Flight recorder - Knowledge (XXG)

509: 194: 319: 886: 1071:). A mechanical instrument panel is likely to preserve its last indications, but this is not the case with an electronic display. Such systems, estimated to cost less than $ 8,000 installed, typically consist of a camera and microphone located in the cockpit to continuously record cockpit instrumentation, the outside viewing area, engine sounds, radio communications, and ambient cockpit sounds. As with conventional CVRs and FDRs, data from such a system is stored in a crash-protected unit to ensure survivability. Since the recorders can sometimes be crushed into unreadable pieces, or even located in deep water, some modern units are self-ejecting (taking advantage of 725:" (QAR). This records data on a removable storage medium. Access to the FDR and CVR is necessarily difficult because they must be fitted where they are most likely to survive an accident; they also require specialized equipment to read the recording. The QAR recording medium is readily removable and is designed to be read by equipment attached to a standard desktop computer. In many airlines, the quick access recordings are scanned for "events", an event being a significant deviation from normal operational parameters. This allows operational problems to be detected and eliminated before an accident or incident results. 386: 45: 330: 132: 349:. He originally filed with the US Patent Office on February 2, 1961, as an "Aircraft Cockpit Sound Recorder". The 1961 invention was viewed by some as an "invasion of privacy". Subsequently, Boniface filed again on February 4, 1963, for a "Cockpit Sound Recorder" (US Patent 3,327,067) with the addition of a spring-loaded switch which allowed the pilot to erase the audio/sound tape recording at the conclusion of a safe flight and landing. 997:

technology commentators called for flight recorders to be supplemented or replaced by a system that provides "live streaming" of data from the aircraft to the ground. Furthermore, commentators called for the underwater locator beacon's range and battery life to be extended, as well as the outfitting of civil aircraft with the deployable flight recorders typically used in military aircraft. Previous to MH370, the investigators of 2009

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A deployable recorder combines the cockpit voice/flight data recorders and an emergency locator transmitter (ELT) in a single unit. The unit would be designed to eject and float away from the aircraft and survive its descent to the ground, or float on water indefinitely. It would be equipped with satellite technology to aid in prompt recovery. Deployable CVDR technology has been used by the US Navy since 1993.

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memory-based technology, a photographic film cannot be erased and reused, and so must be changed periodically. The technology was reserved for one-shot uses, mostly during planned test flights: it was not mounted aboard civilian aircraft during routine commercial flights. Also, cockpit conversation was not recorded.

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could not. It used copper foil as the recording medium, with various styli, corresponding to various instruments or aircraft controls, indenting the foil. The foil was periodically advanced at set time intervals, giving a history of the aircraft's instrument readings and control settings. The unit was developed at

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The United States' first CVR rules were passed in 1964, requiring all turbine and piston aircraft with four or more engines to have CVRs by March 1, 1967. As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the CVR recording duration is a minimum of two hours, following the NTSB recommendation that it should be

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techniques, making them much more resistant to shock, vibration and moisture. With the reduced power requirements of solid-state recorders, it is now practical to incorporate a battery in the units, so that recording can continue until flight termination, even if the aircraft electrical system fails.

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The term "black box" was a World War II British phrase, originating with the development of radio, radar, and electronic navigational aids in British and Allied combat aircraft. These often-secret electronic devices were encased in non-reflective black boxes or housings. The earliest identified

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His patent was for a device for recording audio of pilot remarks and engine or other sounds to be "contained with the in-flight recorder within a sealed container that is shock mounted, fireproofed and made watertight" and "sealed in such a manner as to be capable of withstanding extreme temperatures

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group and is still present in the flight recorder market. The advantage of the film technology was that it could be easily developed afterwards and provides a durable, visual feedback of the flight parameters without needing any playback device. On the other hand, unlike magnetic tapes or later flash

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airlines indulge in the unprofessional act in order to circumvent investigation by the Nigeria Safety Investigation Bureau (NSIB). safety managers stated that some airlines have consistently indulged in this unwholesome practice, which could impact safety negatively. The NCAA and the NSIB had in the

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The NTSB has asked for the installation of cockpit image recorders in large transport aircraft to provide information that would supplement existing CVR and FDR data in accident investigations. They have recommended that image recorders be placed into smaller aircraft that are not required to have a

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accident, the Cockpit Voice Recorder functioned properly but the data was overwritten as the CVR remained powered, and functioning. The critical accident data was overwritten by over two hours of post-incident sounds until a maintenance crew could enter the aircraft after the incident and power down

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The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 demonstrated the limits of the contemporary flight recorder technology, namely how physical possession of the flight recorder device is necessary to help investigate the cause of an aircraft incident. Considering the advances of modern communication,

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The NTSB recommended in 1999 that operators be required to install two sets of CVDR systems, with the second CVDR designed to be ejected from the aircraft prior to impact with the ground or water. Ejection would be initiated by computer based on sensor information indicating an accident is imminent.

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bombers by 1943 thus adding to the assemblage of fielded and experimental electronic devices employed on Allied aircraft. As early as 1944 aviation writers envisioned use of these recording devices on commercial aircraft to aid incident investigations. When modern flight recorders were proposed

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FDR called "The ARL Flight Memory Unit" in 1956, and in 1958 he built the first combined FDR/CVR prototype. It was designed with civilian aircraft in mind, explicitly for post-crash examination purposes. Aviation authorities from around the world were largely uninterested at first, but this changed

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Another form of flight data recorder was developed in the UK during World War II. Len Harrison and Vic Husband developed a unit that could withstand a crash and fire to keep the flight data intact. The unit was the forerunner of today's recorders, in being able to withstand conditions that aircrew

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In 1947, Hussenot founded the Société Française des Instruments de Mesure with Beaudouin and another associate, so as to market his invention, which was also known as the "hussenograph". This company went on to become a major supplier of data recorders, used not only aboard aircraft but also trains

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Standards are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC). The 700 Series of standards describe the form, fit, and function of avionics equipment installed predominately on transport category aircraft. The FDR is defined by ARINC Characteristic 747. The CVR is defined by ARINC

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For US air carriers and manufacturers, the NTSB is responsible for investigating accidents and safety-related incidents. The NTSB also serves in an advisory role for many international investigations not under its formal jurisdiction. The NTSB does not have regulatory authority, but must depend on

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if the data begin to change quickly. Most FDRs record approximately 17–25 hours of data in a continuous loop. It is required by regulations that an FDR verification check (readout) is performed annually in order to verify that all mandatory parameters are recorded. Many aircraft today are equipped

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during a crash fire". The CSR was an analog device which provided a continuous erasing/recording loop (lasting 30 or more minutes) of all sounds (explosion, voice, and the noise of any aircraft structural components undergoing serious fracture and breakage) which could be overheard in the cockpit.

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Carriage of data recording equipment became mandatory in UK-registered aircraft in two phases; the first, for new turbine-engined public transport category aircraft over 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) in weight, was mandated in 1965, with a further requirement in 1966 for piston-engined transports

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The ARL assigned an engineering team to help Warren develop the prototype to the airborne stage. The team, consisting of electronics engineers Lane Sear, Wally Boswell, and Ken Fraser; developed a working design that incorporated a fire-resistant and shockproof case, a reliable system for encoding

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A standard CVR is capable of recording four channels of audio data for a period of two hours. The original requirement was for a CVR to record for 30 minutes, but this has been found to be insufficient in many cases because significant parts of the audio data needed for a subsequent investigation

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A flight recorder was invented and patented in the United States by James J. Ryan. Ryan's "Flight Recorder" patent was filed in August 1953 and approved on November 8, 1960, as US Patent 2,959,459. A second patent by Ryan for a "Coding Apparatus For Flight Recorders" is US Patent 3,075,192 dated

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The Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) had noticed that some airline operators' flight crew members were in the practice of continuously overwriting the CVR information after an occurrence. This practice makes it practically impossible for the Nigerian Safety Investigation Bureau (NSIB) to

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article, "Radar for Airlines", describing the application of wartime RAF radar and navigational aids to civilian aircraft: "The stowage of the 'black boxes' and, even more important, the detrimental effect on performance of external aerials, still remain as a radio and radar problem." (The term

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EUROCAE ED-112 (Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems) defines the minimum specification to be met for all aircraft requiring flight recorders for recording of flight data, cockpit audio, images and CNS / ATM digital messages and used for

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The NTSB sent the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder (FDR) to their labs. They will use data from the FDR to narrow down the area to search for the door plug. However, the CVR was completely overwritten, meaning there is nothing on the CVR. The CVR overwrites every two

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increased from its previously mandated 30-minute duration. From 2014 the United States requires flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders on aircraft that have 20 or more passenger seats, or those that have six or more passenger seats, are turbine-powered, and require two pilots.

