TA2
137:KOK
2321::
1745:.
1735:.
1723:.
1719:.
1702:.
1692:.
1682:.
1670:.
1664:.
1607:^
1588:,
1584:,
1582:os
1572:^
1558:.
1550:.
1540:20
1538:.
1515:.
1507:.
1497:20
1495:.
1468:^
1444:^
1429:;
1425:;
1421:.
1398:.
1373:^
1359:.
1349:62
1347:.
1324:.
1312:85
1310:.
1306:.
1283:.
1275:.
1265:25
1263:.
1259:.
1172:.
1156:^
1142:.
1128:.
1124:.
1107:28
1105:.
1051:.
1047:.
1026:}}
1022:{{
1010:.
998:20
996:.
992:.
964:.)
930:.
924:.
833:,
813:,
807:,
795:,
783:,
762:os
675:.
578:,
570:,
566:,
432:.
374:.
358:,
236::
1794:e
1787:t
1780:v
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1678::
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1271::
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1176:.
1150:.
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1059::
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1032:)
1018:.
1004::
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876:.
862:.
232:(
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130:/
127:s
124:k
121:ɪ
118:s
115:k
112:ɒ
109:k
106:ˈ
103:/
86:.
49:.
38:.
20:)
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