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While the recommendations would involve a massive, expensive retrofit program, government funding would meet cost objections from manufacturers and airlines. Operators would get both sets of recorders (including the currently-used fixed recorder) free of charge. The cost of the second

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On November 1, 1966, Bobbie R. Allen - director of Bureau of Safety, Civil Aeronautics Board and John S. Leak - chief of Technical Services Section, presented "The Potential Role of Flight Recorders in Aircraft Accident Investigation" at the AIAA/CASI Joint Meeting on Aviation Safety,

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was made by a thin ray of light deviated by a mirror tilted according to the magnitude of the data to be recorded (altitude, speed, etc.). A pre-production run of 25 "HB" recorders was ordered in 1941 and HB recorders remained in use in French flight test centers well into the 1970s.

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Where an aircraft is required to carry a CVR and uses digital communications the CVR is required to record such communications with air traffic control unless this is recorded elsewhere. As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the recording duration is a minimum of two hours. The

102:) preserves the recent history of the sounds in the cockpit, including the conversation of the pilots. The two devices may be combined into a single unit. Together, the FDR and CVR objectively document the aircraft's flight history, which may assist in any later investigation. 976:

On July 19, 2005, a revised proposal for a SAFE Act was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the US House of Representatives. The bill was referred to the House Subcommittee on Aviation during the 108th, 109th, and 110th Congresses.

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specifications such as those to be found in the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment documents EUROCAE ED55, ED56 Fiken A and ED112 (Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems). In the United States, the

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over 60,000 lb (27,000 kg), with the earlier requirement further extended to all jet transports. One of the first UK uses of the data recovered from an aircraft accident was that recovered from the Royston "Midas" data recorder that was on board the

676:. The tape would circulate and old audio information would be overwritten every 30 minutes. Recovery of sound from magnetic tape often proves difficult if the recorder is recovered from water and its housing has been breached. Thus, the latest designs employ 5990: 5985: 543:, where it is more likely to survive a crash. Following an accident, the recovery of the FDR is usually a high priority for the investigating body, as analysis of the recorded parameters can often detect and identify causes or contributing factors. 427:

By 1967, when flight recorders were mandated by leading aviation countries, the expression had found its way into general use: "These so-called 'black boxes' are, in fact, of fluorescent flame-orange in colour." The formal names of the devices are

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for the purpose of investigation of accidents and incidents. This is typically achieved by recording the signals of the microphones and earphones of the pilots' headsets and of an area microphone in the roof of the cockpit. The current applicable

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In order to facilitate recovery of the recorder from an aircraft accident site, they are required to be coloured bright yellow or orange with reflective surfaces. All are lettered "Flight recorder do not open" on one side in English and

238: 535:-regulated devices are carefully engineered and constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire. Contrary to the popular term "black box", the exterior of the FDR is coated with heat-resistant 1063:

CVR or FDR. The rationale is that what is seen on an instrument by the pilots of an aircraft is not necessarily the same as the data sent to the display device. This is particularly true of aircraft equipped with electronic displays (

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representative said: "The time has come that deployable recorders are going to get a serious look." A second ICAO official said that public attention had "galvanized momentum in favour of ejectable recorders on commercial aircraft".

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With the advent of digital recorders, the FDR and CVR can be manufactured in one fireproof, shock proof, and waterproof container as a combined digital cockpit voice and data recorder (CVDR). Currently, CVDRs are manufactured by

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in 1961) led to his wondering what the pilots may have said just prior to the wing loss and during the descent as well as the type and nature of any sounds or explosions that may have preceded or occurred during the wing loss.

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Solid state recorders became commercially practical in 1990, having the advantage of not requiring scheduled maintenance and making the data easier to retrieve. This was extended to the two-hour voice recording in 1995.

562:. There are 88 parameters required as a minimum under current US federal regulations (only 29 were required until 2002), but some systems monitor many more variables. Generally each parameter is recorded a few times per 201:

The first modern flight data recorder, called "Mata-Hari", was created in 1942 by Finnish aviation engineer Veijo Hietala. This black high-tech mechanical box was able to record all required data during test flights of

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conceived a device that would record not only the instrument readings, but also the voices in the cockpit. In 1954 he published a report entitled "A Device for Assisting Investigation into Aircraft Accidents".

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legislation and other government agencies to act on its safety recommendations. In addition, 49 USC Section 1114(c) prohibits the NTSB from making the audio recordings public except by written transcript.

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increased the recording duration to 25 hours in 2021. In 2023, the FAA proposed extending requirements to 25 hours to help in investigations like runway incursions. In a January 2024 press conference on

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to capture the inter-phone conversations of a B-17 bomber flight crew on a combat mission over Nazi-occupied France. The recording was broadcast back to the United States by radio two days afterwards.

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that emits an ultrasonic "ping" to aid in detection when submerged. These beacons operate for up to 30 days and are able to operate while immersed to a depth of up to 6,000 meters (20,000 ft).

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with an "event" button in the cockpit that could be activated by the crew if an abnormality occurs in flight. Pushing the button places a signal on the recording, marking the time of the event.

2545: 2478: 1216:, many jokes have been made asking why the entire airplane is not made out of the material used to make black boxes, given that the black box survives the crash. This is referenced in the 2001 3143: 643:(NTSB) chair Jennifer Homendy again called for extending retention to 25 hours, rather than the currently-mandated 2 hours, on all existing devices, rather than only newly manufactured ones. 882:" in French on the other side. To assist recovery from submerged sites they must be equipped with an underwater locator beacon which is automatically activated in the event of an accident. 2917: 732:

systems and then routes them to the FDR and, if installed, to the QAR. Information from the FDAU to the FDR is sent via specific data frames, which depend on the aircraft manufacturer.

5894: 2396: 408:" is used with a different meaning in science and engineering, describing a system exclusively by its inputs and outputs, with no information whatsoever about its inner workings.) 242: 1795: 239: 109:, to be capable of surviving the conditions likely to be encountered in a severe aircraft accident. For this reason, they are typically specified to withstand an impact of 3400 6492: 4792: 288:

and recording aircraft instrument readings and voice on one wire, and a ground-based decoding device. The ARL system, made by the British firm of S. Davall & Sons Ltd, in

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Boniface's participation in aircraft crash investigations in the 1940s and in the accident investigations of the loss of one of the wings at cruise altitude on each of two

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flight test center, France, with their "type HB" flight recorder; they were essentially photograph-based flight recorders, because the record was made on a scrolling

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investigations of accidents or incidents. When issued in March 2003, ED-112 superseded previous ED-55 and ED-56A that were separate specifications for FDR and CVR.

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is the small cylinder on the far right. (Translation of warning message in French: "Flight recorder do not open".) The warning appears in English on the other side.

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The design of today's FDR is governed by the internationally recognized standards and recommended practices relating to flight recorders which are contained in

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which records information about the operation of the system. This information may also be accessed to assist with the investigation of an accident or incident.

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In the United States, the proposed SAFE Act calls for implementing the NTSB 1999 recommendations. However, so far the proposed legislation has failed to pass

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deployable/ejectable CVDR (or black box) was estimated at US$ 30 million for installation in 500 new aircraft (about $ 60,000 per new commercial plane).

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in 2014, commentators have called for live streaming of data to the ground, as well as extending the battery life of the underwater locator beacons.

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wake of the report of the incident involving Max Air's B747 incident expressed concern over the incessant occurrence of the issue with airlines.

1975: 436:. The recorders must be housed in boxes that are bright orange in color to make them more visually conspicuous in the debris after an accident. 295:

The units were redesigned in 1965 and relocated at the rear of aircraft to increase the probability of successful data retrieval after a crash.

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ED-112. They have been a mandatory requirement in commercial aircraft in the United States since 1967. After the unexplained disappearance of

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A flight-data acquisition unit (FDAU) is a unit that receives various discrete, analog and digital parameters from a number of sensors and

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urged that the battery life be extended as "rapidly as possible" after the crash's flight recorders went unrecovered for over a year.

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Post incident overwriting of voice data by Nigerian crews led to a 2023 All Operators Letter reinforcing that practice is forbidden.

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During World War II both British and American air forces successfully experimented with aircraft voice recorders. In August 1943 the

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is made to look like a CVR; it also includes a recording from a crash. The recording is from the last 1–2 minutes of the CVR of

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A "Cockpit Sound Recorder" (CSR) was independently invented and patented by Edmund A. Boniface Jr., an aeronautical engineer at

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in their Technical Standard Order, based on the EUROCAE documents (as do the aviation authorities of many other countries).

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A flight data recorder and a cockpit voice recorder installed on their mounting trays in the rear fuselage of an aircraft

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with a script based on transcripts from CVR voice recordings of nine aircraft emergencies. The play features the famous

986: 547: 120: 3375: 2645: 2614: 1485: 1446: 969:(R-Tenn.) in a bipartisan effort to ensure investigators have access to information immediately following accidents to 6472: 6264: 6216: 5126: 3401: 2598: 1301: 1286: 1050: 636: 1125: 2716: 2500: 1168:, which crashed on August 12, 1985, killing 520 people; JAL123 is the deadliest single-aircraft disaster in history. 6522: 6319: 6181: 5960: 5450: 5376: 5121: 4897: 4448: 4403: 4094: 3694:: Melbourne University history honors thesis on the development of the first cockpit voice recorder by David Warren 3177: 1197: 1182: 913: 3691: 3598: 2151: 6512: 6176: 5778: 5555: 5381: 5366: 4920: 4634: 4478: 4428: 2833: 1891:

Allen, B. R.; Leak, John S. (1966), "The potential role of flight recorders in aircraft accident investigation",

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airborne equipment, with the R1355 receiver on the left and the Indicator Unit Type 62A "black box" on the right.

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member who dictates his life story to a flight recorder before the plane runs out of fuel and crashes.

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A cockpit voice and data recorder (CVDR), with its attached ULB visible on the left side of the unit

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C84, as shown on the nameplate. The text on the side in French says "Flight recorder do not open".

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Tracy Connor (October 28, 1999). "Learjet probe focuses on value replaced 2 days before crash".

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A cockpit voice recorder (CVR) is a flight recorder used to record the audio environment in the

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Currently, EUROCAE specifies that a recorder must be able to withstand an acceleration of 3400

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Other units used a single reel, with the tape spliced into a continuous loop, much as in an

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The record works on a half hour loop, so it has no information about the crucial first hour

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Since the 1970s, most large civil jet transports have been additionally equipped with a "

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paint for high visibility in wreckage, and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft's

4777: 2763: 2283:"The FAA proposes lengthening cockpit voice recording time to 25 hours - CBS Sacramento" 476: 6435: 6371: 6346: 6324: 6294: 6269: 6251: 6196: 6146: 6136: 6126: 5965: 5825: 5815: 5763: 5728: 5645: 5623: 5585: 5424: 5414: 4828: 4751: 4611: 4328: 3886: 3881: 1072: 651: 226: 2022: 17: 6466: 6366: 6284: 6053: 5943: 5788: 5633: 5409: 5351: 5341: 5188: 4986: 4960: 4892: 4680: 4619: 4423: 4358: 3996: 3976: 3891: 3766: 3351: 1227: 916:. All data was collected, even though the rest of the aircraft was heavily fragmented 655: 536: 485: 80: 3506: 2939: 2085:"Aircraft Electronics + Electrical Systems: Flight data and cockpit voice recorders" 908: 6161: 6078: 6068: 6063: 6033: 5881: 5810: 5743: 5695: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5613: 5595: 5361: 5242: 5216: 5206: 5036: 4991: 4716: 4644: 4607: 4587: 4577: 4552: 4517: 4298: 4268: 4238: 4204: 4184: 4174: 4169: 4139: 4074: 3941: 3911: 3871: 1160: 836: 456: 165: 105:

The two flight recorders are required by international regulation, overseen by the

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NTSB investigators recover flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder from

3106:"Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 makes it clear: we need to rethink black boxes" 6425: 5773: 5580: 4882: 4808: 4654: 4542: 4537: 4493: 4488: 4323: 4258: 4233: 4189: 4164: 4149: 4084: 3946: 3936: 2856:"RE: Continuous Overwriting of Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) Information. NCAA" 1549:"David Warren: Inventor and developer of the 'black box' flight data recorder" 1510: 1418: 1238: 1217: 1186: 1024:

On January 8, 2015, before the recovery of the flight recorders, an anonymous

1021:, crashed in bad weather, killing all 155 passengers and seven crew on board. 902: 775: 500: 255:

In 1953, while working at the Aeronautical Research Laboratories (ARL) of the

3762: 2886:"Airlines Doctor Cockpit Voice Recorder To Hide Serious Incidents, Accidents" 6420: 5713: 5273: 5131: 4981: 4940: 4877: 4711: 4629: 4557: 4532: 4522: 4378: 4159: 4144: 4124: 4079: 4064: 4021: 4006: 4001: 3991: 3926: 3896: 3379: 2622: 1493: 1155: 1018: 856: 602: 575: 567: 559: 540: 405: 289: 272: 260: 157: 2970:"Text of the Safe Aviation and Flight Enhancement Act-((SAFE) Act of 2003)" 2596: 1075:

at impact to separate themselves from the aircraft) and also equipped with

874:

for FDR and CVR reference ED-112 for characteristics common to both types.

32: 3686: 3674: 6096: 5830: 5748: 5605: 5399: 5247: 5006: 4950: 4872: 4867: 4848: 4624: 4597: 4572: 4338: 4318: 4179: 4109: 4026: 3951: 3921: 3857: 3226: 2712: 2504: 1872:

US Patent 3,327,067 for Cockpit Sound Recorder by Edmund A. Boniface, Jr.

1793:" Why Are Cockpit Voice Recorders Painted Orange and Called a Black Box?" 1014: 852: 839:

or crushing distance of 45 cm (18 in). Additionally, there are

832: 729: 706: 689: 615: 583: 555: 531:

investigation. Due to their importance in investigating accidents, these

76: 64: 3802: James J. Ryan: "Coding Apparatus for Flight Recorders and the Like" 3136:"Malaysia Airlines MH370: Why airlines don't live-stream black box data" 606:

Both side views of a cockpit voice recorder, one type of flight recorder

333:

NTSB staff examine the memory boards of the cockpit voice recorder from

6018: 6010: 5835: 5798: 5705: 5537: 5404: 5333: 4862: 4398: 4049: 4031: 3956: 3048:"Bill Text - 110th Congress (2007-2008) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)" 3022:"Bill Text - 109th Congress (2005-2006) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)" 2996:"Bill Text - 108th Congress (2003-2004) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)" 2145:"SSFDR Solid State Flight Data Recorder, ARINC 747 - TSO C 124 - ED 55" 1900: 844: 820: 751: 688:

Like the FDR, the CVR is typically mounted in the rear of the airplane

611: 374: 215: 116: 115:

and temperatures of over 1,000 °C (1,830 °F), as required by

110: 5294: 2058:. Federal Aviation Administration. April 10, 2007. Section 3 Point B. 164:

8 metres (8.7 yd) long by 88 millimetres (3.5 in) wide. The

5783: 5590: 5031: 4887: 4134: 4104: 4011: 3986: 3916: 3457: 3402:"These Black Boxes Are Designed to Eject Themselves in a Plane Crash" 2653:

Proc. Australian Society of Air Safety Investigators conference, 2007

809: 768: 563: 551: 513: 292:, was named the "Red Egg" because of its shape and bright red color. 174: 2419:"Federal Aviation Regulation Sec. 23.1457 – Cockpit voice recorders" 985:

In the United States, on March 12, 2014, in response to the missing

464: 3559:

American Aviation Historical Society, Volume 59, Fall-Winter 2014,

3321:"No Data on Flight 1282 Cockpit Voice Recorder, NTSB Calls out FAA" 2309:"No Data on Flight 1282 Cockpit Voice Recorder, NTSB Calls out FAA" 1420:

Audio From the Past [E01] - WW2 - Avro Lancaster Crew Radio

5211: 4527: 4129: 3981: 1083: 1076: 929: 907: 884: 860: 774: 750: 601: 507: 499: 491: 475: 463: 455: 384: 328: 317: 236: 192: 130: 43: 31: 3611:

Forensic Media: Reconstructing Accidents in Accelerated Modernity

546:

Modern day FDRs receive inputs via specific data frames from the

3749: 1511:"Australia invented the Black Box voice and instrument recorder" 1206: 1190: 1025: 848: 792: 449:"Flight data recorder" redirects here. For the song by +/-, see 424:

in 1958, the term "black box" was in colloquial use by experts.

5298: 4781: 3818: 3561:"Edmund A. Boniface, Jr.: Inventing the Cockpit Sound Recorder" 2475:"Flight and mission data recording & management - SferiRec" 1770:"Airplane 'Black Box' Flight Recorder Technology, How it Works" 993:

re-introduced the SAFE Act in the US House of Representatives.

647:

occurred more than 30 minutes before the end of the recording.

3806:

First modern flight recorder "Mata Hari" at display in Tampere

1093: 868: 620: 468:

Cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder, each with an

3698:

Finnish Mata-Hari Flight Recorder in Museums of Tampere City

2257:"FAA Proposes Extending Cockpit Voice Recording to 25 Hours" 566:, though some units store "bursts" of data at a much higher 3433:"The Easter Egg Hidden on Rammstein's 'Reise, Reise' Album" 135:

A Fairchild A100 cockpit voice recorder, on display in the

3771: 3288:"Opinion: The Time Is Ripe for Live Flight Data Streaming" 3166:"If we'd used the cloud, we might know where MH370 is now" 2519: 2231:"L3 Has New Data, Voice Recorders for EASA's 2021 Mandate" 1686:"US Patent 2,959,459 for Flight Recorder by James J. Ryan" 1390:[State aircraft factory: Mata-Hari or black box]. 411:

Magnetic tape and wire voice recorders had been tested on

2615:"Dave Warren - Inventor of the black box flight recorder" 1486:"Dave Warren – Inventor of the black box flight recorder" 251:

news report interviewing David Warren about his invention

139:. This is a magnetic-tape unit built to an old standard, 71:. The device may often be referred to colloquially as a " 5895:

Air route authority between the United States and China

3744: 3588:"Saving Survivors by Finding Fallen Aircrafts [ 3181:, London, March 18, 2014. Retrieved on August 21, 2014. 2452: 1388:"Valtion lentokonetehdas: Mata-Hari eli musta laatikko" 1332:

Vols d'essais: Le Centre d'Essais en Vol de 1945 à 1960

1121: 692:

to maximize the likelihood of its survival in a crash.

3256:

Lampert, Allison; Martell, Allison (January 8, 2015).

3222:"AirAsia QZ8501: More bad weather hits AirAsia search" 808:(FAA) regulates all aspects of US aviation, and cites 3630:"Chapter 18. Flight data and cockpit voice recorders" 3075:"Lawmaker urges 'black boxes' that eject from planes" 1086:

underwater locator beacons to aid in their location.

86:

There are two types of flight recording devices: the

67:

for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of

3258:"AirAsia crash makes case for ejectable black boxes" 2912: 2910: 2520:"European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment" 2385:"Miniature wire recording desks with limited memory" 152:

One of the earliest and proven attempts was made by

6413: 6380: 6250: 6087: 6009: 5880: 5857: 5797: 5704: 5604: 5536: 5433: 5390: 5332: 5256: 5230: 5197: 5154: 5099: 5078: 5069: 4969: 4906: 4836: 4822: 4694: 4673: 4606: 4502: 4337: 4203: 4040: 3856: 3192:"MH370: Expert demands better black box technology" 2732:U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (April 25, 2010). 1867: 1865: 1226:, although the original joke is widely credited to 574:Modern FDRs are typically double wrapped in strong 356:turboprop powered aircraft (Flight 542 operated by 5179:Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS) 1334:, published by E.T.A.I. (Paris), 2001, 384 pages, 755:Cockpit voice recorder memory module of PR-GTD, a 626:is C123b titled Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment. 5212:Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC) 2174:. Federal Aviation Administration. June 1, 2006. 2115:"FLIGHT DATA RECORDER OSA - TM-1-1510-225-10_280" 1292:List of unrecovered and unusable flight recorders 1272:Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station 835:of 270 knots (310 mph; 500 km/h) and a 787:personnel show the recovered flight data recorder 3774:: Flight data recorder digital recorder standard 2872:retrieve actual data to aid in its investigation 1175:made a theatrical presentation of a play called 397:reference to "black boxes" occurs in a May 1945 5934:Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives 2389:The Australian Journal of Instrument Technology 63:is an electronic recording device placed in an 5169:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM) 2548:. Airweb.faa.gov. May 23, 2006. Archived from 739:. Very often, the digital system will include 173:and other vehicles. SFIM is today part of the 5310: 4793: 3830: 3788:"His Crashes Helped Make Ours Less Dangerous" 3653:"Flight Data Recorder Evolution: Where Next?" 2681:Nick Komos (August 1989). "Air Progress": 76. 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1350:Page 206 and 209 of Beaudouin & Beaudouin 8: 1735: 1733: 1447:"Radio News, 'Radio - On a Flying Fortress'" 512:The flight data recorder for crashed flight 83:, to aid in their recovery after accidents. 6493:Defence Science and Technology Organisation 2619:Defence Science and Technology Organisation 1607:. July 20, 2009. p. 22. Archived from 1490:Defence Science and Technology Organisation 520:A flight data recorder (FDR; also ADR, for 337:. The boards may have suffered water damage 257:Defence Science and Technology Organisation 5317: 5303: 5295: 5174:Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) 5075: 4833: 4800: 4786: 4778: 3837: 3823: 3815: 3634:Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Systems 3613:. Duke University Press. pp. 89–142. 2198: 2196: 1895:, BOSP 7-4, U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board, 1817:"AAHS Journal Vol 59 Nos 3-4 - Fall / Win" 1632:"Flight Data Recorders – Built to Survive" 1171:Members of the performing arts collective 897:In the investigation of the 1960 crash of 795:Annex 6 which makes reference to industry 590:inside. Modern FDRs are accompanied by an 527:The data recorded by the FDR are used for 3759:information site for black box technology 3714:"A crash course in transportation safety" 757:Gol Transportes Aéreos Boeing 737-8EH SFP 107:International Civil Aviation Organization 3460:. Charlievictorromeo.com. July 3, 2012. 276:in 1958 when Sir Robert Hardingham, the 3601:, University of Melbourne, October 2001 3370: 3368: 3319:Villamizar, Helwing (January 8, 2024). 2976:from the original on September 25, 2015 2713:"2011 Most Wanted List Page. Recorders" 2646:"The Evolution of Flight Data Analysis" 2307:Villamizar, Helwing (January 8, 2024). 2229:Bellamy III, Woodrow (April 13, 2019). 2065:from the original on September 13, 2009 1323: 75:", an outdated name which has become a 3739:David Warren interview transcript 2003 3733:David Warren interview transcript 2002 2810:from the original on September 3, 2020 2695: 2684: 2425:from the original on February 10, 2012 2125:from the original on December 10, 2018 2095:from the original on November 11, 2018 2003:from the original on February 14, 2019 1926:from the original on February 14, 2019 1827:from the original on September 3, 2021 1648:from the original on December 10, 2019 1480: 1478: 1427:from the original on November 16, 2018 1257:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics 1185:that crash-landed in a cornfield near 912:The digital flight data recorder from 554:parameters, including the control and 3692:'The ARL 'Black Box' Flight Recorder' 3599:"The ARL 'Black Box' Flight Recorder" 3300:from the original on January 25, 2022 3268:from the original on October 12, 2019 3251: 3249: 2662:from the original on February 4, 2016 2503:. L3 Flight Recorders. Archived from 2399:from the original on October 20, 2019 2210:from the original on February 6, 2012 2181:from the original on October 26, 2007 2033:from the original on January 25, 2022 1991:Scott, Geoffrey (December 14, 1967). 1955:from the original on January 25, 2022 1505: 1503: 1463:from the original on January 25, 2022 1369:from the original on January 25, 2022 1037:Live flight data streaming as on the 79:—they are now required to be painted 7: 6458:National Transportation Safety Board 3412:from the original on October 5, 2021 3293:Aviation Week & Space Technology 3234:from the original on August 15, 2018 2578:from the original on October 9, 2016 2526:from the original on January 9, 2014 2481:from the original on August 12, 2019 2364:from the original on October 5, 2021 1945:Corddry, Charles Jr. (August 1944). 1718:from the original on January 8, 2016 1692:from the original on January 8, 2016 641:National Transportation Safety Board 52:MS-61 cockpit voice recorder from a 27:Aircraft electronic recording device 3202:from the original on April 28, 2014 3146:from the original on March 30, 2014 3116:from the original on March 30, 2014 2950:from the original on March 22, 2014 2744:from the original on August 9, 2016 2023:"France to resume 'black box' hunt" 1751:from the original on April 28, 2016 1547:Marcus Williamson (July 31, 2010). 1282:Flight operations quality assurance 1005:After Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 899:Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 828:. This is roughly equivalent to an 360:in 1959 and Flight 710 operated by 36:A modern flight data recorder; the 6456:from websites or documents of the 3628:Wyatt, David; Mike Tooley (2009). 3485:Survivor Summary & Study Guide 3085:from the original on July 10, 2017 2861:. Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority 2383:Mirfield, Theon Neuma (May 1964). 2169:"Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment" 1806:, By Jerry Nelson on March 8, 2014 1394:(in Finnish). 1946. Archived from 1124:by removing the content or adding 981:After Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 781:Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 558:positions, engine information and 156:and Paul Beaudouin in 1939 at the 25: 5872:Environmental effects of aviation 3783:Popular Mechanics, March 19, 2008 3778:Public domain photos of recorders 3651:Ben Hargreaves (April 13, 2017). 3464:from the original on May 17, 2014 2774:from the original on May 12, 2016 2091:. A Measurement-Testing network. 1561:from the original on May 30, 2020 1521:from the original on July 7, 2011 880:Enregistreur de vol ne pas ouvrir 735:Many modern aircraft systems are 6452: This article incorporates 6447: 5042:Thrust specific fuel consumption 3673: 3050:. Thomas.loc.gov. Archived from 3024:. Thomas.loc.gov. Archived from 2998:. Thomas.loc.gov. Archived from 2621:. March 29, 2005. Archived from 2281:Wallace, Greg (March 17, 2023). 2255:Walsh, Amelia (March 21, 2023). 1599:"A Brief History of Black Boxes" 1580:"A Brief History of Black Boxes" 1445:Porter, Kenneth (January 1944). 1241: 1098: 847:crush, high and low temperature 263:, Australian research scientist 197:"Mata-Hari" flight data recorder 69:aviation accidents and incidents 6431:Aviation taxation and subsidies 6390:Aircraft maintenance technician 6202:Pre-flight safety demonstration 3687:Cockpit Voice Recorder Database 3659:. Aviation Week. Archived from 3346:Nesi, Chris (January 8, 2024). 2884:Shadare, Wole (July 27, 2023). 2119:aviationandaccessories.tpub.com 1120:Please help Knowledge (XXG) to 806:Federal Aviation Administration 737:digital or digitally controlled 632:European Aviation Safety Agency 225:conducted an experiment with a 188:Ministry of Aircraft Production 5091:Propeller speed reduction unit 4747:In-flight entertainment system 4444:Horizontal situation indicator 3745:etep, Flight Recorder designer 2053:"Flight Data Recorder Systems" 1914:"Flight, 'Radar for Airlines'" 1668:"1967 | 1315 | Flight Archive" 1417:Chuck Owl (February 4, 2015), 1080:emergency locator transmitters 650:The earliest CVRs used analog 282:British Air Registration Board 210:repaired or built in its main 1: 6310:Flight cancellation and delay 5939:European Common Aviation Area 2501:"History of Flight Recorders" 1993:"Flight, 'Saving the Record'" 1948:Flying, 'Aerial Eavesdropper' 1641:. Avionics News. p. 38. 1201:, a novel by American author 1047:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 1011:Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 548:flight-data acquisition units 422:Aeronautical Research Council 347:Lockheed Aircraft Corporation 4727:Environmental control system 3507:"Down to Earth Movie Script" 3142:. CBC News. August 4, 2005. 2572:"Black box flight recorders" 2358:Museums Victoria Collections 2354:"ARL Flight Memory Recorder" 1922:. May 2, 1945. p. 434. 1630:Tony Bailey (January 2006). 1454:www.americanradiohistory.com 987:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 843:for penetration resistance, 121:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 6265:Airline reservations system 6217:Special visual flight rules 5002:Engine pressure ratio (EPR) 2738:Legal Information Institute 1798:September 17, 2016, at the 1287:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 1051:Alaska Airlines Flight 1282 1039:Boeing 777F ecoDemonstrator 654:, later replaced by analog 637:Alaska Airlines Flight 1282 6539: 6503:Aircraft emergency systems 6320:Government contract flight 6182:Flight information service 5961:Hague Hijacking Convention 5954:EU–US Open Skies Agreement 5546:Pilot in command (Captain) 5269:Auxiliary power unit (APU) 4898:Rotating detonation engine 4404:Course deviation indicator 4095:Electro-hydraulic actuator 3636:. Routledge. p. 321. 3378:. Ntsb.gov. Archived from 2089:industrial-electronics.com 1846:"The Flight Data Recorder" 1183:United Airlines Flight 232 914:West Air Sweden Flight 294 550:. They record significant 448: 6177:Flight information region 5779:Low-cost carrier terminal 5347:Airline holding companies 4635:Conventional landing gear 3755:February 8, 2011, at the 3458:"Collective: Unconscious" 3376:"NTSB — Most Wanted" 3323:. Airways Publishing, LLC 3196:The Sydney Morning Herald 2830:"ARINC Store, 700 series" 1978:January 24, 2014, at the 1851:October 11, 2016, at the 1775:October 11, 2016, at the 1166:Japan Airlines Flight 123 1154:The artwork for the band 1045:following the March 2019 1043:Boeing 737 MAX groundings 592:underwater locator beacon 482:underwater locator beacon 470:underwater locator beacon 460:A typical flight recorder 362:Northwest Orient Airlines 38:underwater locator beacon 6395:Aircraft ground handling 6237:Upper information region 6152:Civil aviation authority 5981:Paris Convention of 1919 4977:Aircraft engine starting 4419:Flight management system 3607:"Chapter 3. Black Boxes" 3577:U of A Engineer Magazine 3573:"Extraordinary Inventor" 3532:"Quote by George Carlin" 3140:Technology & Science 2984:– via govtrack.us. 2601:August 11, 2007, at the 2445:"L-3 Aviation Recorders" 1859:, May 11, 2015, page 58. 1741:"Cockpit Sound Recorder" 1302:Software flight recorder 1267:Emergency locator beacon 586:, with high-temperature 324:UPS Airlines Flight 1354 6227:Terminal control center 6192:Instrument flight rules 6049:Baggage handling system 5890:Air transport agreement 5681:In-flight entertainment 4858:Pulse detonation engine 4722:Emergency oxygen system 4484:Turn and slip indicator 4279:Leading-edge droop flap 4249:Drag-reducing aerospike 4224:Adaptive compliant wing 4219:Active Aeroelastic Wing 3809:Vapriikki Museum Centre 2719:August 4, 2014, at the 2574:. ATSB. April 1, 2014. 1893:Aviation Safety Meeting 1588:. July 20, 2009. p. 22. 965:(D-NC) and Congressman 824:(33 km/s) for 6.5 741:built-in test equipment 680:and use fault tolerant 6454:public domain material 6352:Round-the-world ticket 6315:Frequent-flyer program 5047:Thrust to weight ratio 5017:Overall pressure ratio 5012:Jet engine performance 4936:Centrifugal compressor 4853:Gluhareff Pressure Jet 4762:Passenger service unit 4563:Self-sealing fuel tank 4459:Multi-function display 3705:, by Krishna M. Kavi, 3566:April 2, 2015, at the 3171:July 24, 2014, at the 2740:. Cornell Law School. 2694:Cite journal requires 2235:Avionics International 1804:Guardian Liberty Voice 1173:Collective:Unconscious 1009:On December 28, 2014, 917: 889: 788: 772: 607: 598:Cockpit voice recorder 522:accident data recorder 517: 505: 497: 489: 473: 461: 434:cockpit voice recorder 393: 338: 326: 308:Stockport Air Disaster 252: 227:magnetic wire recorder 198: 144: 96:cockpit voice recorder 56: 41: 18:Cockpit Voice Recorder 6478:Australian inventions 6342:Passenger name record 6260:Airline booking ploys 6232:Uncontrolled airspace 6222:Terminal control area 5859:Environmental effects 5769:International airport 5676:Crew rest compartment 5629:Premium economy class 5372:Non-scheduled airline 5284:Ice protection system 5052:Variable cycle engine 5022:Propulsive efficiency 4742:Ice protection system 4660:Tricycle landing gear 4650:Landing gear extender 3867:Aft pressure bulkhead 3682:at Wikimedia Commons 3680:Flight data recorders 3663:on November 16, 2018. 3605:Siegel, Greg (2014). 3495:– via Bookrags. 2764:"History of the NTSB" 2507:on December 11, 2013. 2029:. December 13, 2009. 1877:July 7, 2017, at the 1674:on February 14, 2019. 1297:Quick access recorder 999:Air France Flight 447 940:Proposed requirements 911: 888: 778: 754: 723:quick access recorder 703:L3Harris Technologies 665:and instrument maker 605: 529:accident and incident 511: 503: 495: 479: 467: 459: 388: 335:Atlas Air Flight 3591 332: 321: 246: 196: 134: 47: 35: 6212:Special use airspace 6122:Airport crash tender 6112:Aircraft safety card 5912:Cross-strait charter 5906:Bermuda II Agreement 5184:Flight data recorder 4946:Constant speed drive 4926:Afterburner (reheat) 4707:Auxiliary power unit 4115:Flight control modes 3763:How Black Boxes Work 3741:, ABC TV (Australia) 3735:, ABC TV (Australia) 3720:on February 11, 2009 2546:"TSO-C124a FAA Regs" 2157:on November 8, 2012. 1997:www.flightglobal.com 1517:. February 9, 2000. 1312:Voyage data recorder 1307:Train event recorder 1178:Charlie Victor Romeo 1122:improve this section 945:Deployable recorders 933:Characteristic 757. 717:Additional equipment 445:Flight data recorder 430:flight data recorder 88:flight data recorder 6518:Aircraft components 6290:Codeshare agreement 6242:Visual flight rules 6167:Controlled airspace 6142:Area control center 6107:Air traffic service 6102:Air traffic control 5991:Sabotage Convention 5976:Montreal Convention 5949:Freedoms of the air 5639:Basic economy class 5326:Commercial aviation 4686:Escape crew capsule 4593:War emergency power 4464:Pitot–static system 4309:Variable-sweep wing 4017:Vertical stabilizer 3772:IRIG 106 Chapter 10 3382:on November 3, 2013 3230:. January 1, 2015. 1821:www.aahs-online.org 1611:on February 3, 2012 1398:on October 19, 2017 1330:Jean-Claude Fayer, 1277:Event data recorder 1134:independent sources 1090:Cultural references 785:Brazilian Air Force 779:After the crash of 247:Video clip of 1985 6473:Aircraft recorders 6280:Bereavement flight 5929:Chicago Convention 5919:Beijing Convention 5908:(UK–US, 1978–2008) 5902:(UK–US, 1946–1978) 5377:Passenger airlines 5086:Propeller governor 4394:Attitude indicator 4374:Airspeed indicator 4369:Aircraft periscope 3296:. March 22, 2019. 3198:. April 28, 2014. 3054:on January 8, 2016 3028:on January 8, 2016 3002:on January 8, 2016 2928:on March 25, 2014. 2836:on August 14, 2011 2768:NTSB Official Site 2552:on January 8, 2016 2477:. Hensoldt. 2019. 1901:10.2514/6.1966-810 1392:Museums of Tampere 971:transport category 918: 890: 789: 773: 678:solid-state memory 608: 518: 506: 498: 490: 474: 462: 394: 342:January 22, 1963. 339: 327: 253: 233:Australian designs 199: 145: 57: 54:MiG-21 interceptor 42: 6523:Recording devices 6444: 6443: 6405:Flight dispatcher 6300:Electronic ticket 6275:Airline timetable 6117:Airport authority 6024:Baggage allowance 6001:Warsaw Convention 5900:Bermuda Agreement 5734:Airport rail link 5656:Aircraft seat map 5651:Aircraft lavatory 5382:Regional airlines 5367:Low-cost airlines 5292: 5291: 5164:Annunciator panel 5150: 5149: 5065: 5064: 4956:Propelling nozzle 4775: 4774: 4702:Aircraft lavatory 4439:Heading indicator 4384:Annunciator panel 4364:Air data computer 4274:Leading-edge cuff 3750:Heavy Vehicle EDR 3678:Media related to 3643:978-1-136-44435-7 3620:978-0-8223-7623-1 3594:, NRC, 2008-03-05 3431:Beckner, Justin. 3104:Stephen Trimble. 2922:aviationtoday.com 2336:The New York Post 1362:Black Box History 1151: 1150: 682:digital recording 674:8-track cartridge 244: 208:Finnish Air Force 162:photographic film 154:François Hussenot 16:(Redirected from 6530: 6513:Rescue equipment 6451: 6450: 6172:Evacuation slide 6132:Airport security 6029:Baggage carousel 5996:Tokyo Convention 5924:Cape Town Treaty 5759:Domestic airport 5739:Airport terminal 5724:Airport check-in 5686:Inflight smoking 5571:Flight attendant 5420:Vanilla Alliance 5357:Charter airlines 5319: 5312: 5305: 5296: 5279:Hydraulic system 5274:Bleed air system 5264:Air-start system 5127:Counter-rotating 5076: 5057:Windmill restart 5027:Specific impulse 4997:Compressor stall 4931:Axial compressor 4834: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4779: 4757:Navigation light 4737:Hydraulic system 4712:Bleed air system 4640:Drogue parachute 4314:Vortex generator 3932:Interplane strut 3839: 3832: 3825: 3816: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3716:. Archived from 3677: 3664: 3647: 3624: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3406:Travel + Leisure 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3372: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3188: 3182: 3178:The Conversation 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2924:. Archived from 2918:"Aviation Today" 2914: 2905: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2860: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2832:. Archived from 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2809: 2798: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2729: 2723: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2650: 2644:Campbell, Neil. 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2611: 2605: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2455:on July 27, 2014 2451:. Archived from 2441: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2421:. Risingup.com. 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2206:. Risingup.com. 2200: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2173: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2150:. Archived from 2149: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2064: 2057: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1999:. p. 1002. 1988: 1982: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1888: 1882: 1869: 1860: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1813: 1807: 1790: 1784: 1783:, March 13, 2014 1767: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1737: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1670:. Archived from 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1647: 1636: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1595: 1589: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1544: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1496:on July 6, 2011. 1492:. Archived from 1482: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1462: 1451: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1365:, May 22, 2020, 1357: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1328: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1017:, Indonesia, to 1013:, en route from 358:Braniff Airlines 354:Lockheed Electra 314:American designs 306:involved in the 245: 212:aviation factory 204:fighter aircraft 137:Deutsches Museum 21: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6483:Aviation safety 6463: 6462: 6448: 6445: 6440: 6409: 6400:Baggage handler 6376: 6330:Open-jaw ticket 6305:Fare basis code 6252:Airline tickets 6246: 6187:Flight recorder 6089:Aviation safety 6083: 6059:Checked baggage 6044:Baggage handler 6039:Baggage reclaim 6005: 5986:Rome Convention 5876: 5853: 5841:Travel document 5793: 5700: 5600: 5576:Flight engineer 5532: 5429: 5386: 5328: 5323: 5293: 5288: 5252: 5235: 5226: 5222:Thrust reversal 5199:Engine controls 5193: 5156: 5146: 5122:Contra-rotating 5095: 5061: 4965: 4916:Accessory drive 4908: 4902: 4844:Air turborocket 4826: 4818: 4806: 4776: 4771: 4767:Ram air turbine 4732:Flight recorder 4690: 4669: 4602: 4583:Thrust reversal 4507: 4498: 4469:Radar altimeter 4434:Head-up display 4344: 4333: 4229:Anti-shock body 4211: 4199: 4060:Artificial feel 4042:Flight controls 4036: 3902:Fabric covering 3852: 3848:components and 3843: 3798: 3792: 3757:Wayback Machine 3723: 3721: 3712: 3671: 3650: 3644: 3627: 3621: 3604: 3568:Wayback Machine 3556: 3554:Further reading 3551: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3326: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3173:Wayback Machine 3163: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2916: 2915: 2908: 2894: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2734:"14 CFR 91.609" 2731: 2730: 2726: 2721:Wayback Machine 2711: 2707: 2693: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2625:on May 22, 2010 2613: 2612: 2608: 2603:Wayback Machine 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2522:. Eurocae.net. 2517: 2516: 2512: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2428: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2261:FLYING Magazine 2254: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1980:Wayback Machine 1972: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1951:. p. 150. 1944: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1879:Wayback Machine 1870: 1863: 1857:Aviation Digest 1853:Wayback Machine 1844: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1800:Wayback Machine 1791: 1787: 1777:Wayback Machine 1768: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1693: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1554:The Independent 1546: 1545: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1401: 1399: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1372: 1370: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1249:Aviation portal 1247: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1214:stand-up comedy 1203:Chuck Palahniuk 1147: 1141: 1138: 1119: 1115:popular culture 1103: 1099: 1092: 1060: 1058:Image recorders 1035: 1007: 983: 947: 942: 895: 859:immersion, and 801:fire protection 797:crashworthiness 759:, found in the 749: 719: 698: 600: 580:stainless steel 454: 451:Xs on Your Eyes 447: 442: 420:to the British 383: 316: 301:British Midland 271:Warren built a 237: 235: 150: 129: 61:flight recorder 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6536: 6534: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6498:Vehicle design 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6465: 6464: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6436:Mile high club 6433: 6428: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6372:Travel website 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6347:Red-eye flight 6344: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6325:One-way travel 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6295:Continent pass 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6270:Airline ticket 6267: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6197:Overwing exits 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6147:Brace position 6144: 6139: 6137:Airspace class 6134: 6129: 6127:Airport police 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5966:Hague Protocol 5963: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5886: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5826:Departure card 5823: 5816:Border control 5813: 5807: 5805: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5729:Airport lounge 5726: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5646:Aircraft cabin 5643: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5624:Business class 5621: 5610: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5586:Aircraft pilot 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5556:Second officer 5553: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507:Other regions 5505: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5472:United States 5470: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5442:International 5439: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5425:U-FLY Alliance 5422: 5417: 5415:Value Alliance 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5142:Variable-pitch 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5117:Constant-speed 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4831: 4829:jet propulsion 4820: 4819: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4752:Landing lights 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4674:Escape systems 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4612:arresting gear 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4568:Splitter plate 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3887:Cruciform tail 3884: 3882:Crack arrestor 3879: 3874: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3854: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3803: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3769: 3760: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3710: 3700: 3695: 3689: 3670: 3669:External links 3667: 3666: 3665: 3648: 3642: 3625: 3619: 3602: 3595: 3580: 3570: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3523: 3498: 3475: 3449: 3437:UltimateGuitar 3423: 3393: 3364: 3338: 3311: 3279: 3245: 3213: 3183: 3157: 3127: 3096: 3073:Jansen, Bart. 3065: 3039: 3013: 2987: 2961: 2931: 2906: 2876: 2847: 2821: 2794:"CVR Handbook" 2785: 2755: 2724: 2705: 2696:|journal= 2673: 2636: 2606: 2589: 2563: 2537: 2510: 2492: 2466: 2436: 2410: 2375: 2345: 2339:. p. 18. 2325: 2299: 2273: 2247: 2221: 2192: 2160: 2136: 2106: 2076: 2044: 2014: 1983: 1966: 1937: 1905: 1883: 1861: 1838: 1808: 1785: 1762: 1747:. Google Inc. 1745:Google Patents 1729: 1703: 1677: 1659: 1622: 1590: 1572: 1532: 1515:apc-online.com 1499: 1474: 1456:. p. 21. 1437: 1409: 1379: 1352: 1343: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1210: 1194: 1169: 1149: 1148: 1113:references to 1106: 1104: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1073:kinetic energy 1059: 1056: 1049:crash. In the 1034: 1033:Boeing 737 MAX 1031: 1006: 1003: 982: 979: 946: 943: 941: 938: 894: 891: 748: 747:Specifications 745: 718: 715: 709:among others. 697: 696:Combined units 694: 652:wire recording 599: 596: 488:provides scale 446: 443: 441: 438: 382: 379: 315: 312: 234: 231: 149: 146: 128: 125: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6535: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414:Miscellaneous 6412: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6367:Travel agency 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334:Overbooking ( 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285:Boarding pass 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6054:Baggage sizer 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5944:Flight permit 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5867:Hypermobility 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5789:Transit hotel 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5634:Economy class 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5561:Third officer 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:First officer 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Star Alliance 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5362:Flag carriers 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5352:Cargo airline 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342:Airline codes 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257:Other systems 5255: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234:and induction 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5189:Glass cockpit 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5153: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4987:Brayton cycle 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4961:Turbine blade 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695:Other systems 4693: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4681:Ejection seat 4679: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4625:Arrestor hook 4623: 4621: 4620:Aircraft tire 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4424:Glass cockpit 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4359:Air data boom 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4140:Rudder pedals 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3997:Trailing edge 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3977:Stressed skin 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3795: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3767:HowStuffWorks 3764: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3709:, August 2010 3708: 3707:IEEE Spectrum 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3597:Jeremy Sear, 3596: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3579:, Winter 2005 3578: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3476: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3424: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3353: 3352:New York Post 3349: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3001: 2997: 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1998: 1994: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1941: 1938: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1626: 1623: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1438: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1413: 1410: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1340:2-7268-8534-9 1337: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1228:George Carlin 1225: 1224: 1223:Down to Earth 1219: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1205:, is about a 1204: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1107:This section 1105: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1004: 1002: 1000: 994: 992: 988: 980: 978: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 951: 944: 939: 937: 934: 931: 926: 922: 915: 910: 906: 904: 900: 892: 887: 883: 881: 875: 873: 870: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 831: 827: 823: 822: 816: 814: 811: 807: 802: 798: 794: 786: 782: 777: 770: 766: 762: 758: 753: 746: 744: 742: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 716: 714: 710: 708: 704: 695: 693: 691: 686: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 667:Tych Mirfield 664: 661: 657: 656:magnetic tape 653: 648: 644: 642: 638: 633: 627: 625: 622: 617: 613: 604: 597: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 569: 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lever 5207:Autothrottle 5037:Thrust lapse 4992:Bypass ratio 4824:Gas turbines 4816:gas turbines 4731: 4717:Deicing boot 4645:Landing gear 4588:Townend ring 4578:Thrust lever 4553:NACA cowling 4518:Autothrottle 4510:fuel systems 4508:devices and 4299:Stall strips 4269:Krueger flap 4239:Channel wing 4185:Wing warping 4175:Stick shaker 4170:Stick pusher 4090:Dual control 4075:Centre stick 3942:Leading edge 3912:Flying wires 3872:Cabane strut 3722:. 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Retrieved 1396:the original 1391: 1382: 1371:, retrieved 1361: 1355: 1346: 1331: 1326: 1221: 1196: 1176: 1161:Reise, Reise 1159: 1139: 1109:may contain 1108: 1061: 1036: 1023: 1008: 995: 984: 975: 956: 952: 948: 935: 927: 923: 919: 896: 879: 876: 865: 841:requirements 837:deceleration 826:milliseconds 819: 817: 813:requirements 790: 734: 727: 720: 711: 699: 687: 671: 663:David Warren 649: 645: 628: 609: 573: 545: 541:tail section 526: 521: 519: 472:on the front 433: 429: 426: 410: 398: 395: 371: 367: 351: 344: 340: 297: 294: 286: 270: 265:David Warren 254: 220: 200: 180: 171: 166:latent image 151: 111: 104: 99: 95: 91: 87: 85: 72: 60: 58: 29: 6382:Ground crew 6336:Overselling 6207:Sky marshal 6073:WorldTracer 5846:Travel visa 5803:Immigration 5719:Airline hub 5619:First class 5566:Relief crew 5157:instruments 5112:Blade pitch 5107:Autofeather 4809:Jet engines 4665:Tundra tire 4548:Intake ramp 4479:Transponder 4264:Gurney flap 4205:Aerodynamic 4120:Fly-by-wire 4002:Triple tail 3657:MRO-network 3511:Scripts.com 3468:February 7, 3164:Yu, Yijun. 2944:GovTrack.us 2518:Luftfahrt. 2429:February 7, 2403:October 20, 2214:February 7, 1959:October 17, 1615:February 1, 1402:October 19, 1262:Data logger 991:David Price 967:John Duncan 963:David Price 901:at Mackay, 863:immersion. 851:, deep sea 765:Mato Grosso 612:flight deck 578:-resistant 560:time of day 381:Terminology 218:, Finland. 184:Farnborough 6467:Categories 6426:Air travel 5774:Jet bridge 5581:Loadmaster 5100:Principles 5079:Components 5071:Propellers 4970:Principles 4921:Air intake 4909:components 4907:Mechanical 4883:Turboshaft 4655:Oleo strut 4543:Inlet cone 4538:Gascolator 4504:Propulsion 4494:Yaw string 4489:Variometer 4345:instrument 4324:Wing fence 4259:Gouge flap 4234:Blown flap 4190:Yaw damper 4165:Stabilator 4150:Side-stick 4085:Dive brake 3972:Stabilizer 3947:Lift strut 3937:Jury strut 3794:US 3075192 3416:October 5, 3357:January 9, 3327:January 9, 3272:January 5, 3089:August 26, 2895:January 9, 2865:January 9, 2582:October 7, 2485:August 12, 2395:: 94–100. 2368:October 5, 2318:January 8, 2129:August 29, 1781:Slyck News 1722:January 7, 1318:References 1218:Chris Rock 1187:Sioux City 1142:March 2022 1111:irrelevant 973:aircraft. 903:Queensland 893:Regulation 660:Australian 588:insulation 440:Components 377:, Canada. 6421:Air cargo 5714:Aerodrome 5392:Alliances 5132:Proprotor 4982:Bleed air 4941:Combustor 4878:Turboprop 4630:Autobrake 4558:NACA duct 4533:Fuel tank 4523:Drop tank 4506:controls, 4389:Astrodome 4379:Altimeter 4244:Dog-tooth 4209:high-lift 4160:Spoileron 4145:Servo tab 4125:Gust lock 4080:Deceleron 4065:Autopilot 4022:Wing root 4007:Twin tail 3992:Tailplane 3927:Hardpoint 3897:Empennage 3860:structure 3584:Survivors 3536:Goodreads 3386:March 11, 3304:March 22, 3206:April 28, 3150:March 31, 3120:March 31, 3079:USA Today 3058:March 11, 3032:March 11, 3006:March 11, 2980:August 2, 2629:April 20, 2556:March 11, 2530:March 11, 2449:l-3ar.com 2185:April 21, 2099:March 27, 2037:April 30, 1696:March 25, 1525:March 11, 1158:'s album 1156:Rammstein 1126:citations 1054:the CVR. 1019:Singapore 857:sea water 576:corrosion 568:frequency 406:black box 310:in 1967. 290:Middlesex 278:secretary 273:prototype 261:Melbourne 206:that the 158:Marignane 73:black box 6488:Avionics 6362:Tracking 6097:Air rage 5831:Passport 5820:internal 5754:Boarding 5749:Airstair 5606:Airliner 5400:Oneworld 5334:Airlines 5248:Jet fuel 5137:Scimitar 5007:Flameout 4951:Impeller 4873:Turbojet 4868:Turbofan 4849:Pulsejet 4813:aircraft 4598:Wet wing 4573:Throttle 4319:Vortilon 4180:Trim tab 4110:Flaperon 4100:Elevator 4055:Airbrake 4027:Wing tip 3952:Longeron 3922:Fuselage 3858:Airframe 3846:Aircraft 3753:Archived 3724:April 7, 3564:Archived 3541:July 17, 3516:July 17, 3491:July 17, 3462:Archived 3442:July 17, 3410:Archived 3298:Archived 3266:Archived 3238:June 21, 3232:Archived 3227:BBC News 3200:Archived 3169:Archived 3144:Archived 3114:Archived 3083:Archived 2974:Archived 2954:April 7, 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